opy-rs 0.1.29

Standalone OverPy-compatible .opy implementation with parsing, tooling, and bounded Workshop compilation.
Documentation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
use super::*;

impl Parser<'_> {
    pub(super) fn parse_expr(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ()> {
        self.parse_expr_inner(false)
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_expr_inner(
        &mut self,
        allow_multiline_conditional: bool,
    ) -> Result<Expr, ()> {
        self.skip_expression_newlines();
        let then_value = self.parse_or()?;
        let has_newline_before_conditional = self.tokens[..self.pos].iter().any(|token| {
            token.kind == TokenKind::Newline
                && token.span.file == then_value.span().file
                && token.span.start.line > then_value.span().end.line
        });
        if self.is_ident("if")
            && !self.inside_delimiter_group()
            && has_newline_before_conditional
            && self.peek().span.start.line != then_value.span().end.line
        {
            return Ok(then_value);
        }
        if allow_multiline_conditional && self.inside_delimiter_group() {
            self.skip_newlines();
        }
        if !self.is_ident("if") {
            return Ok(then_value);
        }

        let conditional_start = self.pos;
        self.advance();
        self.skip_expression_newlines();
        let condition = self.parse_or()?;
        self.skip_expression_newlines();
        if !self.is_ident("else") {
            if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::Colon {
                self.pos = conditional_start;
                return Ok(then_value);
            }
            self.error_at_current("expected `else` in conditional expression".to_string());
            return Err(());
        }
        self.advance();
        // Conditional expressions are right-associative, so a chained form
        // such as `a if c else b if d else e` groups at the else branch.
        let else_value = self.parse_expr_inner(true)?;
        let span = Span::new(
            then_value.span().file,
            then_value.span().start,
            else_value.span().end,
        );
        Ok(Expr::Conditional {
            then_value: Box::new(then_value),
            condition: Box::new(condition),
            else_value: Box::new(else_value),
            span,
        })
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_or(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ()> {
        self.skip_expression_newlines();
        let mut left = self.parse_and()?;
        loop {
            self.skip_expression_newlines();
            if !self.is_ident("or") {
                break;
            }
            self.advance();
            self.skip_expression_newlines();
            let right = self.parse_and()?;
            let span = Span::new(left.span().file, left.span().start, right.span().end);
            left = Expr::Binary {
                op: "or".to_string(),
                left: Box::new(left),
                right: Box::new(right),
                span,
            };
        }
        Ok(left)
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_and(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ()> {
        self.skip_expression_newlines();
        let mut left = self.parse_not()?;
        loop {
            self.skip_expression_newlines();
            if !self.is_ident("and") {
                break;
            }
            self.advance();
            self.skip_expression_newlines();
            let right = self.parse_not()?;
            let span = Span::new(left.span().file, left.span().start, right.span().end);
            left = Expr::Binary {
                op: "and".to_string(),
                left: Box::new(left),
                right: Box::new(right),
                span,
            };
        }
        Ok(left)
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_not(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ()> {
        self.skip_expression_newlines();
        if self.is_ident("not") {
            let start = self.advance();
            self.skip_expression_newlines();
            let operand = self.parse_not()?;
            let end = operand.span().end;
            return Ok(Expr::Unary {
                op: "not".to_string(),
                operand: Box::new(operand),
                span: Span::new(start.span.file, start.span.start, end),
            });
        }
        self.parse_comparison()
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_comparison(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ()> {
        self.skip_expression_newlines();
        let mut left = self.parse_additive()?;
        loop {
            self.skip_expression_newlines();
            let op = match self.peek_kind() {
                TokenKind::Eq => "==",
                TokenKind::Ne => "!=",
                TokenKind::Lt => "<",
                TokenKind::Le => "<=",
                TokenKind::Gt => ">",
                TokenKind::Ge => ">=",
                _ if self.is_ident("in") => "in",
                _ if self.is_ident("not") && self.peek_at(1).text == "in" => "not in",
                _ => break,
            };
            self.advance();
            if op == "not in" {
                self.advance();
            }
            self.skip_expression_newlines();
            let right = self.parse_additive()?;
            let span = Span::new(left.span().file, left.span().start, right.span().end);
            left = Expr::Binary {
                op: op.to_string(),
                left: Box::new(left),
                right: Box::new(right),
                span,
            };
        }
        Ok(left)
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_additive(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ()> {
        self.skip_expression_newlines();
        let mut left = self.parse_multiplicative()?;
        loop {
            self.skip_expression_newlines();
            if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::Decrement
                && !matches!(self.peek_at(1).kind, TokenKind::Newline | TokenKind::Eof)
            {
                let operator = self.advance();
                let operand = self.parse_unary()?;
                let unary = Expr::Unary {
                    op: "-".to_string(),
                    span: Span::new(operator.span.file, operator.span.start, operand.span().end),
                    operand: Box::new(operand),
                };
                let right = self.parse_multiplicative_tail(unary)?;
                let span = Span::new(left.span().file, left.span().start, right.span().end);
                left = Expr::Binary {
                    op: "-".to_string(),
                    left: Box::new(left),
                    right: Box::new(right),
                    span,
                };
                continue;
            }
            let op = match self.peek_kind() {
                TokenKind::Plus => "+",
                TokenKind::Minus => "-",
                _ => break,
            };
            self.advance();
            self.skip_expression_newlines();
            let right = self.parse_multiplicative()?;
            let span = Span::new(left.span().file, left.span().start, right.span().end);
            left = Expr::Binary {
                op: op.to_string(),
                left: Box::new(left),
                right: Box::new(right),
                span,
            };
        }
        Ok(left)
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_multiplicative(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ()> {
        self.skip_expression_newlines();
        let left = self.parse_unary()?;
        self.parse_multiplicative_tail(left)
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_multiplicative_tail(&mut self, mut left: Expr) -> Result<Expr, ()> {
        loop {
            self.skip_expression_newlines();
            let op = match self.peek_kind() {
                TokenKind::Star => "*",
                TokenKind::Slash => "/",
                TokenKind::Percent => "%",
                _ => break,
            };
            self.advance();
            self.skip_expression_newlines();
            let right = self.parse_unary()?;
            let span = Span::new(left.span().file, left.span().start, right.span().end);
            left = Expr::Binary {
                op: op.to_string(),
                left: Box::new(left),
                right: Box::new(right),
                span,
            };
        }
        Ok(left)
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_unary(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ()> {
        self.skip_expression_newlines();
        if matches!(self.peek_kind(), TokenKind::Minus | TokenKind::Decrement) {
            let start = self.advance();
            self.skip_expression_newlines();
            let operand = self.parse_unary()?;
            let end = operand.span().end;
            let unary = Expr::Unary {
                op: "-".to_string(),
                operand: Box::new(operand),
                span: Span::new(start.span.file, start.span.start, end),
            };
            if start.kind == TokenKind::Decrement {
                return Ok(Expr::Unary {
                    op: "-".to_string(),
                    operand: Box::new(unary),
                    span: Span::new(start.span.file, start.span.start, end),
                });
            }
            return Ok(unary);
        }
        self.parse_power()
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_power(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ()> {
        let base = self.parse_postfix()?;
        self.skip_expression_newlines();
        if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::DoubleStar {
            self.advance();
            self.skip_expression_newlines();
            let exponent = self.parse_unary()?;
            let span = Span::new(base.span().file, base.span().start, exponent.span().end);
            return Ok(Expr::Binary {
                op: "**".to_string(),
                left: Box::new(base),
                right: Box::new(exponent),
                span,
            });
        }
        Ok(base)
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_postfix(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ()> {
        let mut base = self.parse_primary()?;
        loop {
            self.skip_expression_newlines();
            match self.peek_kind() {
                TokenKind::LParen => {
                    let mut args = Vec::new();
                    self.parse_call_args(&mut args)?;
                    let end = self.tokens[self.pos.saturating_sub(1)].span.end;
                    base = match base {
                        Expr::Name { name, span } => Expr::Call {
                            name,
                            args,
                            span: Span::new(span.file, span.start, end),
                        },
                        Expr::Member {
                            receiver,
                            member,
                            span,
                            ..
                        } => Expr::ReceiverCall {
                            receiver,
                            name: member,
                            args,
                            span: Span::new(span.file, span.start, end),
                        },
                        _other => {
                            self.errors.push(OpyError::at(
                                "parse-error",
                                "cannot call this expression".to_string(),
                                self.peek().span,
                            ));
                            return Err(());
                        }
                    };
                }
                TokenKind::LBracket => {
                    self.advance();
                    let index = self.parse_expr()?;
                    if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::Colon {
                        self.advance();
                        let maximum = self.parse_expr()?;
                        let end = self.expect(TokenKind::RBracket, "']'")?.span.end;
                        let Expr::Name { name, span } = &base else {
                            self.error_at_current(
                                "a range type must start with a type name".to_string(),
                            );
                            return Err(());
                        };
                        base = Expr::Type {
                            name: name.clone(),
                            args: vec![index, maximum],
                            span: Span::new(span.file, span.start, end),
                        };
                        continue;
                    }
                    let end = match self.expect(TokenKind::RBracket, "']'") {
                        Ok(token) => token.span.end,
                        Err(()) => return Err(()),
                    };
                    let span = Span::new(base.span().file, base.span().start, end);
                    base = Expr::Index {
                        array: Box::new(base),
                        index: Box::new(index),
                        span,
                    };
                }
                TokenKind::Dot => {
                    self.advance();
                    let member_token = self.peek().clone();
                    let member = match self.peek_kind() {
                        TokenKind::Ident | TokenKind::Number => self.advance().text,
                        _ => {
                            self.error_at_current("expected a member name after '.'".to_string());
                            return Err(());
                        }
                    };
                    let member_span = member_token.span;
                    let end = member_span.end;
                    let span = Span::new(base.span().file, base.span().start, end);
                    base = Expr::Member {
                        receiver: Box::new(base),
                        member,
                        member_span,
                        span,
                    };
                }
                _ => break,
            }
        }
        Ok(base)
    }

    /// `@Event name(args)`: positional expressions only (keyword arguments
    /// are a call-argument form, not an event form).
    pub(super) fn parse_event_args(&mut self, args: &mut Vec<Expr>) -> Result<(), ()> {
        self.expect(TokenKind::LParen, "'('")?;
        self.skip_newlines();
        if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::RParen {
            self.advance();
            return Ok(());
        }
        loop {
            let expr = self.parse_expr()?;
            if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::Assign {
                self.error_at_current("keyword arguments are not valid in @Event".to_string());
                return Err(());
            }
            args.push(expr);
            self.skip_newlines();
            if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::Comma {
                self.advance();
                self.skip_newlines();
                if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::RParen {
                    break;
                }
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }
        self.expect(TokenKind::RParen, "')'")?;
        Ok(())
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_call_args(&mut self, args: &mut Vec<CallArg>) -> Result<(), ()> {
        self.expect(TokenKind::LParen, "'('")?;
        self.skip_newlines();
        if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::RParen {
            self.advance();
            return Ok(());
        }
        loop {
            match self.parse_expr() {
                Ok(expr) => {
                    // A keyword argument is `name = expr` (issue #110): a
                    // bare identifier immediately followed by `=`. Anything
                    // else (`expr = ...`) is not a call argument form and is
                    // rejected like the pinned reference rejects it.
                    if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::Assign {
                        let Expr::Name { name, span } = expr else {
                            self.error_at_current(
                                "expected a keyword name before '=' in this call".to_string(),
                            );
                            return Err(());
                        };
                        self.advance();
                        let value = match self.parse_expr() {
                            Ok(value) => value,
                            Err(()) => return Err(()),
                        };
                        args.push(CallArg {
                            keyword: Some((name, span)),
                            value,
                        });
                    } else {
                        args.push(CallArg {
                            keyword: None,
                            value: expr,
                        });
                    }
                }
                Err(()) => return Err(()),
            }
            self.skip_newlines();
            if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::Comma {
                self.advance();
                self.skip_newlines();
                if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::RParen {
                    break;
                }
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }
        self.expect(TokenKind::RParen, "')'")?;
        Ok(())
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_primary(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ()> {
        let token = self.peek();
        match token.kind {
            TokenKind::Number => {
                let token = self.advance();
                let value = if let Some(hex) = token
                    .text
                    .strip_prefix("0x")
                    .or_else(|| token.text.strip_prefix("0X"))
                {
                    u64::from_str_radix(hex, 16).map_or(f64::NAN, |value| value as f64)
                } else {
                    token.text.parse().unwrap_or(f64::NAN)
                };
                Ok(Expr::Number {
                    value,
                    text: token.text.clone(),
                    span: token.span,
                })
            }
            TokenKind::String => self.parse_string_literal(),
            TokenKind::Ident => {
                let token = self.advance();
                if token.text == "lambda" {
                    return self.parse_lambda(token.span);
                }
                if is_string_modifier(&token.text) && self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::String {
                    let string = self.advance();
                    let (format_text, interpolations) = if token.text == "f" {
                        let raw = string.raw.as_deref().unwrap_or(&string.text);
                        let (format_text, interpolations) =
                            self.parse_f_string(raw, string.span)?;
                        (Some(format_text), interpolations)
                    } else {
                        (None, Vec::new())
                    };
                    return Ok(Expr::StringModifier {
                        modifier: token.text.chars().next().unwrap_or_default(),
                        value: string.text,
                        format_text,
                        interpolations,
                        span: Span::new(token.span.file, token.span.start, string.span.end),
                    });
                }
                match token.text.as_str() {
                    "true" => Ok(Expr::Bool {
                        value: true,
                        span: token.span,
                    }),
                    "false" => Ok(Expr::Bool {
                        value: false,
                        span: token.span,
                    }),
                    "None" | "null" => Ok(Expr::Null { span: token.span }),
                    _ => Ok(Expr::Name {
                        name: token.text.clone(),
                        span: token.span,
                    }),
                }
            }
            TokenKind::LParen => {
                self.advance();
                self.skip_expression_newlines();
                let expr = self.parse_expr()?;
                self.skip_expression_newlines();
                self.expect(TokenKind::RParen, "')'")?;
                Ok(expr)
            }
            TokenKind::LBracket => {
                let open = self.advance();
                let mut elements = Vec::new();
                self.skip_newlines();
                if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::RBracket {
                    let end = self.advance().span.end;
                    return Ok(Expr::Array {
                        elements,
                        span: Span::new(open.span.file, open.span.start, end),
                    });
                }
                let first = self.parse_expr()?;
                if self.is_ident("for") {
                    self.advance();
                    let variable_token =
                        self.expect(TokenKind::Ident, "a comprehension variable")?;
                    self.skip_newlines();
                    let index = if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::Comma {
                        self.advance();
                        self.skip_newlines();
                        let index = self.expect(TokenKind::Ident, "a comprehension index")?;
                        Some((index.text, index.span))
                    } else {
                        None
                    };
                    self.skip_newlines();
                    if !self.is_ident("in") {
                        self.error_at_current("expected `in` in list comprehension".to_string());
                        return Err(());
                    }
                    self.advance();
                    self.skip_newlines();
                    let iterable = self.parse_or()?;
                    self.skip_newlines();
                    let condition = if self.is_ident("if") {
                        self.advance();
                        self.skip_newlines();
                        Some(Box::new(self.parse_or()?))
                    } else {
                        None
                    };
                    self.skip_newlines();
                    let end = self.expect(TokenKind::RBracket, "']'")?.span.end;
                    return Ok(Expr::Comprehension {
                        element: Box::new(first),
                        variable: variable_token.text,
                        variable_span: variable_token.span,
                        index,
                        iterable: Box::new(iterable),
                        condition,
                        span: Span::new(open.span.file, open.span.start, end),
                    });
                }
                elements.push(first);
                loop {
                    self.skip_newlines();
                    if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::Comma {
                        self.advance();
                        self.skip_newlines();
                        if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::RBracket {
                            break;
                        }
                        elements.push(self.parse_expr()?);
                    } else {
                        break;
                    }
                }
                let end = match self.expect(TokenKind::RBracket, "']'") {
                    Ok(token) => token.span.end,
                    Err(()) => return Err(()),
                };
                Ok(Expr::Array {
                    elements,
                    span: Span::new(open.span.file, open.span.start, end),
                })
            }
            TokenKind::LBrace => self.parse_dict(),
            _ => {
                self.error_at_current(format!("expected an expression but found '{}'", token.text));
                Err(())
            }
        }
    }

    /// Parse adjacent string literals as one source-language string value.
    ///
    /// Newlines are only ignored while looking for another literal inside a
    /// delimiter group. Outside a group, a newline remains a statement
    /// boundary, matching the bounded implicit-concatenation surface used by
    /// the OverPy examples.
    pub(super) fn parse_string_literal(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ()> {
        let first = self.advance();
        let mut value = first.text.clone();
        let mut end = first.span.end;
        loop {
            let saved = self.pos;
            if self.inside_delimiter_group() {
                self.skip_newlines();
            }
            if self.peek_kind() != TokenKind::String || self.peek().span.file != first.span.file {
                self.pos = saved;
                break;
            }
            let next = self.advance();
            value.push_str(&next.text);
            end = next.span.end;
        }
        Ok(Expr::String {
            value,
            span: Span::new(first.span.file, first.span.start, end),
        })
    }

    /// Return whether the current parser position is inside `()`, `[]`, or
    /// `{}`. The token stream retains newlines, so this keeps multiline
    /// implicit concatenation scoped to syntactic grouping without adding
    /// parser state to every delimiter path.
    pub(super) fn inside_delimiter_group(&self) -> bool {
        let mut depth = 0usize;
        for token in &self.tokens[..self.pos] {
            match token.kind {
                TokenKind::LParen | TokenKind::LBracket | TokenKind::LBrace => depth += 1,
                TokenKind::RParen | TokenKind::RBracket | TokenKind::RBrace => {
                    depth = depth.saturating_sub(1)
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        }
        depth != 0
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_dict(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ()> {
        let open = self.advance();
        let mut entries = Vec::new();
        self.skip_newlines();
        if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::RBrace {
            let end = self.advance().span.end;
            return Ok(Expr::Dict {
                entries,
                span: Span::new(open.span.file, open.span.start, end),
            });
        }
        loop {
            let key = self.parse_expr()?;
            self.expect(TokenKind::Colon, "':' in a dictionary entry")?;
            let value = self.parse_expr()?;
            let span = Span::new(key.span().file, key.span().start, value.span().end);
            entries.push(DictEntry { key, value, span });
            self.skip_newlines();
            if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::Comma {
                self.advance();
                self.skip_newlines();
                if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::RBrace {
                    break;
                }
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }
        let end = self.expect(TokenKind::RBrace, "'}'")?.span.end;
        Ok(Expr::Dict {
            entries,
            span: Span::new(open.span.file, open.span.start, end),
        })
    }

    pub(super) fn parse_lambda(&mut self, start: Span) -> Result<Expr, ()> {
        let mut params = Vec::new();
        loop {
            let param = self.expect(TokenKind::Ident, "a lambda parameter")?;
            params.push((param.text, param.span));
            if self.peek_kind() == TokenKind::Comma {
                self.advance();
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }
        self.expect(TokenKind::Colon, "':' after lambda parameters")?;
        let body = self.parse_expr()?;
        Ok(Expr::Lambda {
            params,
            body: Box::new(body.clone()),
            span: Span::new(start.file, start.start, body.span().end),
        })
    }

    /// Parse the expression regions of a pinned-OverPy f-string. Double
    /// braces are literal braces; a single brace introduces one expression.
    /// The resulting expression tokens are shifted back into the source
    /// string so HIR and tooling retain source provenance.
    pub(super) fn parse_f_string(
        &mut self,
        raw: &str,
        string_span: Span,
    ) -> Result<(String, Vec<Expr>), ()> {
        let chars: Vec<char> = raw.chars().collect();
        let mut text = String::new();
        let mut interpolations = Vec::new();
        let mut index = 0;
        while index < chars.len() {
            match chars[index] {
                '{' if chars.get(index + 1) == Some(&'{') => {
                    text.push_str("{{");
                    index += 2;
                }
                '}' if chars.get(index + 1) == Some(&'}') => {
                    text.push_str("}}");
                    index += 2;
                }
                '{' => {
                    let end = self.find_f_string_end(&chars, index + 1);
                    let Some(end) = end else {
                        self.errors.push(OpyError::at(
                            "parse-error",
                            "unterminated f-string interpolation".to_string(),
                            string_span,
                        ));
                        return Err(());
                    };
                    let expression: String = chars[index + 1..end].iter().collect();
                    if expression.trim().is_empty() {
                        self.errors.push(OpyError::at(
                            "parse-error",
                            "f-string interpolation cannot be empty".to_string(),
                            Span::new(
                                string_span.file,
                                Position::new(
                                    string_span.start.line,
                                    string_span.start.col + index as u32 + 1,
                                ),
                                Position::new(
                                    string_span.start.line,
                                    string_span.start.col + end as u32 + 1,
                                ),
                            ),
                        ));
                        return Err(());
                    }
                    let origin = Position::new(
                        string_span.start.line,
                        string_span.start.col + index as u32 + 1,
                    );
                    let parsed = parse_expression_fragment(&expression, string_span.file, origin)
                        .map_err(|error| {
                            self.errors.push(error);
                        });
                    let Ok(parsed) = parsed else {
                        return Err(());
                    };
                    text.push_str(&format!("{{{}}}", interpolations.len()));
                    interpolations.push(parsed);
                    index = end + 1;
                }
                '}' => {
                    self.errors.push(OpyError::at(
                        "parse-error",
                        "single '}' is not valid in an f-string".to_string(),
                        string_span,
                    ));
                    return Err(());
                }
                '\\' if index + 1 < chars.len() => {
                    text.push(decode_string_escape(chars[index + 1]));
                    index += 2;
                }
                character => {
                    text.push(character);
                    index += 1;
                }
            }
        }
        Ok((text, interpolations))
    }

    pub(super) fn find_f_string_end(&self, chars: &[char], start: usize) -> Option<usize> {
        let mut nested_braces = 0;
        let mut quote = None;
        let mut escaped = false;
        for (index, character) in chars.iter().enumerate().skip(start) {
            if escaped {
                escaped = false;
                continue;
            }
            if *character == '\\' && quote.is_some() {
                escaped = true;
                continue;
            }
            if let Some(active_quote) = quote {
                if *character == active_quote {
                    quote = None;
                }
                continue;
            }
            match character {
                '"' | '\'' => quote = Some(*character),
                '{' => nested_braces += 1,
                '}' if nested_braces == 0 => return Some(index),
                '}' => nested_braces -= 1,
                _ => {}
            }
        }
        None
    }
}