nuid 0.6.0

// Copyright 2018 Ivan Porto Carrero
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//

use std::fmt::{self, Display};
use std::ops::Deref;
use std::str;
use std::sync::Mutex;

use rand::distr::Alphanumeric;
use rand::Rng;

const BASE: usize = 62;
const ALPHABET: [u8; BASE] = *b"0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";

const PRE_LEN: usize = 12;
const MAX_SEQ: u64 = 839_299_365_868_340_224; // (BASE ^ remaining bytes 22 - 12) == 62^10
const MIN_INC: u64 = 33;
const MAX_INC: u64 = 333;

/// The number of bytes/characters of a NUID.
pub const TOTAL_LEN: usize = 22;

static GLOBAL_NUID: Mutex<NUID> = Mutex::new(NUID::new());

/// Generate the next `NUID` string from the global locked `NUID` instance.
#[allow(clippy::missing_panics_doc)]
#[must_use]
pub fn next() -> NUIDStr {
    GLOBAL_NUID.lock().unwrap().next()
}

/// NUID needs to be very fast to generate and truly unique, all while being entropy pool friendly.
/// We will use 12 bytes of crypto generated data (entropy draining), and 10 bytes of sequential data
/// that is started at a pseudo random number and increments with a pseudo-random increment.
/// Total is 22 bytes of base 62 ascii text :)
pub struct NUID {
    pre: [u8; PRE_LEN],
    seq: u64,
    inc: u64,
}

/// An `NUID` string.
///
/// Use [`NUIDStr::as_str`], [`NUIDStr::into_bytes`], the [`Deref`] implementation or
/// [`ToString`] to access the string.
pub struct NUIDStr(
    // INVARIANT: this buffer must always contain a valid utf-8 string
    [u8; TOTAL_LEN],
);

impl Default for NUID {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl NUID {
    /// generate a new `NUID` and properly initialize the prefix, sequential start, and sequential increment.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            pre: [0; PRE_LEN],
            // the first call to `next` will cause the prefix and sequential to be regenerated
            seq: MAX_SEQ,
            inc: 0,
        }
    }

    pub fn randomize_prefix(&mut self) {
        for (i, n) in rand::rng()
            .sample_iter(&Alphanumeric)
            .take(PRE_LEN)
            .enumerate()
        {
            self.pre[i] = ALPHABET[n as usize % BASE];
        }
    }

    /// Generate the next `NUID` string.
    #[allow(clippy::should_implement_trait)]
    #[must_use]
    pub fn next(&mut self) -> NUIDStr {
        let mut buffer = [0u8; TOTAL_LEN];

        self.seq += self.inc;
        if self.seq >= MAX_SEQ {
            self.randomize_prefix();
            self.reset_sequential();
        }
        #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
        let seq = self.seq as usize;

        for (i, n) in self.pre.iter().enumerate() {
            buffer[i] = *n;
        }

        let mut l = seq;
        for i in (PRE_LEN..TOTAL_LEN).rev() {
            buffer[i] = ALPHABET[l % BASE];
            l /= BASE;
        }

        // `buffer` has been filled with base62 data, which is always valid utf-8
        NUIDStr(buffer)
    }

    fn reset_sequential(&mut self) {
        let mut rng = rand::rng();
        self.seq = rng.random_range(0..MAX_SEQ);
        self.inc = rng.random_range(MIN_INC..MAX_INC);
    }
}

impl NUIDStr {
    /// Get a reference to the inner string
    #[must_use]
    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
        // SAFETY: the invariant guarantees the buffer to always contain utf-8 characters
        unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(&self.0) }
    }

    /// Extract the inner buffer
    #[must_use]
    pub fn into_bytes(self) -> [u8; TOTAL_LEN] {
        self.0
    }
}

impl Display for NUIDStr {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.write_str(self.as_str())
    }
}

impl Deref for NUIDStr {
    type Target = str;

    /// Get a reference to the inner string
    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
        self.as_str()
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use std::collections::HashSet;

    #[test]
    fn alphabet_size() {
        assert_eq!(ALPHABET.len(), BASE);
    }

    #[test]
    fn global_nuid_init() {
        assert_eq!(GLOBAL_NUID.lock().unwrap().pre.len(), PRE_LEN);
        assert_ne!(GLOBAL_NUID.lock().unwrap().seq, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn nuid_rollover() {
        let mut n = NUID::new();
        n.seq = MAX_SEQ;
        let old = n.pre.to_vec();
        let _ = n.next();
        assert_ne!(n.pre.to_vec(), old);

        let mut n = NUID::new();
        n.seq = 1;
        let old = n.pre.to_vec();
        let _ = n.next();
        assert_eq!(n.pre.to_vec(), old);
    }

    #[test]
    fn nuid_len() {
        let id = next();
        assert_eq!(id.len(), TOTAL_LEN);
    }

    #[test]
    fn proper_prefix() {
        let mut min: u8 = 255;
        let mut max: u8 = 0;

        for nn in &ALPHABET {
            let n = *nn;
            if n < min {
                min = n;
            }
            if n > max {
                max = n;
            }
        }

        for _ in 0..100_000 {
            let nuid = NUID::new();
            for j in 0..PRE_LEN {
                assert!(nuid.pre[j] >= min || nuid.pre[j] <= max);
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn unique() {
        let mut set = HashSet::new();
        for _ in 0..10_000_000 {
            assert!(set.insert(next().to_string()));
        }
    }
}