# 📎 nanoargs
[](https://crates.io/crates/nanoargs)
[](https://docs.rs/nanoargs/latest/nanoargs/)
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[](https://coveralls.io/github/anthonysgro/nanoargs?branch=main)
[](https://crates.io/crates/nanoargs)
A lightweight, zero-dependency argument parser for Rust.
<p align="center">
<img src="demo.gif" alt="nanoargs help output" width="700" />
</p>
Part of the [nano](https://github.com/anthonysgro/nano) crate family — zero-dependency building blocks for Rust.
Everything you'd expect from a CLI parser — flags, options, subcommands, help generation, env fallback, typed parsing — with zero dependencies.
## Why nanoargs?
Choosing a CLI parser in Rust usually feels like a compromise:
- `clap` is the gold standard, but it's a heavy lift. It pulls in 10+ transitive dependencies, deep customization and vast api reference sheets.
- `pico-args` / `lexopt` are zero-dep, but they leave the hard work to you. You'll end up hand-coding your own --help strings, ENV fallbacks, and subcommand logic.
- `nanoargs` is the middle ground. You get the professional features you actually use like subcommands, help generation, and env fallbacks, with **zero** dependencies.
| Dependencies (transitive) | 0 | ~12\* | 5\*\* | 0 | 0 |
| Auto help text | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Version flag (`--version`) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Env var fallback | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Multi-value options | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Subcommands | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗† | ✗† |
| Combined short flags (`-abc`) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓§ | ✓ |
| Default values | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Required args | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Hidden args | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | — |
| Colored help | ✓§ | ✓ | ✓§ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Derive macros | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Value validation | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Argument groups & conflicts | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Shell completions | ✓ | ✓ | ✓§ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Other advanced features | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✗ |
\* `clap` with default features. With derive, ~17 total.
\*\* `bpaf` combinatoric API has 0 deps. With derive, 5 total (`bpaf_derive` + `syn` tree).
† No built-in support. Achievable manually by matching on positional tokens.
§ Via opt-in cargo features.
Which one should I use?
- `clap` / `bpaf`: Your CLI is complex and needs deep customization and advanced support.
- `pico-args` / `lexopt`: You’re building something tiny where most features aren't a priority.
- `nanoargs`: You want a clean, intuitive API that supports 90% of use cases without taking on any dependencies.
## Quick Start
```sh
cargo add nanoargs
```
```rust
use nanoargs::{extract, ArgBuilder, Flag, Opt, Pos, ParseError};
fn main() {
let parser = ArgBuilder::new()
.name("greet")
.version("1.0.0")
.flag(Flag::new("loud").desc("Shout it").short('l'))
.option(Opt::new("name").placeholder("NAME").desc("Who to greet").short('n').required())
.positional(Pos::new("greeting").desc("Custom greeting").default("Hello"))
.build()
.unwrap();
match parser.parse_env() {
Ok(result) => {
let opts = extract!(result, {
loud: bool,
name: String,
greeting: String as @pos = "Hello".into(),
}).unwrap();
let msg = format!("{}, {}!", opts.greeting, opts.name);
println!("{}", if opts.loud { msg.to_uppercase() } else { msg });
}
Err(ParseError::HelpRequested(text)) => print!("{text}"),
Err(ParseError::VersionRequested(text)) => println!("{text}"),
Err(e) => eprintln!("error: {e}"),
}
}
```
```sh
$ greet -n World
Hello, World!
$ greet -n World -l
HELLO, WORLD!
$ greet -n Rust Hey
Hey, Rust!
```
The `extract!` macro gives you typed, validated fields in one shot. See [Extracting Results](#extracting-results) for the full syntax, or [builder_api.rs](examples/builder_api.rs) for the manual accessor API.
## Defining Arguments
### Flags
Boolean switches toggled by presence.
```rust
let parser = ArgBuilder::new()
.flag(Flag::new("verbose").desc("Enable verbose output").short('v'))
.flag(Flag::new("dry-run").desc("Simulate without side effects"))
.build();
```
```sh
myapp --verbose --dry-run
myapp -v
```
### Options
Key-value arguments with fluent modifiers. Construct an `Opt` with `Opt::new()`, chain `.placeholder()`, `.desc()`, `.short()`, `.required()`, `.default()`, `.env()`, `.multi()`, or `.hidden()` as needed, then pass it to `.option()`.
```rust
let parser = ArgBuilder::new()
.option(Opt::new("format").placeholder("FMT").desc("Output format").short('f'))
.option(Opt::new("output").placeholder("FILE").desc("Output file path").short('o').required())
.option(Opt::new("jobs").placeholder("NUM").desc("Parallel jobs").short('j').default("4"))
.option(Opt::new("include").placeholder("DIR").desc("Directories to include").short('i').multi())
.build();
```
```sh
myapp --output result.txt --jobs 8 --include src --include tests
myapp -o=result.txt -j 8
```
### Positionals
Unnamed arguments collected in order. Chain `.required()` to make a positional mandatory, `.default(value)` to provide a fallback when omitted, and `.multi()` to collect all remaining arguments into the last positional.
```rust
let parser = ArgBuilder::new()
.positional(Pos::new("input").desc("Input file").required())
.positional(Pos::new("output").desc("Output file").default("out.txt"))
.positional(Pos::new("extra").desc("Additional arguments").multi())
.build();
```
```sh
myapp input.txt # output defaults to "out.txt", extra is empty
myapp input.txt result.txt a b c # output = "result.txt", extra = ["a", "b", "c"]
```
A few rules:
- A positional cannot be both `.required()` and `.default()` — that's a build-time error.
- A positional cannot be both `.required()` and `.multi()`.
- A `.multi()` positional must be the last one registered.
Help text reflects these modifiers automatically:
```
Positional arguments:
<input> Input file
[output] Output file [default: out.txt]
[extra]... Additional arguments
```
### Environment Variable Fallback ([example](examples/env_fallback.rs))
Options can fall back to environment variables when not provided on the command line. Chain `.env()` on the `Opt` builder. The resolution order is: CLI value → env var → default → error (if required).
```rust
let parser = ArgBuilder::new()
.option(Opt::new("log-level").placeholder("LEVEL").desc("Log level").short('l').env("MYAPP_LOG_LEVEL"))
.option(Opt::new("output").placeholder("FILE").desc("Output file").short('o').env("MYAPP_OUTPUT").required())
.option(Opt::new("format").placeholder("FMT").desc("Output format").short('f').env("MYAPP_FORMAT").default("text"))
.build();
```
```sh
# CLI value takes priority
myapp --output result.txt
# Falls back to env var when CLI option is omitted
MYAPP_OUTPUT=from_env.txt myapp
# Falls back to default when both CLI and env var are absent
myapp --output result.txt # format resolves to "text"
```
Help text automatically shows the associated env var:
```
Options:
-l, --log-level <LEVEL> Log level [env: MYAPP_LOG_LEVEL]
-o, --output <FILE> Output file (required) [env: MYAPP_OUTPUT]
-f, --format <FMT> Output format [default: text] [env: MYAPP_FORMAT]
```
### Hidden Arguments
Flags and options can be marked as hidden — they parse normally but are excluded from `--help` output. Useful for internal, debug, or deprecated arguments.
```rust
let parser = ArgBuilder::new()
.flag(Flag::new("debug").desc("Enable debug mode").short('d').hidden())
.option(Opt::new("trace-id").placeholder("ID").desc("Internal trace ID").hidden())
.flag(Flag::new("verbose").desc("Enable verbose output").short('v'))
.build();
```
```sh
# Hidden arguments work on the command line
myapp --debug --trace-id=abc123 --verbose
# But --help only shows --verbose
myapp --help
```
The `.hidden()` modifier is available on both `Flag` and `Opt`, and can be called in any order relative to other modifiers.
### Combined Short Flags
Combine multiple short flags into a single token. The parser walks characters left-to-right against the registered schema.
```rust
let parser = ArgBuilder::new()
.flag(Flag::new("all").desc("Show all").short('a'))
.flag(Flag::new("brief").desc("Brief output").short('b'))
.flag(Flag::new("color").desc("Enable color").short('c'))
.option(Opt::new("width").placeholder("NUM").desc("Column width").short('w'))
.build();
```
```sh
# Combined flags
myapp -abc # sets all, brief, color
# Attached option value
myapp -w10 # sets width to "10"
# Flags + option in one token
myapp -abcw10 # sets all, brief, color + width="10"
myapp -abcw 10 # same — value from next token
# Equals-delimited option value
myapp -w=10 # sets width to "10"
myapp -abcw=10 # sets all, brief, color + width="10"
```
When the parser encounters an option character during the walk, it claims all remaining characters as the value. If none remain, it consumes the next argument token.
### Subcommands ([example](examples/subcommands.rs))
Git-style subcommands, each with their own flags, options, and positionals. Global flags are parsed before the subcommand token.
```rust
let build_parser = ArgBuilder::new()
.name("build")
.description("Compile the project")
.flag(Flag::new("release").desc("Build in release mode").short('r'))
.build();
let test_parser = ArgBuilder::new()
.name("test")
.description("Run the test suite")
.flag(Flag::new("verbose").desc("Show detailed output").short('v'))
.build();
let parser = ArgBuilder::new()
.name("myapp")
.description("A demo CLI")
.flag(Flag::new("quiet").desc("Suppress output").short('q'))
.subcommand("build", "Compile the project", build_parser)
.subcommand("test", "Run the test suite", test_parser)
.build();
```
```sh
myapp build --release
myapp -q test --verbose
myapp --help # lists available subcommands
myapp build --help # subcommand-specific help
```
> **Note:** When subcommands are registered, the first bare (non-flag/option) token is always treated as the subcommand name. Parent-level positional arguments are not supported alongside subcommands — this matches git-style CLI conventions.
>
> ```sh
> # Supported — global flags before the subcommand:
> myapp -q build --release
>
> # NOT supported — positionals before the subcommand:
> myapp file.txt build # "file.txt" is treated as an unknown subcommand
> ```
### Version Flag
Built-in `--version` / `-V` support. Set a version string on the builder and the parser handles the rest.
```rust
let parser = ArgBuilder::new()
.name("myapp")
.version(env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
.flag(Flag::new("verbose").desc("Enable verbose output").short('v'))
.build()
.unwrap();
```
```sh
$ myapp --version
myapp 0.1.0
$ myapp -V
myapp 0.1.0
```
The `-V` short flag is reserved when a version is configured — the builder will reject any user-registered flag or option that uses `'V'` as its short form. When no version is set, `--version` and `-V` are treated as unknown arguments, and `'V'` is available for user flags.
When both `--help` and `--version` appear, whichever comes first wins. After `--`, both are treated as positionals.
### Value Validation ([example](examples/value_validation.rs))
Attach validators to options and positionals so that invalid values are rejected during parsing with clear error messages. Use the built-in `range()`, `one_of()`, `non_empty()`, `min_length()`, `max_length()`, and `path_exists()` convenience validators, or supply a custom closure.
```rust
use nanoargs::{ArgBuilder, Opt, Pos, Validator, one_of, range, min_length, max_length, path_exists};
let parser = ArgBuilder::new()
.option(
Opt::new("port").default("3000").validate(range(1, 65535)),
)
.option(
Opt::new("level").validate(one_of(&["debug", "info", "warn", "error"])),
)
.option(
Opt::new("tag").placeholder("TAG").desc("Resource tag (3–20 chars)")
.validate(min_length(3))
.validate(max_length(20)),
)
.positional(
Pos::new("output").desc("Output directory").required()
.validate(path_exists()),
)
.build();
```
```sh
myapp --port 8080 --level info --tag hello /tmp # OK
myapp --port 0 --level info --tag hello /tmp # error: validation failed for port
myapp --port 8080 --level trace --tag hello /tmp # error: validation failed for level
myapp --port 8080 --level info --tag ab /tmp # error: validation failed for tag (too short)
myapp --port 8080 --level info --tag hello /no/such # error: validation failed for output (path doesn't exist)
```
Validators run on all value sources — CLI arguments, environment variable fallbacks, and defaults — so misconfigured defaults are caught early. When a validator has a hint string (auto-generated by `range` and `one_of`), it appears in help text:
```
Options:
-p, --port <NUM> Port number [default: 3000] [range: 1..65535]
-l, --level <LEVEL> Log level [values: debug|info|warn|error]
```
For a custom hint, use `Validator::with_hint()`:
```rust
Validator::with_hint("non-empty", |v| {
if v.is_empty() { Err("value must not be empty".into()) } else { Ok(()) }
})
```
### Argument Groups and Conflicts ([example](examples/groups_and_conflicts.rs))
Declare relationships between arguments: groups require at least one member ("pick at least one"), and conflicts enforce mutual exclusivity ("pick at most one").
```rust
use nanoargs::{ArgBuilder, Flag, Opt};
let parser = ArgBuilder::new()
.flag(Flag::new("stdin").desc("Read from standard input"))
.option(Opt::new("file").placeholder("PATH").desc("Read from a file").short('f'))
.flag(Flag::new("json").desc("Output as JSON"))
.flag(Flag::new("csv").desc("Output as CSV"))
.flag(Flag::new("yaml").desc("Output as YAML"))
.group("input source", &["stdin", "file"])
.conflict("output format", &["json", "csv", "yaml"])
.build()
.unwrap();
```
```sh
myapp --file data.csv --json # OK — one input source, one output format
myapp --stdin --yaml # OK
myapp --json --csv # error: conflicting arguments ('output format')
myapp # error: at least one required (group 'input source')
```
Groups and conflicts are validated after all parsing and fallback resolution. An option with a default or env var counts as "provided" for both group satisfaction and conflict detection. Help text shows the relationships automatically:
```
Argument Groups:
input source --stdin, --file (at least one required)
Conflicts:
output format --json, --csv, --yaml (mutually exclusive)
```
### Shell Completions ([example](examples/completions.rs))
Generate tab-completion scripts for Bash, Zsh, Fish, and PowerShell directly from your parser schema. The scripts include all non-hidden flags, options, and subcommands with descriptions.
```rust
use nanoargs::{ArgBuilder, Flag, Opt, Shell};
let parser = ArgBuilder::new()
.name("myapp")
.flag(Flag::new("verbose").short('v').desc("Enable verbose output"))
.option(Opt::new("output").short('o').placeholder("FILE").desc("Output file"))
.build()
.unwrap();
let shell: Shell = "zsh".parse().unwrap();
print!("{}", parser.generate_completions(shell));
```
Install completions for each shell:
```sh
# Bash
myapp completions bash > /etc/bash_completion.d/myapp
# or source it directly:
source <(myapp completions bash)
# Zsh — place in your fpath
myapp completions zsh > "${fpath[1]}/_myapp"
# Fish
myapp completions fish > ~/.config/fish/completions/myapp.fish
# PowerShell — add to your $PROFILE
myapp completions powershell >> $PROFILE
```
## Parsing and Results
### Extracting Results ([example](examples/extract.rs))
The `extract!` macro is the recommended way to pull typed values out of a `ParseResult`. It replaces scattered `get_flag` / `get_option_required` / `get_option_or_default` calls with a single declaration:
```rust
let opts = nanoargs::extract!(result, {
verbose: bool, // flag
output: String, // required option (parsed via FromStr)
jobs: u32 = 4, // option with default
format: Option<String>, // optional — None if absent
tag: Vec<String>, // multi-value option
}).unwrap();
println!("{} {} {:?}", opts.output, opts.jobs, opts.tag);
```
Field names are automatically mapped to CLI option names by converting underscores to hyphens (`listen_port` → `"listen-port"`). Override with `as "name"` when needed:
```rust
let opts = nanoargs::extract!(result, {
port: u16 as "listen-port", // custom name, required
workers: u32 as "num-workers" = 4, // custom name with default
}).unwrap();
```
Positional arguments can be extracted with `as @pos` — no more manual indexing into `get_positionals()`:
```rust
let opts = nanoargs::extract!(result, {
verbose: bool,
output: String,
input: String as @pos, // required positional (index 0)
extra: Option<String> as @pos, // optional positional (index 1, None if absent)
files: Vec<String> as @pos, // all remaining positionals from index 2 onward
}).unwrap();
```
Positional indices are assigned sequentially among `@pos` fields (non-`@pos` fields don't consume indices). The full set of positional variants:
| `name: T as @pos` | Required — error if absent |
| `name: Option<T> as @pos` | Optional — `None` if absent |
| `name: T as @pos = expr` | Default — falls back to `expr` if absent (macro-level only, not visible in `--help`) |
| `name: Vec<T> as @pos` | Remaining — collects all from current index onward |
Declare them in order: required → optional/default → `Vec` (remaining). `Vec<T> as @pos` must be last since it consumes all remaining positionals.
The macro returns `Result<Struct, OptionError>`, so use `.unwrap()` or `?` as appropriate. The `ParseResult` is borrowed, so you can still call accessors afterward.
### Accessors
`parse_env()` reads from `std::env::args()` and returns a `Result<ParseResult, ParseError>`:
```rust
let result = parser.parse_env()?;
// Flags return bool
let verbose = result.get_flag("verbose");
// Options return Option<&str>
let output = result.get_option("output");
// Multi-value options return &[String]
let tags = result.get_option_values("tags");
// Positionals in order
let positionals = result.get_positionals();
// Subcommand access
if let Some(name) = result.subcommand() {
let sub = result.subcommand_result().unwrap();
}
```
Accessors like `get_flag` and `get_option` use string keys, so a typo like `get_flag("verbos")` would silently return `false`. To catch these during development, nanoargs includes `debug_assert!` checks that panic if you access a name that was never registered. These checks run automatically in debug builds (`cargo test`, `cargo run`) and are stripped in release builds with zero overhead.
For the full manual accessor API (all `get_option_*` variants, `get_option_values_*`, etc.), see [builder_api.rs](examples/builder_api.rs).
You can also pass your own args with `parser.parse(args)` — see [Error Handling](#error-handling) for the full match pattern.
### Typed Parsing
Parse option values into any type implementing `FromStr`. Convenience helpers collapse the common three-way match into a single call. All typed helpers return `Result<T, OptionError>`, so parse errors are always surfaced — never silently swallowed:
```rust
// With a default fallback — returns Ok(parsed) or Ok(default) if absent.
// Returns Err on parse failure (e.g. --jobs abc).
let jobs: u32 = result.get_option_or_default("jobs", 4)?;
// With a lazy default — closure only runs if the option is absent.
// Returns Err on parse failure without calling the closure.
// Required — Err if absent or unparseable
let jobs: u32 = result.get_option_required("jobs")?;
```
For fine-grained control over parse errors, the original accessor is still available:
```rust
match result.get_option_parsed::<u32>("jobs") {
Some(Ok(n)) => println!("jobs: {}", n),
Some(Err(e)) => eprintln!("invalid jobs value: {}", e),
None => println!("jobs not set"),
}
```
### Error Handling ([example](examples/error_handling.rs))
```rust
match parser.parse(args) {
Ok(result) => { /* use result */ }
Err(ParseError::HelpRequested(text)) => print!("{}", text),
Err(ParseError::VersionRequested(text)) => println!("{}", text),
Err(ParseError::MissingRequired(name)) => eprintln!("missing: {}", name),
Err(ParseError::MissingValue(name)) => eprintln!("no value for: --{}", name),
Err(ParseError::UnknownArgument(token)) => eprintln!("unknown: {}", token),
Err(ParseError::NoSubcommand(msg)) => eprintln!("{}", msg),
Err(ParseError::UnknownSubcommand(name)) => eprintln!("unknown subcommand: {}", name),
Err(ParseError::DuplicateOption(name)) => eprintln!("duplicate: --{}", name),
Err(ParseError::InvalidFormat(msg)) => eprintln!("bad format: {}", msg),
Err(ParseError::ValidationFailed { name, message }) => eprintln!("validation failed for {name}: {message}"),
Err(ParseError::InvalidUtf8(lossy)) => eprintln!("invalid UTF-8: {}", lossy),
Err(ParseError::GroupViolation { group, members }) => eprintln!("group '{group}' requires one of: {}", members.iter().map(|m| format!("--{m}")).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ")),
Err(ParseError::ConflictViolation { conflict, provided }) => eprintln!("conflict '{conflict}': {} cannot be used together", provided.iter().map(|m| format!("--{m}")).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ")),
}
```
## Help and Output
### Help Text ([example](examples/help_text.rs))
Auto-generated from your schema. Triggered by `--help` or `-h`.
```sh
$ myapp --help
A sample CLI tool
Usage: myapp [OPTIONS] <input> [extra]
Options:
-v, --verbose Enable verbose output
--dry-run Simulate without side effects
-o, --output <FILE> Output file path (required)
-j, --jobs <NUM> Parallel jobs [default: 4]
Positional arguments:
input Input file (required)
extra Additional arguments
```
### Colored Help (opt-in)
Enable the `color` feature to get ANSI-colored help text and error messages via [nanocolor](https://github.com/anthonysgro/nanocolor):
```toml
[dependencies]
nanoargs = { version = "0.1", features = ["color"] }
```
```sh
cargo run --example help_text --features color -- --help
```
When enabled, section headers are bold yellow, flag/option names are green, placeholders are cyan, and metadata like `[default: ...]` is dim. Error messages get a bold red `error:` prefix. Color is automatically suppressed when `NO_COLOR` is set or output is not a TTY (handled by nanocolor). Without the feature, the crate remains zero-dependency and output is unchanged.
### Double-Dash Separator
Everything after `--` is treated as a positional, even if it looks like a flag or option.
```sh
myapp -- --not-a-flag -abc
# positionals: ["--not-a-flag", "-abc"]
```
## Schema-Free Parsing for Quick Scripts
`parse_loose()` skips the schema entirely — useful for throwaway scripts where defining flags and options feels like overkill.
```rust
fn main() {
let result = nanoargs::parse_loose().unwrap();
let verbose = result.get_flag("verbose");
let output = result.get_option("output");
let positionals = result.get_positionals();
}
```
It uses a heuristic to guess whether `--key` is a flag or an option: if the next token doesn't start with `-`, it's consumed as the value.
**When it works well:** simple scripts with clear flag/option boundaries (`--verbose --output file.txt`).
**When it doesn't:** `--output -v` silently treats `--output` as a flag (not an option), because `-v` starts with `-`. If your CLI has options that could receive flag-like values, use `ArgBuilder` instead.
## API Reference
See the [full API docs on docs.rs](https://docs.rs/nanoargs/latest/nanoargs/).
## Examples
| [extract](examples/extract.rs) | `extract!` macro — the recommended API | `cargo run --example extract -- -o=result.txt -j 8 input.txt` |
| [builder_api](examples/builder_api.rs) | Manual builder API for power users | `cargo run --example builder_api -- -o result.txt -j 8 -v input.txt` |
| [subcommands](examples/subcommands.rs) | Git-style subcommands with `extract!` | `cargo run --example subcommands -- build --release` |
| [env_fallback](examples/env_fallback.rs) | Environment variable fallback | `cargo run --example env_fallback -- --output out.txt` |
| [error_handling](examples/error_handling.rs) | `ParseError` variant handling | `cargo run --example error_handling` |
| [help_text](examples/help_text.rs) | Auto-generated help text | `cargo run --example help_text -- --help` |
| [value_validation](examples/value_validation.rs) | Declarative value validation | `cargo run --example value_validation -- --port 8080 --level info /tmp/out` |
| [groups_and_conflicts](examples/groups_and_conflicts.rs) | Argument groups and mutual exclusivity | `cargo run --example groups_and_conflicts -- --file data.csv --json` |
| [completions](examples/completions.rs) | Shell completion script generation | `cargo run --example completions -- zsh` |
## Contributing
Contributions are welcome. To get started:
1. Fork the repository
2. Create a feature branch (`git checkout -b my-feature`)
3. Make your changes
4. Run the tests: `cargo test`
5. Submit a pull request
Please keep changes minimal and focused. This crate's goal is to stay small and dependency-free.
## License
This project is licensed under the [MIT License](LICENSE).
