mirage-engine 0.1.1

//! Surface styles: WGSL of a game's own, compiled into the engine's
//! forward shader.
//!
//! A surface style is a type: its fields are the values its WGSL reads, its
//! [`PASS`](SurfaceStyle::PASS) is where its draws land in the frame, and
//! its [`SURFACE`](SurfaceStyle::SURFACE) and
//! [`DISPLACE`](SurfaceStyle::DISPLACE) are the WGSL it runs. Name it in
//! [`Game::SurfaceStyles`](crate::Game::SurfaceStyles) through
//! [`surface_styles!`](crate::surface_styles), draw with it through
//! [`Instance::surface_style`](crate::mesh::Instance::surface_style), and
//! pass it its values with
//! [`set_surface_style`](crate::FrameContext::set_surface_style).
//!
//! # What the engine declares
//!
//! A style's WGSL is compiled into the forward shader, which declares
//! what each of the two is passed:
//!
//! ```wgsl
//! struct Surface {
//!     color: vec4<f32>,     // the base color, tint and texel together
//!     normal: vec3<f32>,    // world space, unit length
//!     emissive: vec3<f32>,  // the light this surface adds of its own
//!     world: vec3<f32>,     // where the fragment is, in world space
//!     uv: vec2<f32>,        // held within the draw's own frame window
//! }
//!
//! struct Placed {
//!     world: vec3<f32>,     // where the transform placed this vertex
//!     normal: vec3<f32>,    // world space, unit length
//!     uv: vec2<f32>,        // the raw window, held within none
//!     local: vec3<f32>,     // where the mesh was built, in object space
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! The engine reads `color`, `normal` and `emissive` back from a
//! `Surface`, and nothing else: `world` and `uv` are there to read. It
//! lights by the `normal` as it is returned, so a style that turns one
//! keeps it unit length.
//!
//! # What a style declares
//!
//! Either of the two, or neither:
//!
//! ```wgsl
//! fn surface(surface: Surface) -> Surface;   // SURFACE, fragment stage
//! fn displace(placed: Placed) -> vec3<f32>;  // DISPLACE, vertex stage
//! ```
//!
//! `None` on either leaves the engine's own code there: a style with
//! neither compiles and draws exactly as the built-in look does, which is
//! what a style declared for its [`DrawPass`] alone is for. `displace`
//! returns how far to move the vertex in world space.
//!
//! A style's values are bound as `style`, in a WGSL struct named after the
//! Rust type. A style is [`Default`] because a frame that never passes it
//! values draws with the default value of every field — where a
//! [`PostEffect`](crate::PostEffect) is not, since an effect no frame
//! submits never runs at all.
//!
//! A styled draw lands in its style's own pass whatever its material
//! holds. In [`DrawPass::Translucent`] the `color.a` a style returns is
//! what the draw is blended over the frame by; in [`DrawPass::Cutout`] a
//! returned `color.a` under `0.5` drops the texel, whatever the draw's own
//! material declares; in [`DrawPass::Additive`] the draw is added and that
//! alpha is dropped.
//!
//! A style may declare whatever else it needs beside the two: its own
//! code, its own constant values, its own struct types. The forward shader
//! it is compiled into declares over `100` names of its own, and declaring
//! any of them again stops startup under the style's name; the ones a
//! style would reach for first are `Surface`, `Placed`,
//! `Fragment`, `surface_of`, `received`, `shading_of`, `scaled_by`,
//! `held_inside`, `placed`, `columns`, `cofactor`, `unit`, `lit`,
//! `shaded`, `dropped`, `styled`, `displaced`, `THRESHOLD`, `HALF`,
//! `frame`, `lights`, `base_color`, `shading`, `relief` and
//! `emissive_map`. Every name the frame's own sky declares starts with
//! `sky`, `sky_light` and `sky_reflection` among them.
//!
//! A game may name any number of styles, each one pipeline built at
//! startup.

use crate::shader_values::{Sealed, ShaderValues};

/// The engine's own shader, with [`SEAM`] where a style's code goes.
const FORWARD: &str = include_str!("renderer/forward.wgsl");

/// The line every stitch replaces.
const SEAM: &str = "// mirage-engine:style";

/// The bind group a style's values are read through.
pub(crate) const GROUP: u32 = 3;

/// The vertex seam: the vertex where the engine placed it, and where a
/// style's own code moves it to.
const PLACED: &str = "fn displaced(placed: Placed) -> vec3<f32> {\n    return placed.world;\n}\n";
const DISPLACED: &str =
    "fn displaced(placed: Placed) -> vec3<f32> {\n    return placed.world + displace(placed);\n}\n";

/// The fragment seam: the surface as the engine read it, and as a style's
/// own code paints it.
const READ: &str = "fn styled(base: Surface) -> Surface {\n    return base;\n}\n";
const SURFACED: &str = "fn styled(base: Surface) -> Surface {\n    return surface(base);\n}\n";

/// The pass a style's draws land in, and the way it draws them.
///
/// A styled draw follows its style's pass whatever its material declares; a
/// draw with no style is drawn in the pass its tint alpha and its cutout
/// resolve to. A
/// flagged light's depth maps take the opaque pass and no other.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum DrawPass {
    /// Drawn first, in batch order, written to depth, and cast by a
    /// flagged light.
    Opaque,
    /// Drawn after those and into the same depth, dropping the texels its
    /// alpha leaves out.
    Cutout,
    /// Blended over both of those, back to front, leaving depth alone.
    Translucent,
    /// Added over all of them in the order they were submitted, leaving
    /// depth alone.
    Additive,
}

/// A look of a game's own, written in WGSL and stitched into the engine's
/// shader at startup.
///
/// Required if you want a surface the materials cannot draw: implement it
/// on a type whose fields are the values its WGSL reads, and name that type
/// in [`Game::SurfaceStyles`](crate::Game::SurfaceStyles). The engine keeps the instance
/// data, the lighting, the shadows and the curves that take the frame to
/// the screen; the two hooks below are where a style's own code runs.
pub trait SurfaceStyle: ShaderValues + Default {
    /// The pass this style's draws land in, whatever their material
    /// holds; see the module's own docs.
    const PASS: DrawPass;

    /// WGSL declaring `fn surface(surface: Surface) -> Surface`, run in
    /// the fragment stage before the surface is lit; `None` leaves the
    /// engine's own code there. `Surface` is the engine's, and the module's
    /// own docs state what each of its fields holds.
    ///
    /// `Surface` holds the base color as `color`, the world-space
    /// `normal`, the light the surface adds of its own as `emissive`, and
    /// the `world` position and `uv` it is read at. The engine draws with
    /// `color`, `normal` and `emissive`; `world` and `uv` are there only
    /// to read. A draw with a `Frame` of its own reads its texels at this
    /// `uv`, held within that window. The engine lights with the `normal`
    /// as it is returned, so
    /// a style that turns it keeps it unit length.
    const SURFACE: Option<&'static str> = None;

    /// WGSL declaring `fn displace(placed: Placed) -> vec3<f32>`, run in
    /// the vertex stage, which returns how far to move the vertex in world
    /// space; `None` leaves the vertex where the transform placed it.
    ///
    /// `Placed` holds the `world` position the transform placed the
    /// vertex at, its `normal`, its `uv`, and the `local` position the mesh
    /// was built with. A draw with a `Frame` of its own holds the raw
    /// `uv` of that window here; only `surface` reads one held within it.
    /// A light's depth maps take the vertex unmoved, so a
    /// displaced surface casts the shadow of where it was placed, and so
    /// does the sphere the camera holds the draw by: what this moves is
    /// the look, not the draw.
    const DISPLACE: Option<&'static str> = None;
}

/// The styles one game draws with, named together as
/// [`Game::SurfaceStyles`](crate::Game::SurfaceStyles).
///
/// Written by [`surface_styles!`](crate::surface_styles) and never
/// implemented by hand; `()` for a game that draws with the built-in look
/// alone.
pub trait SurfaceStyles: Sealed + 'static {
    /// The styles startup compiles, in the order the set lists them.
    #[doc(hidden)]
    fn declared(into: &mut Declarations);

    /// Seat of the style this set value holds: `0` for the first style the
    /// set names, one more for each after it.
    #[doc(hidden)]
    fn seat(&self) -> u32;

    /// Lays out the values of the style this set value holds.
    #[doc(hidden)]
    fn write(&self, into: &mut Vec<u8>);
}

/// The styles a set declares, in the order it lists them; the set macro
/// fills it and startup compiles what it holds.
#[doc(hidden)]
#[derive(Default)]
pub struct Declarations(Vec<Declaration>);

impl Declarations {
    /// Declares the style at the next seat.
    #[doc(hidden)]
    pub fn declare<S: SurfaceStyle>(&mut self) {
        self.0.push(Declaration::of::<S>());
    }

    /// Everything `S` declares, in seat order.
    pub(crate) fn of<S: SurfaceStyles>() -> Vec<Declaration> {
        let mut declared = Self::default();
        S::declared(&mut declared);
        declared.0
    }
}

/// One style as startup takes it: its own name, the pass its draws land
/// in, the shader it is drawn with, and the values it reads before a frame
/// writes any.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub(crate) struct Declaration {
    pub(crate) name: &'static str,
    pub(crate) pass: DrawPass,
    pub(crate) source: String,
    pub(crate) defaults: Vec<u8>,
}

impl Declaration {
    fn of<S: SurfaceStyle>() -> Self {
        let mut defaults = Vec::new();
        S::default().write(&mut defaults);
        Self {
            name: core::any::type_name::<S>(),
            pass: S::PASS,
            source: stitched(&S::bound(GROUP, "style"), S::SURFACE, S::DISPLACE),
            defaults,
        }
    }
}

/// Which of a game's styles this is, counted in the order its set lists
/// them.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
pub(crate) struct SurfaceStyleId(pub(crate) u32);

/// The style of a draw: which seat of the set it is, and where it
/// draws.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub(crate) struct Styled {
    pub(crate) id: SurfaceStyleId,
    pub(crate) pass: DrawPass,
    /// Whether the style moves the corners it is drawn with, which takes the
    /// draw off the plane its mesh was built in.
    pub(crate) displaces: bool,
}

impl Styled {
    /// The style `T`, at the seat its set holds it at.
    pub(crate) fn at<T: SurfaceStyle>(at: SurfaceStyleId) -> Self {
        Self {
            id: at,
            pass: T::PASS,
            displaces: T::DISPLACE.is_some(),
        }
    }
}

impl SurfaceStyles for () {
    /// Nothing; a game with no styles compiles none.
    fn declared(_into: &mut Declarations) {}

    /// Not reachable: no call that sets a style compiles for a game with
    /// none.
    fn seat(&self) -> u32 {
        0
    }

    /// Not reachable: no call that writes a style's values compiles for a
    /// game with none.
    fn write(&self, _into: &mut Vec<u8>) {}
}

/// Writes the set of every style a game draws with: an enum with one
/// variant wrapping each named type, which
/// [`Game::SurfaceStyles`](crate::Game::SurfaceStyles) names.
///
/// Each type is spelled by its own name and must be in scope; a set that
/// holds a type twice does not compile. Seats run in the order the set
/// lists them, and a draw's style is its seat. A `pub` before `enum` makes
/// the enum public, and `///` lines before that are the enum's.
///
/// ```
/// use mirage_engine::prelude::*;
///
/// #[derive(Default, ShaderValues)]
/// struct Water {
///     wave: f32,
/// }
///
/// impl SurfaceStyle for Water {
///     const PASS: DrawPass = DrawPass::Translucent;
/// }
///
/// surface_styles! { enum Looks { Water } }
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! surface_styles {
    ($(#[$attribute:meta])* $vis:vis enum $set:ident { $($style:ident),+ $(,)? }) => {
        $(#[$attribute])*
        $vis enum $set {
            $($style($style)),+
        }

        $(
            impl ::core::convert::From<$style> for $set {
                fn from(style: $style) -> Self {
                    Self::$style(style)
                }
            }

            impl $crate::Holds<$style> for $set {}
        )+

        impl $crate::Sealed for $set {}

        impl $crate::SurfaceStyles for $set {
            fn declared(into: &mut $crate::SurfaceStyleDeclarations) {
                $(into.declare::<$style>();)+
            }

            fn seat(&self) -> u32 {
                let mut at = 0;
                $(
                    if ::core::matches!(self, Self::$style(_)) {
                        return at;
                    }
                    at += 1;
                )+
                at
            }

            fn write(&self, into: &mut ::std::vec::Vec<u8>) {
                match self {
                    $(Self::$style(values) => $crate::ShaderValues::write(values, into)),+
                }
            }
        }
    };
}

/// The shader every draw with no style of its own is drawn with: the
/// engine's own, with both seams left where they were.
pub(crate) fn built_in() -> String {
    stitched("", None, None)
}

/// The shader one style is drawn with: the engine's own, with the style's
/// values declared and its code called where each seam marks.
fn stitched(values: &str, surface: Option<&str>, displace: Option<&str>) -> String {
    let mut code = String::from(values);
    for hook in [displace, surface].into_iter().flatten() {
        code.push_str(hook);
        code.push('\n');
    }
    code.push_str(match displace {
        Some(_) => DISPLACED,
        None => PLACED,
    });
    code.push_str(match surface {
        Some(_) => SURFACED,
        None => READ,
    });

    FORWARD.replace(SEAM, &code)
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::Color;

    /// A style with both hooks and values of its own, written the way a
    /// game writes one.
    #[derive(Default, crate::ShaderValues)]
    struct Water {
        height: f32,
        tint: Color,
    }

    impl SurfaceStyle for Water {
        const PASS: DrawPass = DrawPass::Translucent;
        const SURFACE: Option<&'static str> =
            Some("fn surface(s: Surface) -> Surface { return s; }");
        const DISPLACE: Option<&'static str> =
            Some("fn displace(p: Placed) -> vec3<f32> { return vec3<f32>(0.0); }");
    }

    /// A style that reads no values, which is what a unit struct is for.
    #[derive(Default, crate::ShaderValues)]
    struct Toon;

    impl SurfaceStyle for Toon {
        const PASS: DrawPass = DrawPass::Opaque;
        const SURFACE: Option<&'static str> =
            Some("fn surface(s: Surface) -> Surface { return s; }");
    }

    surface_styles! { enum Looks { Water, Toon } }

    #[test]
    fn the_shader_carries_one_seam_for_a_style_to_be_stitched_into() {
        assert_eq!(FORWARD.matches(SEAM).count(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_frame_with_no_style_is_drawn_with_the_seams_left_where_they_were() {
        let source = built_in();

        assert!(!source.contains(SEAM), "the seam itself is replaced");
        assert!(source.contains(PLACED) && source.contains(READ));
        assert!(
            !source.contains("@group(3)"),
            "and nothing of a style is bound"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_styles_own_code_is_called_from_the_seams_and_its_values_are_bound() {
        let source = Declaration::of::<Water>().source;

        assert!(source.contains(DISPLACED) && source.contains(SURFACED));
        assert!(
            source.contains("fn surface(s: Surface)") && source.contains("fn displace(p: Placed)"),
            "the style's own code is stitched in whole"
        );
        assert!(source.contains("struct Water"));
        assert!(source.contains("@group(3) @binding(0) var<uniform> style: Water;"));
        assert!(
            source.find("struct Water") < source.find("fn surface(s: Surface)"),
            "and the values are declared before the code that reads them"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_style_with_no_fields_reads_no_values_and_binds_none() {
        let declared = Declaration::of::<Toon>();

        assert!(!declared.source.contains("@group(3)"));
        assert!(declared.source.contains(PLACED), "and it moves no vertex");
        assert!(declared.defaults.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_set_declares_its_styles_in_the_order_it_names_them() {
        let declared = Declarations::of::<Looks>();

        assert_eq!(
            declared.iter().map(|style| style.pass).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![DrawPass::Translucent, DrawPass::Opaque]
        );
        assert_eq!(
            (
                Looks::from(Water::default()).seat(),
                Looks::from(Toon).seat()
            ),
            (0, 1)
        );
        assert!(Declarations::of::<()>().is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_set_value_lays_out_the_values_of_the_style_it_holds() {
        let mut written = Vec::new();
        Looks::from(Water {
            height: 1.5,
            tint: Color::WHITE,
        })
        .write(&mut written);

        assert_eq!(
            f32::from_le_bytes(written[..4].try_into().expect("four bytes")),
            1.5
        );
        assert_eq!(written.len(), 32, "and pads to the block the shader reads");

        let mut none = Vec::new();
        Looks::from(Toon).write(&mut none);
        assert!(none.is_empty(), "where a style reads nothing");
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_styles_defaults_are_its_own_default_value_laid_out() {
        #[derive(crate::ShaderValues)]
        struct Deep {
            height: f32,
        }

        impl Default for Deep {
            fn default() -> Self {
                Self { height: 3.0 }
            }
        }

        impl SurfaceStyle for Deep {
            const PASS: DrawPass = DrawPass::Opaque;
        }

        let mut written = Vec::new();
        Deep::default().write(&mut written);

        assert_eq!(Declaration::of::<Deep>().defaults, written);
        assert_eq!(
            f32::from_le_bytes(written[..4].try_into().expect("four bytes")),
            3.0,
            "which is not the zero a blank buffer would read"
        );
    }
}