import os
assert os.getenv('VIRTUAL_HOME') == '/virtual/home'
assert os.getenv('VIRTUAL_USER') == 'testuser'
assert os.getenv('VIRTUAL_EMPTY') == ''
assert os.getenv('NONEXISTENT') is None
assert os.getenv('ALSO_MISSING') is None
assert os.getenv('NONEXISTENT', 'fallback') == 'fallback'
assert os.getenv('ALSO_MISSING', '') == ''
assert os.getenv('MISSING', None) is None
assert os.getenv('VIRTUAL_HOME', 'ignored') == '/virtual/home'
assert os.getenv('VIRTUAL_USER', 'other') == 'testuser'
assert os.getenv('VIRTUAL_EMPTY', 'not_used') == ''