my_box 0.2.0

//! # MyBox
//!
//! A zero-dependency, educational Rust library that reimplements `Box<T>` from
//! first principles.
//!
//! `MyBox<T>` is a heap-allocated smart pointer with single ownership. It
//! provides automatic deallocation via `Drop`, transparent access via `Deref`,
//! deep cloning via `Clone`, and full forwarding of comparison, ordering,
//! hashing, and formatting to `T`.
//!
//! ## Quick Start
//!
//! ```
//! use my_box::MyBox;
//!
//! let num = MyBox::new(42);
//! assert_eq!(*num, 42);
//!
//! let player = MyBox::new(String::from("Ryu"));
//! println!("{}", *player);
//! ```
//!
//! ## Features
//!
//! - **Zero-sized type (ZST) safe**: `MyBox::new(())` uses `NonNull::dangling()`.
//! - **Recursive data structures**: Use `Box<List<T>>` to break infinite size cycles.
//! - **Trait objects**: Combine with `Box<dyn Trait>` for runtime polymorphism.
//! - **Thread safe**: Implements `Send`/`Sync` when `T` does.

use std::alloc::{alloc, dealloc, Layout};
use std::cmp::Ordering;
use std::fmt;
use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
use std::ptr::{self, NonNull};

/// Error type for heap allocation failures.
///
/// Currently `MyBox::new` panics on OOM, but this type exists for future
/// `Result`-based APIs that allow callers to recover from allocation failures.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct AllocError;

impl fmt::Display for AllocError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "heap allocation failed (out of memory)")
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for AllocError {}

/// A heap-allocated smart pointer with single ownership.
///
/// `MyBox<T>` is the educational equivalent of `Box<T>` from the standard
/// library. It owns its heap allocation exclusively and frees it automatically
/// when dropped.
///
/// # Zero-Sized Types (ZSTs)
///
/// `MyBox::new(())` is handled safely by storing a `NonNull::dangling()` pointer,
/// which is valid because ZSTs have no data to read or write.
///
/// # Thread Safety
///
/// `MyBox<T>` implements `Send` when `T: Send` and `Sync` when `T: Sync`,
/// matching the behavior of `Box<T>`.
#[doc(alias = "heap")]
#[doc(alias = "box")]
#[doc(alias = "pointer")]
pub struct MyBox<T> {
    ptr: NonNull<T>,
}

unsafe impl<T: Send> Send for MyBox<T> {}
unsafe impl<T: Sync> Sync for MyBox<T> {}

impl<T> MyBox<T> {
    /// Heap-allocate a value of type `T` and return an owning smart pointer.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Panics if the global allocator returns a null pointer (out-of-memory).
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use my_box::MyBox;
    ///
    /// let num = MyBox::new(42);
    /// assert_eq!(*num, 42);
    ///
    /// let s = MyBox::new(String::from("hello"));
    /// assert_eq!(s.len(), 5);
    /// ```
    pub fn new(value: T) -> Self {
        let layout = Layout::new::<T>();
        if layout.size() == 0 {
            return Self {
                ptr: NonNull::dangling(),
            };
        }
        unsafe {
            let raw_ptr = alloc(layout) as *mut T;
            let non_null_ptr = NonNull::new(raw_ptr)
                .expect("Fatal: out of memory on the heap");
            ptr::write(non_null_ptr.as_ptr(), value);
            Self { ptr: non_null_ptr }
        }
    }

    /// Returns a raw pointer to the heap allocation without taking ownership.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use my_box::MyBox;
    ///
    /// let b = MyBox::new(10);
    /// let ptr = b.as_ptr();
    /// assert_eq!(unsafe { *ptr }, 10);
    /// ```
    pub fn as_ptr(&self) -> *mut T {
        self.ptr.as_ptr()
    }

    /// Consumes the `MyBox<T>` and returns a raw pointer to the heap allocation.
    ///
    /// After calling this function, the caller is responsible for the memory
    /// previously managed by the `MyBox<T>`. The only way to restore the
    /// `MyBox<T>` is via [`MyBox::from_raw`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use my_box::MyBox;
    ///
    /// let b = MyBox::new(42);
    /// let ptr = b.into_raw();
    /// let recovered = unsafe { MyBox::from_raw(ptr) };
    /// assert_eq!(*recovered, 42);
    /// ```
    pub fn into_raw(self) -> *mut T {
        let raw = self.ptr.as_ptr();
        std::mem::forget(self);
        raw
    }

    /// Reconstructs a `MyBox<T>` from a raw pointer previously returned by
    /// [`MyBox::into_raw`].
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// - `raw` must be non-null and correctly aligned for `T`.
    /// - `raw` must have been allocated by `MyBox::into_raw` (or equivalent).
    /// - [`MyBox::from_raw`] must be called exactly once per raw pointer.
    ///   Failing to uphold these invariants will cause undefined behavior.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use my_box::MyBox;
    ///
    /// let b = MyBox::new(42);
    /// let ptr = b.into_raw();
    /// let recovered = unsafe { MyBox::from_raw(ptr) };
    /// assert_eq!(*recovered, 42);
    /// ```
    pub unsafe fn from_raw(raw: *mut T) -> Self {
        Self {
            ptr: NonNull::new_unchecked(raw),
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Drop for MyBox<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        let layout = Layout::new::<T>();
        unsafe {
            ptr::drop_in_place(self.ptr.as_ptr());
            if layout.size() > 0 {
                dealloc(self.ptr.as_ptr() as *mut u8, layout);
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Deref for MyBox<T> {
    type Target = T;
    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
        unsafe { self.ptr.as_ref() }
    }
}

impl<T> DerefMut for MyBox<T> {
    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
        unsafe { self.ptr.as_mut() }
    }
}

impl<T: Clone> Clone for MyBox<T> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        let layout = Layout::new::<T>();
        if layout.size() == 0 {
            return Self {
                ptr: NonNull::dangling(),
            };
        }
        unsafe {
            let new_raw = alloc(layout) as *mut u8;
            let new_non_null = NonNull::new(new_raw)
                .expect("Fatal: out of memory on the heap (clone)");
            let dest = new_non_null.as_ptr() as *mut T;
            ptr::write(dest, (**self).clone());
            Self { ptr: NonNull::new_unchecked(dest) }
        }
    }
}

impl<T: Default> Default for MyBox<T> {
    fn default() -> Self {
        MyBox::new(T::default())
    }
}

impl<T> From<T> for MyBox<T> {
    fn from(t: T) -> Self {
        MyBox::new(t)
    }
}

impl<T: PartialEq> PartialEq for MyBox<T> {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        PartialEq::eq(&**self, &**other)
    }
    fn ne(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        PartialEq::ne(&**self, &**other)
    }
}

impl<T: Eq> Eq for MyBox<T> {}

impl<T: PartialOrd> PartialOrd for MyBox<T> {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
        PartialOrd::partial_cmp(&**self, &**other)
    }
    fn lt(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        PartialOrd::lt(&**self, &**other)
    }
    fn le(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        PartialOrd::le(&**self, &**other)
    }
    fn gt(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        PartialOrd::gt(&**self, &**other)
    }
    fn ge(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        PartialOrd::ge(&**self, &**other)
    }
}

impl<T: Ord> Ord for MyBox<T> {
    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
        Ord::cmp(&**self, &**other)
    }
}

impl<T: Hash> Hash for MyBox<T> {
    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
        (**self).hash(state);
    }
}

impl<T: fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for MyBox<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Debug::fmt(&**self, f)
    }
}

impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for MyBox<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Display::fmt(&**self, f)
    }
}

impl<T> AsRef<T> for MyBox<T> {
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &T {
        &**self
    }
}

impl<T> AsMut<T> for MyBox<T> {
    fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
        &mut **self
    }
}

impl<T> std::borrow::Borrow<T> for MyBox<T> {
    fn borrow(&self) -> &T {
        &**self
    }
}

impl<T> std::borrow::BorrowMut<T> for MyBox<T> {
    fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
        &mut **self
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn basic_allocation_and_deref() {
        let num = MyBox::new(42);
        assert_eq!(*num, 42);
    }

    #[test]
    fn mutation_through_deref() {
        let mut num = MyBox::new(10);
        *num += 20;
        assert_eq!(*num, 30);
    }

    #[test]
    fn zero_sized_type_allocation() {
        let zst = MyBox::new(());
        assert_eq!(*zst, ());
    }

    #[test]
    fn struct_field_access_via_autoderef() {
        #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
        struct Character {
            name: String,
            hp: u32,
        }
        let hero = MyBox::new(Character {
            name: String::from("Aldric"),
            hp: 100,
        });
        assert_eq!(hero.name, "Aldric");
        assert_eq!(hero.hp, 100);
    }

    #[test]
    fn method_call_via_autoderef() {
        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
        struct TaskList(Vec<i32>);
        impl TaskList {
            fn sort(&mut self) {
                self.0.sort();
            }
        }
        let mut tasks = MyBox::new(TaskList(vec![3, 1, 4, 1, 5]));
        tasks.sort();
        assert_eq!(tasks.0, vec![1, 1, 3, 4, 5]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn deep_clone_produces_independent_copy() {
        let original = MyBox::new(vec![1, 2, 3]);
        let mut cloned = original.clone();
        assert_eq!(*original, *cloned);
        cloned.push(4);
        assert_eq!(*original, vec![1, 2, 3]);
        assert_eq!(*cloned, vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn drop_frees_memory() {
        use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
        use std::sync::Arc;
        let drop_count = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
        struct DropCounter(Arc<AtomicUsize>);
        impl Drop for DropCounter {
            fn drop(&mut self) {
                self.0.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
            }
        }
        {
            let counter = MyBox::new(DropCounter(drop_count.clone()));
            assert_eq!(drop_count.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
            drop(counter);
        }
        assert_eq!(drop_count.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn partial_eq_and_ord() {
        let a = MyBox::new(5);
        let b = MyBox::new(10);
        let c = MyBox::new(5);
        assert_eq!(a, c);
        assert_ne!(a, b);
        assert!(a < b);
        assert!(b > a);
        assert!(a <= c);
        assert!(a >= c);
    }

    #[test]
    fn display_formatting() {
        let s = MyBox::new(String::from("hello"));
        assert_eq!(format!("{}", s), "hello");
    }

    #[test]
    fn debug_formatting() {
        let n = MyBox::new(42);
        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", n), "42");
    }

    #[test]
    fn as_ref_and_as_mut() {
        let mut boxed = MyBox::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);
        let slice: &[i32] = boxed.as_ref();
        assert_eq!(slice, &[10, 20, 30]);
        boxed.as_mut().push(40);
        assert_eq!(boxed.as_ref(), &[10, 20, 30, 40]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn into_raw_and_from_raw_roundtrip() {
        let original = MyBox::new(128);
        let raw = original.into_raw();
        let reconstructed = unsafe { MyBox::from_raw(raw) };
        assert_eq!(*reconstructed, 128);
    }

    #[test]
    fn box_in_vec_moves_without_copying_data() {
        let v1 = MyBox::new(String::from("alpha"));
        let v2 = MyBox::new(String::from("beta"));
        let mut vec = vec![v1, v2];
        vec.sort_by(|a, b| b.as_str().cmp(a.as_str()));
        assert_eq!(vec[0].as_str(), "beta");
        assert_eq!(vec[1].as_str(), "alpha");
    }

    #[test]
    fn recursive_structure_with_box() {
        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
        enum List<T> {
            Cons(T, Box<List<T>>),
            Nil,
        }
        let list: List<i32> =
            List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::new(List::Nil))));
        assert_eq!(
            list,
            List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::new(List::Nil))))
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn hash_trait_works() {
        use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
        let a = MyBox::new(7);
        let b = MyBox::new(7);
        let c = MyBox::new(9);
        let mut hasher_a = DefaultHasher::new();
        a.hash(&mut hasher_a);
        let mut hasher_b = DefaultHasher::new();
        b.hash(&mut hasher_b);
        let mut hasher_c = DefaultHasher::new();
        c.hash(&mut hasher_c);
        assert_eq!(hasher_a.finish(), hasher_b.finish());
        assert_ne!(hasher_a.finish(), hasher_c.finish());
    }

    #[test]
    fn default_trait() {
        let v: MyBox<Vec<i32>> = MyBox::default();
        assert!(v.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn from_trait_constructor() {
        let s: MyBox<String> = String::from("from trait").into();
        assert_eq!(*s, "from trait");
    }
}