ndhistogram 0.12.0

//! ndhistogram implements multi-dimensional histograms for Rust.
//!
//! This library aims to provide a similar feature set to the C++ library
//! [boost-histogram](https://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_75_0/libs/histogram)
//! but with an idomatic pure-Rust implementation.
//!
//! Features include:
//!
//! - Histograms with any number of dimensions from 1 up to 21 dimensions.
//! - Continuous (eg represented by a floating point number) and discrete axis (eg a category represented by a string value or enum) types that are composable (eg you may mix discrete and continuous axes).
//! - Flexible bin values including any primitive number type, or a user-defined type.
//! - Unweighted and weighted filling of histograms.
//! - Flexible, user-definable axis types.
//! - Sparse histograms to reduce the memory footprint of high bin count, mostly empty, histograms.
//!
//! ## Table of Contents
//!
//! 1. [Usage](#usage)
//! 2. [Quick-start](#quick-start)
//! 3. [Overview](#overview)
//!    1. [Histogram Implementations](#histogram-implementations)
//!    2. [Axis Implementations](#axis-implementations)
//!    3. [Histogram Bin Values](#histogram-bin-values)
//! 4. [How to Guide](#how-to-guide)
//!    1. [Customize the Bin Value Type](#customize-the-bin-value-type)
//!    2. [Create and Use a 2D Histogram](#create-and-use-a-2d-histogram)
//!    3. [Create a Histogram with a Discrete Axis](#create-a-histogram-with-a-discrete-axis)
//!    4. [Create a Histogram with Variable Sized Bins](#create-a-histogram-with-variable-sized-bins)
//!    5. [Create a Histogram with a Periodic or Cyclic Axis](#create-a-histogram-with-a-periodic-or-cyclic-axis)
//!    6. [Create a Sparse Histogram](#create-a-sparse-histogram)
//!    7. [Merge Histograms](#merge-histograms)
//!    8. [Iterate over Histogram Bins in Parallel](#iterate-over-histogram-bins-in-parallel)
//! 5. [Crate Feature Flags](#crate-feature-flags)
//! 6. [How to contribute](#how-to-contribute)
//!
//! ## Usage
//!
//! Add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
//!
//! ```toml
//! [dependencies]
//! ndhistogram = "0.11.0"
//! ```
//!
//! See the [change log](https://github.com/davehadley/ndhistogram/blob/main/ndhistogram/CHANGELOG.md)
//! for differences between releases.
//! Please report any bugs in the [issues tracker](https://github.com/davehadley/ndhistogram/issues).
//!
//! ## Quick-start
//!
//! ```rust
//! use ndhistogram::{Histogram, ndhistogram, axis::Uniform};
//!
//! # fn main() -> Result<(), ndhistogram::Error> {
//! // create a 1D histogram with 10 equally sized bins between -5 and 5
//! let mut hist = ndhistogram!(Uniform::new(10, -5.0, 5.0)?);
//! // fill this histogram with a single value
//! hist.fill(&1.0);
//! // fill this histogram with weights
//! hist.fill_with(&2.0, 4.0);
//! // read the histogram values
//! let x1 = hist.value(&1.0);
//! let also_x1 = hist.value_at_index(7);
//! assert_eq!(x1, also_x1);
//! // iterate the histogram values
//! for item in hist.iter() {
//!     println!("{}, {}, {}", item.index, item.bin, item.value)
//! }
//! // print the histogram to stdout
//! println!("{}", hist);
//! # Ok(()) }
//! ```
//!
//! ## Overview
//!
//! A [Histogram] is composed of two components:
//!
//! - The [Axes] which is a set of [Axis](axis::Axis) corresponding to each dimension of the histogram.
//!   The [Axes] and [Axis](axis::Axis) define the binning of the histogram and are responsible for mapping from coordinate space (eg \[x,y,z\]) to an integer bin number.
//! - The histogram bin value storage. Valid bin value types include any integer and floating number type as well as user defined types that implement [Fill], [FillWith] or [FillWithWeighted].
//!
//! ### Histogram Implementations
//!
//! - [VecHistogram]: bin values are stored in a [Vec].
//!   Created with the [ndhistogram] macro.
//!   This is the recommended implementation for most use cases.
//!   However, as memory is allocated even for empty bins,
//!   this may not be practical for very high dimension histograms.
//! - [HashHistogram]: bin values are stored in a [HashMap](std::collections::HashMap).
//!   Created with the [sparsehistogram] macro.
//!   Useful for high dimension, mostly empty, histograms as empty bins
//!   take up no memory.
//!
//! Alternative implementations are possible by implementing the [Histogram] trait.
//!
//! ### Axis Implementations
//!
//! - [Uniform](axis::Uniform)/[UniformNoFlow](axis::UniformNoFlow): equally sized bins in a some range with optional underflow/overflow bins.
//! - [Variable](axis::Variable)/[VariableNoFlow](axis::VariableNoFlow): variable sized bins with optional underflow/overflow bins.
//! - [UniformCyclic](axis::UniformCyclic)/[VariableCyclic](axis::VariableCyclic): cyclic or periodic versions of the Uniform and Variable axes.
//! - [Category](axis::Category)/[CategoryNoFlow](axis::CategoryNoFlow): a finite set of discrete values with optional overflow bin.
//!
//! User defined axes types are possible by implementing the [Axis](axis::Axis) trait.
//!
//! ### Histogram Bin Values
//!
//! Histograms may be filled with values of the following types:
//!
//! - Primitive floating point and integer number types.
//! - All types that implement [Fill]
//! - All types that implement [FillWith]
//! - All types that implement [FillWithWeighted]
//! - All types that implement [AddAssign](std::ops::AddAssign) (as they are also [FillWith]).
//! - All types that implement [AddAssign](std::ops::AddAssign) and [One](num_traits::One) (as they are also [Fill]).
//!
//! This crate defines the following bin value types:
//!
//! - [Sum](value::Sum) : a simple bin count that counts the number of times it has been filled.
//! - [WeightedSum](value::WeightedSum) : as Sum but with weighted fills.
//! - [Mean](value::Mean) : computes the mean of the values it is filled with.
//! - [WeightedMean](value::WeightedMean) : as Mean but with weighted fills.
//!
//! User defined bin value types are possible by implementing the [Fill], [FillWith] or [FillWithWeighted] traits.
//!
//! ## How to Guide
//!
//! ### Customize the Bin Value Type
//!
//! ```rust
//! use ndhistogram::{Histogram, ndhistogram, axis::Uniform, value::Mean};
//! # fn main() -> Result<(), ndhistogram::Error> {
//! // Create a histogram whose bin values are i32
//! let mut hist = ndhistogram!(Uniform::new(10, -5.0, 5.0)?; i32);
//! hist.fill_with(&1.0, 2);
//! let value: Option<&i32> = hist.value(&1.0);
//! assert_eq!(value, Some(&2));
//!
//! // More complex value types beyond primitives are available
//! // "Mean" calculates the average of values it is filled with
//! let mut hist = ndhistogram!(Uniform::new(10, -5.0, 5.0)?; Mean);
//! hist.fill_with(&1.0, 1.0);
//! hist.fill_with(&1.0, 3.0);
//! assert_eq!(hist.value(&1.0).unwrap().mean(), 2.0);
//!
//! // for other examples see the documentation of Sum, WeightedSum and WeightedMean
//!
//! // user defined value types are possible by implementing
//! // Fill, FillWith or FillWithWeighted traits
//! # Ok(()) }
//! ```
//!
//! ### Create and Use a 2D Histogram
//!
//! ```rust
//! use ndhistogram::{Histogram, ndhistogram, axis::Uniform};
//! # fn main() -> Result<(), ndhistogram::Error> {
//! // create a 2D histogram
//! let mut hist = ndhistogram!(Uniform::new(10, -5.0, 5.0)?, Uniform::new(10, -5.0, 5.0)?);
//! // fill 2D histogram
//! hist.fill(&(1.0, 2.0));
//! // read back the histogram values
//! let x1_y2 = hist.value(&(1.0, 2.0));
//! // higher dimensions are possible with additional arguments to ndhistogram
//! # Ok(()) }
//! ```
//!
//! ### Create a Histogram with a Discrete Axis
//!
//! ```rust
//! use ndhistogram::{Histogram, ndhistogram, axis::Category};
//! # fn main() -> Result<(), ndhistogram::Error> {
//! let mut hist = ndhistogram!(Category::new(vec![0, 2, 4]));
//! hist.fill_with(&2, 42.0);
//! hist.fill_with(&1, 128.0);
//! assert_eq!(hist.value(&2), Some(&42.0));
//! assert_eq!(hist.value(&1), Some(&128.0));
//! assert_eq!(hist.value(&3), Some(&128.0));
//! // 1 and 3 give the same answer as they are both mapped to the overflow bin
//! // For a version with no overflow bins use CategoryNoFlow
//!
//! // The Category type can be any hashable type, for example string
//! let mut hist = ndhistogram!(Category::new(vec!["Red", "Blue", "Green"]));
//! hist.fill(&"Red");
//! assert_eq!(hist.value(&"Red"), Some(&1.0));
//! # Ok(()) }
//! ```
//!
//! ### Create a Histogram with Variable Sized Bins
//!
//! ```rust
//! use ndhistogram::{Histogram, ndhistogram, axis::Variable};
//! # fn main() -> Result<(), ndhistogram::Error> {
//! let mut hist = ndhistogram!(Variable::new(vec![0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0])?);
//! for x in 0..6 {
//!     hist.fill(&f64::from(x));
//! }
//! assert_eq!(hist.value(&0.0), Some(&1.0));
//! assert_eq!(hist.value(&1.0), Some(&2.0));
//! assert_eq!(hist.value(&3.0), Some(&3.0));
//! # Ok(()) }
//! ```
//!
//! ### Create a Histogram with a Periodic or Cyclic Axis
//!
//! ```rust
//! use std::f64::consts::PI;
//! use ndhistogram::{Histogram, ndhistogram, axis::UniformCyclic};
//! # fn main() -> Result<(), ndhistogram::Error> {
//! let mut hist = ndhistogram!(UniformCyclic::<f64>::new(10, 0.0, 2.0*PI)?);
//! hist.fill(&PI);
//! hist.fill(&-PI);
//! // +pi and -pi are mapped onto the same value
//! assert_eq!(hist.value(&-PI), Some(&2.0));
//! assert_eq!(hist.value(&PI), Some(&2.0));
//! # Ok(()) }
//! ```
//!
//! ### Create a Sparse Histogram
//!
//! ```rust
//! use ndhistogram::{Histogram, sparsehistogram, axis::Uniform};
//! # fn main() -> Result<(), ndhistogram::Error> {
//! // This histogram has 1e18 bins, too many to allocate with a normal histogram
//! let mut histogram_with_lots_of_bins = sparsehistogram!(
//!     Uniform::new(1_000_000, -5.0, 5.0)?,
//!     Uniform::new(1_000_000, -5.0, 5.0)?,
//!     Uniform::new(1_000_000, -5.0, 5.0)?
//! );
//! histogram_with_lots_of_bins.fill(&(1.0, 2.0, 3.0));
//! // read back the filled value
//! assert_eq!(histogram_with_lots_of_bins.value(&(1.0, 2.0, 3.0)).unwrap(), &1.0);
//! // unfilled bins will return None
//! assert!(histogram_with_lots_of_bins.value(&(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)).is_none());
//! # Ok(()) }
//! ```
//!
//! ### Merge Histograms
//!
//! ```rust
//! use ndhistogram::{Histogram, ndhistogram, axis::Uniform};
//! # fn main() -> Result<(), ndhistogram::Error> {
//! let mut hist1 = ndhistogram!(Uniform::<f64>::new(10, -5.0, 5.0)?);
//! let mut hist2 = ndhistogram!(Uniform::<f64>::new(10, -5.0, 5.0)?);
//! hist1.fill_with(&0.0, 2.0);
//! hist2.fill_with(&0.0, 3.0);
//! let combined_hist = (hist1 + &hist2).expect("Axes are compatible");
//! # assert_eq!(combined_hist.value(&0.0).unwrap(), &5.0);
//! # Ok(()) }
//! ```
//!
//! ### Iterate over Histogram Bins in Parallel
//!
//! ```rust
//! # fn main() -> Result<(), ndhistogram::Error> {
//! #[cfg(feature = "rayon")] {
//! use rayon::prelude::*;
//! use ndhistogram::{Histogram, ndhistogram, axis::Uniform};
//! let mut histogram = ndhistogram!(Uniform::<f64>::new(10, -5.0, 5.0)?);
//! let sum: f64 = histogram.par_iter().map(|bin| bin.value).sum();
//! // see also: par_iter_mut, par_values, par_values_mut.
//! assert_eq!(sum, 0.0);
//! # }
//! # Ok(()) }
//! ```
//!
//! Requires "rayon" feature enabled.
//!
//! ## Crate Feature Flags
//!
//! All cargo features of this crate are off by default.
//! The following features can be enabled in your `Cargo.toml`:
//!
//! - [serde] : enable support for histogram serialization and deserialization.
//! - [rayon] : enable parallel iteration over histograms.
//!
//! ## How to contribute
//!
//! If you discover a bug in this crate or a mistake in the documentation please either
//! [open an issue](https://github.com/davehadley/ndhistogram/issues) or
//! [submit a pull request](https://github.com/davehadley/ndhistogram/pulls).
//!
//! If you want to request or add a new feature please
//! [open an issue](https://github.com/davehadley/ndhistogram/issues).

#![doc(issue_tracker_base_url = "https://github.com/davehadley/ndhistogram/issues")]
#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/ndhistogram/0.10.1")]
#![cfg_attr(
    debug_assertions,
    warn(
        missing_debug_implementations,
        rust_2018_idioms,
        unreachable_pub,
        unused_import_braces,
    ),
    deny(unsafe_code, macro_use_extern_crate),
    warn(
        missing_docs,
        rustdoc::missing_crate_level_docs,
        rustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links,
    )
)]

mod axes;
pub mod axis;
mod histogram;

pub mod value;

pub use axes::Axes;
pub use axes::AxesTuple;
pub use histogram::fill::Fill;
pub use histogram::fill::FillWith;
pub use histogram::fill::FillWithWeighted;
pub use histogram::hashhistogram::DefaultHasher;
pub use histogram::hashhistogram::HashHistogram;
pub use histogram::histogram::Histogram;
pub use histogram::histogram::Item;
pub use histogram::vechistogram::VecHistogram;

/// Type alias for 1D [Histogram]s returned by [ndhistogram].
pub type Hist1D<X, V = f64> = VecHistogram<AxesTuple<(X,)>, V>;

/// Type alias for 2D [Histogram]s returned by [ndhistogram].
pub type Hist2D<X, Y, V = f64> = VecHistogram<AxesTuple<(X, Y)>, V>;

/// Type alias for 3D [Histogram]s returned by [ndhistogram].
pub type Hist3D<X, Y, Z, V = f64> = VecHistogram<AxesTuple<(X, Y, Z)>, V>;

/// Type alias for ND [Histogram]s returned by [ndhistogram].
pub type HistND<A, V = f64> = VecHistogram<AxesTuple<A>, V>;

/// Type alias for 1D [Histogram]s returned by [sparsehistogram].
pub type SparseHist1D<X, V = f64> = HashHistogram<AxesTuple<(X,)>, V>;

/// Type alias for 2D [Histogram]s returned by [sparsehistogram].
pub type SparseHist2D<X, Y, V = f64> = HashHistogram<AxesTuple<(X, Y)>, V>;

/// Type alias for 3D [Histogram]s returned by [sparsehistogram].
pub type SparseHist3D<X, Y, Z, V = f64> = HashHistogram<AxesTuple<(X, Y, Z)>, V>;

/// Type alias for ND [Histogram]s returned by [sparsehistogram].
pub type SparseHistND<A, V = f64> = HashHistogram<AxesTuple<A>, V>;

/// Provides errors that may be returned by [Histogram]s.
pub mod error;

pub use error::Error;

#[macro_use]
mod macros;