moq_native/

websocket.rs

//! WebSocket fallback transport, running the QMux wire format over `ws://` or `wss://`.
//!
//! Used when QUIC is unreachable: UDP blocked by a firewall, a proxy in the way, a
//! network that only passes TCP/443. The client races this against QUIC and gives QUIC
//! a small head start ([`Client::delay`]), so WebSocket only wins when QUIC can't get
//! through. Servers accept it on a separate TCP port via [`Listener`].

use qmux::ws::tokio_tungstenite;
use qmux::ws::tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::{self, client::IntoClientRequest, http};
use std::collections::HashSet;
use std::sync::{Arc, LazyLock, Mutex};
use std::{net, time};
use url::Url;

/// Errors specific to the WebSocket fallback backend.
#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum Error {
	/// The TCP socket failed to bind or connect. Not accept: a failed `accept(2)` is
	/// the listener's own to classify and retry (see [`crate::accept`]).
	#[error(transparent)]
	Io(#[from] std::io::Error),

	/// WebSocket fallback was turned off via [`Client::enabled`].
	#[error("WebSocket support is disabled")]
	Disabled,

	/// The URL had no host to dial.
	#[error("missing hostname")]
	MissingHostname,

	/// The URL scheme can't carry WebSocket. Only `http`, `https`, `ws`, and `wss` work.
	#[error("unsupported URL scheme for WebSocket: {0}")]
	UnsupportedScheme(String),

	/// The qmux handshake failed while dialing, including a non-101 upgrade response
	/// from the server.
	#[error("failed to connect WebSocket")]
	Connect(#[source] qmux::Error),

	/// The URL couldn't be turned into a valid WebSocket handshake request.
	#[error("failed to build WebSocket request")]
	BuildRequest(#[source] tungstenite::Error),

	/// An ALPN contained bytes that aren't legal in the `Sec-WebSocket-Protocol` header.
	#[error("failed to build WebSocket protocols header")]
	ProtocolHeader(#[source] http::header::InvalidHeaderValue),

	/// The TCP/TLS connection or the WebSocket upgrade itself failed.
	#[error("failed to connect WebSocket")]
	WebSocketConnect(#[source] tungstenite::Error),

	/// The server refused the connection outright, so retrying won't help.
	#[error(transparent)]
	ConnectRejected(#[from] crate::ConnectError),

	/// The qmux handshake failed while accepting an incoming connection.
	#[error("WebSocket accept failed")]
	Accept(#[source] qmux::Error),
}

type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;

// Track servers (hostname:port) where WebSocket won the race, so we won't give QUIC a headstart next time
static WEBSOCKET_WON: LazyLock<Mutex<HashSet<(String, u16)>>> = LazyLock::new(|| Mutex::new(HashSet::new()));

/// WebSocket configuration for the client.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, clap::Args, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
#[serde(default, deny_unknown_fields)]
#[group(id = "websocket-client")]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub struct Client {
	/// Whether to enable WebSocket support.
	#[arg(
		id = "websocket-enabled",
		long = "websocket-enabled",
		env = "MOQ_CLIENT_WEBSOCKET_ENABLED",
		default_value = "true"
	)]
	pub enabled: bool,

	/// Delay in milliseconds before attempting WebSocket fallback (default: 200)
	/// If WebSocket won the previous race for a given server, this will be 0.
	#[arg(
		id = "websocket-delay",
		long = "websocket-delay",
		env = "MOQ_CLIENT_WEBSOCKET_DELAY",
		default_value = "200ms",
		value_parser = humantime::parse_duration,
	)]
	#[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
	#[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
	pub delay: Option<time::Duration>,
}

impl Default for Client {
	fn default() -> Self {
		Self {
			enabled: true,
			delay: Some(time::Duration::from_millis(200)),
		}
	}
}

/// The fallback arm of the QUIC-vs-WebSocket race, so only compiled when there is a
/// QUIC dial to race against. A WebSocket-only build calls [`connect`] directly.
#[cfg(any(feature = "noq", feature = "quinn", feature = "quiche"))]
pub(crate) async fn race_handle(
	config: &Client,
	tls: &rustls::ClientConfig,
	tls_host_name: Option<&str>,
	url: Url,
	alpns: &[&str],
) -> Option<Result<qmux::Session>> {
	if !config.enabled {
		return None;
	}

	// Only attempt WebSocket for HTTP-based schemes.
	// Custom protocols (moqt://, moql://) use raw QUIC and don't support WebSocket.
	match url.scheme() {
		"http" | "https" | "ws" | "wss" => {}
		_ => return None,
	}

	let res = connect(config, tls, tls_host_name, url, alpns).await;
	if let Err(err) = &res {
		tracing::warn!(%err, "WebSocket connection failed");
	}
	Some(res)
}

pub(crate) async fn connect(
	config: &Client,
	tls: &rustls::ClientConfig,
	tls_host_name: Option<&str>,
	mut url: Url,
	alpns: &[&str],
) -> Result<qmux::Session> {
	if !config.enabled {
		return Err(Error::Disabled);
	}

	let host = url.host_str().ok_or(Error::MissingHostname)?.to_string();
	let port = url.port().unwrap_or_else(|| match url.scheme() {
		"https" | "wss" | "moql" | "moqt" => 443,
		"http" | "ws" => 80,
		_ => 443,
	});
	let key = (host.clone(), port);

	// Apply a small penalty to WebSocket to improve odds for QUIC to connect first,
	// unless we've already had to fall back to WebSockets for this server.
	// TODO if let chain
	match config.delay {
		Some(delay) if !WEBSOCKET_WON.lock().unwrap().contains(&key) => {
			tokio::time::sleep(delay).await;
			tracing::debug!(%url, delay_ms = %delay.as_millis(), "QUIC not yet connected, attempting WebSocket fallback");
		}
		_ => {}
	}

	// Convert URL scheme: http:// -> ws://, https:// -> wss://
	// Custom protocols (moqt://, moql://) use raw QUIC and don't support WebSocket.
	let needs_tls = match url.scheme() {
		"http" => {
			url.set_scheme("ws").expect("failed to set scheme");
			false
		}
		"https" => {
			url.set_scheme("wss").expect("failed to set scheme");
			true
		}
		"ws" => false,
		"wss" => true,
		_ => return Err(Error::UnsupportedScheme(url.scheme().to_string())),
	};

	tracing::debug!(%url, "connecting via WebSocket");

	let session = match (needs_tls, tls_host_name) {
		(true, Some(tls_host_name)) => connect_tls_override(tls, tls_host_name, &url, &host, port, alpns).await?,
		_ => {
			// Use the existing TLS config (which respects tls-disable-verify) for secure connections.
			let connector = if needs_tls {
				tokio_tungstenite::Connector::Rustls(Arc::new(tls.clone()))
			} else {
				tokio_tungstenite::Connector::Plain
			};

			// Most moq ALPNs can ride on any QMux draft (`&[]` lets the polyfill expand
			// to every version it knows). `qmux_versions_for` pins the few that the spec
			// restricts. qmux also offers the bare ALPNs (`qmux-01`, `qmux-00`,
			// `webtransport`) by default so we still interop with relays that only know a
			// wire-format version.
			qmux::ws::Client::new()
				.with_protocols(alpns.iter().map(|&a| (a, qmux_versions_for(a))))
				.with_connector(connector)
				.with_keep_alive(qmux::ws::KeepAlive::default()) // 5s ping / 30s deadline, parity with QUIC
				.connect(url.as_str())
				.await
				.map_err(Error::Connect)?
		}
	};

	tracing::warn!(%url, "using WebSocket fallback");
	WEBSOCKET_WON.lock().unwrap().insert(key);

	Ok(session)
}

/// Dial the URL address while using a different server name for the TLS layer.
async fn connect_tls_override(
	tls: &rustls::ClientConfig,
	tls_host_name: &str,
	url: &Url,
	host: &str,
	port: u16,
	alpns: &[&str],
) -> Result<qmux::Session> {
	let original_request = url.as_str().into_client_request().map_err(Error::BuildRequest)?;
	let original_host = original_request
		.headers()
		.get(http::header::HOST)
		.cloned()
		.ok_or(Error::MissingHostname)?;
	let mut tls_url = url.clone();
	tls_url
		.set_host(Some(tls_host_name))
		.map_err(|_| Error::Connect(qmux::Error::InvalidServerName))?;
	let mut request = tls_url.as_str().into_client_request().map_err(Error::BuildRequest)?;
	request.headers_mut().insert(http::header::HOST, original_host);
	let protocols = supported_subprotocols(alpns).join(", ");
	request.headers_mut().insert(
		http::header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_PROTOCOL,
		http::HeaderValue::from_str(&protocols).map_err(Error::ProtocolHeader)?,
	);

	let host = host
		.strip_prefix('[')
		.and_then(|host| host.strip_suffix(']'))
		.unwrap_or(host);
	let stream = tokio::net::TcpStream::connect((host, port)).await?;
	let connector = tokio_tungstenite::Connector::Rustls(Arc::new(tls.clone()));
	let (websocket, response) = tokio_tungstenite::client_async_tls_with_config(request, stream, None, Some(connector))
		.await
		.map_err(qmux::Error::from)
		.map_err(Error::Connect)?;

	let negotiated = response
		.headers()
		.get(http::header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_PROTOCOL)
		.and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok());
	let upgraded = qmux::ws::Upgraded::new(websocket).with_keep_alive(qmux::ws::KeepAlive::default());
	Ok(match negotiated {
		Some(protocol) => upgraded.with_alpn(protocol).connect(),
		None => upgraded.connect(),
	})
}

/// The QMux drafts a moq ALPN is allowed to ride on, for `qmux::ws::Client::with_protocols`.
///
/// moq-transport-18 and -19 require qmux-01, so we never pair them with qmux-00.
/// This mirrors the policy in `js/net`'s `connect.ts`. Every other ALPN returns
/// `&[]`, which qmux expands to every draft it knows about.
const QMUX01_ONLY_ALPNS: &[&str] = &["moqt-18", "moqt-19"];

fn qmux_versions_for(alpn: &str) -> &'static [qmux::Version] {
	if QMUX01_ONLY_ALPNS.contains(&alpn) {
		&[qmux::Version::QMux01]
	} else {
		&[]
	}
}

impl Error {
	pub(crate) fn connect_error(&self) -> Option<crate::ConnectError> {
		match self {
			Self::ConnectRejected(err) => Some(*err),
			// qmux surfaces a non-101 WebSocket upgrade response as `Http(status)`;
			// map an auth rejection (401/403) so the caller sees it as terminal.
			Self::Connect(qmux::Error::Http(status)) => crate::ConnectError::from_status_u16(*status),
			_ => None,
		}
	}

	/// The HTTP status the server answered the upgrade with, if it answered with one at all.
	///
	/// qmux surfaces a non-101 WebSocket upgrade response as `Http(status)`. See
	/// [`crate::Error::status`].
	pub(crate) fn status(&self) -> Option<u16> {
		match self {
			Self::Connect(qmux::Error::Http(status)) => Some(*status),
			_ => None,
		}
	}
}

/// Listens for incoming WebSocket connections on a TCP port.
///
/// Use with [`crate::Server::with_websocket`] to accept WebSocket connections
/// alongside QUIC connections on a separate port.
pub struct Listener {
	listener: tokio::net::TcpListener,
	protocols: Vec<String>,
	health: crate::accept::Health,
}

impl Listener {
	/// Bind a listener to the given address, accepting every moq ALPN we know about.
	pub async fn bind(addr: net::SocketAddr) -> Result<Self> {
		Self::bind_with_alpns(addr, moq_net::ALPNS).await
	}

	/// Bind a listener that only accepts the given moq ALPNs, in preference order.
	pub async fn bind_with_alpns(addr: net::SocketAddr, alpns: &[&str]) -> Result<Self> {
		let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind(addr).await?;
		let protocols = supported_subprotocols(alpns);
		for protocol in &protocols {
			http::HeaderValue::from_str(protocol).map_err(Error::ProtocolHeader)?;
		}
		Ok(Self {
			listener,
			protocols,
			health: crate::accept::Health::new("websocket"),
		})
	}

	/// The local address the listener is bound to.
	pub fn local_addr(&self) -> Result<net::SocketAddr> {
		Ok(self.listener.local_addr()?)
	}

	/// A live handle to this listener's accept-loop health, for an embedder that
	/// publishes it (see [`crate::accept`]).
	pub fn accept_health(&self) -> crate::accept::Health {
		self.health.clone()
	}

	/// Accept the next connection, performing the WebSocket upgrade and qmux handshake.
	///
	/// A failed `accept(2)` is handled here rather than yielded: it is classified,
	/// counted, logged, and paced by [`accept_health`](Self::accept_health), then
	/// retried, because the caller has no better answer than to ask again. A
	/// per-connection upgrade failure is still yielded as `Some(Err(..))`.
	///
	/// As in [`crate::tcp`], the `Option` has no `None` case left to report.
	pub async fn accept(&self) -> Option<Result<qmux::Session>> {
		self.accept_with_url()
			.await
			.map(|result| result.map(|(session, _)| session))
	}

	/// Accept the next connection and retain the WebSocket request URL.
	pub(crate) async fn accept_with_url(&self) -> Option<Result<(qmux::Session, Url)>> {
		let (stream, addr) = self.accept_socket().await;
		tracing::debug!(%addr, "accepted WebSocket TCP connection");

		let accepted = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None::<(Option<String>, Url)>));
		let accepted_callback = accepted.clone();
		let protocols = self.protocols.clone();
		#[allow(clippy::result_large_err)]
		let callback = move |request: &tungstenite::handshake::server::Request,
		               mut response: tungstenite::handshake::server::Response|
		      -> std::result::Result<_, tungstenite::handshake::server::ErrorResponse> {
			let offered: Vec<_> = request
				.headers()
				.get_all(http::header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_PROTOCOL)
				.iter()
				.filter_map(|value| value.to_str().ok())
				.flat_map(|value| value.split(','))
				.map(str::trim)
				.filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
				.collect();
			let Ok(protocol) = select_subprotocol(&offered, &protocols) else {
				return Err(http::Response::builder()
					.status(http::StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
					.body(Some("no supported protocol".to_string()))
					.expect("valid rejection response"));
			};
			let Some(url) = websocket_request_url(request) else {
				return Err(http::Response::builder()
					.status(http::StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
					.body(Some("invalid request URL".to_string()))
					.expect("valid rejection response"));
			};

			if let Some(protocol) = protocol {
				response.headers_mut().insert(
					http::header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_PROTOCOL,
					http::HeaderValue::from_str(protocol).expect("protocol validated at bind"),
				);
			}
			*accepted_callback.lock().unwrap() = Some((protocol.map(str::to_string), url));
			Ok(response)
		};

		let websocket = tokio_tungstenite::accept_hdr_async_with_config(stream, callback, None)
			.await
			.map_err(qmux::Error::from)
			.map_err(Error::Accept);
		Some(websocket.map(|websocket| {
			let (protocol, url) = accepted
				.lock()
				.unwrap()
				.take()
				.expect("successful upgrade selected a protocol");
			let upgraded = qmux::ws::Upgraded::new(websocket).with_keep_alive(qmux::ws::KeepAlive::default());
			let session = match protocol {
				Some(protocol) => upgraded.with_alpn(&protocol).accept(),
				None => upgraded.accept(),
			};
			(session, url)
		}))
	}

	/// The `accept(2)` half: keep asking until a connection comes back.
	async fn accept_socket(&self) -> (tokio::net::TcpStream, net::SocketAddr) {
		loop {
			match self.listener.accept().await {
				Ok(accepted) => {
					self.health.accepted();
					return accepted;
				}
				Err(err) => {
					if let Some(delay) = self.health.failed(&err) {
						tokio::time::sleep(delay).await;
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}
}

/// Select a supported subprotocol, while preserving legacy clients that offer none.
fn select_subprotocol<'a>(offered: &[&str], supported: &'a [String]) -> std::result::Result<Option<&'a str>, ()> {
	if offered.is_empty() {
		return Ok(None);
	}

	supported
		.iter()
		.find(|protocol| offered.contains(&protocol.as_str()))
		.map(|protocol| Some(protocol.as_str()))
		.ok_or(())
}

/// Reconstruct the client request URL from an absolute URI or the HTTP Host header.
fn websocket_request_url(request: &tungstenite::handshake::server::Request) -> Option<Url> {
	let uri = request.uri();
	if uri.scheme().is_some() && uri.authority().is_some() {
		return Url::parse(&uri.to_string()).ok();
	}

	let host = request.headers().get(http::header::HOST)?.to_str().ok()?;
	Url::parse(&format!("ws://{host}{uri}")).ok()
}

/// WebSocket subprotocols accepted for the given MoQ ALPNs, in preference order.
fn supported_subprotocols(alpns: &[&str]) -> Vec<String> {
	let mut protocols = Vec::new();
	for &alpn in alpns {
		let versions = qmux_versions_for(alpn);
		let versions = if versions.is_empty() {
			qmux::Version::ALL
		} else {
			versions
		};
		protocols.extend(
			versions
				.iter()
				.copied()
				.filter(|version| version.is_qmux())
				.map(|version| format!("{}{alpn}", version.prefix())),
		);
	}
	protocols.extend(qmux::ALPNS.iter().map(|protocol| (*protocol).to_string()));
	protocols
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
	use super::*;
	use rustls::pki_types::{CertificateDer, PrivateKeyDer, PrivatePkcs8KeyDer};

	#[test]
	fn subprotocol_selection_preserves_legacy_clients() {
		let supported = vec!["qmux-01.moq-lite-05".to_string()];
		assert_eq!(select_subprotocol(&[], &supported), Ok(None));
		assert_eq!(
			select_subprotocol(&["qmux-01.moq-lite-05"], &supported),
			Ok(Some("qmux-01.moq-lite-05"))
		);
		assert_eq!(select_subprotocol(&["unsupported"], &supported), Err(()));
	}

	#[tokio::test]
	async fn listener_accepts_legacy_client_without_subprotocol() {
		let listener = Listener::bind("127.0.0.1:0".parse().unwrap()).await.unwrap();
		let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
		let accepted = tokio::spawn(async move { listener.accept_with_url().await.unwrap().unwrap() });

		let stream = tokio::net::TcpStream::connect(addr).await.unwrap();
		let request_url = format!("ws://{addr}/room?jwt=test");
		let (websocket, response) = tokio_tungstenite::client_async(request_url, stream).await.unwrap();
		assert!(!response.headers().contains_key(http::header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_PROTOCOL));

		let (session, url) = accepted.await.unwrap();
		assert_eq!(url.path(), "/room");
		assert_eq!(url.query(), Some("jwt=test"));
		drop(session);
		drop(websocket);
	}

	#[tokio::test]
	async fn tls_host_name_override_dials_url_address() {
		let rcgen::CertifiedKey { cert, signing_key } =
			rcgen::generate_simple_self_signed(["relay.example".to_string()]).unwrap();
		let cert = CertificateDer::from(cert);
		let key = PrivateKeyDer::Pkcs8(PrivatePkcs8KeyDer::from(signing_key.serialize_der()));
		let provider = crate::crypto::provider();
		let server_tls = rustls::ServerConfig::builder_with_provider(provider.clone())
			.with_safe_default_protocol_versions()
			.unwrap()
			.with_no_client_auth()
			.with_single_cert(vec![cert.clone()], key)
			.unwrap();

		let mut roots = rustls::RootCertStore::empty();
		roots.add(cert).unwrap();
		let client_tls = rustls::ClientConfig::builder_with_provider(provider)
			.with_safe_default_protocol_versions()
			.unwrap()
			.with_root_certificates(roots)
			.with_no_client_auth();

		let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
		let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
		let accepted = tokio::spawn(async move {
			let (stream, _) = listener.accept().await.unwrap();
			let tls = tokio_rustls::TlsAcceptor::from(Arc::new(server_tls))
				.accept(stream)
				.await
				.unwrap();
			let server_name = tls.get_ref().1.server_name().map(str::to_string);
			let host = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None));
			let request_host = host.clone();
			#[allow(clippy::result_large_err)]
			let callback = move |request: &tungstenite::handshake::server::Request,
			            mut response: tungstenite::handshake::server::Response| {
				*request_host.lock().unwrap() = request
					.headers()
					.get(http::header::HOST)
					.and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok())
					.map(str::to_string);
				if let Some(protocol) = request
					.headers()
					.get(http::header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_PROTOCOL)
					.and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok())
					.and_then(|value| value.split(',').next())
					.map(str::trim)
				{
					response.headers_mut().insert(
						http::header::SEC_WEBSOCKET_PROTOCOL,
						http::HeaderValue::from_str(protocol).unwrap(),
					);
				}
				Ok(response)
			};
			let _websocket = tokio_tungstenite::accept_hdr_async(tls, callback).await.unwrap();
			let host = host.lock().unwrap().take();
			(server_name, host)
		});

		let config = Client {
			delay: None,
			..Default::default()
		};
		let url = Url::parse(&format!("wss://127.0.0.1:{}/anon", addr.port())).unwrap();
		let session = connect(&config, &client_tls, Some("relay.example"), url, moq_net::ALPNS)
			.await
			.unwrap();
		drop(session);
		let (server_name, host) = accepted.await.unwrap();
		assert_eq!(server_name.as_deref(), Some("relay.example"));
		assert_eq!(host.as_deref(), Some(format!("127.0.0.1:{}", addr.port()).as_str()));
	}

	#[test]
	fn moqt_18_and_19_pin_to_qmux01() {
		// The literals in `qmux_versions_for` must stay the IETF draft ALPNs;
		// otherwise the pin silently stops matching.
		assert_eq!(
			QMUX01_ONLY_ALPNS
				.iter()
				.map(|&a| moq_net::Version::from_alpn(a).map(|v| v.code()))
				.collect::<Vec<_>>(),
			vec![Some(0xff000012), Some(0xff000013)]
		);
		for &alpn in QMUX01_ONLY_ALPNS {
			assert_eq!(qmux_versions_for(alpn), &[qmux::Version::QMux01]);
		}

		// Everything else stays unrestricted (qmux expands `&[]` to all drafts).
		for &alpn in moq_net::ALPNS {
			if !QMUX01_ONLY_ALPNS.contains(&alpn) {
				assert!(qmux_versions_for(alpn).is_empty(), "{alpn} should not be pinned");
			}
		}
	}
}