nu_protocol/value/

mod.rs

mod custom_value;
mod duration;
mod filesize;
mod from_value;
mod glob;
mod into_value;
mod range;
#[cfg(test)]
mod test_derive;

#[doc(hidden)]
pub mod macros;
pub mod record;
use bstr::BStr;
pub use custom_value::CustomValue;
pub use duration::*;
pub use filesize::*;
pub use from_value::FromValue;
pub use glob::*;
pub use into_value::{IntoValue, TryIntoValue};
pub use nu_utils::MultiLife;
pub use range::{FloatRange, IntRange, ParseRangeError, Range};
pub use record::Record;

use crate::{
    BlockId, CompareTypes, Config, ShellError, Signals, Span, Type, TypeRelation,
    ast::{Bits, Boolean, CellPath, Comparison, Math, Operator, PathMember},
    did_you_mean,
    engine::{Closure, EngineState},
};
use chrono::{DateTime, Datelike, Duration, FixedOffset, Local, Locale, TimeZone};
use chrono_humanize::HumanTime;
use nu_utils::{ObviousFloat, SharedCow, contains_emoji, get_locale_from_env_vars};
pub use semver::Version as SemVerVersion;
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use std::{
    borrow::Cow,
    cmp::Ordering,
    fmt::{self, Debug, Display, Write},
    ops::{Bound, ControlFlow},
    path::PathBuf,
};

/// Core structured values that pass through the pipeline in Nushell.
///
/// # Debug Format
///
/// By default, [`Value`]'s [`Debug`] implementation uses a compact format.
/// This makes values easier to inspect by leaving out spans and avoiding heavy
/// use of newlines and indentation.
///
/// Use the `-` formatting flag to show the expanded format, including spans.
///
/// The `-` flag is used because it is not used by [`std::fmt`], unlike `+`.
///
/// ```
/// # use nu_protocol::Value;
/// let value = Value::test_string("Ellie 🐘");
///
/// // compact format
/// assert_eq!(
///     format!("{value:?}"),
///     r#"String("Ellie 🐘")"#,
/// );
///
/// // expanded format
/// assert_eq!(
///     format!("{value:-?}"),
///     r#"String { val: "Ellie 🐘", internal_span: Span(TEST) }"#,
/// );
/// ```
// NOTE: Please do not reorder these enum cases without thinking through the
// impact on the PartialOrd implementation and the global sort order
// NOTE: All variants are marked as `non_exhaustive` to prevent them
// from being constructed (outside of this crate) with the struct
// expression syntax. This makes using the constructor methods the
// only way to construct `Value`'s
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum Value {
    #[non_exhaustive]
    Bool {
        val: bool,
        /// note: spans are being refactored out of Value
        /// please use .span() instead of matching this span value
        #[serde(rename = "span")]
        internal_span: Span,
    },
    #[non_exhaustive]
    Int {
        val: i64,
        /// note: spans are being refactored out of Value
        /// please use .span() instead of matching this span value
        #[serde(rename = "span")]
        internal_span: Span,
    },
    #[non_exhaustive]
    Float {
        val: f64,
        /// note: spans are being refactored out of Value
        /// please use .span() instead of matching this span value
        #[serde(rename = "span")]
        internal_span: Span,
    },
    #[non_exhaustive]
    String {
        val: String,
        /// note: spans are being refactored out of Value
        /// please use .span() instead of matching this span value
        #[serde(rename = "span")]
        internal_span: Span,
    },
    #[non_exhaustive]
    Glob {
        val: String,
        no_expand: bool,
        /// note: spans are being refactored out of Value
        /// please use .span() instead of matching this span value
        #[serde(rename = "span")]
        internal_span: Span,
    },
    #[non_exhaustive]
    Filesize {
        val: Filesize,
        /// note: spans are being refactored out of Value
        /// please use .span() instead of matching this span value
        #[serde(rename = "span")]
        internal_span: Span,
    },
    #[non_exhaustive]
    Duration {
        /// The duration in nanoseconds.
        val: i64,
        /// note: spans are being refactored out of Value
        /// please use .span() instead of matching this span value
        #[serde(rename = "span")]
        internal_span: Span,
    },
    #[non_exhaustive]
    Date {
        val: DateTime<FixedOffset>,
        /// note: spans are being refactored out of Value
        /// please use .span() instead of matching this span value
        #[serde(rename = "span")]
        internal_span: Span,
    },
    #[non_exhaustive]
    Range {
        val: Box<Range>,
        #[serde(skip)]
        signals: Option<Signals>,
        /// note: spans are being refactored out of Value
        /// please use .span() instead of matching this span value
        #[serde(rename = "span")]
        internal_span: Span,
    },
    #[non_exhaustive]
    Record {
        val: SharedCow<Record>,
        /// note: spans are being refactored out of Value
        /// please use .span() instead of matching this span value
        #[serde(rename = "span")]
        internal_span: Span,
    },
    #[non_exhaustive]
    List {
        vals: SharedCow<Vec<Value>>,
        #[serde(skip)]
        signals: Option<Signals>,
        /// note: spans are being refactored out of Value
        /// please use .span() instead of matching this span value
        #[serde(rename = "span")]
        internal_span: Span,
    },
    #[non_exhaustive]
    Closure {
        val: Box<Closure>,
        /// note: spans are being refactored out of Value
        /// please use .span() instead of matching this span value
        #[serde(rename = "span")]
        internal_span: Span,
    },
    #[non_exhaustive]
    Error {
        error: Box<ShellError>,
        /// note: spans are being refactored out of Value
        /// please use .span() instead of matching this span value
        #[serde(rename = "span")]
        internal_span: Span,
    },
    #[non_exhaustive]
    Binary {
        val: SharedCow<Vec<u8>>,
        /// note: spans are being refactored out of Value
        /// please use .span() instead of matching this span value
        #[serde(rename = "span")]
        internal_span: Span,
    },
    #[non_exhaustive]
    CellPath {
        val: CellPath,
        /// note: spans are being refactored out of Value
        /// please use .span() instead of matching this span value
        #[serde(rename = "span")]
        internal_span: Span,
    },
    #[non_exhaustive]
    Custom {
        val: Box<dyn CustomValue>,
        /// note: spans are being refactored out of Value
        /// please use .span() instead of matching this span value
        #[serde(rename = "span")]
        internal_span: Span,
    },
    #[non_exhaustive]
    Nothing {
        /// note: spans are being refactored out of Value
        /// please use .span() instead of matching this span value
        #[serde(rename = "span")]
        internal_span: Span,
    },
}

fn wrap_tuple(name: &str, val: impl Debug) -> impl Debug {
    fmt::from_fn(move |f| {
        write!(f, "{name}(")?;
        val.fmt(f)?;
        write!(f, ")")
    })
}

fn display_as_debug(val: impl Display) -> impl Debug {
    fmt::from_fn(move |f| val.fmt(f))
}

impl Debug for Value {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        if f.sign_minus() {
            return match self {
                Self::Bool { val, internal_span } => f
                    .debug_struct("Bool")
                    .field("val", val)
                    .field("internal_span", internal_span)
                    .finish(),
                Self::Int { val, internal_span } => f
                    .debug_struct("Int")
                    .field("val", val)
                    .field("internal_span", internal_span)
                    .finish(),
                Self::Float { val, internal_span } => f
                    .debug_struct("Float")
                    .field("val", val)
                    .field("internal_span", internal_span)
                    .finish(),
                Self::String { val, internal_span } => f
                    .debug_struct("String")
                    .field("val", val)
                    .field("internal_span", internal_span)
                    .finish(),
                Self::Glob {
                    val,
                    no_expand,
                    internal_span,
                } => f
                    .debug_struct("Glob")
                    .field("val", val)
                    .field("no_expand", no_expand)
                    .field("internal_span", internal_span)
                    .finish(),
                Self::Filesize { val, internal_span } => f
                    .debug_struct("Filesize")
                    .field("val", val)
                    .field("internal_span", internal_span)
                    .finish(),
                Self::Duration { val, internal_span } => f
                    .debug_struct("Duration")
                    .field("val", val)
                    .field("internal_span", internal_span)
                    .finish(),
                Self::Date { val, internal_span } => f
                    .debug_struct("Date")
                    .field("val", val)
                    .field("internal_span", internal_span)
                    .finish(),
                Self::Range {
                    val,
                    signals,
                    internal_span,
                } => f
                    .debug_struct("Range")
                    .field("val", val)
                    .field("signals", signals)
                    .field("internal_span", internal_span)
                    .finish(),
                Self::Record { val, internal_span } => f
                    .debug_struct("Record")
                    .field("val", val)
                    .field("internal_span", internal_span)
                    .finish(),
                Self::List {
                    vals,
                    signals,
                    internal_span,
                } => f
                    .debug_struct("List")
                    .field("vals", vals)
                    .field("signals", signals)
                    .field("internal_span", internal_span)
                    .finish(),
                Self::Closure { val, internal_span } => f
                    .debug_struct("Closure")
                    .field("val", val)
                    .field("internal_span", internal_span)
                    .finish(),
                Self::Error {
                    error,
                    internal_span,
                } => f
                    .debug_struct("Error")
                    .field("error", error)
                    .field("internal_span", internal_span)
                    .finish(),
                Self::Binary { val, internal_span } => f
                    .debug_struct("Binary")
                    .field("val", val)
                    .field("internal_span", internal_span)
                    .finish(),
                Self::CellPath { val, internal_span } => f
                    .debug_struct("CellPath")
                    .field("val", val)
                    .field("internal_span", internal_span)
                    .finish(),
                Self::Custom { val, internal_span } => f
                    .debug_struct("Custom")
                    .field("val", val)
                    .field("internal_span", internal_span)
                    .finish(),
                Self::Nothing { internal_span } => f
                    .debug_struct("Nothing")
                    .field("internal_span", internal_span)
                    .finish(),
            };
        };

        match self {
            Value::Bool { val, .. } => wrap_tuple("Bool", val).fmt(f),
            Value::Int { val, .. } => wrap_tuple("Int", val).fmt(f),
            Value::Float { val, .. } => wrap_tuple("Float", val).fmt(f),
            Value::String { val, .. } => wrap_tuple("String", val).fmt(f),
            Value::Glob { val, no_expand, .. } => wrap_tuple(
                "Glob",
                fmt::from_fn(|f| {
                    Debug::fmt(val, f)?;
                    if *no_expand {
                        write!(f, "!")?;
                    }
                    Ok(())
                }),
            )
            .fmt(f),
            Value::Filesize { val, .. } => wrap_tuple("Filesize", display_as_debug(val)).fmt(f),
            Value::Duration { val, .. } => wrap_tuple(
                "Duration",
                display_as_debug(humantime::Duration::from(std::time::Duration::from_nanos(
                    *val as u64,
                ))),
            )
            .fmt(f),
            Value::Date { val, .. } => wrap_tuple("Date", val).fmt(f),
            Value::Range { val, .. } => wrap_tuple("Range", display_as_debug(val)).fmt(f),
            Value::Record { val, .. } => wrap_tuple("Record", val).fmt(f),
            Value::List { vals, .. } => wrap_tuple("List", vals).fmt(f),
            Value::Closure { val, .. } => wrap_tuple("Closure", val.compact_debug()).fmt(f),
            Value::Error { error, .. } => wrap_tuple("Error", error).fmt(f),
            Value::Binary { val, .. } => wrap_tuple("Binary", BStr::new(val.as_slice())).fmt(f),
            Value::CellPath { val, .. } => wrap_tuple("CellPath", display_as_debug(val)).fmt(f),
            Value::Custom { val, .. } => wrap_tuple("Custom", val).fmt(f),
            Value::Nothing { .. } => write!(f, "Nothing"),
        }
    }
}

// This is to document/enforce the size of `Value` in bytes.
// We should try to avoid increasing the size of `Value`,
// and PRs that do so will have to change the number below so that it's noted in review.
const _: () = assert!(std::mem::size_of::<Value>() <= 56);

impl Clone for Value {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        match self {
            Value::Bool { val, internal_span } => Value::bool(*val, *internal_span),
            Value::Int { val, internal_span } => Value::int(*val, *internal_span),
            Value::Filesize { val, internal_span } => Value::Filesize {
                val: *val,
                internal_span: *internal_span,
            },
            Value::Duration { val, internal_span } => Value::Duration {
                val: *val,
                internal_span: *internal_span,
            },
            Value::Date { val, internal_span } => Value::Date {
                val: *val,
                internal_span: *internal_span,
            },
            Value::Range {
                val,
                signals,
                internal_span,
            } => Value::Range {
                val: val.clone(),
                signals: signals.clone(),
                internal_span: *internal_span,
            },
            Value::Float { val, internal_span } => Value::float(*val, *internal_span),
            Value::String { val, internal_span } => Value::String {
                val: val.clone(),
                internal_span: *internal_span,
            },
            Value::Glob {
                val,
                no_expand: quoted,
                internal_span,
            } => Value::Glob {
                val: val.clone(),
                no_expand: *quoted,
                internal_span: *internal_span,
            },
            Value::Record { val, internal_span } => Value::Record {
                val: val.clone(),
                internal_span: *internal_span,
            },
            Value::List {
                vals,
                signals,
                internal_span,
            } => Value::List {
                vals: vals.clone(),
                signals: signals.clone(),
                internal_span: *internal_span,
            },
            Value::Closure { val, internal_span } => Value::Closure {
                val: val.clone(),
                internal_span: *internal_span,
            },
            Value::Nothing { internal_span } => Value::Nothing {
                internal_span: *internal_span,
            },
            Value::Error {
                error,
                internal_span,
            } => Value::Error {
                error: error.clone(),
                internal_span: *internal_span,
            },
            Value::Binary { val, internal_span } => Value::Binary {
                val: val.clone(),
                internal_span: *internal_span,
            },
            Value::CellPath { val, internal_span } => Value::CellPath {
                val: val.clone(),
                internal_span: *internal_span,
            },
            Value::Custom { val, internal_span } => val.clone_value(*internal_span),
        }
    }
}

/// Describes the type of mutation to perform when traversing a cell path.
pub enum CellPathMutation {
    Upsert,
    Update,
    Insert { head_span: Span },
    Remove { member: PathMember },
}

impl Value {
    fn cant_convert_to<T>(&self, typ: &str) -> Result<T, ShellError> {
        Err(ShellError::CantConvert {
            to_type: typ.into(),
            from_type: self.get_type().to_string(),
            span: self.span(),
            help: None,
        })
    }

    /// Returns the inner `bool` value or an error if this `Value` is not a bool
    pub fn as_bool(&self) -> Result<bool, ShellError> {
        if let Value::Bool { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(*val)
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("boolean")
        }
    }

    /// Returns the inner `i64` value or an error if this `Value` is not an int
    pub fn as_int(&self) -> Result<i64, ShellError> {
        if let Value::Int { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(*val)
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("int")
        }
    }

    /// Returns the inner `f64` value or an error if this `Value` is not a float
    pub fn as_float(&self) -> Result<f64, ShellError> {
        if let Value::Float { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(*val)
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("float")
        }
    }

    /// Returns this `Value` converted to a `f64` or an error if it cannot be converted
    ///
    /// Only the following `Value` cases will return an `Ok` result:
    /// - `Int`
    /// - `Float`
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use nu_protocol::Value;
    /// for val in Value::test_values() {
    ///     assert_eq!(
    ///         matches!(val, Value::Float { .. } | Value::Int { .. }),
    ///         val.coerce_float().is_ok(),
    ///     );
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn coerce_float(&self) -> Result<f64, ShellError> {
        match self {
            Value::Float { val, .. } => Ok(*val),
            Value::Int { val, .. } => Ok(*val as f64),
            val => val.cant_convert_to("float"),
        }
    }

    /// Returns the inner `i64` filesize value or an error if this `Value` is not a filesize
    pub fn as_filesize(&self) -> Result<Filesize, ShellError> {
        if let Value::Filesize { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(*val)
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("filesize")
        }
    }

    /// Returns the inner `i64` duration value or an error if this `Value` is not a duration
    pub fn as_duration(&self) -> Result<i64, ShellError> {
        if let Value::Duration { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(*val)
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("duration")
        }
    }

    /// Returns the inner [`DateTime`] value or an error if this `Value` is not a date
    pub fn as_date(&self) -> Result<DateTime<FixedOffset>, ShellError> {
        if let Value::Date { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(*val)
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("datetime")
        }
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the inner [`Range`] value or an error if this `Value` is not a range
    pub fn as_range(&self) -> Result<Range, ShellError> {
        if let Value::Range { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(**val)
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("range")
        }
    }

    /// Unwraps the inner [`Range`] value or returns an error if this `Value` is not a range
    pub fn into_range(self) -> Result<Range, ShellError> {
        if let Value::Range { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(*val)
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("range")
        }
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the inner `str` value or an error if this `Value` is not a string
    pub fn as_str(&self) -> Result<&str, ShellError> {
        if let Value::String { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(val)
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("string")
        }
    }

    /// Unwraps the inner `String` value or returns an error if this `Value` is not a string
    pub fn into_string(self) -> Result<String, ShellError> {
        if let Value::String { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(val)
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("string")
        }
    }

    /// Returns this `Value` converted to a `str` or an error if it cannot be converted
    ///
    /// Only the following `Value` cases will return an `Ok` result:
    /// - `Bool`
    /// - `Int`
    /// - `Float`
    /// - `String`
    /// - `Glob`
    /// - `Binary` (only if valid utf-8)
    /// - `Date`
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use nu_protocol::Value;
    /// for val in Value::test_values() {
    ///     assert_eq!(
    ///         matches!(
    ///             val,
    ///             Value::Bool { .. }
    ///                 | Value::Int { .. }
    ///                 | Value::Float { .. }
    ///                 | Value::String { .. }
    ///                 | Value::Glob { .. }
    ///                 | Value::Binary { .. }
    ///                 | Value::Date { .. }
    ///         ),
    ///         val.coerce_str().is_ok(),
    ///     );
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn coerce_str(&self) -> Result<Cow<'_, str>, ShellError> {
        match self {
            Value::Bool { val, .. } => Ok(Cow::Owned(val.to_string())),
            Value::Int { val, .. } => Ok(Cow::Owned(val.to_string())),
            Value::Float { val, .. } => Ok(Cow::Owned(val.to_string())),
            Value::String { val, .. } => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(val)),
            Value::Glob { val, .. } => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(val)),
            Value::Binary { val, .. } => match std::str::from_utf8(val) {
                Ok(s) => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(s)),
                Err(_) => self.cant_convert_to("string"),
            },
            Value::Date { val, .. } => Ok(Cow::Owned(
                val.to_rfc3339_opts(chrono::SecondsFormat::Millis, true),
            )),
            val => val.cant_convert_to("string"),
        }
    }

    /// Returns this `Value` converted to a `String` or an error if it cannot be converted
    ///
    /// # Note
    /// This function is equivalent to `value.coerce_str().map(Cow::into_owned)`
    /// which might allocate a new `String`.
    ///
    /// To avoid this allocation, prefer [`coerce_str`](Self::coerce_str)
    /// if you do not need an owned `String`,
    /// or [`coerce_into_string`](Self::coerce_into_string)
    /// if you do not need to keep the original `Value` around.
    ///
    /// Only the following `Value` cases will return an `Ok` result:
    /// - `Bool`
    /// - `Int`
    /// - `Float`
    /// - `String`
    /// - `Glob`
    /// - `Binary` (only if valid utf-8)
    /// - `Date`
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use nu_protocol::Value;
    /// for val in Value::test_values() {
    ///     assert_eq!(
    ///         matches!(
    ///             val,
    ///             Value::Bool { .. }
    ///                 | Value::Int { .. }
    ///                 | Value::Float { .. }
    ///                 | Value::String { .. }
    ///                 | Value::Glob { .. }
    ///                 | Value::Binary { .. }
    ///                 | Value::Date { .. }
    ///         ),
    ///         val.coerce_string().is_ok(),
    ///     );
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn coerce_string(&self) -> Result<String, ShellError> {
        self.coerce_str().map(Cow::into_owned)
    }

    /// Returns this `Value` converted to a `String` or an error if it cannot be converted
    ///
    /// Only the following `Value` cases will return an `Ok` result:
    /// - `Bool`
    /// - `Int`
    /// - `Float`
    /// - `String`
    /// - `Glob`
    /// - `Binary` (only if valid utf-8)
    /// - `Date`
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use nu_protocol::Value;
    /// for val in Value::test_values() {
    ///     assert_eq!(
    ///         matches!(
    ///             val,
    ///             Value::Bool { .. }
    ///                 | Value::Int { .. }
    ///                 | Value::Float { .. }
    ///                 | Value::String { .. }
    ///                 | Value::Glob { .. }
    ///                 | Value::Binary { .. }
    ///                 | Value::Date { .. }
    ///         ),
    ///         val.coerce_into_string().is_ok(),
    ///     );
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn coerce_into_string(self) -> Result<String, ShellError> {
        let span = self.span();
        match self {
            Value::Bool { val, .. } => Ok(val.to_string()),
            Value::Int { val, .. } => Ok(val.to_string()),
            Value::Float { val, .. } => Ok(val.to_string()),
            Value::String { val, .. } => Ok(val),
            Value::Glob { val, .. } => Ok(val),
            Value::Binary { val, .. } => match String::from_utf8(val.into_owned()) {
                Ok(s) => Ok(s),
                Err(err) => Value::binary(err.into_bytes(), span).cant_convert_to("string"),
            },
            Value::Date { val, .. } => Ok(val.to_rfc3339_opts(chrono::SecondsFormat::Millis, true)),
            val => val.cant_convert_to("string"),
        }
    }

    /// Returns this `Value` as a `char` or an error if it is not a single character string
    pub fn as_char(&self) -> Result<char, ShellError> {
        let span = self.span();
        if let Value::String { val, .. } = self {
            let mut chars = val.chars();
            match (chars.next(), chars.next()) {
                (Some(c), None) => Ok(c),
                _ => Err(ShellError::MissingParameter {
                    param_name: "single character separator".into(),
                    span,
                }),
            }
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("char")
        }
    }

    /// Converts this `Value` to a `PathBuf` or returns an error if it is not a string
    pub fn to_path(&self) -> Result<PathBuf, ShellError> {
        if let Value::String { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(PathBuf::from(val))
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("path")
        }
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the inner [`Record`] value or an error if this `Value` is not a record
    pub fn as_record(&self) -> Result<&Record, ShellError> {
        if let Value::Record { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(val)
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("record")
        }
    }

    /// Unwraps the inner [`Record`] value or returns an error if this `Value` is not a record
    pub fn into_record(self) -> Result<Record, ShellError> {
        if let Value::Record { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(val.into_owned())
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("record")
        }
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the inner list slice or an error if this `Value` is not a list
    pub fn as_list(&self) -> Result<&[Value], ShellError> {
        if let Value::List { vals, .. } = self {
            Ok(vals)
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("list")
        }
    }

    /// Unwraps the inner list `Vec` or returns an error if this `Value` is not a list
    pub fn into_list(self) -> Result<Vec<Value>, ShellError> {
        if let Value::List { vals, .. } = self {
            Ok(vals.into_owned())
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("list")
        }
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the inner [`Closure`] value or an error if this `Value` is not a closure
    pub fn as_closure(&self) -> Result<&Closure, ShellError> {
        if let Value::Closure { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(val)
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("closure")
        }
    }

    /// Unwraps the inner [`Closure`] value or returns an error if this `Value` is not a closure
    pub fn into_closure(self) -> Result<Closure, ShellError> {
        if let Value::Closure { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(*val)
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("closure")
        }
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the inner binary slice or an error if this `Value` is not a binary value
    pub fn as_binary(&self) -> Result<&[u8], ShellError> {
        if let Value::Binary { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(val)
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("binary")
        }
    }

    /// Unwraps the inner binary `Vec` or returns an error if this `Value` is not a binary value
    pub fn into_binary(self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ShellError> {
        if let Value::Binary { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(val.into_owned())
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("binary")
        }
    }

    /// Returns this `Value` as a `u8` slice or an error if it cannot be converted
    ///
    /// Prefer [`coerce_into_binary`](Self::coerce_into_binary)
    /// if you do not need to keep the original `Value` around.
    ///
    /// Only the following `Value` cases will return an `Ok` result:
    /// - `Binary`
    /// - `String`
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use nu_protocol::Value;
    /// for val in Value::test_values() {
    ///     assert_eq!(
    ///         matches!(val, Value::Binary { .. } | Value::String { .. }),
    ///         val.coerce_binary().is_ok(),
    ///     );
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn coerce_binary(&self) -> Result<&[u8], ShellError> {
        match self {
            Value::Binary { val, .. } => Ok(val),
            Value::String { val, .. } => Ok(val.as_bytes()),
            val => val.cant_convert_to("binary"),
        }
    }

    /// Returns this `Value` as a `Vec<u8>` or an error if it cannot be converted
    ///
    /// Only the following `Value` cases will return an `Ok` result:
    /// - `Binary`
    /// - `String`
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use nu_protocol::Value;
    /// for val in Value::test_values() {
    ///     assert_eq!(
    ///         matches!(val, Value::Binary { .. } | Value::String { .. }),
    ///         val.coerce_into_binary().is_ok(),
    ///     );
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn coerce_into_binary(self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ShellError> {
        match self {
            Value::Binary { val, .. } => Ok(val.into_owned()),
            Value::String { val, .. } => Ok(val.into_bytes()),
            val => val.cant_convert_to("binary"),
        }
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the inner [`CellPath`] value or an error if this `Value` is not a cell path
    pub fn as_cell_path(&self) -> Result<&CellPath, ShellError> {
        if let Value::CellPath { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(val)
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("cell path")
        }
    }

    /// Unwraps the inner [`CellPath`] value or returns an error if this `Value` is not a cell path
    pub fn into_cell_path(self) -> Result<CellPath, ShellError> {
        if let Value::CellPath { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(val)
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("cell path")
        }
    }

    /// Interprets this `Value` as a boolean based on typical conventions for environment values.
    ///
    /// The following rules are used:
    /// - Values representing `false`:
    ///   - Empty strings or strings that equal to "false" in any case
    ///   - The number `0` (as an integer, float or string)
    ///   - `Nothing`
    ///   - Explicit boolean `false`
    /// - Values representing `true`:
    ///   - Non-zero numbers (integer or float)
    ///   - Non-empty strings
    ///   - Explicit boolean `true`
    ///
    /// For all other, more complex variants of [`Value`], the function cannot determine a
    /// boolean representation and returns `Err`.
    pub fn coerce_bool(&self) -> Result<bool, ShellError> {
        match self {
            Value::Bool { val: false, .. } | Value::Int { val: 0, .. } | Value::Nothing { .. } => {
                Ok(false)
            }
            Value::Float { val, .. } if val <= &f64::EPSILON => Ok(false),
            Value::String { val, .. } => match val.trim().to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
                "" | "0" | "false" => Ok(false),
                _ => Ok(true),
            },
            Value::Bool { .. } | Value::Int { .. } | Value::Float { .. } => Ok(true),
            _ => self.cant_convert_to("bool"),
        }
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the inner [`CustomValue`] trait object or an error if this `Value` is not a custom value
    pub fn as_custom_value(&self) -> Result<&dyn CustomValue, ShellError> {
        if let Value::Custom { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(val.as_ref())
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("custom value")
        }
    }

    /// Unwraps the inner [`CustomValue`] trait object or returns an error if this `Value` is not a custom value
    pub fn into_custom_value(self) -> Result<Box<dyn CustomValue>, ShellError> {
        if let Value::Custom { val, .. } = self {
            Ok(val)
        } else {
            self.cant_convert_to("custom value")
        }
    }

    /// Get the span for the current value
    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
        match self {
            Value::Bool { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Int { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Float { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Filesize { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Duration { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Date { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Range { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::String { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Glob { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Record { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::List { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Closure { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Nothing { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Binary { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::CellPath { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Custom { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Error { internal_span, .. } => *internal_span,
        }
    }

    /// Set the value's span to a new span
    pub fn set_span(&mut self, new_span: Span) {
        match self {
            Value::Bool { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Int { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Float { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Filesize { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Duration { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Date { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Range { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::String { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Glob { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Record { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::List { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Closure { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Nothing { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Binary { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::CellPath { internal_span, .. }
            | Value::Custom { internal_span, .. } => *internal_span = new_span,
            Value::Error { .. } => (),
        }
    }

    /// Update the value with a new span
    pub fn with_span(mut self, new_span: Span) -> Value {
        self.set_span(new_span);
        self
    }

    /// Get the type of the current Value
    pub fn get_type(&self) -> Type {
        match self {
            Value::Bool { .. } => Type::Bool,
            Value::Int { .. } => Type::Int,
            Value::Float { .. } => Type::Float,
            Value::Filesize { .. } => Type::Filesize,
            Value::Duration { .. } => Type::Duration,
            Value::Date { .. } => Type::Date,
            Value::Range { .. } => Type::Range,
            Value::String { .. } => Type::String,
            Value::Glob { .. } => Type::Glob,
            Value::Record { val, .. } => {
                Type::Record(val.iter().map(|(x, y)| (x.clone(), y.get_type())).collect())
            }
            Value::List { vals, .. } => {
                let ty = Type::supertype_of(vals.iter().map(Value::get_type)).unwrap_or(Type::Any);

                match ty {
                    Type::Record(columns) => Type::Table(columns),
                    ty => Type::list(ty),
                }
            }
            Value::Nothing { .. } => Type::Nothing,
            Value::Closure { .. } => Type::Closure,
            Value::Error { .. } => Type::Error,
            Value::Binary { .. } => Type::Binary,
            Value::CellPath { .. } => Type::CellPath,
            Value::Custom { val, .. } => Type::Custom(val.type_name().into()),
        }
    }

    /// Get the type of the current Value, without inner type specification of lists, tables and
    /// records
    pub fn get_type_shallow(&self) -> Type {
        match self {
            Value::Bool { .. } => Type::Bool,
            Value::Int { .. } => Type::Int,
            Value::Float { .. } => Type::Float,
            Value::Filesize { .. } => Type::Filesize,
            Value::Duration { .. } => Type::Duration,
            Value::Date { .. } => Type::Date,
            Value::Range { .. } => Type::Range,
            Value::String { .. } => Type::String,
            Value::Glob { .. } => Type::Glob,
            Value::Record { .. } => Type::record(),
            Value::List { .. } => Type::list(Type::Any),
            Value::Nothing { .. } => Type::Nothing,
            Value::Closure { .. } => Type::Closure,
            Value::Error { .. } => Type::Error,
            Value::Binary { .. } => Type::Binary,
            Value::CellPath { .. } => Type::CellPath,
            Value::Custom { val, .. } => Type::Custom(val.type_name().into()),
        }
    }

    pub fn get_data_by_key(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Value> {
        let span = self.span();
        match self {
            Value::Record { val, .. } => val.get(name).cloned(),
            Value::List { vals, .. } => {
                let out = vals
                    .iter()
                    .map(|item| {
                        item.as_record()
                            .ok()
                            .and_then(|val| val.get(name).cloned())
                            .unwrap_or(Value::nothing(span))
                    })
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();

                if !out.is_empty() {
                    Some(Value::list(out, span))
                } else {
                    None
                }
            }
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    fn format_datetime<Tz: TimeZone>(&self, date_time: &DateTime<Tz>, formatter: &str) -> String
    where
        Tz::Offset: Display,
    {
        let mut formatter_buf = String::new();
        let locale = get_locale_from_env_vars(Some("LC_TIME"), |name| std::env::var(name).ok())
            .and_then(|s| s.as_ref().try_into().ok())
            .unwrap_or(Locale::en_US);
        let format = date_time.format_localized(formatter, locale);

        match formatter_buf.write_fmt(format_args!("{format}")) {
            Ok(_) => (),
            Err(_) => formatter_buf = format!("Invalid format string {formatter}"),
        }
        formatter_buf
    }

    /// Converts this `Value` to a string according to the given [`Config`] and separator
    ///
    /// This functions recurses into records and lists,
    /// returning a string that contains the stringified form of all nested `Value`s.
    pub fn to_expanded_string(&self, separator: &str, config: &Config) -> String {
        let span = self.span();
        match self {
            Value::Bool { val, .. } => val.to_string(),
            Value::Int { val, .. } => val.to_string(),
            Value::Float { val, .. } => ObviousFloat(*val).to_string(),
            Value::Filesize { val, .. } => config.filesize.format(*val).to_string(),
            Value::Duration { val, .. } => format_duration(*val, config.duration_max_unit),
            Value::Date { val, .. } => match &config.datetime_format.normal {
                Some(format) => self.format_datetime(val, format),
                None => {
                    format!(
                        "{} ({})",
                        if val.year() >= 0 && val.year() <= 9999 {
                            val.to_rfc2822()
                        } else {
                            val.to_rfc3339()
                        },
                        human_time_from_now(val),
                    )
                }
            },
            Value::Range { val, .. } => val.to_string(),
            Value::String { val, .. } => val.clone(),
            Value::Glob { val, .. } => val.clone(),
            Value::List { vals: val, .. } => format!(
                "[{}]",
                val.iter()
                    .map(|x| x.to_expanded_string(", ", config))
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    .join(separator)
            ),
            Value::Record { val, .. } => format!(
                "{{{}}}",
                val.iter()
                    .map(|(x, y)| format!("{}: {}", x, y.to_expanded_string(", ", config)))
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    .join(separator)
            ),
            Value::Closure { val, .. } => format!("closure_{}", val.block_id.get()),
            Value::Nothing { .. } => String::new(),
            Value::Error { error, .. } => format!("{error:?}"),
            Value::Binary { val, .. } => format!("{val:?}"),
            Value::CellPath { val, .. } => val.to_string(),
            // If we fail to collapse the custom value, just print <{type_name}> - failure is not
            // that critical here
            Value::Custom { val, .. } => val
                .to_base_value(span)
                .map(|val| val.to_expanded_string(separator, config))
                .unwrap_or_else(|_| format!("<{}>", val.type_name())),
        }
    }

    /// Converts this `Value` to a string according to the given [`Config`]
    ///
    /// This functions does not recurse into records and lists.
    /// Instead, it will shorten the first list or record it finds like so:
    /// - "[table {n} rows]"
    /// - "[list {n} items]"
    /// - "[record {n} fields]"
    pub fn to_abbreviated_string(&self, config: &Config) -> String {
        match self {
            Value::Date { val, .. } => match &config.datetime_format.table {
                Some(format) => self.format_datetime(val, format),
                None => human_time_from_now(val).to_string(),
            },
            Value::List { vals, .. } => {
                if !vals.is_empty() && vals.iter().all(|x| matches!(x, Value::Record { .. })) {
                    format!(
                        "[table {} row{}]",
                        vals.len(),
                        if vals.len() == 1 { "" } else { "s" }
                    )
                } else {
                    format!(
                        "[list {} item{}]",
                        vals.len(),
                        if vals.len() == 1 { "" } else { "s" }
                    )
                }
            }
            Value::Record { val, .. } => format!(
                "{{record {} field{}}}",
                val.len(),
                if val.len() == 1 { "" } else { "s" }
            ),
            val => val.to_expanded_string(", ", config),
        }
    }

    /// Converts this `Value` to a string according to the given [`Config`] and separator
    ///
    /// This function adds quotes around strings,
    /// so that the returned string can be parsed by nushell.
    /// The other `Value` cases are already parsable when converted strings
    /// or are not yet handled by this function.
    ///
    /// This functions behaves like [`to_expanded_string`](Self::to_expanded_string)
    /// and will recurse into records and lists.
    pub fn to_parsable_string(&self, separator: &str, config: &Config) -> String {
        match self {
            // give special treatment to the simple types to make them parsable
            Value::String { val, .. } => format!("'{val}'"),
            // recurse back into this function for recursive formatting
            Value::List { vals: val, .. } => format!(
                "[{}]",
                val.iter()
                    .map(|x| x.to_parsable_string(", ", config))
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    .join(separator)
            ),
            Value::Record { val, .. } => format!(
                "{{{}}}",
                val.iter()
                    .map(|(x, y)| format!("{}: {}", x, y.to_parsable_string(", ", config)))
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    .join(separator)
            ),
            // defer to standard handling for types where standard representation is parsable
            _ => self.to_expanded_string(separator, config),
        }
    }

    /// Convert this `Value` to a debug string
    ///
    /// In general, this function should only be used for debug purposes,
    /// and the resulting string should not be displayed to the user (not even in an error).
    pub fn to_debug_string(&self) -> String {
        match self {
            Value::String { val, .. } => {
                if contains_emoji(val) {
                    // This has to be an emoji, so let's display the code points that make it up.
                    format!(
                        "{:#?}",
                        Value::string(val.escape_unicode().to_string(), self.span())
                    )
                } else {
                    format!("{self:-#?}")
                }
            }
            _ => format!("{self:-#?}"),
        }
    }

    /// Try to put the first int path member on top.
    /// Return None if not any.
    /// Should only be called when the value being accessed is a list of records,
    /// and the first path member is a string.
    pub fn try_put_int_path_member_on_top(cell_paths: &[PathMember]) -> Option<Vec<PathMember>> {
        if !nu_experimental::REORDER_CELL_PATHS.get() {
            return None;
        }
        let idx = cell_paths
            .iter()
            .position(|pm| matches!(pm, PathMember::Int { .. }));
        idx.map(|idx| {
            let mut cell_paths = cell_paths.to_vec();
            cell_paths[0..idx + 1].rotate_right(1);
            cell_paths
        })
    }

    /// Follow a given cell path into the value: for example accessing select elements in a stream or list
    pub fn follow_cell_path<'out>(
        &'out self,
        cell_path: &[PathMember],
    ) -> Result<Cow<'out, Value>, ShellError> {
        // A dummy value is required, otherwise rust doesn't allow references, which we need for
        // the `std::ptr::eq` comparison
        let mut store: Value = Value::test_nothing();
        let mut current: MultiLife<'out, '_, Value> = MultiLife::Out(self);

        let reorder_cell_paths = nu_experimental::REORDER_CELL_PATHS.get();

        let mut members: Vec<_> = if reorder_cell_paths {
            cell_path.iter().map(Some).collect()
        } else {
            Vec::new()
        };
        let mut members = members.as_mut_slice();
        let mut cell_path = cell_path;

        loop {
            let member = if reorder_cell_paths {
                // Skip any None values at the start.
                while let Some(None) = members.first() {
                    members = &mut members[1..];
                }

                if members.is_empty() {
                    break;
                }

                // Reorder cell-path member access by prioritizing Int members to avoid cloning unless
                // necessary
                let member = if let Value::List { .. } = &*current {
                    // If the value is a list, try to find an Int member
                    members
                        .iter_mut()
                        .find(|x| matches!(x, Some(PathMember::Int { .. })))
                        // And take it from the list of members
                        .and_then(Option::take)
                } else {
                    None
                };

                let Some(member) = member.or_else(|| members.first_mut().and_then(Option::take))
                else {
                    break;
                };
                member
            } else {
                match cell_path {
                    [first, rest @ ..] => {
                        cell_path = rest;
                        first
                    }
                    _ => break,
                }
            };

            current = match current {
                MultiLife::Out(current) => match get_value_member(current, member)? {
                    ControlFlow::Break(span) => return Ok(Cow::Owned(Value::nothing(span))),
                    ControlFlow::Continue(x) => match x {
                        Cow::Borrowed(x) => MultiLife::Out(x),
                        Cow::Owned(x) => {
                            store = x;
                            MultiLife::Local(&store)
                        }
                    },
                },
                MultiLife::Local(current) => match get_value_member(current, member)? {
                    ControlFlow::Break(span) => return Ok(Cow::Owned(Value::nothing(span))),
                    ControlFlow::Continue(x) => match x {
                        Cow::Borrowed(x) => MultiLife::Local(x),
                        Cow::Owned(x) => {
                            store = x;
                            MultiLife::Local(&store)
                        }
                    },
                },
            };
        }

        // If a single Value::Error was produced by the above (which won't happen if nullify_errors is true), unwrap it now.
        // Note that Value::Errors inside Lists remain as they are, so that the rest of the list can still potentially be used.
        if let Value::Error { error, .. } = &*current {
            Err(error.as_ref().clone())
        } else {
            Ok(match current {
                MultiLife::Out(x) => Cow::Borrowed(x),
                MultiLife::Local(x) => {
                    let x = if std::ptr::eq(x, &store) {
                        store
                    } else {
                        x.clone()
                    };
                    Cow::Owned(x)
                }
            })
        }
    }

    /// Follow a given cell path into the value: for example accessing select elements in a stream or list
    pub fn upsert_cell_path(
        &mut self,
        cell_path: &[PathMember],
        callback: Box<dyn FnOnce(&Value) -> Value>,
    ) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
        let new_val = callback(self.follow_cell_path(cell_path)?.as_ref());

        match new_val {
            Value::Error { error, .. } => Err(*error),
            new_val => self.upsert_data_at_cell_path(cell_path, new_val),
        }
    }

    pub fn upsert_data_at_cell_path(
        &mut self,
        cell_path: &[PathMember],
        new_val: Value,
    ) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
        self.mutate_data_at_cell_path(cell_path, new_val, &CellPathMutation::Upsert)
    }

    /// Follow a given cell path into the value: for example accessing select elements in a stream or list
    pub fn update_cell_path<'a>(
        &mut self,
        cell_path: &[PathMember],
        callback: Box<dyn FnOnce(&Value) -> Value + 'a>,
    ) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
        let new_val = callback(self.follow_cell_path(cell_path)?.as_ref());

        match new_val {
            Value::Error { error, .. } => Err(*error),
            new_val => self.update_data_at_cell_path(cell_path, new_val),
        }
    }

    pub fn update_data_at_cell_path(
        &mut self,
        cell_path: &[PathMember],
        new_val: Value,
    ) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
        self.mutate_data_at_cell_path(cell_path, new_val, &CellPathMutation::Update)
    }

    pub fn remove_data_at_cell_path(&mut self, cell_path: &[PathMember]) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
        let Some((member, path)) = cell_path.split_last() else {
            return Ok(());
        };
        self.mutate_data_at_cell_path(
            path,
            Value::nothing(Span::unknown()),
            &CellPathMutation::Remove {
                member: member.clone(),
            },
        )
    }

    pub fn insert_data_at_cell_path(
        &mut self,
        cell_path: &[PathMember],
        new_val: Value,
        head_span: Span,
    ) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
        self.mutate_data_at_cell_path(cell_path, new_val, &CellPathMutation::Insert { head_span })
    }

    /// Leaf operation for `CellPathMutation::Remove`
    fn remove_member(&mut self, member: &PathMember) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
        let v_span = self.span();
        match member {
            PathMember::String {
                val: col_name,
                span,
                optional,
                casing,
            } => match self {
                Value::List { vals, .. } => {
                    for val in vals.to_mut() {
                        let v_span = val.span();
                        match val {
                            Value::Record { val: record, .. } => {
                                let value = record.to_mut().cased_mut(*casing).remove(col_name);
                                if value.is_none() && !optional {
                                    return Err(ShellError::CantFindColumn {
                                        col_name: col_name.clone(),
                                        span: Some(*span),
                                        src_span: v_span,
                                    });
                                }
                            }
                            v => {
                                return Err(ShellError::CantFindColumn {
                                    col_name: col_name.clone(),
                                    span: Some(*span),
                                    src_span: v.span(),
                                });
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    Ok(())
                }
                Value::Record { val: record, .. } => {
                    if record
                        .to_mut()
                        .cased_mut(*casing)
                        .remove(col_name)
                        .is_none()
                        && !optional
                    {
                        return Err(ShellError::CantFindColumn {
                            col_name: col_name.clone(),
                            span: Some(*span),
                            src_span: v_span,
                        });
                    }
                    Ok(())
                }
                v => Err(ShellError::CantFindColumn {
                    col_name: col_name.clone(),
                    span: Some(*span),
                    src_span: v.span(),
                }),
            },
            PathMember::Int {
                val: row_num,
                span,
                optional,
            } => match self {
                Value::List { vals, .. } => {
                    if *row_num < vals.len() {
                        vals.to_mut().remove(*row_num);
                        Ok(())
                    } else if *optional {
                        Ok(())
                    } else if vals.is_empty() {
                        Err(ShellError::AccessEmptyContent { span: *span })
                    } else {
                        Err(ShellError::AccessBeyondEnd {
                            max_idx: vals.len() - 1,
                            span: *span,
                        })
                    }
                }
                v => Err(ShellError::NotAList {
                    dst_span: *span,
                    src_span: v.span(),
                }),
            },
        }
    }

    fn mutate_record_at_string_member(
        record: &mut Record,
        member: &PathMember,
        src_span: Span,
        path: &[PathMember],
        new_val: Value,
        action: &CellPathMutation,
    ) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
        let PathMember::String {
            val: col_name,
            span,
            casing,
            optional,
        } = member
        else {
            return Err(ShellError::NushellFailed {
                msg: "mutate_record_at_string_member called with non-String PathMember".into(),
            });
        };
        if let Some(val) = record.cased_mut(*casing).get_mut(col_name) {
            if path.is_empty() && matches!(action, CellPathMutation::Insert { .. }) {
                return Err(ShellError::ColumnAlreadyExists {
                    col_name: col_name.to_owned(),
                    span: *span,
                    src_span,
                });
            }
            val.mutate_data_at_cell_path(path, new_val, action)
        } else {
            match action {
                CellPathMutation::Update | CellPathMutation::Remove { .. } => {
                    if !optional {
                        return Err(ShellError::CantFindColumn {
                            col_name: col_name.to_owned(),
                            span: Some(*span),
                            src_span,
                        });
                    }
                    Ok(())
                }
                _ => {
                    let new_col = Value::with_data_at_cell_path(path, new_val)?;
                    record.push(col_name, new_col);
                    Ok(())
                }
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn mutate_data_at_cell_path(
        &mut self,
        cell_path: &[PathMember],
        new_val: Value,
        action: &CellPathMutation,
    ) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
        let v_span = self.span();
        let Some((member, path)) = cell_path.split_first() else {
            match action {
                CellPathMutation::Remove { member } => return self.remove_member(member),
                _ => {
                    *self = new_val;
                    return Ok(());
                }
            }
        };

        match member {
            PathMember::String {
                val: col_name,
                span,
                optional,
                ..
            } => match self {
                Value::List { vals, .. } => {
                    if !matches!(action, CellPathMutation::Remove { .. })
                        && let Some(new_cell_path) = Self::try_put_int_path_member_on_top(cell_path)
                    {
                        self.mutate_data_at_cell_path(&new_cell_path, new_val.clone(), action)?;
                    } else {
                        for val in vals.to_mut() {
                            let v_span = val.span();
                            match val {
                                Value::Record { val: record, .. } => {
                                    Self::mutate_record_at_string_member(
                                        record.to_mut(),
                                        member,
                                        v_span,
                                        path,
                                        new_val.clone(),
                                        action,
                                    )?;
                                }
                                Value::Error { error, .. } => return Err(*error.clone()),
                                v => match action {
                                    CellPathMutation::Insert { head_span } => {
                                        return Err(ShellError::UnsupportedInput {
                                            msg: "expected table or record".into(),
                                            input: format!("input type: {:?}", v.get_type()),
                                            msg_span: *head_span,
                                            input_span: *span,
                                        });
                                    }
                                    CellPathMutation::Update | CellPathMutation::Remove { .. } => {
                                        if !*optional {
                                            return Err(ShellError::CantFindColumn {
                                                col_name: col_name.clone(),
                                                span: Some(*span),
                                                src_span: v.span(),
                                            });
                                        }
                                    }
                                    CellPathMutation::Upsert => {
                                        return Err(ShellError::CantFindColumn {
                                            col_name: col_name.clone(),
                                            span: Some(*span),
                                            src_span: v.span(),
                                        });
                                    }
                                },
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                Value::Record { val: record, .. } => {
                    Self::mutate_record_at_string_member(
                        record.to_mut(),
                        member,
                        v_span,
                        path,
                        new_val,
                        action,
                    )?;
                }
                Value::Error { error, .. } => return Err(*error.clone()),
                Value::Custom { val, .. } => {
                    let mut full_path = vec![member.clone()];
                    full_path.extend(path.iter().cloned());
                    let result =
                        val.update_data_at_cell_path(&full_path, new_val, action, v_span)?;
                    *self = result;
                    return Ok(());
                }
                v => match action {
                    CellPathMutation::Insert { head_span } => {
                        return Err(ShellError::UnsupportedInput {
                            msg: "table or record".into(),
                            input: format!("input type: {:?}", v.get_type()),
                            msg_span: *head_span,
                            input_span: *span,
                        });
                    }
                    CellPathMutation::Update | CellPathMutation::Remove { .. } => {
                        if !*optional {
                            return Err(ShellError::CantFindColumn {
                                col_name: col_name.clone(),
                                span: Some(*span),
                                src_span: v.span(),
                            });
                        }
                    }
                    CellPathMutation::Upsert => {
                        return Err(ShellError::CantFindColumn {
                            col_name: col_name.clone(),
                            span: Some(*span),
                            src_span: v.span(),
                        });
                    }
                },
            },
            PathMember::Int {
                val: row_num,
                span,
                optional,
            } => match self {
                Value::List { vals, .. } => {
                    if *row_num < vals.len() {
                        let vals = vals.to_mut();
                        let v = &mut vals[*row_num];
                        if path.is_empty() && matches!(action, CellPathMutation::Insert { .. }) {
                            vals.insert(*row_num, new_val);
                        } else {
                            v.mutate_data_at_cell_path(path, new_val, action)?;
                        }
                    } else {
                        match action {
                            CellPathMutation::Upsert | CellPathMutation::Insert { .. } => {
                                if vals.len() != *row_num {
                                    return Err(ShellError::InsertAfterNextFreeIndex {
                                        available_idx: vals.len(),
                                        span: *span,
                                    });
                                }
                                vals.to_mut()
                                    .push(Value::with_data_at_cell_path(path, new_val)?);
                            }
                            CellPathMutation::Update | CellPathMutation::Remove { .. } => {
                                if !*optional {
                                    if vals.is_empty() {
                                        return Err(ShellError::AccessEmptyContent { span: *span });
                                    } else {
                                        return Err(ShellError::AccessBeyondEnd {
                                            max_idx: vals.len() - 1,
                                            span: *span,
                                        });
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                Value::Error { error, .. } => return Err(*error.clone()),
                Value::Custom { val, .. } => {
                    let mut full_path = vec![member.clone()];
                    full_path.extend(path.iter().cloned());
                    let result =
                        val.update_data_at_cell_path(&full_path, new_val, action, v_span)?;
                    *self = result;
                    return Ok(());
                }
                _ => {
                    return Err(ShellError::NotAList {
                        dst_span: *span,
                        src_span: v_span,
                    });
                }
            },
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Creates a new [Value] with the specified member at the specified path.
    /// This is used by [Value::insert_data_at_cell_path] and [Value::upsert_data_at_cell_path] whenever they have the need to insert a non-existent element
    fn with_data_at_cell_path(cell_path: &[PathMember], value: Value) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        if let Some((member, path)) = cell_path.split_first() {
            let span = value.span();
            match member {
                PathMember::String { val, .. } => Ok(Value::record(
                    std::iter::once((val.clone(), Value::with_data_at_cell_path(path, value)?))
                        .collect(),
                    span,
                )),
                PathMember::Int { val, .. } => {
                    if *val == 0usize {
                        Ok(Value::list(
                            vec![Value::with_data_at_cell_path(path, value)?],
                            span,
                        ))
                    } else {
                        Err(ShellError::InsertAfterNextFreeIndex {
                            available_idx: 0,
                            span,
                        })
                    }
                }
            }
        } else {
            Ok(value)
        }
    }

    /// Visits all values contained within the value (including this value) with a mutable reference
    /// given to the closure.
    ///
    /// If the closure returns `Err`, the traversal will stop.
    ///
    /// Captures of closure values are currently visited, as they are values owned by the closure.
    pub fn recurse_mut<E>(
        &mut self,
        f: &mut impl FnMut(&mut Value) -> Result<(), E>,
    ) -> Result<(), E> {
        // Visit this value
        f(self)?;
        // Check for contained values
        match self {
            Value::Record { val, .. } => val
                .to_mut()
                .iter_mut()
                .try_for_each(|(_, rec_value)| rec_value.recurse_mut(f)),
            Value::List { vals, .. } => vals
                .to_mut()
                .iter_mut()
                .try_for_each(|list_value| list_value.recurse_mut(f)),
            // Closure captures are visited. Maybe these don't have to be if they are changed to
            // more opaque references.
            Value::Closure { val, .. } => val
                .captures
                .iter_mut()
                .map(|(_, captured_value)| captured_value)
                .try_for_each(|captured_value| captured_value.recurse_mut(f)),
            // All of these don't contain other values
            Value::Bool { .. }
            | Value::Int { .. }
            | Value::Float { .. }
            | Value::Filesize { .. }
            | Value::Duration { .. }
            | Value::Date { .. }
            | Value::Range { .. }
            | Value::String { .. }
            | Value::Glob { .. }
            | Value::Nothing { .. }
            | Value::Error { .. }
            | Value::Binary { .. }
            | Value::CellPath { .. } => Ok(()),
            // These could potentially contain values, but we expect the closure to handle them
            Value::Custom { .. } => Ok(()),
        }
    }

    /// Check if the content is empty
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        match self {
            Value::String { val, .. } => val.is_empty(),
            Value::List { vals, .. } => vals.is_empty(),
            Value::Record { val, .. } => val.is_empty(),
            Value::Binary { val, .. } => val.is_empty(),
            Value::Nothing { .. } => true,
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    pub fn is_nothing(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, Value::Nothing { .. })
    }

    pub fn is_error(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, Value::Error { .. })
    }

    /// Extract [ShellError] from [Value::Error]
    pub fn unwrap_error(self) -> Result<Self, ShellError> {
        match self {
            Self::Error { error, .. } => Err(*error),
            val => Ok(val),
        }
    }

    pub fn is_true(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, Value::Bool { val: true, .. })
    }

    pub fn is_false(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, Value::Bool { val: false, .. })
    }

    pub fn columns(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &String> {
        let opt = match self {
            Value::Record { val, .. } => Some(val.columns()),
            _ => None,
        };

        opt.into_iter().flatten()
    }

    /// Returns an estimate of the memory size used by this Value in bytes
    pub fn memory_size(&self) -> usize {
        match self {
            Value::Bool { .. } => std::mem::size_of::<Self>(),
            Value::Int { .. } => std::mem::size_of::<Self>(),
            Value::Float { .. } => std::mem::size_of::<Self>(),
            Value::Filesize { .. } => std::mem::size_of::<Self>(),
            Value::Duration { .. } => std::mem::size_of::<Self>(),
            Value::Date { .. } => std::mem::size_of::<Self>(),
            Value::Range { val, .. } => std::mem::size_of::<Self>() + val.memory_size(),
            Value::String { val, .. } => std::mem::size_of::<Self>() + val.capacity(),
            Value::Glob { val, .. } => std::mem::size_of::<Self>() + val.capacity(),
            Value::Record { val, .. } => std::mem::size_of::<Self>() + val.memory_size(),
            Value::List { vals, .. } => {
                std::mem::size_of::<Self>() + vals.iter().map(|v| v.memory_size()).sum::<usize>()
            }
            Value::Closure { val, .. } => std::mem::size_of::<Self>() + val.memory_size(),
            Value::Nothing { .. } => std::mem::size_of::<Self>(),
            Value::Error { error, .. } => {
                std::mem::size_of::<Self>() + std::mem::size_of_val(error)
            }
            Value::Binary { val, .. } => std::mem::size_of::<Self>() + val.capacity(),
            Value::CellPath { val, .. } => std::mem::size_of::<Self>() + val.memory_size(),
            Value::Custom { val, .. } => std::mem::size_of::<Self>() + val.memory_size(),
        }
    }

    pub fn bool(val: bool, span: Span) -> Value {
        Value::Bool {
            val,
            internal_span: span,
        }
    }

    pub fn int(val: i64, span: Span) -> Value {
        Value::Int {
            val,
            internal_span: span,
        }
    }

    pub fn float(val: f64, span: Span) -> Value {
        Value::Float {
            val,
            internal_span: span,
        }
    }

    pub fn filesize(val: impl Into<Filesize>, span: Span) -> Value {
        Value::Filesize {
            val: val.into(),
            internal_span: span,
        }
    }

    pub fn duration(val: i64, span: Span) -> Value {
        Value::Duration {
            val,
            internal_span: span,
        }
    }

    pub fn date(val: DateTime<FixedOffset>, span: Span) -> Value {
        Value::Date {
            val,
            internal_span: span,
        }
    }

    pub fn range(val: Range, span: Span) -> Value {
        Value::Range {
            val: val.into(),
            signals: None,
            internal_span: span,
        }
    }

    pub fn string(val: impl Into<String>, span: Span) -> Value {
        Value::String {
            val: val.into(),
            internal_span: span,
        }
    }

    pub fn glob(val: impl Into<String>, no_expand: bool, span: Span) -> Value {
        Value::Glob {
            val: val.into(),
            no_expand,
            internal_span: span,
        }
    }

    pub fn record(val: Record, span: Span) -> Value {
        Value::Record {
            val: SharedCow::new(val),
            internal_span: span,
        }
    }

    pub fn list(vals: Vec<Value>, span: Span) -> Value {
        Value::list_shared(SharedCow::new(vals), span)
    }

    /// Creates a list that retains existing shared storage.
    pub fn list_shared(vals: SharedCow<Vec<Value>>, span: Span) -> Value {
        Value::List {
            vals,
            signals: None,
            internal_span: span,
        }
    }

    pub fn closure(val: Closure, span: Span) -> Value {
        Value::Closure {
            val: val.into(),
            internal_span: span,
        }
    }

    /// Create a new `Nothing` value
    pub fn nothing(span: Span) -> Value {
        Value::Nothing {
            internal_span: span,
        }
    }

    pub fn error(error: ShellError, span: Span) -> Value {
        Value::Error {
            error: Box::new(error),
            internal_span: span,
        }
    }

    pub fn binary(val: impl Into<Vec<u8>>, span: Span) -> Value {
        Value::Binary {
            val: SharedCow::new(val.into()),
            internal_span: span,
        }
    }

    pub fn cell_path(val: CellPath, span: Span) -> Value {
        Value::CellPath {
            val,
            internal_span: span,
        }
    }

    pub fn custom(val: Box<dyn CustomValue>, span: Span) -> Value {
        Value::Custom {
            val,
            internal_span: span,
        }
    }

    /// Note: Only use this for test data, *not* live data, as it will point into unknown source
    /// when used in errors.
    pub fn test_bool(val: bool) -> Value {
        Value::bool(val, Span::test_data())
    }

    /// Note: Only use this for test data, *not* live data, as it will point into unknown source
    /// when used in errors.
    pub fn test_int(val: i64) -> Value {
        Value::int(val, Span::test_data())
    }

    /// Note: Only use this for test data, *not* live data, as it will point into unknown source
    /// when used in errors.
    pub fn test_float(val: f64) -> Value {
        Value::float(val, Span::test_data())
    }

    /// Note: Only use this for test data, *not* live data, as it will point into unknown source
    /// when used in errors.
    pub fn test_filesize(val: impl Into<Filesize>) -> Value {
        Value::filesize(val, Span::test_data())
    }

    /// Note: Only use this for test data, *not* live data, as it will point into unknown source
    /// when used in errors.
    pub fn test_duration(val: i64) -> Value {
        Value::duration(val, Span::test_data())
    }

    /// Note: Only use this for test data, *not* live data, as it will point into unknown source
    /// when used in errors.
    pub fn test_date(val: DateTime<FixedOffset>) -> Value {
        Value::date(val, Span::test_data())
    }

    /// Note: Only use this for test data, *not* live data, as it will point into unknown source
    /// when used in errors.
    pub fn test_range(val: Range) -> Value {
        Value::range(val, Span::test_data())
    }

    /// Note: Only use this for test data, *not* live data, as it will point into unknown source
    /// when used in errors.
    pub fn test_string(val: impl Into<String>) -> Value {
        Value::string(val, Span::test_data())
    }

    /// Note: Only use this for test data, *not* live data, as it will point into unknown source
    /// when used in errors.
    pub fn test_glob(val: impl Into<String>) -> Value {
        Value::glob(val, false, Span::test_data())
    }

    /// Note: Only use this for test data, *not* live data, as it will point into unknown source
    /// when used in errors.
    pub fn test_record(val: Record) -> Value {
        Value::record(val, Span::test_data())
    }

    /// Note: Only use this for test data, *not* live data, as it will point into unknown source
    /// when used in errors.
    pub fn test_list(vals: Vec<Value>) -> Value {
        Value::list(vals, Span::test_data())
    }

    /// Note: Only use this for test data, *not* live data, as it will point into unknown source
    /// when used in errors.
    pub fn test_closure(val: Closure) -> Value {
        Value::closure(val, Span::test_data())
    }

    /// Note: Only use this for test data, *not* live data, as it will point into unknown source
    /// when used in errors.
    pub fn test_nothing() -> Value {
        Value::nothing(Span::test_data())
    }

    /// Note: Only use this for test data, *not* live data, as it will point into unknown source
    /// when used in errors.
    pub fn test_binary(val: impl Into<Vec<u8>>) -> Value {
        Value::binary(val, Span::test_data())
    }

    /// Note: Only use this for test data, *not* live data, as it will point into unknown source
    /// when used in errors.
    pub fn test_cell_path(val: CellPath) -> Value {
        Value::cell_path(val, Span::test_data())
    }

    /// Note: Only use this for test data, *not* live data, as it will point into unknown source
    /// when used in errors.
    pub fn test_custom_value(val: Box<dyn CustomValue>) -> Value {
        Value::custom(val, Span::test_data())
    }

    /// Note: Only use this for test data, *not* live data,
    /// as it will point into unknown source when used in errors.
    ///
    /// Returns a `Vec` containing one of each value case (`Value::Int`, `Value::String`, etc.)
    /// except for `Value::Custom`.
    pub fn test_values() -> Vec<Value> {
        vec![
            Value::test_bool(false),
            Value::test_int(0),
            Value::test_filesize(0),
            Value::test_duration(0),
            Value::test_date(DateTime::UNIX_EPOCH.into()),
            Value::test_range(Range::IntRange(IntRange {
                start: 0,
                step: 1,
                end: Bound::Excluded(0),
            })),
            Value::test_float(0.0),
            Value::test_string(String::new()),
            Value::test_record(Record::new()),
            Value::test_list(Vec::new()),
            Value::test_closure(Closure {
                block_id: BlockId::new(0),
                captures: Vec::new(),
            }),
            Value::test_nothing(),
            Value::error(
                ShellError::NushellFailed { msg: String::new() },
                Span::test_data(),
            ),
            Value::test_binary(Vec::new()),
            Value::test_cell_path(CellPath {
                members: Vec::new(),
            }),
            // Value::test_custom_value(Box::new(todo!())),
        ]
    }

    /// Assert that this value is equal to another value.
    ///
    /// # Panic
    /// This function is meant for testing purposes and will panic if these two values are not
    /// equal.
    #[track_caller]
    pub fn assert_eq(&self, other: impl IntoValue) {
        let other = other.into_value(Span::test_data());
        assert_eq!(self, &other)
    }

    /// inject signals from engine_state so iterating the value
    /// itself can be interrupted.
    pub fn inject_signals(&mut self, engine_state: &EngineState) {
        match self {
            Value::List { signals: s, .. } | Value::Range { signals: s, .. } => {
                *s = Some(engine_state.signals().clone());
            }
            _ => (),
        }
    }
}

impl CompareTypes<Type> for Value {
    fn compare_types(&self, other: &Type) -> Option<TypeRelation> {
        match other {
            Type::Any => return Some(TypeRelation::Subtype),
            Type::OneOf(oneof) => {
                return oneof
                    .iter()
                    .any(|ty| self.is_subtype_of(ty))
                    .then_some(TypeRelation::Subtype);
            }
            _ => (),
        }

        match self {
            Value::List { vals, .. } => match other {
                Type::List(ty) if let Type::Any = ty.as_ref() => Some(TypeRelation::Subtype),
                Type::List(ty) => {
                    let ty = ty.as_ref();
                    vals.iter()
                        .map(|val| val.compare_types(ty))
                        .try_fold(TypeRelation::Equal, |acc, e| acc.combine(e?))
                }
                Type::Table(cols) => vals
                    .iter()
                    .map(|val| val.as_record().ok().and_then(|rec| rec.compare_types(cols)))
                    .try_fold(TypeRelation::Equal, |acc, e| acc.combine(e?)),
                _ => None,
            },
            Value::Record { val, .. } => match other {
                Type::Record(cols) => val.compare_types(cols),
                _ => None,
            },
            val => val.get_type().compare_types(other),
        }
    }

    /// Determine if the [`Value`] is a [subtype](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtyping) of `other`
    ///
    /// If you have a [`Value`], this method should always be used over chaining [`Value::get_type`] with [`Type::is_subtype_of`].
    ///
    /// This method is able to leverage that information encoded in a `Value` to provide more accurate
    /// type comparison than if one were to collect the type into [`Type`] value with [`Value::get_type`].
    ///
    /// Empty lists are considered subtypes of all `list<T>` types.
    ///
    /// Lists of mixed records where some column is present in all record is a subtype of `table<column>`.
    /// For example, `[{a: 1, b: 2}, {a: 1}]` is a subtype of `table<a: int>` (but not `table<a: int, b: int>`).
    ///
    /// See also: [`PipelineData::is_subtype_of`](crate::PipelineData::is_subtype_of)
    // This is identical to this method's default implementation. Written here to attach doccomment.
    fn is_subtype_of(&self, other: &Type) -> bool {
        matches!(
            self.compare_types(other),
            Some(TypeRelation::Subtype | TypeRelation::Equal)
        )
    }
}

fn get_value_member<'a>(
    current: &'a Value,
    member: &PathMember,
) -> Result<ControlFlow<Span, Cow<'a, Value>>, ShellError> {
    match member {
        PathMember::Int {
            val: count,
            span: origin_span,
            optional,
        } => {
            // Treat a numeric path member as `select <val>`
            match current {
                Value::List { vals, .. } => {
                    if *count < vals.len() {
                        Ok(ControlFlow::Continue(Cow::Borrowed(&vals[*count])))
                    } else if *optional {
                        Ok(ControlFlow::Break(*origin_span))
                        // short-circuit
                    } else if vals.is_empty() {
                        Err(ShellError::AccessEmptyContent { span: *origin_span })
                    } else {
                        Err(ShellError::AccessBeyondEnd {
                            max_idx: vals.len() - 1,
                            span: *origin_span,
                        })
                    }
                }
                Value::Binary { val, .. } => {
                    if let Some(item) = val.get(*count) {
                        Ok(ControlFlow::Continue(Cow::Owned(Value::int(
                            *item as i64,
                            *origin_span,
                        ))))
                    } else if *optional {
                        Ok(ControlFlow::Break(*origin_span))
                        // short-circuit
                    } else if val.is_empty() {
                        Err(ShellError::AccessEmptyContent { span: *origin_span })
                    } else {
                        Err(ShellError::AccessBeyondEnd {
                            max_idx: val.len() - 1,
                            span: *origin_span,
                        })
                    }
                }
                Value::Range { val, .. } => {
                    if let Some(item) = val
                        .into_range_iter(current.span(), Signals::empty())
                        .nth(*count)
                    {
                        Ok(ControlFlow::Continue(Cow::Owned(item)))
                    } else if *optional {
                        Ok(ControlFlow::Break(*origin_span))
                        // short-circuit
                    } else {
                        Err(ShellError::AccessBeyondEndOfStream {
                            span: *origin_span,
                        })
                    }
                }
                Value::Custom { val, .. } => {
                    match val.follow_path_int(current.span(), *count, *origin_span, *optional)
                    {
                        Ok(val) => Ok(ControlFlow::Continue(Cow::Owned(val))),
                        Err(err) => {
                            if *optional {
                                Ok(ControlFlow::Break(*origin_span))
                                // short-circuit
                            } else {
                                Err(err)
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                Value::Nothing { .. } if *optional => Ok(ControlFlow::Break(*origin_span)),
                // Records (and tables) are the only built-in which support column names,
                // so only use this message for them.
                Value::Record { .. } => Err(ShellError::TypeMismatch {
                    err_message:"Can't access record values with a row index. Try specifying a column name instead".into(),
                    span: *origin_span,
                }),
                Value::Error { error, .. } => Err(*error.clone()),
                x => Err(ShellError::IncompatiblePathAccess { type_name: format!("{}", x.get_type()), span: *origin_span }),
            }
        }
        PathMember::String {
            val: column_name,
            span: origin_span,
            optional,
            casing,
        } => {
            let span = current.span();
            match current {
                Value::Record { val, .. } => {
                    let found = val.cased(*casing).get(column_name);
                    if let Some(found) = found {
                        Ok(ControlFlow::Continue(Cow::Borrowed(found)))
                    } else if *optional {
                        Ok(ControlFlow::Break(*origin_span))
                        // short-circuit
                    } else if let Some(suggestion) = did_you_mean(val.columns(), column_name) {
                        Err(ShellError::DidYouMean {
                            suggestion,
                            span: *origin_span,
                        })
                    } else {
                        Err(ShellError::CantFindColumn {
                            col_name: column_name.clone(),
                            span: Some(*origin_span),
                            src_span: span,
                        })
                    }
                }
                // String access of Lists always means Table access.
                // Create a List which contains each matching value for contained
                // records in the source list.
                Value::List { vals, .. } => {
                    let list = vals
                        .iter()
                        .map(|val| {
                            let val_span = val.span();
                            match val {
                                Value::Record { val, .. } => {
                                    let found = val.cased(*casing).get(column_name);
                                    if let Some(found) = found {
                                        Ok(found.clone())
                                    } else if *optional {
                                        Ok(Value::nothing(*origin_span))
                                    } else if let Some(suggestion) =
                                        did_you_mean(val.columns(), column_name)
                                    {
                                        Err(ShellError::DidYouMean {
                                            suggestion,
                                            span: *origin_span,
                                        })
                                    } else {
                                        Err(ShellError::CantFindColumn {
                                            col_name: column_name.clone(),
                                            span: Some(*origin_span),
                                            src_span: val_span,
                                        })
                                    }
                                }
                                Value::Nothing { .. } if *optional => {
                                    Ok(Value::nothing(*origin_span))
                                }
                                _ => Err(ShellError::CantFindColumn {
                                    col_name: column_name.clone(),
                                    span: Some(*origin_span),
                                    src_span: val_span,
                                }),
                            }
                        })
                        .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?;

                    Ok(ControlFlow::Continue(Cow::Owned(Value::list(list, span))))
                }
                Value::Custom { val, .. } => {
                    match val.follow_path_string(
                        current.span(),
                        column_name.clone(),
                        *origin_span,
                        *optional,
                        *casing,
                    ) {
                        Ok(val) => Ok(ControlFlow::Continue(Cow::Owned(val))),
                        Err(err) => {
                            if *optional {
                                Ok(ControlFlow::Break(*origin_span))
                                // short-circuit
                            } else {
                                Err(err)
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                Value::Nothing { .. } if *optional => Ok(ControlFlow::Break(*origin_span)),
                Value::Error { error, .. } => Err(error.as_ref().clone()),
                x => Err(ShellError::IncompatiblePathAccess {
                    type_name: format!("{}", x.get_type()),
                    span: *origin_span,
                }),
            }
        }
    }
}

impl Default for Value {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Value::Nothing {
            internal_span: Span::unknown(),
        }
    }
}

impl PartialOrd for Value {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
        // Compare two floating point numbers. The decision interval for equality is dynamically
        // scaled as the value being compared increases in magnitude (using relative epsilon-based
        // tolerance). Implementation is similar to python's `math.isclose()` function:
        // https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.isclose. Fallback to the default strict
        // float comparison if the difference exceeds the error epsilon.
        fn compare_floats(val: f64, other: f64) -> Option<Ordering> {
            let prec = f64::EPSILON.max(val.abs().max(other.abs()) * f64::EPSILON);

            if (other - val).abs() <= prec {
                return Some(Ordering::Equal);
            }

            val.partial_cmp(&other)
        }

        match (self, other) {
            (Value::Bool { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => match rhs {
                Value::Bool { val: rhs, .. } => lhs.partial_cmp(rhs),
                Value::Int { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Float { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::String { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Glob { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Filesize { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Duration { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Date { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Range { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Record { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::List { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Closure { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Error { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Binary { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::CellPath { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Custom { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Nothing { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
            },
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => match rhs {
                Value::Bool { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Int { val: rhs, .. } => lhs.partial_cmp(rhs),
                Value::Float { val: rhs, .. } => compare_floats(*lhs as f64, *rhs),
                Value::String { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Glob { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Filesize { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Duration { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Date { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Range { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Record { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::List { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Closure { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Error { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Binary { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::CellPath { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Custom { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Nothing { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
            },
            (Value::Float { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => match rhs {
                Value::Bool { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Int { val: rhs, .. } => compare_floats(*lhs, *rhs as f64),
                Value::Float { val: rhs, .. } => compare_floats(*lhs, *rhs),
                Value::String { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Glob { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Filesize { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Duration { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Date { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Range { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Record { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::List { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Closure { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Error { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Binary { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::CellPath { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Custom { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Nothing { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
            },
            (Value::String { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => match rhs {
                Value::Bool { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Int { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Float { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::String { val: rhs, .. } => lhs.partial_cmp(rhs),
                Value::Glob { val: rhs, .. } => lhs.partial_cmp(rhs),
                Value::Filesize { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Duration { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Date { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Range { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Record { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::List { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Closure { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Error { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Binary { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::CellPath { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Custom { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Nothing { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
            },
            (Value::Glob { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => match rhs {
                Value::Bool { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Int { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Float { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::String { val: rhs, .. } => lhs.partial_cmp(rhs),
                Value::Glob { val: rhs, .. } => lhs.partial_cmp(rhs),
                Value::Filesize { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Duration { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Date { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Range { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Record { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::List { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Closure { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Error { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Binary { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::CellPath { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Custom { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Nothing { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
            },
            (Value::Filesize { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => match rhs {
                Value::Bool { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Int { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Float { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::String { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Glob { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Filesize { val: rhs, .. } => lhs.partial_cmp(rhs),
                Value::Duration { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Date { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Range { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Record { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::List { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Closure { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Error { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Binary { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::CellPath { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Custom { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Nothing { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
            },
            (Value::Duration { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => match rhs {
                Value::Bool { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Int { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Float { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::String { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Glob { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Filesize { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Duration { val: rhs, .. } => lhs.partial_cmp(rhs),
                Value::Date { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Range { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Record { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::List { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Closure { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Error { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Binary { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::CellPath { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Custom { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Nothing { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
            },
            (Value::Date { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => match rhs {
                Value::Bool { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Int { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Float { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::String { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Glob { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Filesize { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Duration { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Date { val: rhs, .. } => lhs.partial_cmp(rhs),
                Value::Range { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Record { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::List { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Closure { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Error { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Binary { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::CellPath { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Custom { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Nothing { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
            },
            (Value::Range { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => match rhs {
                Value::Bool { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Int { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Float { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::String { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Glob { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Filesize { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Duration { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Date { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Range { val: rhs, .. } => lhs.partial_cmp(rhs),
                Value::Record { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::List { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Closure { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Error { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Binary { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::CellPath { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Custom { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Nothing { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
            },
            (Value::Record { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => match rhs {
                Value::Bool { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Int { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Float { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::String { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Glob { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Filesize { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Duration { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Date { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Range { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Record { val: rhs, .. } => {
                    // reorder cols and vals to make more logically compare.
                    // more general, if two record have same col and values,
                    // the order of cols shouldn't affect the equal property.
                    let mut lhs = lhs.clone().into_owned();
                    let mut rhs = rhs.clone().into_owned();
                    lhs.sort_cols();
                    rhs.sort_cols();

                    // Check columns first
                    for (a, b) in lhs.columns().zip(rhs.columns()) {
                        let result = a.partial_cmp(b);
                        if result != Some(Ordering::Equal) {
                            return result;
                        }
                    }
                    // Then check the values
                    for (a, b) in lhs.values().zip(rhs.values()) {
                        let result = a.partial_cmp(b);
                        if result != Some(Ordering::Equal) {
                            return result;
                        }
                    }
                    // If all of the comparisons were equal, then lexicographical order dictates
                    // that the shorter sequence is less than the longer one
                    lhs.len().partial_cmp(&rhs.len())
                }
                Value::List { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Closure { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Error { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Binary { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::CellPath { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Custom { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Nothing { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
            },
            (Value::List { vals: lhs, .. }, rhs) => match rhs {
                Value::Bool { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Int { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Float { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::String { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Glob { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Filesize { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Duration { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Date { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Range { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Record { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::List { vals: rhs, .. } => lhs.partial_cmp(rhs),
                Value::Closure { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Error { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Binary { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::CellPath { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Custom { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Nothing { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
            },
            (Value::Closure { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => match rhs {
                Value::Bool { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Int { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Float { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::String { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Glob { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Filesize { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Duration { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Date { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Range { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Record { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::List { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Closure { val: rhs, .. } => lhs.block_id.partial_cmp(&rhs.block_id),
                Value::Error { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Binary { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::CellPath { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Custom { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Nothing { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
            },
            (Value::Error { .. }, rhs) => match rhs {
                Value::Bool { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Int { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Float { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::String { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Glob { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Filesize { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Duration { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Date { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Range { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Record { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::List { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Closure { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Error { .. } => Some(Ordering::Equal),
                Value::Binary { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::CellPath { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Custom { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Nothing { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
            },
            (Value::Binary { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => match rhs {
                Value::Bool { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Int { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Float { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::String { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Glob { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Filesize { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Duration { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Date { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Range { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Record { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::List { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Closure { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Error { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Binary { val: rhs, .. } => lhs.partial_cmp(rhs),
                Value::CellPath { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Custom { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Nothing { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
            },
            (Value::CellPath { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => match rhs {
                Value::Bool { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Int { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Float { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::String { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Glob { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Filesize { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Duration { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Date { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Range { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Record { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::List { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Closure { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Error { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Binary { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::CellPath { val: rhs, .. } => lhs.partial_cmp(rhs),
                Value::Custom { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
                Value::Nothing { .. } => Some(Ordering::Less),
            },
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => lhs.partial_cmp(rhs),
            (Value::Nothing { .. }, rhs) => match rhs {
                Value::Bool { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Int { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Float { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::String { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Glob { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Filesize { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Duration { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Date { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Range { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Record { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::List { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Closure { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Error { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Binary { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::CellPath { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Custom { .. } => Some(Ordering::Greater),
                Value::Nothing { .. } => Some(Ordering::Equal),
            },
        }
    }
}

impl PartialEq for Value {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.partial_cmp(other).is_some_and(Ordering::is_eq)
    }
}

fn checked_duration_operation<F>(a: i64, b: i64, op: F, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError>
where
    F: Fn(i64, i64) -> Option<i64>,
{
    if let Some(val) = op(a, b) {
        Ok(Value::duration(val, span))
    } else {
        Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
            msg: "operation overflowed".to_owned(),
            span,
            help: None,
        })
    }
}

impl Value {
    pub fn add(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = lhs.checked_add(*rhs) {
                    Ok(Value::int(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "add operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: Some("Consider using floating point values for increased range by promoting operand with 'into float'. Note: float has reduced precision!".into()),
                     })
                }
            }
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::float(*lhs as f64 + *rhs, span))
            }
            (Value::Float { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::float(*lhs + *rhs as f64, span))
            }
            (Value::Float { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::float(lhs + rhs, span))
            }
            (Value::String { val: lhs, .. }, Value::String { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::string(lhs.to_string() + rhs, span))
            }
            (Value::Duration { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Date { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = rhs.checked_add_signed(chrono::Duration::nanoseconds(*lhs)) {
                    Ok(Value::date(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "addition operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Date { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Duration { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = lhs.checked_add_signed(chrono::Duration::nanoseconds(*rhs)) {
                    Ok(Value::date(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "addition operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Duration { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Duration { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                checked_duration_operation(*lhs, *rhs, i64::checked_add, span)
            }
            (Value::Filesize { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Filesize { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = *lhs + *rhs {
                    Ok(Value::filesize(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "add operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => {
                lhs.operation(self.span(), Operator::Math(Math::Add), op, rhs)
            }
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Math(Math::Add),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| {
                    matches!(
                        val,
                        Value::Int { .. }
                            | Value::Float { .. }
                            | Value::String { .. }
                            | Value::Date { .. }
                            | Value::Duration { .. }
                            | Value::Filesize { .. },
                    )
                },
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn sub(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = lhs.checked_sub(*rhs) {
                    Ok(Value::int(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "subtraction operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: Some("Consider using floating point values for increased range by promoting operand with 'into float'. Note: float has reduced precision!".into()),
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::float(*lhs as f64 - *rhs, span))
            }
            (Value::Float { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::float(*lhs - *rhs as f64, span))
            }
            (Value::Float { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::float(lhs - rhs, span))
            }
            (Value::Date { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Date { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                let result = lhs.signed_duration_since(*rhs);
                if let Some(v) = result.num_nanoseconds() {
                    Ok(Value::duration(v, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "subtraction operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Date { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Duration { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                match lhs.checked_sub_signed(chrono::Duration::nanoseconds(*rhs)) {
                    Some(val) => Ok(Value::date(val, span)),
                    _ => Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "subtraction operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    }),
                }
            }
            (Value::Duration { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Duration { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                checked_duration_operation(*lhs, *rhs, i64::checked_sub, span)
            }
            (Value::Filesize { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Filesize { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = *lhs - *rhs {
                    Ok(Value::filesize(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "add operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => {
                lhs.operation(self.span(), Operator::Math(Math::Subtract), op, rhs)
            }
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Math(Math::Subtract),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| {
                    matches!(
                        val,
                        Value::Int { .. }
                            | Value::Float { .. }
                            | Value::Date { .. }
                            | Value::Duration { .. }
                            | Value::Filesize { .. },
                    )
                },
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn mul(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = lhs.checked_mul(*rhs) {
                    Ok(Value::int(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "multiply operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: Some("Consider using floating point values for increased range by promoting operand with 'into float'. Note: float has reduced precision!".into()),
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::float(*lhs as f64 * *rhs, span))
            }
            (Value::Float { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::float(*lhs * *rhs as f64, span))
            }
            (Value::Float { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::float(lhs * rhs, span))
            }
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Filesize { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = *lhs * *rhs {
                    Ok(Value::filesize(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "multiply operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Filesize { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = *lhs * *rhs {
                    Ok(Value::filesize(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "multiply operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Float { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Filesize { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = *lhs * *rhs {
                    Ok(Value::filesize(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "multiply operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Filesize { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = *lhs * *rhs {
                    Ok(Value::filesize(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "multiply operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Duration { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                checked_duration_operation(*lhs, *rhs, i64::checked_mul, span)
            }
            (Value::Duration { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                checked_duration_operation(*lhs, *rhs, i64::checked_mul, span)
            }
            (Value::Duration { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::duration((*lhs as f64 * *rhs) as i64, span))
            }
            (Value::Float { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Duration { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::duration((*lhs * *rhs as f64) as i64, span))
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => {
                lhs.operation(self.span(), Operator::Math(Math::Multiply), op, rhs)
            }
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Math(Math::Multiply),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| {
                    matches!(
                        val,
                        Value::Int { .. }
                            | Value::Float { .. }
                            | Value::Duration { .. }
                            | Value::Filesize { .. },
                    )
                },
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn div(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if *rhs == 0 {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                } else {
                    Ok(Value::float(*lhs as f64 / *rhs as f64, span))
                }
            }
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if *rhs != 0.0 {
                    Ok(Value::float(*lhs as f64 / *rhs, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                }
            }
            (Value::Float { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if *rhs != 0 {
                    Ok(Value::float(*lhs / *rhs as f64, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                }
            }
            (Value::Float { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if *rhs != 0.0 {
                    Ok(Value::float(lhs / rhs, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                }
            }
            (Value::Filesize { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Filesize { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if *rhs == Filesize::ZERO {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                } else {
                    Ok(Value::float(lhs.get() as f64 / rhs.get() as f64, span))
                }
            }
            (Value::Filesize { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = lhs.get().checked_div(*rhs) {
                    Ok(Value::filesize(val, span))
                } else if *rhs == 0 {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "division operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Filesize { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if *rhs != 0.0 {
                    if let Ok(val) = Filesize::try_from(lhs.get() as f64 / rhs) {
                        Ok(Value::filesize(val, span))
                    } else {
                        Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                            msg: "division operation overflowed".into(),
                            span,
                            help: None,
                        })
                    }
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                }
            }
            (Value::Duration { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Duration { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if *rhs == 0 {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                } else {
                    Ok(Value::float(*lhs as f64 / *rhs as f64, span))
                }
            }
            (Value::Duration { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = lhs.checked_div(*rhs) {
                    Ok(Value::duration(val, span))
                } else if *rhs == 0 {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "division operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Duration { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if *rhs != 0.0 {
                    let val = *lhs as f64 / rhs;
                    if i64::MIN as f64 <= val && val <= i64::MAX as f64 {
                        Ok(Value::duration(val as i64, span))
                    } else {
                        Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                            msg: "division operation overflowed".into(),
                            span,
                            help: None,
                        })
                    }
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                }
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => {
                lhs.operation(self.span(), Operator::Math(Math::Divide), op, rhs)
            }
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Math(Math::Divide),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| {
                    matches!(
                        val,
                        Value::Int { .. }
                            | Value::Float { .. }
                            | Value::Duration { .. }
                            | Value::Filesize { .. },
                    )
                },
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn floor_div(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        // Taken from the unstable `div_floor` function in the std library.
        fn checked_div_floor_i64(dividend: i64, divisor: i64) -> Option<i64> {
            let quotient = dividend.checked_div(divisor)?;
            let remainder = dividend.checked_rem(divisor)?;
            if (remainder > 0 && divisor < 0) || (remainder < 0 && divisor > 0) {
                // Note that `quotient - 1` cannot overflow, because:
                //     `quotient` would have to be `i64::MIN`
                //     => `divisor` would have to be `1`
                //     => `remainder` would have to be `0`
                // But `remainder == 0` is excluded from the check above.
                Some(quotient - 1)
            } else {
                Some(quotient)
            }
        }

        fn checked_div_floor_f64(dividend: f64, divisor: f64) -> Option<f64> {
            if divisor == 0.0 {
                None
            } else {
                Some((dividend / divisor).floor())
            }
        }

        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_div_floor_i64(*lhs, *rhs) {
                    Ok(Value::int(val, span))
                } else if *rhs == 0 {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "division operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_div_floor_f64(*lhs as f64, *rhs) {
                    Ok(Value::float(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                }
            }
            (Value::Float { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_div_floor_f64(*lhs, *rhs as f64) {
                    Ok(Value::float(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                }
            }
            (Value::Float { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_div_floor_f64(*lhs, *rhs) {
                    Ok(Value::float(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                }
            }
            (Value::Filesize { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Filesize { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_div_floor_i64(lhs.get(), rhs.get()) {
                    Ok(Value::int(val, span))
                } else if *rhs == Filesize::ZERO {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "division operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Filesize { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_div_floor_i64(lhs.get(), *rhs) {
                    Ok(Value::filesize(val, span))
                } else if *rhs == 0 {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "division operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Filesize { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_div_floor_f64(lhs.get() as f64, *rhs) {
                    if let Ok(val) = Filesize::try_from(val) {
                        Ok(Value::filesize(val, span))
                    } else {
                        Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                            msg: "division operation overflowed".into(),
                            span,
                            help: None,
                        })
                    }
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                }
            }
            (Value::Duration { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Duration { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_div_floor_i64(*lhs, *rhs) {
                    Ok(Value::int(val, span))
                } else if *rhs == 0 {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "division operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Duration { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_div_floor_i64(*lhs, *rhs) {
                    Ok(Value::duration(val, span))
                } else if *rhs == 0 {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "division operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Duration { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_div_floor_f64(*lhs as f64, *rhs) {
                    if i64::MIN as f64 <= val && val <= i64::MAX as f64 {
                        Ok(Value::duration(val as i64, span))
                    } else {
                        Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                            msg: "division operation overflowed".into(),
                            span,
                            help: None,
                        })
                    }
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                }
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => {
                lhs.operation(self.span(), Operator::Math(Math::FloorDivide), op, rhs)
            }
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Math(Math::FloorDivide),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| {
                    matches!(
                        val,
                        Value::Int { .. }
                            | Value::Float { .. }
                            | Value::Duration { .. }
                            | Value::Filesize { .. },
                    )
                },
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn modulo(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        // Based off the unstable `div_floor` function in the std library.
        fn checked_mod_i64(dividend: i64, divisor: i64) -> Option<i64> {
            let remainder = dividend.checked_rem(divisor)?;
            if (remainder > 0 && divisor < 0) || (remainder < 0 && divisor > 0) {
                // Note that `remainder + divisor` cannot overflow, because `remainder` and
                // `divisor` have opposite signs.
                Some(remainder + divisor)
            } else {
                Some(remainder)
            }
        }

        fn checked_mod_f64(dividend: f64, divisor: f64) -> Option<f64> {
            if divisor == 0.0 {
                None
            } else {
                let remainder = dividend % divisor;
                if (remainder > 0.0 && divisor < 0.0) || (remainder < 0.0 && divisor > 0.0) {
                    Some(remainder + divisor)
                } else {
                    Some(remainder)
                }
            }
        }

        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_mod_i64(*lhs, *rhs) {
                    Ok(Value::int(val, span))
                } else if *rhs == 0 {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "modulo operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_mod_f64(*lhs as f64, *rhs) {
                    Ok(Value::float(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                }
            }
            (Value::Float { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_mod_f64(*lhs, *rhs as f64) {
                    Ok(Value::float(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                }
            }
            (Value::Float { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_mod_f64(*lhs, *rhs) {
                    Ok(Value::float(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                }
            }
            (Value::Filesize { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Filesize { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_mod_i64(lhs.get(), rhs.get()) {
                    Ok(Value::filesize(val, span))
                } else if *rhs == Filesize::ZERO {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "modulo operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Filesize { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_mod_i64(lhs.get(), *rhs) {
                    Ok(Value::filesize(val, span))
                } else if *rhs == 0 {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "modulo operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Filesize { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_mod_f64(lhs.get() as f64, *rhs) {
                    if let Ok(val) = Filesize::try_from(val) {
                        Ok(Value::filesize(val, span))
                    } else {
                        Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                            msg: "modulo operation overflowed".into(),
                            span,
                            help: None,
                        })
                    }
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                }
            }
            (Value::Duration { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Duration { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_mod_i64(*lhs, *rhs) {
                    Ok(Value::duration(val, span))
                } else if *rhs == 0 {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "division operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Duration { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_mod_i64(*lhs, *rhs) {
                    Ok(Value::duration(val, span))
                } else if *rhs == 0 {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "division operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: None,
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Duration { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                if let Some(val) = checked_mod_f64(*lhs as f64, *rhs) {
                    if i64::MIN as f64 <= val && val <= i64::MAX as f64 {
                        Ok(Value::duration(val as i64, span))
                    } else {
                        Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                            msg: "division operation overflowed".into(),
                            span,
                            help: None,
                        })
                    }
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::DivisionByZero { span: op })
                }
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => {
                lhs.operation(span, Operator::Math(Math::Modulo), op, rhs)
            }
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Math(Math::Modulo),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| {
                    matches!(
                        val,
                        Value::Int { .. }
                            | Value::Float { .. }
                            | Value::Duration { .. }
                            | Value::Filesize { .. },
                    )
                },
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn pow(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhsv, .. }) => {
                if *rhsv < 0 {
                    return Err(ShellError::IncorrectValue {
                        msg: "Negative exponent for integer power is unsupported; use floats instead.".into(),
                        val_span: rhs.span(),
                        call_span: op,
                    });
                }

                if let Some(val) = lhs.checked_pow(*rhsv as u32) {
                    Ok(Value::int(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "pow operation overflowed".into(),
                        span,
                        help: Some("Consider using floating point values for increased range by promoting operand with 'into float'. Note: float has reduced precision!".into()),
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::float((*lhs as f64).powf(*rhs), span))
            }
            (Value::Float { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::float(lhs.powf(*rhs as f64), span))
            }
            (Value::Float { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Float { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::float(lhs.powf(*rhs), span))
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => {
                lhs.operation(span, Operator::Math(Math::Pow), op, rhs)
            }
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Math(Math::Pow),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| matches!(val, Value::Int { .. } | Value::Float { .. }),
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn concat(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::List { vals: lhs, .. }, Value::List { vals: rhs, .. }) => {
                if lhs.is_empty() {
                    Ok(Value::list_shared(rhs.clone(), span))
                } else if rhs.is_empty() {
                    Ok(Value::list_shared(lhs.clone(), span))
                } else {
                    let mut new_vals = Vec::with_capacity(lhs.len() + rhs.len());
                    new_vals.extend_from_slice(lhs);
                    new_vals.extend_from_slice(rhs);
                    Ok(Value::list(new_vals, span))
                }
            }
            (Value::String { val: lhs, .. }, Value::String { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::string([lhs.as_str(), rhs.as_str()].join(""), span))
            }
            (Value::Binary { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Binary { val: rhs, .. }) => Ok(Value::binary(
                [lhs.as_slice(), rhs.as_slice()].concat(),
                span,
            )),
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => {
                lhs.operation(self.span(), Operator::Math(Math::Concatenate), op, rhs)
            }
            _ => {
                let help = if matches!(self, Value::List { .. })
                    || matches!(rhs, Value::List { .. })
                {
                    Some(
                        "if you meant to append a value to a list or a record to a table, use the `append` command or wrap the value in a list. For example: `$list ++ $value` should be `$list ++ [$value]` or `$list | append $value`.",
                    )
                } else {
                    None
                };
                let is_supported = |val: &Value| {
                    matches!(
                        val,
                        Value::List { .. }
                            | Value::String { .. }
                            | Value::Binary { .. }
                            | Value::Custom { .. }
                    )
                };
                Err(match (is_supported(self), is_supported(rhs)) {
                    (true, true) => ShellError::OperatorIncompatibleTypes {
                        op: Operator::Math(Math::Concatenate),
                        lhs: self.get_type(),
                        rhs: rhs.get_type(),
                        op_span: op,
                        lhs_span: self.span(),
                        rhs_span: rhs.span(),
                        help,
                    },
                    (true, false) => ShellError::OperatorUnsupportedType {
                        op: Operator::Math(Math::Concatenate),
                        unsupported: rhs.get_type(),
                        op_span: op,
                        unsupported_span: rhs.span(),
                        help,
                    },
                    (false, _) => ShellError::OperatorUnsupportedType {
                        op: Operator::Math(Math::Concatenate),
                        unsupported: self.get_type(),
                        op_span: op,
                        unsupported_span: self.span(),
                        help,
                    },
                })
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn lt(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        if let (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) = (self, rhs) {
            return lhs.operation(
                self.span(),
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::LessThan),
                op,
                rhs,
            );
        }

        if matches!(self, Value::Nothing { .. }) || matches!(rhs, Value::Nothing { .. }) {
            return Ok(Value::nothing(span));
        }

        if !type_compatible(self.get_type(), rhs.get_type()) {
            return Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::LessThan),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| {
                    matches!(
                        val,
                        Value::Int { .. }
                            | Value::Float { .. }
                            | Value::String { .. }
                            | Value::Filesize { .. }
                            | Value::Duration { .. }
                            | Value::Date { .. }
                            | Value::Bool { .. }
                            | Value::Nothing { .. }
                    )
                },
            ));
        }

        Ok(Value::bool(
            matches!(self.partial_cmp(rhs), Some(Ordering::Less)),
            span,
        ))
    }

    pub fn lte(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        if let (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) = (self, rhs) {
            return lhs.operation(
                self.span(),
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::LessThanOrEqual),
                op,
                rhs,
            );
        }

        if matches!(self, Value::Nothing { .. }) || matches!(rhs, Value::Nothing { .. }) {
            return Ok(Value::nothing(span));
        }

        if !type_compatible(self.get_type(), rhs.get_type()) {
            return Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::LessThanOrEqual),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| {
                    matches!(
                        val,
                        Value::Int { .. }
                            | Value::Float { .. }
                            | Value::String { .. }
                            | Value::Filesize { .. }
                            | Value::Duration { .. }
                            | Value::Date { .. }
                            | Value::Bool { .. }
                            | Value::Nothing { .. }
                    )
                },
            ));
        }

        Ok(Value::bool(
            matches!(
                self.partial_cmp(rhs),
                Some(Ordering::Less | Ordering::Equal)
            ),
            span,
        ))
    }

    pub fn gt(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        if let (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) = (self, rhs) {
            return lhs.operation(
                self.span(),
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::GreaterThan),
                op,
                rhs,
            );
        }

        if matches!(self, Value::Nothing { .. }) || matches!(rhs, Value::Nothing { .. }) {
            return Ok(Value::nothing(span));
        }

        if !type_compatible(self.get_type(), rhs.get_type()) {
            return Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::GreaterThan),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| {
                    matches!(
                        val,
                        Value::Int { .. }
                            | Value::Float { .. }
                            | Value::String { .. }
                            | Value::Filesize { .. }
                            | Value::Duration { .. }
                            | Value::Date { .. }
                            | Value::Bool { .. }
                            | Value::Nothing { .. }
                    )
                },
            ));
        }

        Ok(Value::bool(
            matches!(self.partial_cmp(rhs), Some(Ordering::Greater)),
            span,
        ))
    }

    pub fn gte(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        if let (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) = (self, rhs) {
            return lhs.operation(
                self.span(),
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::GreaterThanOrEqual),
                op,
                rhs,
            );
        }

        if matches!(self, Value::Nothing { .. }) || matches!(rhs, Value::Nothing { .. }) {
            return Ok(Value::nothing(span));
        }

        if !type_compatible(self.get_type(), rhs.get_type()) {
            return Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::GreaterThanOrEqual),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| {
                    matches!(
                        val,
                        Value::Int { .. }
                            | Value::Float { .. }
                            | Value::String { .. }
                            | Value::Filesize { .. }
                            | Value::Duration { .. }
                            | Value::Date { .. }
                            | Value::Bool { .. }
                            | Value::Nothing { .. }
                    )
                },
            ));
        }

        Ok(Value::bool(
            matches!(
                self.partial_cmp(rhs),
                Some(Ordering::Greater | Ordering::Equal)
            ),
            span,
        ))
    }

    pub fn eq(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        if let (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) = (self, rhs) {
            return lhs.operation(
                self.span(),
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::Equal),
                op,
                rhs,
            );
        }

        Ok(Value::bool(
            matches!(self.partial_cmp(rhs), Some(Ordering::Equal)),
            span,
        ))
    }

    pub fn ne(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        if let (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) = (self, rhs) {
            return lhs.operation(
                self.span(),
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotEqual),
                op,
                rhs,
            );
        }

        Ok(Value::bool(
            !matches!(self.partial_cmp(rhs), Some(Ordering::Equal)),
            span,
        ))
    }

    pub fn r#in(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (lhs, Value::Range { val: rhs, .. }) => Ok(Value::bool(rhs.contains(lhs), span)),
            (Value::String { val: lhs, .. }, Value::String { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::bool(rhs.contains(lhs), span))
            }
            (lhs, Value::List { vals: rhs, .. }) => Ok(Value::bool(rhs.contains(lhs), span)),
            (Value::String { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Record { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::bool(rhs.contains(lhs), span))
            }
            (Value::String { .. } | Value::Int { .. }, Value::CellPath { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                let val = rhs.members.iter().any(|member| match (self, member) {
                    (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, PathMember::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                        *lhs == *rhs as i64
                    }
                    (Value::String { val: lhs, .. }, PathMember::String { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                        lhs == rhs
                    }
                    (Value::String { .. }, PathMember::Int { .. })
                    | (Value::Int { .. }, PathMember::String { .. }) => false,
                    _ => unreachable!(
                        "outer match arm ensures `self` is either a `String` or `Int` variant"
                    ),
                });

                Ok(Value::bool(val, span))
            }
            (Value::CellPath { val: lhs, .. }, Value::CellPath { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::bool(
                    rhs.members
                        .windows(lhs.members.len())
                        .any(|member_window| member_window == rhs.members),
                    span,
                ))
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => {
                lhs.operation(self.span(), Operator::Comparison(Comparison::In), op, rhs)
            }
            (lhs, rhs) => Err(
                if let Value::List { .. }
                | Value::Range { .. }
                | Value::String { .. }
                | Value::Record { .. }
                | Value::Custom { .. } = rhs
                {
                    ShellError::OperatorIncompatibleTypes {
                        op: Operator::Comparison(Comparison::In),
                        lhs: lhs.get_type(),
                        rhs: rhs.get_type(),
                        op_span: op,
                        lhs_span: lhs.span(),
                        rhs_span: rhs.span(),
                        help: None,
                    }
                } else {
                    ShellError::OperatorUnsupportedType {
                        op: Operator::Comparison(Comparison::In),
                        unsupported: rhs.get_type(),
                        op_span: op,
                        unsupported_span: rhs.span(),
                        help: None,
                    }
                },
            ),
        }
    }

    pub fn not_in(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (lhs, Value::Range { val: rhs, .. }) => Ok(Value::bool(!rhs.contains(lhs), span)),
            (Value::String { val: lhs, .. }, Value::String { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::bool(!rhs.contains(lhs), span))
            }
            (lhs, Value::List { vals: rhs, .. }) => Ok(Value::bool(!rhs.contains(lhs), span)),
            (Value::String { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Record { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::bool(!rhs.contains(lhs), span))
            }
            (Value::String { .. } | Value::Int { .. }, Value::CellPath { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                let val = rhs.members.iter().any(|member| match (self, member) {
                    (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, PathMember::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                        *lhs != *rhs as i64
                    }
                    (Value::String { val: lhs, .. }, PathMember::String { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                        lhs != rhs
                    }
                    (Value::String { .. }, PathMember::Int { .. })
                    | (Value::Int { .. }, PathMember::String { .. }) => true,
                    _ => unreachable!(
                        "outer match arm ensures `self` is either a `String` or `Int` variant"
                    ),
                });

                Ok(Value::bool(val, span))
            }
            (Value::CellPath { val: lhs, .. }, Value::CellPath { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::bool(
                    rhs.members
                        .windows(lhs.members.len())
                        .all(|member_window| member_window != rhs.members),
                    span,
                ))
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => lhs.operation(
                self.span(),
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotIn),
                op,
                rhs,
            ),
            (lhs, rhs) => Err(
                if let Value::List { .. }
                | Value::Range { .. }
                | Value::String { .. }
                | Value::Record { .. }
                | Value::Custom { .. } = rhs
                {
                    ShellError::OperatorIncompatibleTypes {
                        op: Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotIn),
                        lhs: lhs.get_type(),
                        rhs: rhs.get_type(),
                        op_span: op,
                        lhs_span: lhs.span(),
                        rhs_span: rhs.span(),
                        help: None,
                    }
                } else {
                    ShellError::OperatorUnsupportedType {
                        op: Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotIn),
                        unsupported: rhs.get_type(),
                        op_span: op,
                        unsupported_span: rhs.span(),
                        help: None,
                    }
                },
            ),
        }
    }

    pub fn has(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        rhs.r#in(op, self, span)
    }

    pub fn not_has(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        rhs.r#not_in(op, self, span)
    }

    pub fn regex_match(
        &self,
        engine_state: &EngineState,
        op: Span,
        rhs: &Value,
        invert: bool,
        span: Span,
    ) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        let rhs_span = rhs.span();
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::String { val: lhs, .. }, Value::String { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                let regex = engine_state.compile_regex(rhs, rhs_span)?;
                let is_match = regex.is_match(lhs);

                Ok(Value::bool(
                    if invert {
                        !is_match.unwrap_or(false)
                    } else {
                        is_match.unwrap_or(true)
                    },
                    span,
                ))
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => lhs.operation(
                span,
                if invert {
                    Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotRegexMatch)
                } else {
                    Operator::Comparison(Comparison::RegexMatch)
                },
                op,
                rhs,
            ),
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                if invert {
                    Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotRegexMatch)
                } else {
                    Operator::Comparison(Comparison::RegexMatch)
                },
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| matches!(val, Value::String { .. }),
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn starts_with(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::String { val: lhs, .. }, Value::String { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::bool(lhs.starts_with(rhs), span))
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => lhs.operation(
                self.span(),
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::StartsWith),
                op,
                rhs,
            ),
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::StartsWith),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| matches!(val, Value::String { .. }),
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn not_starts_with(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::String { val: lhs, .. }, Value::String { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::bool(!lhs.starts_with(rhs), span))
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => lhs.operation(
                self.span(),
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotStartsWith),
                op,
                rhs,
            ),
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotStartsWith),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| matches!(val, Value::String { .. }),
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn ends_with(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::String { val: lhs, .. }, Value::String { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::bool(lhs.ends_with(rhs), span))
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => lhs.operation(
                self.span(),
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::EndsWith),
                op,
                rhs,
            ),
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::EndsWith),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| matches!(val, Value::String { .. }),
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn not_ends_with(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::String { val: lhs, .. }, Value::String { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::bool(!lhs.ends_with(rhs), span))
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => lhs.operation(
                self.span(),
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotEndsWith),
                op,
                rhs,
            ),
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotEndsWith),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| matches!(val, Value::String { .. }),
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn bit_or(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::int(*lhs | rhs, span))
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => {
                lhs.operation(span, Operator::Bits(Bits::BitOr), op, rhs)
            }
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Bits(Bits::BitOr),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| matches!(val, Value::Int { .. }),
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn bit_xor(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::int(*lhs ^ rhs, span))
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => {
                lhs.operation(span, Operator::Bits(Bits::BitXor), op, rhs)
            }
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Bits(Bits::BitXor),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| matches!(val, Value::Int { .. }),
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn bit_and(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::int(*lhs & rhs, span))
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => {
                lhs.operation(span, Operator::Bits(Bits::BitAnd), op, rhs)
            }
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Bits(Bits::BitAnd),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| matches!(val, Value::Int { .. }),
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn bit_shl(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                // Currently we disallow negative operands like Rust's `Shl`
                // Cheap guarding with TryInto<u32>
                if let Some(val) = (*rhs).try_into().ok().and_then(|rhs| lhs.checked_shl(rhs)) {
                    Ok(Value::int(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "right operand to bit-shl exceeds available bits in underlying data"
                            .into(),
                        span,
                        help: Some(format!("Limit operand to 0 <= rhs < {}", i64::BITS)),
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => {
                lhs.operation(span, Operator::Bits(Bits::ShiftLeft), op, rhs)
            }
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Bits(Bits::ShiftLeft),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| matches!(val, Value::Int { .. }),
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn bit_shr(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::Int { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Int { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                // Currently we disallow negative operands like Rust's `Shr`
                // Cheap guarding with TryInto<u32>
                if let Some(val) = (*rhs).try_into().ok().and_then(|rhs| lhs.checked_shr(rhs)) {
                    Ok(Value::int(val, span))
                } else {
                    Err(ShellError::OperatorOverflow {
                        msg: "right operand to bit-shr exceeds available bits in underlying data"
                            .into(),
                        span,
                        help: Some(format!("Limit operand to 0 <= rhs < {}", i64::BITS)),
                    })
                }
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => {
                lhs.operation(span, Operator::Bits(Bits::ShiftRight), op, rhs)
            }
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Bits(Bits::ShiftRight),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| matches!(val, Value::Int { .. }),
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn or(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::Bool { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Bool { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::bool(*lhs || *rhs, span))
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => {
                lhs.operation(span, Operator::Boolean(Boolean::Or), op, rhs)
            }
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Boolean(Boolean::Or),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| matches!(val, Value::Bool { .. }),
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn xor(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::Bool { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Bool { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::bool((*lhs && !*rhs) || (!*lhs && *rhs), span))
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => {
                lhs.operation(span, Operator::Boolean(Boolean::Xor), op, rhs)
            }
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Boolean(Boolean::Xor),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| matches!(val, Value::Bool { .. }),
            )),
        }
    }

    pub fn and(&self, op: Span, rhs: &Value, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Value::Bool { val: lhs, .. }, Value::Bool { val: rhs, .. }) => {
                Ok(Value::bool(*lhs && *rhs, span))
            }
            (Value::Custom { val: lhs, .. }, rhs) => {
                lhs.operation(span, Operator::Boolean(Boolean::And), op, rhs)
            }
            _ => Err(operator_type_error(
                Operator::Boolean(Boolean::And),
                op,
                self,
                rhs,
                |val| matches!(val, Value::Bool { .. }),
            )),
        }
    }
}

// TODO: The name of this function is overly broad with partial compatibility
// Should be replaced by an explicitly named helper on `Type` (take `Any` into account)
fn type_compatible(a: Type, b: Type) -> bool {
    if a == b {
        return true;
    }

    matches!((a, b), (Type::Int, Type::Float) | (Type::Float, Type::Int))
}

fn operator_type_error(
    op: Operator,
    op_span: Span,
    lhs: &Value,
    rhs: &Value,
    is_supported: fn(&Value) -> bool,
) -> ShellError {
    let is_supported = |val| is_supported(val) || matches!(val, Value::Custom { .. });
    match (is_supported(lhs), is_supported(rhs)) {
        (true, true) => ShellError::OperatorIncompatibleTypes {
            op,
            lhs: lhs.get_type(),
            rhs: rhs.get_type(),
            op_span,
            lhs_span: lhs.span(),
            rhs_span: rhs.span(),
            help: None,
        },
        (true, false) => ShellError::OperatorUnsupportedType {
            op,
            unsupported: rhs.get_type(),
            op_span,
            unsupported_span: rhs.span(),
            help: None,
        },
        (false, _) => ShellError::OperatorUnsupportedType {
            op,
            unsupported: lhs.get_type(),
            op_span,
            unsupported_span: lhs.span(),
            help: None,
        },
    }
}

pub fn human_time_from_now(val: &DateTime<FixedOffset>) -> HumanTime {
    let now = Local::now().with_timezone(val.offset());
    let delta = *val - now;
    match delta.num_nanoseconds() {
        Some(num_nanoseconds) => {
            let delta_seconds = num_nanoseconds as f64 / 1_000_000_000.0;
            let delta_seconds_rounded = delta_seconds.round() as i64;
            HumanTime::from(Duration::seconds(delta_seconds_rounded))
        }
        None => {
            // Happens if the total number of nanoseconds exceeds what fits in an i64
            // Note: not using delta.num_days() because it results is wrong for years before ~936: a extra year is added
            let delta_years = val.year() - now.year();
            HumanTime::from(Duration::days(delta_years as i64 * 365))
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::{Record, Value};
    use crate::record;
    use indoc::indoc;

    mod debug {
        use super::*;
        use crate::{
            BlockId, CustomValue, IntRange, Range, ShellError, Span, VarId,
            ast::{CellPath, PathMember},
            casing::Casing,
            engine::Closure,
        };
        use chrono::DateTime;
        use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
        use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
        use std::ops::Bound;

        #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
        struct TinyCustomValue;

        #[typetag::serde]
        impl CustomValue for TinyCustomValue {
            fn clone_value(&self, span: Span) -> Value {
                Value::custom(Box::new(self.clone()), span)
            }

            fn type_name(&self) -> String {
                "TinyCustomValue".into()
            }

            fn to_base_value(&self, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
                Ok(Value::nothing(span))
            }

            fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any {
                self
            }

            fn as_mut_any(&mut self) -> &mut dyn std::any::Any {
                self
            }
        }

        struct DebugFormats {
            value: Value,
            expanded: &'static str,
            expanded_alternate: &'static str,
            compact: &'static str,
            compact_alternate: &'static str,
        }

        impl DebugFormats {
            #[track_caller]
            fn assert(&self) {
                let value = &self.value;
                assert_eq!(format!("{value:-?}"), self.expanded);
                assert_eq!(format!("{value:-#?}"), self.expanded_alternate);
                assert_eq!(format!("{value:?}"), self.compact);
                assert_eq!(format!("{value:#?}"), self.compact_alternate);
            }
        }

        #[test]
        fn bool() {
            let value = Value::test_bool(true);
            DebugFormats {
                value,
                expanded: "Bool { val: true, internal_span: Span(TEST) }",
                expanded_alternate: indoc! {"
                    Bool {
                        val: true,
                        internal_span: Span(TEST),
                    }"
                },
                compact: "Bool(true)",
                compact_alternate: "Bool(true)",
            }
            .assert();
        }

        #[test]
        fn int() {
            let value = Value::test_int(42);
            DebugFormats {
                value,
                expanded: "Int { val: 42, internal_span: Span(TEST) }",
                expanded_alternate: indoc! {"
                    Int {
                        val: 42,
                        internal_span: Span(TEST),
                    }"
                },
                compact: "Int(42)",
                compact_alternate: "Int(42)",
            }
            .assert();
        }

        #[test]
        fn float() {
            let value = Value::test_float(4.2);
            DebugFormats {
                value,
                expanded: "Float { val: 4.2, internal_span: Span(TEST) }",
                expanded_alternate: indoc! {"
                    Float {
                        val: 4.2,
                        internal_span: Span(TEST),
                    }"
                },
                compact: "Float(4.2)",
                compact_alternate: "Float(4.2)",
            }
            .assert();
        }

        #[test]
        fn filesize() {
            let value = Value::test_filesize(42);
            DebugFormats {
                value,
                expanded: "Filesize { val: Filesize(42), internal_span: Span(TEST) }",
                expanded_alternate: indoc! {"
                    Filesize {
                        val: Filesize(
                            42,
                        ),
                        internal_span: Span(TEST),
                    }"
                },
                compact: "Filesize(42 B)",
                compact_alternate: "Filesize(42 B)",
            }
            .assert();
        }

        #[test]
        fn duration() {
            let value = Value::test_duration(42);
            DebugFormats {
                value,
                expanded: "Duration { val: 42, internal_span: Span(TEST) }",
                expanded_alternate: indoc! {"
                    Duration {
                        val: 42,
                        internal_span: Span(TEST),
                    }"
                },
                compact: "Duration(42ns)",
                compact_alternate: "Duration(42ns)",
            }
            .assert();
        }

        #[test]
        fn date() {
            let value = Value::test_date(DateTime::UNIX_EPOCH.into());
            DebugFormats {
                value,
                expanded: "Date { val: 1970-01-01T00:00:00+00:00, internal_span: Span(TEST) }",
                expanded_alternate: indoc! {"
                    Date {
                        val: 1970-01-01T00:00:00+00:00,
                        internal_span: Span(TEST),
                    }"
                },
                compact: "Date(1970-01-01T00:00:00+00:00)",
                compact_alternate: "Date(1970-01-01T00:00:00+00:00)",
            }
            .assert();
        }

        #[test]
        fn range() {
            let value = Value::test_range(Range::IntRange(IntRange {
                start: 1,
                step: 2,
                end: Bound::Excluded(5),
            }));
            DebugFormats {
                value,
                expanded: "Range { val: IntRange(IntRange { start: 1, step: 2, end: Excluded(5) }), signals: None, internal_span: Span(TEST) }",
                expanded_alternate: indoc! {"
                    Range {
                        val: IntRange(
                            IntRange {
                                start: 1,
                                step: 2,
                                end: Excluded(
                                    5,
                                ),
                            },
                        ),
                        signals: None,
                        internal_span: Span(TEST),
                    }"
                },
                compact: "Range(1..3..<5)",
                compact_alternate: "Range(1..3..<5)",
            }
            .assert();
        }

        #[test]
        fn string() {
            let value = Value::test_string("Ellie");
            DebugFormats {
                value,
                expanded: r#"String { val: "Ellie", internal_span: Span(TEST) }"#,
                expanded_alternate: indoc! {r#"
                    String {
                        val: "Ellie",
                        internal_span: Span(TEST),
                    }"#
                },
                compact: r#"String("Ellie")"#,
                compact_alternate: r#"String("Ellie")"#,
            }
            .assert();
        }

        #[test]
        fn glob() {
            let value = Value::test_glob("*.nu");
            DebugFormats {
                value,
                expanded: r#"Glob { val: "*.nu", no_expand: false, internal_span: Span(TEST) }"#,
                expanded_alternate: indoc! {r#"
                    Glob {
                        val: "*.nu",
                        no_expand: false,
                        internal_span: Span(TEST),
                    }"#
                },
                compact: r#"Glob("*.nu")"#,
                compact_alternate: r#"Glob("*.nu")"#,
            }
            .assert();
        }

        #[test]
        fn record() {
            let value = Value::test_record(record!("name" => Value::test_string("Ellie")));
            DebugFormats {
                value,
                expanded: r#"Record { val: {"name": String { val: "Ellie", internal_span: Span(TEST) }}, internal_span: Span(TEST) }"#,
                expanded_alternate: indoc! {r#"
                    Record {
                        val: {
                            "name": String {
                                val: "Ellie",
                                internal_span: Span(TEST),
                            },
                        },
                        internal_span: Span(TEST),
                    }"#
                },
                compact: r#"Record({"name": String("Ellie")})"#,
                compact_alternate: indoc! {r#"
                    Record({
                        "name": String("Ellie"),
                    })"#
                },
            }
            .assert();
        }

        #[test]
        fn list() {
            let value = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(42), Value::test_string("Ellie")]);
            DebugFormats {
                value,
                expanded: r#"List { vals: [Int { val: 42, internal_span: Span(TEST) }, String { val: "Ellie", internal_span: Span(TEST) }], signals: None, internal_span: Span(TEST) }"#,
                expanded_alternate: indoc! {r#"
                    List {
                        vals: [
                            Int {
                                val: 42,
                                internal_span: Span(TEST),
                            },
                            String {
                                val: "Ellie",
                                internal_span: Span(TEST),
                            },
                        ],
                        signals: None,
                        internal_span: Span(TEST),
                    }"#
                },
                compact: r#"List([Int(42), String("Ellie")])"#,
                compact_alternate: indoc! {r#"
                    List([
                        Int(42),
                        String("Ellie"),
                    ])"#
                },
            }
            .assert();
        }

        #[test]
        fn closure() {
            let value = Value::test_closure(Closure {
                block_id: BlockId::new(42),
                captures: vec![(VarId::new(7), Value::test_int(1))],
            });
            DebugFormats {
                value,
                expanded: "Closure { val: Closure { block_id: BlockId(42), captures: {VarId(7): Int { val: 1, internal_span: Span(TEST) }} }, internal_span: Span(TEST) }",
                expanded_alternate: indoc! {"
                    Closure {
                        val: Closure {
                            block_id: BlockId(42),
                            captures: {
                                VarId(7): Int {
                                    val: 1,
                                    internal_span: Span(TEST),
                                },
                            },
                        },
                        internal_span: Span(TEST),
                    }"
                },
                compact: "Closure(BlockId(42): {VarId(7): Int(1)})",
                compact_alternate: indoc! {"
                    Closure(BlockId(42): {
                        VarId(7): Int(1),
                    })"
                },
            }
            .assert();
        }

        #[test]
        fn error() {
            let value = Value::error(
                ShellError::NushellFailed { msg: "oops".into() },
                Span::test_data(),
            );
            DebugFormats {
                value,
                expanded: r#"Error { error: NushellFailed { msg: "oops" }, internal_span: Span(TEST) }"#,
                expanded_alternate: indoc! {r#"
                    Error {
                        error: NushellFailed {
                            msg: "oops",
                        },
                        internal_span: Span(TEST),
                    }"#
                },
                compact: r#"Error(NushellFailed { msg: "oops" })"#,
                compact_alternate: indoc! {r#"
                    Error(NushellFailed {
                        msg: "oops",
                    })"#
                },
            }
            .assert();
        }

        #[test]
        fn binary() {
            let mut bytes = b"Ellie".to_vec();
            bytes.extend([0xFF]);
            let value = Value::test_binary(bytes);
            DebugFormats {
                value,
                expanded: "Binary { val: [69, 108, 108, 105, 101, 255], internal_span: Span(TEST) }",
                expanded_alternate: indoc! {"
                    Binary {
                        val: [
                            69,
                            108,
                            108,
                            105,
                            101,
                            255,
                        ],
                        internal_span: Span(TEST),
                    }"
                },
                compact: r#"Binary("Ellie\xff")"#,
                compact_alternate: r#"Binary("Ellie\xff")"#,
            }
            .assert();
        }

        #[test]
        fn cell_path() {
            let value = Value::test_cell_path(CellPath {
                members: vec![
                    PathMember::test_string("name", false, Casing::Sensitive),
                    PathMember::test_int(1, true),
                ],
            });
            DebugFormats {
                value,
                expanded: r#"CellPath { val: CellPath { members: [String { val: "name", span: Span(TEST), optional: false, casing: Sensitive }, Int { val: 1, span: Span(TEST), optional: true }] }, internal_span: Span(TEST) }"#,
                expanded_alternate: indoc! {r#"
                    CellPath {
                        val: CellPath {
                            members: [
                                String {
                                    val: "name",
                                    span: Span(TEST),
                                    optional: false,
                                    casing: Sensitive,
                                },
                                Int {
                                    val: 1,
                                    span: Span(TEST),
                                    optional: true,
                                },
                            ],
                        },
                        internal_span: Span(TEST),
                    }"#
                },
                compact: "CellPath($.name.1?)",
                compact_alternate: "CellPath($.name.1?)",
            }
            .assert();
        }

        #[test]
        fn nothing() {
            let value = Value::test_nothing();
            DebugFormats {
                value,
                expanded: "Nothing { internal_span: Span(TEST) }",
                expanded_alternate: indoc! {"
                    Nothing {
                        internal_span: Span(TEST),
                    }"
                },
                compact: "Nothing",
                compact_alternate: "Nothing",
            }
            .assert();
        }

        #[test]
        fn custom() {
            let value = Value::test_custom_value(Box::new(TinyCustomValue));
            DebugFormats {
                value,
                expanded: "Custom { val: TinyCustomValue, internal_span: Span(TEST) }",
                expanded_alternate: indoc! {"
                    Custom {
                        val: TinyCustomValue,
                        internal_span: Span(TEST),
                    }"
                },
                compact: "Custom(TinyCustomValue)",
                compact_alternate: "Custom(TinyCustomValue)",
            }
            .assert();
        }
    }

    mod at_cell_path {
        use crate::casing::Casing;

        use crate::{IntoValue, ShellError, Span};

        use super::super::PathMember;
        use super::*;

        #[test]
        fn test_record_with_data_at_cell_path() {
            let value_to_insert = Value::test_string("value");
            let span = Span::test_data();
            assert_eq!(
                Value::with_data_at_cell_path(
                    &[
                        PathMember::test_string("a".to_string(), false, Casing::Sensitive),
                        PathMember::test_string("b".to_string(), false, Casing::Sensitive),
                        PathMember::test_string("c".to_string(), false, Casing::Sensitive),
                        PathMember::test_string("d".to_string(), false, Casing::Sensitive),
                    ],
                    value_to_insert,
                ),
                // {a:{b:c{d:"value"}}}
                Ok(record!(
                    "a" => record!(
                        "b" => record!(
                            "c" => record!(
                                "d" => Value::test_string("value")
                            ).into_value(span)
                        ).into_value(span)
                    ).into_value(span)
                )
                .into_value(span))
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_lists_with_data_at_cell_path() {
            let value_to_insert = Value::test_string("value");
            assert_eq!(
                Value::with_data_at_cell_path(
                    &[
                        PathMember::test_int(0, false),
                        PathMember::test_int(0, false),
                        PathMember::test_int(0, false),
                        PathMember::test_int(0, false),
                    ],
                    value_to_insert.clone(),
                ),
                // [[[[["value"]]]]]
                Ok(Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_list(vec![
                    Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_list(vec![value_to_insert])])
                ])]))
            );
        }
        #[test]
        fn test_mixed_with_data_at_cell_path() {
            let value_to_insert = Value::test_string("value");
            let span = Span::test_data();
            assert_eq!(
                Value::with_data_at_cell_path(
                    &[
                        PathMember::test_string("a".to_string(), false, Casing::Sensitive),
                        PathMember::test_int(0, false),
                        PathMember::test_string("b".to_string(), false, Casing::Sensitive),
                        PathMember::test_int(0, false),
                        PathMember::test_string("c".to_string(), false, Casing::Sensitive),
                        PathMember::test_int(0, false),
                        PathMember::test_string("d".to_string(), false, Casing::Sensitive),
                        PathMember::test_int(0, false),
                    ],
                    value_to_insert.clone(),
                ),
                // [{a:[{b:[{c:[{d:["value"]}]}]}]]}
                Ok(record!(
                    "a" => Value::test_list(vec![record!(
                        "b" => Value::test_list(vec![record!(
                            "c" => Value::test_list(vec![record!(
                                "d" => Value::test_list(vec![value_to_insert])
                            ).into_value(span)])
                        ).into_value(span)])
                    ).into_value(span)])
                )
                .into_value(span))
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_nested_upsert_data_at_cell_path() {
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let mut base_value = record!(
                "a" => Value::test_list(vec![])
            )
            .into_value(span);

            let value_to_insert = Value::test_string("value");
            let res = base_value.upsert_data_at_cell_path(
                &[
                    PathMember::test_string("a".to_string(), false, Casing::Sensitive),
                    PathMember::test_int(0, false),
                    PathMember::test_string("b".to_string(), false, Casing::Sensitive),
                    PathMember::test_int(0, false),
                ],
                value_to_insert.clone(),
            );
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(
                base_value,
                // {a:[{b:["value"]}]}
                record!(
                    "a" => Value::test_list(vec![
                        record!(
                            "b" => Value::test_list(vec![value_to_insert])
                        )
                        .into_value(span)
                    ])
                )
                .into_value(span)
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_nested_insert_data_at_cell_path() {
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let mut base_value = record!(
                "a" => Value::test_list(vec![])
            )
            .into_value(span);

            let value_to_insert = Value::test_string("value");
            let res = base_value.insert_data_at_cell_path(
                &[
                    PathMember::test_string("a".to_string(), false, Casing::Sensitive),
                    PathMember::test_int(0, false),
                    PathMember::test_string("b".to_string(), false, Casing::Sensitive),
                    PathMember::test_int(0, false),
                ],
                value_to_insert.clone(),
                span,
            );
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(
                base_value,
                // {a:[{b:["value"]}]}
                record!(
                    "a" => Value::test_list(vec![
                        record!(
                            "b" => Value::test_list(vec![value_to_insert])
                        )
                        .into_value(span)
                    ])
                )
                .into_value(span)
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn update_existing_record_field() {
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let mut val = record!("a" => Value::test_int(1)).into_value(span);
            let res = val.update_data_at_cell_path(
                &[PathMember::test_string("a", false, Casing::Sensitive)],
                Value::test_int(2),
            );
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(val, record!("a" => Value::test_int(2)).into_value(span));
        }

        #[test]
        fn update_existing_list_element() {
            let mut val = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(10), Value::test_int(20)]);
            let res = val
                .update_data_at_cell_path(&[PathMember::test_int(1, false)], Value::test_int(99));
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(
                val,
                Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(10), Value::test_int(99)])
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn update_missing_record_field_errors() {
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let mut val = record!("a" => Value::test_int(1)).into_value(span);
            let res = val.update_data_at_cell_path(
                &[PathMember::test_string("b", false, Casing::Sensitive)],
                Value::test_int(2),
            );
            assert!(matches!(res, Err(ShellError::CantFindColumn { .. })));
        }

        #[test]
        fn update_out_of_bounds_list_errors() {
            let mut val = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1)]);
            let res =
                val.update_data_at_cell_path(&[PathMember::test_int(5, false)], Value::test_int(2));
            assert!(matches!(res, Err(ShellError::AccessBeyondEnd { .. })));
        }

        #[test]
        fn update_empty_list_errors() {
            let mut val = Value::test_list(vec![]);
            let res =
                val.update_data_at_cell_path(&[PathMember::test_int(0, false)], Value::test_int(2));
            assert!(matches!(res, Err(ShellError::AccessEmptyContent { .. })));
        }

        #[test]
        fn update_optional_missing_field_ok() {
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let mut val = record!("a" => Value::test_int(1)).into_value(span);
            let res = val.update_data_at_cell_path(
                &[PathMember::test_string("z", true, Casing::Sensitive)],
                Value::test_int(2),
            );
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(val, record!("a" => Value::test_int(1)).into_value(span));
        }

        #[test]
        fn update_optional_out_of_bounds_ok() {
            let mut val = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1)]);
            let res =
                val.update_data_at_cell_path(&[PathMember::test_int(5, true)], Value::test_int(2));
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(val, Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1)]));
        }

        #[test]
        fn update_nested_record_field() {
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let mut val = record!(
                "a" => record!("b" => Value::test_int(1)).into_value(span)
            )
            .into_value(span);
            let res = val.update_data_at_cell_path(
                &[
                    PathMember::test_string("a", false, Casing::Sensitive),
                    PathMember::test_string("b", false, Casing::Sensitive),
                ],
                Value::test_int(99),
            );
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(
                val,
                record!(
                    "a" => record!("b" => Value::test_int(99)).into_value(span)
                )
                .into_value(span)
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn update_in_table() {
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let mut val = Value::test_list(vec![
                record!("x" => Value::test_int(1)).into_value(span),
                record!("x" => Value::test_int(2)).into_value(span),
            ]);
            let res = val.update_data_at_cell_path(
                &[PathMember::test_string("x", false, Casing::Sensitive)],
                Value::test_int(0),
            );
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(
                val,
                Value::test_list(vec![
                    record!("x" => Value::test_int(0)).into_value(span),
                    record!("x" => Value::test_int(0)).into_value(span),
                ])
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn remove_record_column() {
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let mut val =
                record!("a" => Value::test_int(1), "b" => Value::test_int(2)).into_value(span);
            let res = val.remove_data_at_cell_path(&[PathMember::test_string(
                "a",
                false,
                Casing::Sensitive,
            )]);
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(val, record!("b" => Value::test_int(2)).into_value(span));
        }

        #[test]
        fn remove_list_element() {
            let mut val = Value::test_list(vec![
                Value::test_int(10),
                Value::test_int(20),
                Value::test_int(30),
            ]);
            let res = val.remove_data_at_cell_path(&[PathMember::test_int(1, false)]);
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(
                val,
                Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(10), Value::test_int(30)])
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn remove_nested_field() {
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let mut val = record!(
                "a" => record!("b" => Value::test_int(1), "c" => Value::test_int(2)).into_value(span)
            )
            .into_value(span);
            let res = val.remove_data_at_cell_path(&[
                PathMember::test_string("a", false, Casing::Sensitive),
                PathMember::test_string("b", false, Casing::Sensitive),
            ]);
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(
                val,
                record!(
                    "a" => record!("c" => Value::test_int(2)).into_value(span)
                )
                .into_value(span)
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn remove_column_from_table() {
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let mut val = Value::test_list(vec![
                record!("x" => Value::test_int(1), "y" => Value::test_int(2)).into_value(span),
                record!("x" => Value::test_int(3), "y" => Value::test_int(4)).into_value(span),
            ]);
            let res = val.remove_data_at_cell_path(&[PathMember::test_string(
                "x",
                false,
                Casing::Sensitive,
            )]);
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(
                val,
                Value::test_list(vec![
                    record!("y" => Value::test_int(2)).into_value(span),
                    record!("y" => Value::test_int(4)).into_value(span),
                ])
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn upsert_overwrite_existing_record_field() {
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let mut val = record!("a" => Value::test_int(1)).into_value(span);
            let res = val.upsert_data_at_cell_path(
                &[PathMember::test_string("a", false, Casing::Sensitive)],
                Value::test_int(99),
            );
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(val, record!("a" => Value::test_int(99)).into_value(span));
        }

        #[test]
        fn upsert_overwrite_existing_list_element() {
            let mut val = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(10), Value::test_int(20)]);
            let res = val
                .upsert_data_at_cell_path(&[PathMember::test_int(0, false)], Value::test_int(99));
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(
                val,
                Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(99), Value::test_int(20)])
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn upsert_creates_new_record_field() {
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let mut val = record!("a" => Value::test_int(1)).into_value(span);
            let res = val.upsert_data_at_cell_path(
                &[PathMember::test_string("b", false, Casing::Sensitive)],
                Value::test_int(2),
            );
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(
                val,
                record!("a" => Value::test_int(1), "b" => Value::test_int(2)).into_value(span)
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn upsert_appends_to_list() {
            let mut val = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1)]);
            let res =
                val.upsert_data_at_cell_path(&[PathMember::test_int(1, false)], Value::test_int(2));
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(
                val,
                Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(2)])
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn upsert_in_table() {
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let mut val = Value::test_list(vec![
                record!("x" => Value::test_int(1)).into_value(span),
                record!("x" => Value::test_int(2)).into_value(span),
            ]);
            let res = val.upsert_data_at_cell_path(
                &[PathMember::test_string("x", false, Casing::Sensitive)],
                Value::test_int(0),
            );
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(
                val,
                Value::test_list(vec![
                    record!("x" => Value::test_int(0)).into_value(span),
                    record!("x" => Value::test_int(0)).into_value(span),
                ])
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn insert_new_record_field() {
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let mut val = record!("a" => Value::test_int(1)).into_value(span);
            let res = val.insert_data_at_cell_path(
                &[PathMember::test_string("b", false, Casing::Sensitive)],
                Value::test_int(2),
                span,
            );
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(
                val,
                record!("a" => Value::test_int(1), "b" => Value::test_int(2)).into_value(span)
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn insert_existing_record_field_errors() {
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let mut val = record!("a" => Value::test_int(1)).into_value(span);
            let res = val.insert_data_at_cell_path(
                &[PathMember::test_string("a", false, Casing::Sensitive)],
                Value::test_int(2),
                span,
            );
            assert!(matches!(res, Err(ShellError::ColumnAlreadyExists { .. })));
        }

        #[test]
        fn insert_at_existing_list_index_shifts() {
            let mut val = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(2)]);
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let res = val.insert_data_at_cell_path(
                &[PathMember::test_int(0, false)],
                Value::test_int(99),
                span,
            );
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(
                val,
                Value::test_list(vec![
                    Value::test_int(99),
                    Value::test_int(1),
                    Value::test_int(2),
                ])
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn insert_appends_at_end_of_list() {
            let mut val = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1)]);
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let res = val.insert_data_at_cell_path(
                &[PathMember::test_int(1, false)],
                Value::test_int(2),
                span,
            );
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(
                val,
                Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(2)])
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn insert_beyond_end_errors() {
            let mut val = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1)]);
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let res = val.insert_data_at_cell_path(
                &[PathMember::test_int(5, false)],
                Value::test_int(2),
                span,
            );
            assert!(matches!(
                res,
                Err(ShellError::InsertAfterNextFreeIndex { .. })
            ));
        }

        #[test]
        fn insert_existing_column_in_table_errors() {
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let mut val =
                Value::test_list(vec![record!("x" => Value::test_int(1)).into_value(span)]);
            let res = val.insert_data_at_cell_path(
                &[PathMember::test_string("x", false, Casing::Sensitive)],
                Value::test_int(0),
                span,
            );
            assert!(matches!(res, Err(ShellError::ColumnAlreadyExists { .. })));
        }

        #[test]
        fn insert_new_column_in_table() {
            let span = Span::test_data();
            let mut val =
                Value::test_list(vec![record!("x" => Value::test_int(1)).into_value(span)]);
            let res = val.insert_data_at_cell_path(
                &[PathMember::test_string("y", false, Casing::Sensitive)],
                Value::test_int(2),
                span,
            );
            assert_eq!(res, Ok(()));
            assert_eq!(
                val,
                Value::test_list(vec![
                    record!("x" => Value::test_int(1), "y" => Value::test_int(2)).into_value(span),
                ])
            );
        }
    }

    mod is_empty {
        use super::*;

        #[test]
        fn test_string() {
            let value = Value::test_string("");
            assert!(value.is_empty());
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_list() {
            let list_with_no_values = Value::test_list(vec![]);
            let list_with_one_empty_string = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_string("")]);

            assert!(list_with_no_values.is_empty());
            assert!(!list_with_one_empty_string.is_empty());
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_record() {
            let no_columns_nor_cell_values = Value::test_record(Record::new());

            let one_column_and_one_cell_value_with_empty_strings = Value::test_record(record! {
                "" => Value::test_string(""),
            });

            let one_column_with_a_string_and_one_cell_value_with_empty_string =
                Value::test_record(record! {
                    "column" => Value::test_string(""),
                });

            let one_column_with_empty_string_and_one_value_with_a_string =
                Value::test_record(record! {
                    "" => Value::test_string("text"),
                });

            assert!(no_columns_nor_cell_values.is_empty());
            assert!(!one_column_and_one_cell_value_with_empty_strings.is_empty());
            assert!(!one_column_with_a_string_and_one_cell_value_with_empty_string.is_empty());
            assert!(!one_column_with_empty_string_and_one_value_with_a_string.is_empty());
        }
    }

    mod get_type {
        use crate::Type;

        use super::*;

        #[test]
        fn test_list() {
            let list_of_ints = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(0)]);
            let list_of_floats = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_float(0.0)]);
            let list_of_ints_and_floats =
                Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(0), Value::test_float(0.0)]);
            let list_of_ints_and_floats_and_bools = Value::test_list(vec![
                Value::test_int(0),
                Value::test_float(0.0),
                Value::test_bool(false),
            ]);
            assert_eq!(list_of_ints.get_type(), Type::List(Box::new(Type::Int)));
            assert_eq!(list_of_floats.get_type(), Type::List(Box::new(Type::Float)));
            assert_eq!(
                list_of_ints_and_floats_and_bools.get_type(),
                Type::List(Box::new(Type::one_of([Type::Number, Type::Bool])))
            );
            assert_eq!(
                list_of_ints_and_floats.get_type(),
                Type::List(Box::new(Type::Number))
            );
        }
    }

    mod is_subtype {
        use crate::{CompareTypes, Type};

        use super::*;

        #[track_caller]
        fn assert_subtype_equivalent(value: &Value, ty: &Type) {
            assert_eq!(value.is_subtype_of(ty), value.get_type().is_subtype_of(ty));
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_list() {
            let ty_int_list = Type::list(Type::Int);
            let ty_str_list = Type::list(Type::String);
            let ty_any_list = Type::list(Type::Any);
            let ty_list_list_int = Type::list(Type::list(Type::Int));

            let list = Value::test_list(vec![
                Value::test_int(1),
                Value::test_int(2),
                Value::test_int(3),
            ]);

            assert_subtype_equivalent(&list, &ty_int_list);
            assert_subtype_equivalent(&list, &ty_str_list);
            assert_subtype_equivalent(&list, &ty_any_list);

            let list = Value::test_list(vec![
                Value::test_int(1),
                Value::test_string("hi"),
                Value::test_int(3),
            ]);

            assert_subtype_equivalent(&list, &ty_int_list);
            assert_subtype_equivalent(&list, &ty_str_list);
            assert_subtype_equivalent(&list, &ty_any_list);

            let list = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1)])]);

            assert_subtype_equivalent(&list, &ty_list_list_int);

            // The type of an empty lists is a subtype of any list or table type
            let ty_table = {
                Type::Table(
                    vec![
                        ("a".into(), Type::Int),
                        ("b".into(), Type::Int),
                        ("c".into(), Type::Int),
                    ]
                    .into(),
                )
            };
            let empty = Value::test_list(vec![]);

            assert_subtype_equivalent(&empty, &ty_any_list);
            assert!(empty.is_subtype_of(&ty_int_list));
            assert!(empty.is_subtype_of(&ty_table));
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_record() {
            let ty_abc = {
                Type::Record(
                    vec![
                        ("a".into(), Type::Int),
                        ("b".into(), Type::Int),
                        ("c".into(), Type::Int),
                    ]
                    .into(),
                )
            };
            let ty_ab = Type::Record(vec![("a".into(), Type::Int), ("b".into(), Type::Int)].into());
            let ty_inner = Type::Record(vec![("inner".into(), ty_abc.clone())].into());

            let record_abc = Value::test_record(record! {
                "a" => Value::test_int(1),
                "b" => Value::test_int(2),
                "c" => Value::test_int(3),
            });
            let record_ab = Value::test_record(record! {
                "a" => Value::test_int(1),
                "b" => Value::test_int(2),
            });

            assert_subtype_equivalent(&record_abc, &ty_abc);
            assert_subtype_equivalent(&record_abc, &ty_ab);
            assert_subtype_equivalent(&record_ab, &ty_abc);
            assert_subtype_equivalent(&record_ab, &ty_ab);

            let record_inner = Value::test_record(record! {
                "inner" => record_abc
            });
            assert_subtype_equivalent(&record_inner, &ty_inner);
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_table() {
            let ty_abc = Type::Table(
                vec![
                    ("a".into(), Type::Int),
                    ("b".into(), Type::Int),
                    ("c".into(), Type::Int),
                ]
                .into(),
            );
            let ty_ab = Type::Table(vec![("a".into(), Type::Int), ("b".into(), Type::Int)].into());
            let ty_list_any = Type::list(Type::Any);

            let record_abc = Value::test_record(record! {
                "a" => Value::test_int(1),
                "b" => Value::test_int(2),
                "c" => Value::test_int(3),
            });
            let record_ab = Value::test_record(record! {
                "a" => Value::test_int(1),
                "b" => Value::test_int(2),
            });

            let table_abc = Value::test_list(vec![record_abc.clone(), record_abc.clone()]);
            let table_ab = Value::test_list(vec![record_ab.clone(), record_ab.clone()]);

            assert_subtype_equivalent(&table_abc, &ty_abc);
            assert_subtype_equivalent(&table_abc, &ty_ab);
            assert_subtype_equivalent(&table_ab, &ty_abc);
            assert_subtype_equivalent(&table_ab, &ty_ab);
            assert_subtype_equivalent(&table_abc, &ty_list_any);

            let table_mixed = Value::test_list(vec![record_abc.clone(), record_ab.clone()]);
            assert_subtype_equivalent(&table_mixed, &ty_abc);
            assert!(table_mixed.is_subtype_of(&ty_ab));

            let ty_a = Type::Table(vec![("a".into(), Type::Any)].into());
            let table_mixed_types = Value::test_list(vec![
                Value::test_record(record! {
                    "a" => Value::test_int(1),
                }),
                Value::test_record(record! {
                    "a" => Value::test_string("a"),
                }),
            ]);
            assert!(table_mixed_types.is_subtype_of(&ty_a));
        }
    }

    mod into_string {
        use chrono::{DateTime, FixedOffset};

        use super::*;

        #[test]
        fn test_datetime() {
            let date = DateTime::from_timestamp_millis(-123456789)
                .unwrap()
                .with_timezone(&FixedOffset::east_opt(0).unwrap());

            let string = Value::test_date(date).to_expanded_string("", &Default::default());

            // We need to cut the humanized part off for tests to work, because
            // it is relative to current time.
            let formatted = string.split('(').next().unwrap();
            assert_eq!("Tue, 30 Dec 1969 13:42:23 +0000 ", formatted);
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_negative_year_datetime() {
            let date = DateTime::from_timestamp_millis(-72135596800000)
                .unwrap()
                .with_timezone(&FixedOffset::east_opt(0).unwrap());

            let string = Value::test_date(date).to_expanded_string("", &Default::default());

            // We need to cut the humanized part off for tests to work, because
            // it is relative to current time.
            let formatted = string.split(' ').next().unwrap();
            assert_eq!("-0316-02-11T06:13:20+00:00", formatted);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_env_as_bool() {
        // explicit false values
        assert_eq!(Value::test_bool(false).coerce_bool(), Ok(false));
        assert_eq!(Value::test_int(0).coerce_bool(), Ok(false));
        assert_eq!(Value::test_float(0.0).coerce_bool(), Ok(false));
        assert_eq!(Value::test_string("").coerce_bool(), Ok(false));
        assert_eq!(Value::test_string("0").coerce_bool(), Ok(false));
        assert_eq!(Value::test_nothing().coerce_bool(), Ok(false));

        // explicit true values
        assert_eq!(Value::test_bool(true).coerce_bool(), Ok(true));
        assert_eq!(Value::test_int(1).coerce_bool(), Ok(true));
        assert_eq!(Value::test_float(1.0).coerce_bool(), Ok(true));
        assert_eq!(Value::test_string("1").coerce_bool(), Ok(true));

        // implicit true values
        assert_eq!(Value::test_int(42).coerce_bool(), Ok(true));
        assert_eq!(Value::test_float(0.5).coerce_bool(), Ok(true));
        assert_eq!(Value::test_string("not zero").coerce_bool(), Ok(true));

        // complex values returning None
        assert!(Value::test_record(Record::default()).coerce_bool().is_err());
        assert!(
            Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1)])
                .coerce_bool()
                .is_err()
        );
        assert!(
            Value::test_date(
                chrono::DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339("2024-01-01T12:00:00+00:00").unwrap(),
            )
            .coerce_bool()
            .is_err()
        );
        assert!(Value::test_glob("*.rs").coerce_bool().is_err());
        assert!(Value::test_binary(vec![1, 2, 3]).coerce_bool().is_err());
        assert!(Value::test_duration(3600).coerce_bool().is_err());
    }

    mod list {
        use super::*;
        use crate::ast::PathMember;
        use nu_utils::SharedCow;

        #[test]
        fn clone_shares_data() {
            let value = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(2)]);
            let clone = value.clone();

            let (
                Value::List { vals, .. },
                Value::List {
                    vals: cloned_vals, ..
                },
            ) = (&value, &clone)
            else {
                unreachable!();
            };

            assert_eq!(SharedCow::ref_count(vals), 2);
            assert!(std::ptr::eq(vals.as_ptr(), cloned_vals.as_ptr()));
        }

        #[test]
        fn mutation_is_copy_on_write() {
            let value = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(2)]);
            let mut clone = value.clone();

            clone
                .upsert_data_at_cell_path(&[PathMember::test_int(0, false)], Value::test_int(3))
                .unwrap();

            assert_eq!(
                value.as_list(),
                Ok([Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(2)].as_slice())
            );
            assert_eq!(
                clone.as_list(),
                Ok([Value::test_int(3), Value::test_int(2)].as_slice())
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn into_list_preserves_shared_value() {
            let value = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(2)]);
            let clone = value.clone();

            assert_eq!(
                clone.into_list(),
                Ok(vec![Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(2)])
            );
            assert_eq!(
                value.as_list(),
                Ok([Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(2)].as_slice())
            );
        }
    }

    mod binary {
        use super::*;
        use nu_utils::SharedCow;

        #[test]
        fn clone_shares_data() {
            let value = Value::test_binary(vec![1, 2, 3]);
            let clone = value.clone();

            let (
                Value::Binary { val, .. },
                Value::Binary {
                    val: cloned_val, ..
                },
            ) = (&value, &clone)
            else {
                unreachable!();
            };

            assert_eq!(SharedCow::ref_count(val), 2);
            assert!(std::ptr::eq(val.as_ptr(), cloned_val.as_ptr()));
        }

        #[test]
        fn mutation_is_copy_on_write() {
            let value = Value::test_binary(vec![1, 2, 3]);
            let mut clone = value.clone();

            let Value::Binary { val, .. } = &mut clone else {
                unreachable!();
            };
            val.to_mut()[0] = 4;

            assert_eq!(value.as_binary(), Ok([1, 2, 3].as_slice()));
            assert_eq!(clone.as_binary(), Ok([4, 2, 3].as_slice()));
        }

        #[test]
        fn into_binary_preserves_shared_value() {
            let value = Value::test_binary(vec![1, 2, 3]);
            let clone = value.clone();

            assert_eq!(clone.into_binary(), Ok(vec![1, 2, 3]));
            assert_eq!(value.as_binary(), Ok([1, 2, 3].as_slice()));
        }
    }

    mod memory_size {
        use super::*;

        #[test]
        fn test_primitive_sizes() {
            // All primitive values should have the same base size (size of the Value enum)
            let base_size = std::mem::size_of::<Value>();

            assert_eq!(Value::test_bool(true).memory_size(), base_size);
            assert_eq!(Value::test_int(42).memory_size(), base_size);
            assert_eq!(Value::test_float(1.5).memory_size(), base_size);
            assert_eq!(Value::test_nothing().memory_size(), base_size);
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_string_size() {
            let s = "hello world";
            let val = Value::test_string(s);
            let base_size = std::mem::size_of::<Value>();
            // String memory size should be base + capacity (allocated size)
            let string_val = String::from(s);
            let expected = base_size + string_val.capacity();
            assert_eq!(val.memory_size(), expected);
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_binary_size() {
            let data = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
            let val = Value::test_binary(data.clone());
            let base_size = std::mem::size_of::<Value>();
            let expected = base_size + data.capacity();
            assert_eq!(val.memory_size(), expected);
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_list_size() {
            let list = Value::test_list(vec![
                Value::test_int(1),
                Value::test_int(2),
                Value::test_int(3),
            ]);

            let base_size = std::mem::size_of::<Value>();
            let element_size = std::mem::size_of::<Value>();
            // List size = base + sum of element sizes
            let expected = base_size + 3 * element_size;
            assert_eq!(list.memory_size(), expected);
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_record_size() {
            let record = Value::test_record(record! {
                "a" => Value::test_int(1),
                "b" => Value::test_string("hello"),
            });

            let base_size = std::mem::size_of::<Value>();
            let record_base_size = std::mem::size_of::<Record>();
            let key1_size = String::from("a").capacity();
            let key2_size = String::from("b").capacity();
            let val1_size = std::mem::size_of::<Value>();
            let val2_base_size = std::mem::size_of::<Value>();
            let val2_string_size = String::from("hello").capacity();

            let expected = base_size
                + record_base_size
                + key1_size
                + key2_size
                + val1_size
                + (val2_base_size + val2_string_size);
            assert_eq!(record.memory_size(), expected);
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_nested_structure_size() {
            // Test a more complex nested structure
            let inner_record = Value::test_record(record! {
                "x" => Value::test_int(10),
                "y" => Value::test_string("test"),
            });

            let list = Value::test_list(vec![inner_record]);

            let record_size = list.memory_size();
            // The list contains one record, so size should be base + record_size
            let base_size = std::mem::size_of::<Value>();
            assert!(record_size > base_size);

            // Verify it's larger than a simple list
            let simple_list = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1)]);
            assert!(record_size > simple_list.memory_size());
        }
    }

    mod concat {
        use super::*;
        use crate::Span;
        use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;

        #[test]
        fn empty_lhs_clones_rhs() {
            let empty = Value::test_list(vec![]);
            let rhs = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(2)]);
            let out = empty
                .concat(Span::test_data(), &rhs, Span::test_data())
                .expect("concat");
            assert_eq!(out, rhs.with_span(Span::test_data()));
        }

        #[test]
        fn empty_rhs_clones_lhs() {
            let lhs = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(2)]);
            let empty = Value::test_list(vec![]);
            let out = lhs
                .concat(Span::test_data(), &empty, Span::test_data())
                .expect("concat");
            assert_eq!(out, lhs.with_span(Span::test_data()));
        }

        #[test]
        fn both_nonempty_appends() {
            let lhs = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1)]);
            let rhs = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(2)]);
            let out = lhs
                .concat(Span::test_data(), &rhs, Span::test_data())
                .expect("concat");
            assert_eq!(
                out,
                Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(2)])
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn both_empty() {
            let empty = Value::test_list(vec![]);
            let out = empty
                .concat(Span::test_data(), &empty, Span::test_data())
                .expect("concat");
            assert_eq!(out, Value::test_list(vec![]));
        }
    }
}