news-flash 3.0.1

Base library for a modern feed reader
Documentation
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use std::collections::HashMap;

use kuchikikiki::{ElementData, NodeDataRef, NodeRef, traits::*};
use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
use regex::{Regex, RegexBuilder};

use crate::models::Url;

pub const POSITIVE_LEAD_IMAGE_URL_HINTS: &[&str] = &["upload", "wp-content", "large", "photo", "wp-image"];

pub static POSITIVE_LEAD_IMAGE_URL_HINTS_REGEX: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| {
    RegexBuilder::new(&POSITIVE_LEAD_IMAGE_URL_HINTS.join("|"))
        .case_insensitive(true)
        .build()
        .expect("POSITIVE_LEAD_IMAGE_URL_HINTS regex")
});

pub const NEGATIVE_LEAD_IMAGE_URL_HINTS: &[&str] = &[
    "spacer",
    "sprite",
    "blank",
    "throbber",
    "gradient",
    "tile",
    "bg",
    "background",
    "icon",
    "social",
    "header",
    "hdr",
    "advert",
    "spinner",
    "loader",
    "loading",
    "default",
    "rating",
    "share",
    "facebook",
    "twitter",
    "theme",
    "promo",
    "ads",
    "wp-includes",
];

pub static NEGATIVE_LEAD_IMAGE_URL_HINTS_REGEX: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| {
    RegexBuilder::new(&NEGATIVE_LEAD_IMAGE_URL_HINTS.join("|"))
        .case_insensitive(true)
        .build()
        .expect("NEGATIVE_LEAD_IMAGE_URL_HINTS regex")
});

pub static GIF_REGEX: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| RegexBuilder::new(r#"\.gif(\?.*)?$"#).case_insensitive(true).build().expect("GIF_REGEX"));

pub static JPG_REGEX: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| RegexBuilder::new(r#"\.jpe?g(\?.*)?$"#).case_insensitive(true).build().expect("JPG_REGEX"));

pub const PHOTO_HINTS: &[&str] = &["figure", "photo", "image", "caption"];

pub static PHOTO_HINTS_REGEX: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| {
    RegexBuilder::new(&PHOTO_HINTS.join("|"))
        .case_insensitive(true)
        .build()
        .expect("PHOTO_HINTS_REGEX regex")
});

fn get_attribute(node: &NodeRef, selector: &str, attribute: &str) -> Option<String> {
    let css_match = node.select_first(selector).ok()?;
    css_match.attributes.borrow().get(attribute).map(|s| s.to_string())
}

pub fn extract_thumbnail(html: &str) -> Option<String> {
    let dom = kuchikikiki::parse_html().one(html);

    if let Some(thumb) = get_attribute(&dom, "meta[name*=\"twitter:image\"]", "content") {
        return Some(thumb);
    }

    if let Some(thumb) = get_attribute(&dom, "meta[name*=\"og:image\"]", "content") {
        return Some(thumb);
    }

    if let Some(thumb) = get_attribute(&dom, "meta[property*=\"twitter:image\"]", "content") {
        return Some(thumb);
    }

    if let Some(thumb) = get_attribute(&dom, "meta[property*=\"og:image\"]", "content") {
        return Some(thumb);
    }

    if let Some(thumb) = get_attribute(&dom, "link[rel*=\"image_src\"]", "href") {
        return Some(thumb);
    }

    if let Ok(img_nodes) = dom.select("img") {
        let mut scores: HashMap<String, i32> = HashMap::new();
        let len = dom.select("img").map(|iter| iter.count()).unwrap_or(0);
        for (index, img_node) in img_nodes.into_iter().enumerate() {
            let src = if let Some(src) = img_node.attributes.borrow().get("src") {
                src.to_string()
            } else {
                continue;
            };

            let score = score_image_url(&src);
            let score = score + score_img_attr(&img_node);
            let score = score + score_by_parents(&img_node);
            let score = score + score_by_sibling(&img_node);
            let score = score + score_by_dimensions(&img_node);
            let score = score + score_by_position(len, index);
            let score = score + score_by_alt(&img_node);

            scores.insert(src, score);
        }

        if let Some((top_src, top_score)) = scores.into_iter().max_by_key(|(_src, score)| *score)
            && top_score > 0
        {
            let top_url = top_src.trim().into();
            if Url::parse(top_src.trim()).is_ok() {
                return Some(top_url);
            }
        }
    }

    // If nothing else worked, check to see if there are any really
    // probable nodes in the doc, like <link rel="image_src" />.
    // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax
    if let Ok(first_link_node) = dom.select_first("link[rel=\"image_src\"]") {
        if let Some(src) = first_link_node.attributes.borrow().get("src") {
            let src = src.trim().to_string();
            if Url::parse(&src).is_ok() {
                return Some(src);
            }
        }

        if let Some(href) = first_link_node.attributes.borrow().get("href") {
            let href = href.trim().to_string();
            if Url::parse(&href).is_ok() {
                return Some(href);
            }
        }

        if let Some(val) = first_link_node.attributes.borrow().get("value") {
            let val = val.trim().to_string();
            if Url::parse(&val).is_ok() {
                return Some(val);
            }
        }
    }

    None
}

fn score_image_url(url: &str) -> i32 {
    let url = url.trim();
    let mut score = 0;

    if POSITIVE_LEAD_IMAGE_URL_HINTS_REGEX.is_match(url) {
        score += 20;
    }

    if NEGATIVE_LEAD_IMAGE_URL_HINTS_REGEX.is_match(url) {
        score -= 20;
    }

    // TODO: We might want to consider removing this as
    // gifs are much more common/popular than they once were
    if GIF_REGEX.is_match(url) {
        score -= 10;
    }

    if JPG_REGEX.is_match(url) {
        score += 10;
    }

    // PNGs are neutral.

    score
}

// Alt attribute usually means non-presentational image.
fn score_img_attr(img: &NodeDataRef<ElementData>) -> i32 {
    if img.attributes.borrow().contains("alt") { 5 } else { 0 }
}

fn has_tag_name(node: Option<&NodeRef>, tag_name: &str) -> bool {
    node.and_then(|node| node.as_element())
        .map(|n| n.name.local.to_lowercase() == tag_name.to_lowercase())
        .unwrap_or(false)
}

fn get_signature(node: Option<&NodeRef>) -> Option<String> {
    let element = node.and_then(|node| node.as_element())?;
    let attributes = element.attributes.borrow();
    let match_string = attributes.get("class").unwrap_or_default();
    let id = attributes.get("id").unwrap_or_default();
    Some(format!("{match_string} {id}"))
}

// Look through our parent and grandparent for figure-like
// container elements, give a bonus if we find them
pub fn score_by_parents(img: &NodeDataRef<ElementData>) -> i32 {
    let mut score = 0;
    let mut ancestors = img.as_node().ancestors().filter(|node_ref| node_ref.as_element().is_some());
    let parent = ancestors.next();
    let grand_parent = ancestors.next();

    if has_tag_name(parent.as_ref(), "figure") || has_tag_name(grand_parent.as_ref(), "figure") {
        score += 25;
    }

    if let Some(signature) = get_signature(parent.as_ref())
        && PHOTO_HINTS_REGEX.is_match(&signature)
    {
        score += 15;
    }

    if let Some(signature) = get_signature(grand_parent.as_ref())
        && PHOTO_HINTS_REGEX.is_match(&signature)
    {
        score += 15;
    }

    score
}

fn score_by_position(len: usize, index: usize) -> i32 {
    ((len as f32 / 2.0) - index as f32) as i32
}

// Look at our immediate sibling and see if it looks like it's a
// caption. Bonus if so.
fn score_by_sibling(img: &NodeDataRef<ElementData>) -> i32 {
    let mut score = 0;
    let sibling = img.as_node().following_siblings().find(|node| node.as_element().is_some());

    if let Some(signature) = get_signature(sibling.as_ref())
        && PHOTO_HINTS_REGEX.is_match(&signature)
    {
        score += 15;
    }

    if let Some(sibling) = sibling.as_ref().and_then(|node| node.as_element())
        && sibling.name.local.to_lowercase() == "figcaption"
    {
        score += 25;
    }

    score
}

pub fn score_by_dimensions(img: &NodeDataRef<ElementData>) -> i32 {
    let mut score = 0;

    let width = img.attributes.borrow().get("width").and_then(|w| w.parse::<f32>().ok());
    let height = img.attributes.borrow().get("height").and_then(|h| h.parse::<f32>().ok());
    let src = img.attributes.borrow().get("src").map(|src| src.to_string()).unwrap_or_default();

    // Penalty for skinny images
    if let Some(width) = width
        && width <= 50.0
    {
        score -= 50;
    }

    // Penalty for short images
    if let Some(height) = height
        && height <= 50.0
    {
        score -= 50;
    }

    if let Some(width) = width
        && let Some(height) = height
        && !src.contains("sprite")
    {
        let area = width * height;
        if area < 5000.0 {
            // Smaller than 50 x 100
            score -= 100;
        } else {
            score += f32::round(area / 1000.0) as i32;
        }
    }

    score
}

fn score_by_alt(img: &NodeDataRef<ElementData>) -> i32 {
    if let Some(alt) = img.attributes.borrow().get("alt")
        && is_emoji(alt)
    {
        -100
    } else {
        0
    }
}

fn is_emoji(text: &str) -> bool {
    let mut alt_chars = text.chars();
    let first_char = alt_chars.next();
    let second_char = alt_chars.next();

    if let (Some(char), None) = (first_char, second_char) {
        unic_emoji_char::is_emoji(char)
    } else {
        false
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use test_log::test;

    #[test]
    fn golem() {
        let html = r#"
    <img src="https://www.golem.de/2306/175204-387164-387163_rc.jpg" width="140" height="140" loading="lazy" />Im staubigen
    Utah sind die Fossilien eines urzeitlichen Meeresreptils entdeckt worden. Nun haben Forscher eine Studie dazu
    herausgebracht. (<a href="https://www.golem.de/specials/fortschritt/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"
    referrerpolicy="no-referrer">Fortschritt</a>, <a href="https://www.golem.de/specials/wissenschaft/"
    rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" referrerpolicy="no-referrer">Wissenschaft</a>)
    "#;
        let thumb = super::extract_thumbnail(html).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(thumb, "https://www.golem.de/2306/175204-387164-387163_rc.jpg")
    }

    #[test]
    fn spiegel() {
        let html = r#"
        <article><section data-article-el="body">
        <div data-area="top_element&gt;image">
        <figure>
        <div data-sara-component="{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;a4573666-f15e-4290-8c73-a0c6cd4ad3b2&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;\u003cp\u003eGr&#xFC;nenpolitiker Hofreiter: &#xBB;Unternehmen werden in gro&#xDF;em Umfang erpresst, unter Wert ihre Betriebe zu verkaufen&#xAB;\u003c/p\u003e&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;media&quot;}">
        <picture>
        <source srcset="https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/a4573666-f15e-4290-8c73-a0c6cd4ad3b2_w948_r1.778_fpx29.99_fpy44.98.webp 948w, https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/a4573666-f15e-4290-8c73-a0c6cd4ad3b2_w520_r1.778_fpx29.99_fpy44.98.webp 520w" sizes="(max-width: 519px) 100vw, (min-width: 520px) and (max-width: 719px) 520px, (min-width: 720px) and (max-width: 919px) 100vw, (min-width: 920px) and (max-width: 1011px) 920px, (min-width: 1012px) 948px" type="image/webp">
        <img data-image-el="img" src="https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/a4573666-f15e-4290-8c73-a0c6cd4ad3b2_w948_r1.778_fpx29.99_fpy44.98.jpg" width="948" height="533" title="Gr&#xFC;nenpolitiker Hofreiter: &#xBB;Unternehmen werden in gro&#xDF;em Umfang erpresst, unter Wert ihre Betriebe zu verkaufen&#xAB;" alt="Gr&#xFC;nenpolitiker Hofreiter: &#xBB;Unternehmen werden in gro&#xDF;em Umfang erpresst, unter Wert ihre Betriebe zu verkaufen&#xAB;" data-image-animation-origin="91086ec8-2db6-4a72-be06-66c9e5db9058"/>
        </source></picture>
        </div>
        <figcaption>
        <p>Grünenpolitiker Hofreiter: »Unternehmen werden in großem Umfang erpresst, unter Wert ihre Betriebe zu verkaufen«</p>
        <span>
        Foto: IMAGO / IMAGO/Political-Moments
        </span>
        </figcaption>
        </figure>
        </div>
        <div data-area="body">
        <div data-pos="1" data-sara-click-el="body_element" data-area="text">
        <p>Der Töne aus Berlin in Richtung Budapest werden giftiger. Der Grünen-Europapolitiker <a href="https://www.spiegel.de/thema/anton_hofreiter/" data-link-flag="spon" target="_blank">Anton Hofreiter</a> wirft der ungarischen Regierung vor, deutsche Unternehmen mit »Mafiamethoden« zum Verkauf ihres <a href="https://www.spiegel.de/thema/ungarn/" data-link-flag="spon" target="_blank">Ungarn</a>-Geschäfts zu bringen. »Ungarn bewegt sich von einer autoritären Herrschaft in Richtung eines Mafiastaats«, sagte Hofreiter in Brüssel. »Unternehmen werden in großem Umfang erpresst, unter Wert ihre Betriebe zu verkaufen.«</p>
        </div>
        
        <div data-area="text" data-sara-click-el="body_element" data-pos="3">
        <p>Aus der deutschen Wirtschaft gebe es Klagen über zahlreiche Fälle, in denen Firmen »mit illegalen Methoden« vom Markt gedrängt worden seien oder entsprechende Versuche stattgefunden hätten.</p><p>Während Ungarns Regierungschef <a href="https://www.spiegel.de/thema/viktor_orban/" data-link-flag="spon" target="_blank">Viktor Orbán</a> deutsche Autohersteller weiterhin mit niedrigen Steuern und wenig Bürokratie verwöhne, bekämen andere Firmen die Folgen von Orbáns Strategie der Nationalisierung von als strategisch wichtig geltenden Branchen zu spüren. Selbst Großunternehmen wie Lidl oder die Telekom würden inzwischen »massiv unter Druck gesetzt«, so Hofreiter.</p>
        </div>
        
        <div data-sara-click-el="body_element" data-area="image" data-pos="5">
        <figure>
        <div data-sara-component="{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;cce7cbb0-2a7e-449d-a24e-6a24a73108b2&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Ungarns Regierungschef Viktor Orb&#xE1;n&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;media&quot;}">
        <picture>
        <source data-srcset="https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/cce7cbb0-2a7e-449d-a24e-6a24a73108b2_w718_r1.5001583782071588_fpx53.97_fpy44.98.jpg 718w, https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/cce7cbb0-2a7e-449d-a24e-6a24a73108b2_w488_r1.5001583782071588_fpx53.97_fpy44.98.jpg 488w, https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/cce7cbb0-2a7e-449d-a24e-6a24a73108b2_w616_r1.5001583782071588_fpx53.97_fpy44.98.jpg 616w" data-sizes="(max-width: 487px) 100vw, (min-width: 488px) and (max-width: 719px) 488px, (min-width: 720px) and (max-width: 1011px) 718px, (min-width: 1012px) 616px">
        <img data-image-el="img" data-src-disabled="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 718 479' width='718' height='479' %3E%3C/svg%3E" src="https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/cce7cbb0-2a7e-449d-a24e-6a24a73108b2_w718_r1.5001583782071588_fpx53.97_fpy44.98.jpg" width="718" height="479" title="Ungarns Regierungschef Viktor Orb&#xE1;n" alt="Ungarns Regierungschef Viktor Orb&#xE1;n" data-image-animation-origin="38ca0348-88da-4a3b-8a9d-f1c059e79c77"/>
        </source></picture>
        
        </div>
        </figure>
        <figcaption>
        <p>Ungarns Regierungschef Viktor Orbán</p>
        <span>
        Foto: IMAGO/Vaclav Salek / IMAGO/CTK Photo
        </span>
        </figcaption></div>
        <div data-pos="6" data-sara-click-el="body_element" data-area="text">
        <p>Die Masche des Systems Orbán ist die immer gleiche, wie Unternehmen und Politiker <a href="https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/ungarn-wie-viktor-orban-deutsche-unternehmen-aus-dem-land-mobbt-a-2b345c3e-5223-4ae6-97bc-ba1718f20907" target="_blank">schon seit Monaten beklagen</a>: Die Regierung macht die Unternehmen erst Schikanen mürbe und unterbreitet dann wieder und wieder Kaufangebote. Die Firmen würden so gedrängt, ihre ungarischen Aktivitäten an Günstlinge Orbáns zu verkaufen – zwar nicht zu ruinösen Schleuderpreisen, aber üblicherweise für nur etwa 70 bis 80 Prozent des Marktwerts, sagt Hofreiter.</p>
        </div>
        
        <div data-pos="8" data-sara-click-el="body_element" data-area="text">
        <p>In Ungarn gehe es nicht mehr nur um die bereits weit fortgeschrittene Zerstörung des Rechtsstaats – »sondern inzwischen auch eindeutig um das Funktionieren des Binnenmarkts« der EU. »Der klassische ökonomische Teil des Binnenmarkts wird angegriffen.«</p><p>Die Kommission hat wegen Ungarns Rechtsstaatsverstößen bereits <a rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/eu-friert-saemtliche-strukturfoerdermittel-fuer-ungarn-ein-a-739da28a-243a-4fe1-af8c-a515fb8bf967" target="_blank">Milliardenzahlungen an das Land eingefroren</a>. Das aber genüge nicht mehr, sagt Hofreiter – und fordert von der Kommission deshalb, neue Sanktionsinstrumente zu entwickeln: »Man muss sich Mechanismen zum Schutz des Binnenmarkts überlegen.«</p><h3>Ungarns Außenminister beklagt »politisch motivierte Kampagne«</h3><p>Der grüne Europaabgeordnete Daniel Freund verlangt außerdem eine Beschleunigung laufender und künftiger Verfahren gegen Ungarn wegen der Verletzung der EU-Verträge. »Wenn eine Firma wegen eines Regierungsdekrets Monat für Monat Millionen an Steuern bezahlen muss, kann sie nicht Jahre warten, ehe ein solches Verfahren abgeschlossen ist.«</p>
        </div>
        
        <div data-pos="10" data-area="text" data-sara-click-el="body_element">
        <p>Ungarns Außen- und Handelsminister Péter Szijjártó <a href="https://abouthungary.hu/news-in-brief/fm-a-politically-motivated-campaign-is-underway-against-hungary-over-german-investments" target="_blank">bezeichnete </a> die Vorwürfe kürzlich als »politisch motivierte Kampagne« und »emotionale Erpressung«. Seit 2014 habe Budapest 183 deutsche Unternehmen gefördert. Insgesamt würden rund 6000 deutsche Firmen in Ungarn etwa 300.000 Menschen beschäftigen.</p>
        </div>
        
        <div data-sara-click-el="body_element" data-pos="12" data-area="text">
        <p>Orbáns Politik stößt nicht nur bei den Grünen auf Kritik, sondern auch bei den deutschen Unionsparteien. Bis März 2021 waren sie gemeinsam mit Orbáns Fidesz-Partei in der Europäischen Volkspartei; jahrelang hofierten sie den Autokraten aus Budapest.</p><p><a href="https://www.spiegel.de/thema/monika_hohlmeier/" data-link-flag="spon" target="_blank">Monika Hohlmeier</a> (CSU) etwa, Vorsitzende des Haushaltskontrollausschusses im EU-Parlament, sieht in Orbán mittlerweile »einen Mann mit kleptokratischen Zügen«, in dessen System »rechtsstaatliche Prinzipien mit Füßen getreten werden«. Erfolgreiche ausländische Unternehmer müssten in Ungarn damit rechnen, »dass ein Oligarch auftaucht, der sich deine Firma unter den Nagel reißen will«.</p>
        
        </div>
        </div>
        </section></article>
        "#;
        let thumb = super::extract_thumbnail(html).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            thumb,
            "https://cdn.prod.www.spiegel.de/images/a4573666-f15e-4290-8c73-a0c6cd4ad3b2_w948_r1.778_fpx29.99_fpy44.98.jpg"
        )
    }

    #[test]
    fn extract_thumbnail_a_chacon() {
        let html = r#"
        <!doctype html>
        <html lang="es">
        
        <head>
          <meta charset="UTF-8" />
          <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
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          <script src="https://unpkg.com/typeit@8.8.4/dist/index.umd.js"></script>
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        <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
        <meta name="description" content="Haciendo funcionar el generador de autenticación de Rails 8 (Beta) en una aplicación creada en modo API-Only." />
        <meta property="og:description" content="Haciendo funcionar el generador de autenticación de Rails 8 (Beta) en una aplicación creada en modo API-Only." />
        <link rel="canonical" href="https://a-chacon.com/on%20rails/2024/10/16/poc-using-rails-8-auth-system-in-api-only.html" />
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        <!-- End Jekyll SEO tag -->
         <link type="application/atom+xml" rel="alternate" href="https://a-chacon.com/feed.xml" title="a-chacon" />
        
        <script data-host="https://app.microanalytics.io" data-dnt="false" src="https://app.microanalytics.io/js/script.js"
          id="ZwSg9rf6GA" async defer></script>
        
        <style>
          .mini-banner {
            background-color: #6eea8e;
            /* Light red background color */
            color: #1c2a18;
            /* Dark red text color */
            padding: 10px 20px;
            /* Padding around the text */
            text-align: center;
            /* Center the text */
            position: fixed;
            /* Fix the banner to the top of the page */
            bottom: 0;
            /* Position at the very top */
            left: 0;
            /* Full width */
            right: 0;
            /* Full width */
            z-index: 1000;
            /* Ensure it's above other elements */
            box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
            /* Slight shadow for depth */
          }
        
          .mini-banner p {
            margin: 0;
            /* Remove default paragraph margin */
            font-size: 16px;
            /* Font size */
            font-weight: bold;
            /* Bold text */
          }
        
          body {
            margin-top: 60px;
            /* Adjust based on the banner height */
          }
        </style>
        <div class="mini-banner">
          <p>Building an API with Rails? Discover
            <a href="https://github.com/a-chacon/oas_rails" style="color: #826cf6; text-decoration: underline;">
              OasRails</a>, a Rails engine for generate automatic interactive documentation.
          </p>
        </div>
        
        </head>
        
        <body class="bg-white text-gray-900 dark:bg-gray-700 dark:text-slate-100">
          
          <script>
            document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function () {
              new TypeIt("h1", {}).go();
            });
          </script>
           <nav class="absolute top-0 left-0 right-0 flex w-full flex-wrap items-center justify-between py-4">
          <div class="flex w-full flex-wrap items-center justify-between px-5">
            <a class="flex" href="/" aria-label="Andres Chacon - Developer">
              <img src="/assets/images/keyboard-key-a.png" alt="webpage logo" class="block h-8 w-auto">
              <p class="pl-4 hidden md:block text-lg font-bold">a-chacon <span
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              const currentLangButton = document.querySelector('.current-language');
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                document.addEventListener('click', function (event) {
                  if (!currentLangButton.contains(event.target) && !dropdownContent.contains(event.target)) {
                    dropdownContent.classList.add('hidden');
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        <div class="container mx-auto">
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            <div class="pb-4">
              <a href="https://a-chacon.com/category/on-rails"
                class="no-underline font-mulish text-sm hover:text-sky-400 text-gray-500">
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            <h1 class="text-left text-2xl font-bold md:text-5xl text-black">PoC: Usando el Generador de Autenticación de Rails 8 (Beta) En Modo API-Only.</h1>
        
            <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row text-sm font-mulish justify-between items-center">
              <div class="flex">
                <p>Andrés</p>
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                <p>16 October 2024</p>
                <p class="px-2">•</p>
                <p>
                  
                   6 mins  </p>
              </div>
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            <img class="w-full" src="/assets/images/rails8-poc-api-auth.webp" alt="PoC: Usando el Generador de Autenticación de Rails 8 (Beta) En Modo API-Only.">
        
            <div class="my-6">
              <p>Como ya saben, una de las funcionalidades nuevas de Rails 8 es el <strong>nuevo generador básico de autenticación</strong> que viene a demostrar que no es tan complejo desarrollar todo lo que respecta a autenticación en una aplicación con Rails y que muchas veces no es necesario depender de terceros (gemas). La discusión comenzó <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/50446">aquí</a>.</p>
        
        <p>Dicho esto, veamos que pasa usando el generador en una aplicación API-Only:</p>
        
        <div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> rails <span class="nt">-v</span>
        Rails 8.0.0.beta1
        </code></pre></div></div>
        
        <div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> rails new app <span class="nt">--api</span> &amp; <span class="nb">cd </span>app
        </code></pre></div></div>
        
        <p>Y ejecutamos el nuevo comando:</p>
        
        <div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> rails g authentication
              create  app/models/session.rb
              create  app/models/user.rb
              create  app/models/current.rb
              create  app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb
              create  app/controllers/concerns/authentication.rb
              create  app/controllers/passwords_controller.rb
              create  app/mailers/passwords_mailer.rb
              create  app/views/passwords_mailer/reset.html.erb
              create  app/views/passwords_mailer/reset.text.erb
              create  <span class="nb">test</span>/mailers/previews/passwords_mailer_preview.rb
                gsub  app/controllers/application_controller.rb
               route  resources :passwords, param: :token
               route  resource :session
                gsub  Gemfile
              bundle  <span class="nb">install</span> <span class="nt">--quiet</span>
            generate  migration CreateUsers email_address:string!:uniq password_digest:string! <span class="nt">--force</span>
               rails  generate migration CreateUsers email_address:string!:uniq password_digest:string! <span class="nt">--force</span>
              invoke  active_record
              create    db/migrate/20241016002139_create_users.rb
            generate  migration CreateSessions user:references ip_address:string user_agent:string <span class="nt">--force</span>
               rails  generate migration CreateSessions user:references ip_address:string user_agent:string <span class="nt">--force</span>
              invoke  active_record
              create    db/migrate/20241016002140_create_sessions.rb
        </code></pre></div></div>
        
        <p>Ok, ahora por ejemplo, si revisamos <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">SessionsController</code> veremos que el método de <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">Login</code> se ve de la siguiente forma:</p>
        
        <div class="language-ruby highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>  <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create</span>
            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="no">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">authenticate_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">params</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">permit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:email_address</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">:password</span><span class="p">))</span>
              <span class="n">start_new_session_for</span> <span class="n">user</span>
              <span class="n">redirect_to</span> <span class="n">after_authentication_url</span>
            <span class="k">else</span>
              <span class="n">redirect_to</span> <span class="n">new_session_url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">alert: </span><span class="s2">"Try another email address or password."</span>
            <span class="k">end</span>
          <span class="k">end</span>
        </code></pre></div></div>
        
        <p>O sea, redirecciona a rutas y/o vistas que en nuestra API no existen ni hacen sentido, y además si inspeccionamos el metodo <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">start_new_session_for</code> nos daremos cuenta de que el sistema está basado 100% en <strong>autenticación mediante cookies</strong>. Entonces, ¿qué hacemos?</p>
        
        <p>Mi propuesta es la siguiente: el generador crea las bases para la autenticación y creo que funciona bastante bien, por lo que con unas pequeñas modificaciones podemos dejar funcionando una <strong>autenticación Bearer</strong> (Token Authentication) rápidamente en nuestra API con Rails 8 más los archivos ya generados.</p>
        
        <p>El primer paso será agregar <strong>persistencia para nuestro token</strong>, para esto modificaremos la migración que crea las sessiones y agregaremos un nuevo campo llamado <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">token</code>:</p>
        
        <div class="language-ruby highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>    <span class="n">create_table</span> <span class="ss">:sessions</span> <span class="k">do</span> <span class="o">|</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">|</span>
              <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">references</span> <span class="ss">:user</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">null: </span><span class="kp">false</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">foreign_key: </span><span class="kp">true</span>
              <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">string</span> <span class="ss">:ip_address</span>
              <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">string</span> <span class="ss">:user_agent</span>
              <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">string</span> <span class="ss">:token</span>     <span class="c1"># HERE</span>
        
              <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">timestamps</span>
            <span class="k">end</span>
        </code></pre></div></div>
        
        <p>Ahora simplemente ejecuta <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">rails db:migrate</code> y create un usuario de prueba por consola, yo lo haré con esta línea <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">User.create(email_address: "<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="a6d3d5c3d4e6d2c3d5d288c5c9cb">[email&#160;protected]</a>", password: "123456789")</code> (Lo utilizaremos más tarde). Luego debemos crear un nuevo token para cada sesión nueva de un usuario, para esto lo más simple es usar un callback en el modelo <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">Session</code>:</p>
        
        <div class="language-ruby highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c1"># app/models/sessions.rb</span>
        <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Session</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="no">ApplicationRecord</span>
          <span class="n">belongs_to</span> <span class="ss">:user</span>
          <span class="n">before_create</span> <span class="ss">:generate_token</span> <span class="c1"># Here call</span>
        
          <span class="kp">private</span>
          <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">generate_token</span> <span class="c1"># Here implement, generate the token as you wish.</span>
            <span class="nb">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">token</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="no">Digest</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="no">SHA1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">hexdigest</span><span class="p">([</span> <span class="no">Time</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">now</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">rand</span> <span class="p">].</span><span class="nf">join</span><span class="p">)</span>
          <span class="k">end</span>
        <span class="k">end</span>
        </code></pre></div></div>
        
        <p>Ahora volviendo al metodo <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">start_new_session_for</code> en el concern <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">Authentication</code>, no es necesario que creemos una cookie, asi que debemos remover esa linea y dejar el metodo de la siguiente forma:</p>
        
        <div class="language-ruby highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c1"># app/controllers/concerns/authentication.rb</span>
        <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">start_new_session_for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="p">)</span>
          <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">sessions</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">create!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">user_agent: </span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">user_agent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">ip_address: </span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">remote_ip</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nf">tap</span> <span class="k">do</span> <span class="o">|</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">|</span>
            <span class="no">Current</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">session</span>
          <span class="k">end</span>
        <span class="k">end</span>
        </code></pre></div></div>
        
        <p>Y modificaremos el <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">create</code> de <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">SessionsController</code> para que las respuestas sean en formato json y no redirecciones:</p>
        
        <div class="language-ruby highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c1"># app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb</span>
        <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create</span>
          <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="no">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">authenticate_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">params</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">permit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:email_address</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">:password</span><span class="p">))</span>
            <span class="n">start_new_session_for</span> <span class="n">user</span>
            <span class="n">render</span> <span class="ss">json: </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="ss">data: </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="ss">token: </span><span class="no">Current</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">session</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">token</span>  <span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span>
          <span class="k">else</span>
            <span class="n">render</span> <span class="ss">json: </span><span class="p">{},</span> <span class="ss">status: :unauthorized</span>
          <span class="k">end</span>
        <span class="k">end</span>
        </code></pre></div></div>
        
        <p><strong>Para hacer que todo esto funcione debemos hacer dos cosas:</strong></p>
        
        <ol>
          <li>
            <p>Incluir el modulo <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">Authentication</code> en <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">ApplicationController</code>:</p>
        
            <div class="language-ruby highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c1"># app/controllers/application_controller.rb</span>
        <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ApplicationController</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="no">ActionController</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="no">API</span>
          <span class="kp">include</span> <span class="no">Authentication</span>
        <span class="k">end</span>
        </code></pre></div>    </div>
          </li>
          <li>
            <p>Eliminar la linea numero 6 de este mismo concern:</p>
        
            <div class="language-ruby highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c1"># app/controllers/concerns/authentication.rb</span>
          <span class="n">included</span> <span class="k">do</span>
            <span class="n">before_action</span> <span class="ss">:require_authentication</span>
            <span class="n">helper_method</span> <span class="ss">:authenticated?</span> <span class="c1"># This, we don't use helpers in APIs</span>
          <span class="k">end</span>
        </code></pre></div>    </div>
          </li>
        </ol>
        
        <p>Hasta este punto ya deberíamos tener el <strong>login funcionando</strong>. Para probar esto voy a agregar <a href="https://github.com/a-chacon/oas_rails">OasRails</a>, que a propósito <strong>ya está funcionando con Rails 8</strong> y voy a enviar un par de peticiones a ver como se comporta, no explicaré como implementar OasRails, para eso puedes ver el repositorio o leer más en <a href="/on rails/2024/07/25/documenting-rails-apis">este post</a>.</p>
        
        <p>Inicio de sesión exitoso:</p>
        
        <p><img src="/assets/images/rails8_success_login.png" alt="" /></p>
        
        <p>Inicio de sesión fallido:</p>
        
        <p><img src="/assets/images/rails8_fail_login.png" alt="" /></p>
        
        <hr />
        
        <p>Ya podemos generar tokens, ahora modificaremos el código para <strong>autenticarnos con ese mismo token</strong>. Para eso, cambiaremos la lógica de buscar la sesión actual del usuario con base en la cookie a buscarla basándonos en la cabecera <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">Authorization</code>:</p>
        
        <div class="language-ruby highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>
        <span class="c1"># app/controllers/concerns/authentication.rb</span>
          <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">resume_session</span>
            <span class="no">Current</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">find_session_by_token</span>
          <span class="k">end</span>
        
          <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">find_session_by_cookie</span>
            <span class="no">Session</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">find_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">token: </span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">headers</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="ss">:authorization</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">" "</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span>
          <span class="k">end</span>
        </code></pre></div></div>
        
        <p>Para probar esto creo que tendremos que hacer rápidamente un modelo que dependa de <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">User</code> y que requiera autenticación para utilizar. Intentemos con <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">rails g scaffold project title:string description:text user:references</code> y le agregamos al principio del controlador la línea de código <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">before_action :require_authentication</code>.</p>
        
        <p>Aquí les dejo una pequeña prueba del index de Projects autenticado con el token que obtuve en las pruebas anteriores:</p>
        
        <p><img src="/assets/images/rails8_projects.png" alt="" /></p>
        
        <hr />
        
        <p>Con esto ya tienes gran parte de la lógica de autenticación funcionando en la aplicación API-Only. Te queda continuar con las modificaciones en el resto de los endpoints para que las respuestas sean en formato json y no supuestas vistas que no existen en la aplicación.</p>
        
        <p>Probablemente de aquí a que se lance la versión final de Rails 8 aparezca un <strong>PR solucionando esto y el generador funcione correctamente en modo API-Only</strong>. Hasta entonces, con estas pequeñas modificaciones ya puedes seguir construyendo tu API.</p>
        
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