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Host build tools on [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], [[Haiku (operating system)|Haiku]], [[Redox (operating system)|Redox]], and [[Fuchsia (operating system)|Fuchsia]] are not officially shipped; these operating systems are supported as targets.<ref name=\"CrossPlatform\" />}}"},"license":{"wt":"[[MIT License|MIT]], [[Apache License|Apache 2.0]]{{refn|group=note|Third-party dependencies, e.g., [[LLVM]] or [[MSVC]], are subject to their own licenses.<ref>{{cite web |title=Copyright |url=https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/COPYRIGHT |website=[[GitHub]] |publisher=The Rust Programming Language |date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-19 |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722190056/http://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/COPYRIGHT |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=\"licenses\" />}}"},"file ext":{"wt":"<code>.rs</code>, <code>.rlib</code>"},"website":{"wt":"{{url|https://www.rust-lang.org/|rust-lang.org}}"},"influenced by":{"wt":"{{cslist|\n [[Alef (programming language)|Alef]]|\n [[BETA (programming language)|BETA]]|\n [[CLU (programming language)|CLU]]|\n [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]|\n [[C++]]|\n [[Cyclone (programming language)|Cyclone]]|\n [[Elm (programming language)|Elm]]|\n [[Erlang (programming language)|Erlang]]|\n [[Haskell]]|\n [[Hermes (programming language)|Hermes]]|\n [[Limbo (programming language)|Limbo]]|\n [[Mesa (programming language)|Mesa]]|\n [[Napier88|Napier]]|\n [[Newsqueak]]|\n [[Typestate analysis|NIL]]{{refn|group=note|name=nil|NIL is cited as an influence for Rust in multiple sources; this likely refers to Network Implementation Language developed by Robert Strom and others at [[IBM]], which pioneered [[typestate analysis]],<ref name=\"Strom1983\">{{cite book|last1=Strom|first1=Robert E.|title=Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on Principles of programming languages - POPL '83|year=1983|pages=276–284|doi=10.1145/567067.567093|chapter=Mechanisms for compile-time enforcement of security|isbn=0897910907|s2cid=6630704 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Strom|first=Robert E.|author2=Yemini, Shaula |title=Typestate: A programming language concept for enhancing software reliability|journal=IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering|year=1986|volume=12|pages=157–171|publisher=IEEE |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~aldrich/papers/classic/tse12-typestate.pdf|doi=10.1109/tse.1986.6312929|s2cid=15575346 }}</ref> not to be confused with [[NIL (programming language)|New Implementation of LISP]].}}|\n [[OCaml]]|\n [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]|\n [[Sather]]|\n [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]]|\n [[Standard ML]]|\n [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uniqueness Types |url=https://blog.rust-lang.org/2016/08/10/Shape-of-errors-to-come.html |access-date=2016-10-08 |website=Rust Blog |quote=\"Those of you familiar with the Elm style may recognize that the updated {{mono|--explain}} messages draw heavy inspiration from the Elm approach.\" |archive-date=2016-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915133745/https://blog.rust-lang.org/2016/08/10/Shape-of-errors-to-come.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=\"influences\" />\n}}"},"influenced":{"wt":"{{cslist|\n [[Idris (programming language)|Idris]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uniqueness Types |url=http://docs.idris-lang.org/en/latest/reference/uniqueness-types.html |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=Idris 1.3.3 documentation |quote=\"They are inspired by ... ownership types and borrowed pointers in the Rust programming language.\" |archive-date=2018-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072557/http://docs.idris-lang.org/en/latest/reference/uniqueness-types.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|\n <!-- The article was deleted -- can be reinstated in the future if the article topic is deemed notable\n [[Mojo (programming language)|Mojo]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Claburn |first=Thomas |title=Modular reveals Mojo, Python superset with C-level speed |url=https://www.theregister.com/2023/05/05/modular_struts_its_mojo_a/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=The Register |language=en}}</ref>|\n -->\n [[Project Verona]]<ref name=\"Project Verona\" />|\n [[SPARK (programming language)|SPARK]]<ref name=\"Jaloyan\" />|\n [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]]<ref name=\"Lattner\" />|\n [[V (programming language)|V]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=V documentation (Introduction) |url=https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/doc/docs.md#introduction |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[GitHub]] |publisher=The V Programming Language |language=en}}</ref>|\n [[Zig (programming language)|Zig]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yegulalp |first=Serdar |date=2016-08-29 |title=New challenger joins Rust to topple C language |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/3113083/new-challenger-joins-rust-to-upend-c-language.html |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=[[InfoWorld]] |language=en |archive-date=2021-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125104022/https://www.infoworld.com/article/3113083/new-challenger-joins-rust-to-upend-c-language.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|\n}}"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwDg">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:-3px}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" about="#mwt6" id="mwDw"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:inherit;">Rust</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="./File:Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rust logo; a capital letter R set into a sprocket" resource="./File:Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg/150px-Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="106" data-file-type="drawing" height="150" width="150" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg/225px-Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg/300px-Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg.png 2x" class="mw-file-element"/></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1288773161" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" about="#mwt8" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Cslist/styles.css"}}'>.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlistoxford{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li,.mw-parser-output .andlist li,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .andlist li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:" and "}.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:", and "}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Software_developer" title="Software developer" class="mw-redirect">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser">The Rust Team</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">January<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>19, 2012<span class="noprint"><span typeof="mw:Entity">;</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>13 years ago</span><span style="display:none"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2012-01-19</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1316064257" about="#mwt9" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Infobox/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">1.90.0<sup about="#mwt11" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-wikidata-625dfa02256b12affe5cdb18bbe05fea7b2cb7a3-v20_1-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"wikidata-625dfa02256b12affe5cdb18bbe05fea7b2cb7a3-v20"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-wikidata-625dfa02256b12affe5cdb18bbe05fea7b2cb7a3-v20-1"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-wikidata-625dfa02256b12affe5cdb18bbe05fea7b2cb7a3-v20-1" id="mwEA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwEQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwEg">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwEw">]</span></span></a></sup><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless" data-mw='{"caption":"Edit this on Wikidata"}'><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575650?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" resource="./File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" data-file-type="drawing" height="10" width="10" class="mw-file-element"/></a></span>
/ September 18, 2025<span class="noprint"><span typeof="mw:Entity">;</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>35 days ago</span><span style="display:none"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">September 18, 2025</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1288773161" about="#mwt12" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Cslist/styles.css"}}'/><ul class="cslist"><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Affine_type_system" title="Affine type system" class="mw-redirect">Affine</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Type_inference" title="Type inference">inferred</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Nominal_type_system" title="Nominal type system">nominal</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Static_typing" title="Static typing" class="mw-redirect">static</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing" class="mw-redirect">strong</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Implementation language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a> (2006–2011)<br/>Rust (2012–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a><sup about="#mwt16" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"note"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-3"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-3" data-mw-group="note" id="mwFA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwFQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwFg">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwFw">]</span></span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a><sup about="#mwt18" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-4" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"note"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-4"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-4" data-mw-group="note" id="mwGA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwGQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwGg">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwGw">]</span></span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache 2.0</a><sup about="#mwt23" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-7" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"note"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-7"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-7" data-mw-group="note" id="mwHA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwHQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwHg">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwHw">]</span></span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>.rs</code>, <code>.rlib</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.rust-lang.org/" class="external text">rust-lang.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE; color:inherit;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1288773161" about="#mwt24" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Cslist/styles.css"}}'/><ul class="cslist"><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Alef_(programming_language)" title="Alef (programming language)">Alef</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./BETA_(programming_language)" title="BETA (programming language)">BETA</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./CLU_(programming_language)" title="CLU (programming language)">CLU</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./C++" title="C++">C++</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Cyclone_(programming_language)" title="Cyclone (programming language)">Cyclone</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Elm_(programming_language)" title="Elm (programming language)">Elm</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hermes_(programming_language)" title="Hermes (programming language)">Hermes</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Limbo_(programming_language)" title="Limbo (programming language)">Limbo</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mesa_(programming_language)" title="Mesa (programming language)">Mesa</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Napier88" title="Napier88">Napier</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Newsqueak" title="Newsqueak">Newsqueak</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Typestate_analysis" title="Typestate analysis">NIL</a><sup about="#mwt31" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-nil_10-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"nil","group":"note"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-nil-10"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-nil-10" data-mw-group="note" id="mwIA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwIQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwIg">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwIw">]</span></span></a></sup></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Sather" title="Sather">Sather</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a><sup about="#mwt35" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-11" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-11"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-11" id="mwJA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwJQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwJg">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwJw">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt36" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-influences_12-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"influences"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-influences-12" id="mwKA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwKQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwKg">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwKw">]</span></span></a></sup></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE; color:inherit;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1288773161" about="#mwt37" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Cslist/styles.css"}}'/><ul class="cslist"><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Idris_(programming_language)" title="Idris (programming language)">Idris</a><sup about="#mwt40" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-13" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-13"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-13" id="mwLA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwLQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwLg">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwLw">]</span></span></a></sup></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Project_Verona" title="Project Verona">Project Verona</a><sup about="#mwt41" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Project_Verona_14-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Project Verona"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Project_Verona-14" id="mwMA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwMQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwMg">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwMw">]</span></span></a></sup></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./SPARK_(programming_language)" title="SPARK (programming language)">SPARK</a><sup about="#mwt42" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Jaloyan_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Jaloyan"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Jaloyan-15" id="mwNA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwNQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwNg">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwNw">]</span></span></a></sup></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a><sup about="#mwt43" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Lattner_16-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Lattner"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Lattner-16" id="mwOA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwOQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwOg">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwOw">]</span></span></a></sup></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./V_(programming_language)" title="V (programming language)">V</a><sup about="#mwt46" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-17" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-17"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-17" id="mwPA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwPQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwPg">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwPw">]</span></span></a></sup></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Zig_(programming_language)" title="Zig (programming language)">Zig</a><sup about="#mwt49" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-18" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-18"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-18" id="mwQA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwQQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwQg">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwQw">]</span></span></a></sup></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p id="mwRA"><b id="mwRQ">Rust</b> is a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language" id="mwRg">general-purpose</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Programming_language" title="Programming language" id="mwRw">programming language</a>. It is noted for its emphasis on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Computer_performance" title="Computer performance" id="mwSA">performance</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Type_safety" title="Type safety" id="mwSQ">type safety</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)" id="mwSg">concurrency</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Memory_safety" title="Memory safety" id="mwSw">memory safety</a>.</p>
<p id="mwTA">Rust supports multiple <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm" id="mwTQ">programming paradigms</a>. It was influenced by ideas from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Functional_programming" title="Functional programming" id="mwTg">functional programming</a>, including <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Immutable_object" title="Immutable object" id="mwTw">immutability</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function" id="mwUA">higher-order functions</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Algebraic_data_type" title="Algebraic data type" id="mwUQ">algebraic data types</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching" id="mwUg">pattern matching</a>. It also supports <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming" id="mwUw">object-oriented programming</a> via structs, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Union_type" title="Union type" id="mwVA">enums</a>, traits, and methods. Rust is noted for enforcing memory safety (i.e., that all <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)" id="mwVQ">references</a> point to valid memory) without a conventional <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)" id="mwVg">garbage collector</a>; instead, memory safety errors and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Data_race" title="Data race" class="mw-redirect" id="mwVw">data races</a> are prevented by the "borrow checker", which tracks the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Object_lifetime" title="Object lifetime" id="mwWA">object lifetime</a> of references <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Compiler" title="Compiler" id="mwWQ">at compile time</a>.</p>
<p id="mwWg">Software developer Graydon Hoare created Rust in 2006 while working at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla" title="Mozilla" id="mwWw">Mozilla</a>, which officially sponsored the project in 2009. The first stable release, Rust 1.0, was published in May 2015. Following a layoff of Mozilla employees in August 2020, four other companies joined Mozilla in sponsoring Rust through the creation of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#Rust_Foundation" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwXA">Rust Foundation</a> in February 2021.</p>
<p id="mwXQ">Rust has been adopted by many software projects, especially <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Web_service" title="Web service" id="mwXg">web services</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./System_software" title="System software" id="mwXw">system software</a>, and is the first language other than <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)" id="mwYA">C</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Assembly_language" title="Assembly language" id="mwYQ">assembly</a> to be supported in the development of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel" id="mwYg">Linux kernel</a>. It has been studied academically and has a growing community of developers.</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" data-mw='{"autoGenerated":true}' id="mwYw"/></section><section data-mw-section-id="1" id="mwZA"><h2 id="History">History</h2>
<section data-mw-section-id="2" id="mwZQ"><h3 id="2006–2009:_Early_years"><span id="2006.E2.80.932009:_Early_years" typeof="mw:FallbackId"></span>2006–2009: Early years</h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwZg"><a href="./File:MozillaCaliforniaHeadquarters.JPG" class="mw-file-description" id="mwZw"><img resource="./File:MozillaCaliforniaHeadquarters.JPG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/MozillaCaliforniaHeadquarters.JPG/250px-MozillaCaliforniaHeadquarters.JPG" decoding="async" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" data-file-type="bitmap" height="188" width="250" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/MozillaCaliforniaHeadquarters.JPG/500px-MozillaCaliforniaHeadquarters.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/MozillaCaliforniaHeadquarters.JPG/500px-MozillaCaliforniaHeadquarters.JPG 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwaA"/></a><figcaption id="mwaQ">Mozilla Foundation headquarters, 650 Castro Street in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California" id="mwag">Mountain View, California</a>, June 2009</figcaption></figure>
<p id="mwaw">Rust began as a personal project by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla" title="Mozilla" id="mwbA">Mozilla</a> employee Graydon Hoare in 2006, who started the project due to his frustration with a broken elevator in his apartment building.<sup about="#mwt56" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-MITTechReview-19"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mwbQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwbg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwbw">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwcA">]</span></span></a></sup> Hoare named Rust after the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(fungus)" title="Rust (fungus)" id="mwcQ">group of fungi</a> that is "over-engineered for survival".<sup about="#mwt57" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mwcg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwcw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwdA">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwdQ">]</span></span></a></sup> During the time period between 2006 and 2009, Rust was not publicized to others at Mozilla and was written in Hoare's free time;<sup about="#mwt60" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwdg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwdw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mweA">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mweQ">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt50" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"7:50"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mweg"><span title="Location: 7:50"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>7:50<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> Hoare began speaking about the language around 2009 after a small group at Mozilla became interested in the project.<sup about="#mwt63" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Hoare2010_21-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Hoare2010"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Hoare2010-21"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Hoare2010-21" id="mwew"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwfA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwfQ">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwfg">]</span></span></a></sup> Hoare cited languages from the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s as influences — including <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./CLU_(programming_language)" title="CLU (programming language)" id="mwfw">CLU</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./BETA_(programming_language)" title="BETA (programming language)" id="mwgA">BETA</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mesa_(programming_language)" title="Mesa (programming language)" id="mwgQ">Mesa</a>, NIL,<sup about="#mwt51" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-nil_10-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"nil","group":"note"},"body":{"html":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"refn","href":"./Template:Refn"},"params":{"group":{"wt":"note"},"name":{"wt":"nil"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-nil-10" data-mw-group="note" id="mwgg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwgw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwhA">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwhQ">]</span></span></a></sup> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)" id="mwhg">Erlang</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Newsqueak" title="Newsqueak" id="mwhw">Newsqueak</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Napier88" title="Napier88" id="mwiA">Napier</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hermes_(programming_language)" title="Hermes (programming language)" id="mwiQ">Hermes</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Sather" title="Sather" id="mwig">Sather</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Alef_(programming_language)" title="Alef (programming language)" id="mwiw">Alef</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Limbo_(programming_language)" title="Limbo (programming language)" id="mwjA">Limbo</a>.<sup about="#mwt64" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Hoare2010_21-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Hoare2010"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Hoare2010-21" id="mwjQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwjg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwjw">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwkA">]</span></span></a></sup> He described the language as "technology from the past come to save the future from itself."<sup about="#mwt65" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwkQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwkg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwkw">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwlA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt53" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"8:17"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwlQ"><span title="Location: 8:17"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>8:17<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup><sup about="#mwt66" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Hoare2010_21-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Hoare2010"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Hoare2010-21" id="mwlg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwlw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwmA">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwmQ">]</span></span></a></sup> Early Rust developer Manish Goregaokar similarly described Rust as being based on "mostly decades-old research."<sup about="#mwt67" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mwmg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwmw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwnA">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwnQ">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwng">During the early years, the Rust <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Compiler" title="Compiler" id="mwnw">compiler</a> was written in about 38,000 lines of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./OCaml" title="OCaml" id="mwoA">OCaml</a>.<sup about="#mwt73" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwoQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwog"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwow">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwpA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt68" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"15:34"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwpQ"><span title="Location: 15:34"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>15:34<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup><sup about="#mwt76" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-OCamlCompiler_22-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"OCamlCompiler"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-OCamlCompiler-22"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-OCamlCompiler-22" id="mwpg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwpw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwqA">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwqQ">]</span></span></a></sup> Features of early Rust that were later removed include explicit <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming" id="mwqg">object-oriented programming</a> via an <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt69" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"text","class":"","style":"","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"obj"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"code","href":"./Template:Code"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"obj"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwqw">obj</code> keyword,<sup about="#mwt77" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwrA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwrQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwrg">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwrw">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt71" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"10:08"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwsA"><span title="Location: 10:08"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>10:08<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> and a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Typestate_analysis" title="Typestate analysis" id="mwsQ">typestates</a> system that would allow variables of a type to be tracked along with state changes (such as going from uninitialized to initialized).<sup about="#mwt78" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-4" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwsg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwsw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwtA">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwtQ">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt72" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"13:12"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwtg"><span title="Location: 13:12"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>13:12<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="3" id="mwtw"><h3 id="2009–2012:_Mozilla_sponsorship"><span id="2009.E2.80.932012:_Mozilla_sponsorship" typeof="mw:FallbackId"></span>2009–2012: Mozilla sponsorship</h3>
<p id="mwuA">Mozilla officially sponsored the Rust project in 2009.<sup about="#mwt79" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mwuQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwug"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwuw">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwvA">]</span></span></a></sup> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich" id="mwvQ">Brendan Eich</a> and other executives, intrigued by the possibility of using Rust for a safe <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Web_browser" title="Web browser" id="mwvg">web browser</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Browser_engine" title="Browser engine" id="mwvw">engine</a>, placed engineers on the project including Patrick Walton, Niko Matsakis, Felix Klock, and Manish Goregaokar.<sup about="#mwt80" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-4" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mwwA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwwQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwwg">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwww">]</span></span></a></sup> A conference room taken by the project developers was dubbed "the nerd cave," with a sign placed outside the door.<sup about="#mwt81" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-5" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mwxA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwxQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwxg">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwxw">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwyA">During this time period, work had shifted from the initial OCaml compiler to a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)" id="mwyQ">self-hosting compiler</a>, <i id="mwyg">i.e.</i>, written in Rust, based on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./LLVM" title="LLVM" id="mwyw">LLVM</a>.<sup about="#mwt89" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Rust0.1_23-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Rust0.1"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Rust0.1-23"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Rust0.1-23" id="mwzA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwzQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwzg">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwzw">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt82" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-25" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"note"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-25"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"refn","href":"./Template:Refn"},"params":{"group":{"wt":"note"},"1":{"wt":"The list of Rust compiler versions (referred to as a bootstrapping chain) has history going back to 2012.<ref name=Nelson2022RustConf>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUIjG-y4zaA |last=Nelson |first=Jynn |title=RustConf 2022 - Bootstrapping: The once and future compiler |publisher=Rust Team |date=2022-08-05 |access-date=2024-10-29 |location=Portland, Oregon |via=YouTube}}</ref>"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-25" data-mw-group="note" id="mw0A"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw0Q"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw0g">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw0w">]</span></span></a></sup> The Rust ownership system was also in place by 2010.<sup about="#mwt90" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-6" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mw1A"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw1Q"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw1g">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw1w">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mw2A">The first public release, Rust 0.1, was released on January 20, 2012<sup about="#mwt93" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Rust0.1a_26-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Rust0.1a"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Rust0.1a-26"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Rust0.1a-26" id="mw2Q"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw2g"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw2w">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw3A">]</span></span></a></sup> for Windows, Linux, and MacOS.<sup about="#mwt96" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-ExtremeTechRust0.1_27-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"ExtremeTechRust0.1"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ExtremeTechRust0.1-27"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-ExtremeTechRust0.1-27" id="mw3Q"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw3g"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw3w">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw4A">]</span></span></a></sup> The early 2010s saw increasing involvement from open source volunteers outside of Mozilla and outside of the United States. At Mozilla, executives would eventually employ over a dozen engineers to work on Rust full time over the next decade.<sup about="#mwt97" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-7" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mw4Q"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw4g"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw4w">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw5A">]</span></span></a></sup> The Rust logo was developed in 2011 based on a bicycle chainring.<sup about="#mwt100" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-28" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-28"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-28" id="mw5Q"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw5g"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw5w">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw6A">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="4" id="mw6Q"><h3 id="2012–2015:_Evolution"><span id="2012.E2.80.932015:_Evolution" typeof="mw:FallbackId"></span>2012–2015: Evolution</h3>
<p id="mw6g">The years from 2012 to 2015 were marked by substantial changes to the Rust <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Type_system" title="Type system" id="mw6w">type system</a>, including the removal of the typestate system and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)" id="mw7A">garbage collector</a>.<sup about="#mwt105" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-5" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mw7Q"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw7g"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw7w">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw8A">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt101" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"18:36"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mw8Q"><span title="Location: 18:36"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>18:36<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup><sup about="#mwt106" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-8" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mw8g"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw8w"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw9A">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw9Q">]</span></span></a></sup> Memory management through the ownership system was gradually consolidated and expanded to prevent memory-related bugs. By 2013, the garbage collector feature was rarely used, and was removed by the team in favor of the ownership system.<sup about="#mwt107" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-9" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mw9g"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw9w"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw-A">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw-Q">]</span></span></a></sup> Other changes during this time included the removal of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Pure_function" title="Pure function" id="mw-g">pure functions</a>, which were declared by an explicit <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt102" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"text","class":"","style":"","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"pure"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"code","href":"./Template:Code"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"pure"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mw-w">pure</code> annotation, in March 2013.<sup about="#mwt110" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-29" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-29"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-29" id="mw_A"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw_Q"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw_g">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw_w">]</span></span></a></sup> Specialized syntax support for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Channel_(programming)" title="Channel (programming)" id="mwAQA">channels</a> and various pointer types were removed to simplify the language.<sup about="#mwt111" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-6" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwAQE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAQI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAQM">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAQQ">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt104" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"22:32"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAQU"><span title="Location: 22:32"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>22:32<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup></p>
<p id="mwAQY">According to Rust developer Steve Klabnik, Rust was influenced during this period by developers coming from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./C++" title="C++" id="mwAQc">C++</a> (e.g., low-level performance of features), <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Scripting_language" title="Scripting language" id="mwAQg">scripting languages</a> (e.g., Cargo and package management), and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Functional_programming" title="Functional programming" id="mwAQk">functional programming</a> (e.g., type systems development).<sup about="#mwt113" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-7" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwAQo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAQs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAQw">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAQ0">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt112" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"30:50"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAQ4"><span title="Location: 30:50"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>30:50<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup></p>
<p id="mwAQ8">Graydon Hoare stepped down from Rust in 2013.<sup about="#mwt119" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-10" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mwARA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwARE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwARI">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwARM">]</span></span></a></sup> After Hoare's departure, it evolved organically under a federated governance structure, with a "core team" of initially six people,<sup about="#mwt120" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-8" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwARQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwARU"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwARY">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwARc">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt114" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"21:45"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwARg"><span title="Location: 21:45"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>21:45<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> around 30-40 developers total across various other teams,<sup about="#mwt121" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-9" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwARk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwARo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwARs">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwARw">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt115" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"22:22"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAR0"><span title="Location: 22:22"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>22:22<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> and a Request for Comments (RFC) process for new language features added in March 2014.<sup about="#mwt122" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-10" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwAR4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAR8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwASA">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwASE">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt116" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"33:47"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwASI"><span title="Location: 33:47"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>33:47<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> The core team would grow to nine people by 2016<sup about="#mwt123" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-11" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwASM"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwASQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwASU">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwASY">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt117" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"21:45"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwASc"><span title="Location: 21:45"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>21:45<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> with over 1600 proposed RFCs.<sup about="#mwt124" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-12" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwASg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwASk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwASo">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwASs">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt118" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"34:08"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwASw"><span title="Location: 34:08"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>34:08<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup></p>
<p id="mwAS0">According to Andrew Binstock writing for <i id="mwAS4"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dr._Dobb's_Journal" title="Dr. Dobb's Journal" id="mwAS8">Dr. Dobb's Journal</a></i> in January 2014, while Rust was "widely viewed as a remarkably elegant language", adoption slowed because it radically changed from version to version.<sup about="#mwt128" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-30" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-30"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-30" id="mwATA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwATE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwATI">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwATM">]</span></span></a></sup> Rust development at this time was focused on finalizing the language features and moving towards 1.0 so it could begin promising <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility" id="mwATQ">backward compatibility</a>.<sup about="#mwt129" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-13" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwATU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwATY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwATc">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwATg">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt125" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"41:26"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwATk"><span title="Location: 41:26"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>41:26<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup></p>
<p id="mwATo">Six years after Mozilla sponsored its development, the first <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Stable_release" title="Stable release" class="mw-redirect" id="mwATs">stable release</a>, Rust 1.0, was published on May 15, 2015.<sup about="#mwt131" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-11" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mwATw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAT0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAT4">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAT8">]</span></span></a></sup> A year after the release, the Rust compiler had accumulated over 1,400 contributors and there were over 5,000 third-party libraries published on the Rust package management website Crates.io.<sup about="#mwt132" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-14" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwAUA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAUE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAUI">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAUM">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt130" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"43:15"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAUQ"><span title="Location: 43:15"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>43:15<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="5" id="mwAUU"><h3 id="2015–2020:_Servo_and_early_adoption"><span id="2015.E2.80.932020:_Servo_and_early_adoption" typeof="mw:FallbackId"></span>2015–2020: Servo and early adoption</h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwAUY"><a href="./File:Home_page_servo_v0.01.png" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAUc"><img resource="./File:Home_page_servo_v0.01.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Home_page_servo_v0.01.png/250px-Home_page_servo_v0.01.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="1855" data-file-height="1056" data-file-type="bitmap" height="142" width="250" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Home_page_servo_v0.01.png/500px-Home_page_servo_v0.01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Home_page_servo_v0.01.png/500px-Home_page_servo_v0.01.png 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAUg"/></a><figcaption id="mwAUk">Early homepage of Mozilla's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Servo_(software)" title="Servo (software)" id="mwAUo">Servo browser engine</a></figcaption></figure>
<p id="mwAUs">The development of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Servo_(software)" title="Servo (software)" id="mwAUw">Servo browser engine</a> continued in parallel with Rust, jointly funded by Mozilla and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Samsung" title="Samsung" id="mwAU0">Samsung</a>.<sup about="#mwt137" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-31" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-31"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-31" id="mwAU4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAU8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAVA">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAVE">]</span></span></a></sup> The teams behind the two projects worked in close collaboration; new features in Rust were tested out by the Servo team, and new features in Servo were used to give feedback back to the Rust team.<sup about="#mwt138" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-15" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwAVI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAVM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAVQ">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAVU">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt133" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"5:41"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAVY"><span title="Location: 5:41"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>5:41<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> The first version of Servo was released in 2016.<sup about="#mwt139" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-12" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mwAVc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAVg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAVk">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAVo">]</span></span></a></sup> The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firefox" title="Firefox" id="mwAVs">Firefox</a> web browser shipped with Rust code as of 2016 (version 45),<sup about="#mwt140" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-16" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwAVw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAV0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAV4">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAV8">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt134" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"53:30"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAWA"><span title="Location: 53:30"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>53:30<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup><sup about="#mwt143" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-32" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-32"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-32" id="mwAWE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAWI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAWM">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAWQ">]</span></span></a></sup> but components of Servo did not appear in Firefox until September 2017 (version 57) as part of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)" id="mwAWU">Gecko</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Gecko_(software)#Quantum" title="Gecko (software)" id="mwAWY">Quantum</a> projects.<sup about="#mwt146" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-33" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-33"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-33" id="mwAWc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAWg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAWk">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAWo">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAWs">Improvements were made to the Rust toolchain ecosystem during the years following 1.0 including <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#Rustfmt" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwAWw">Rustfmt</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment" id="mwAW0">integrated development environment</a> integration,<sup about="#mwt150" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-17" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwAW4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAW8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAXA">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAXE">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt147" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"44:56"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAXI"><span title="Location: 44:56"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>44:56<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> and a regular compiler testing and release cycle.<sup about="#mwt151" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-18" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwAXM"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAXQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAXU">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAXY">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt148" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"46:48"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAXc"><span title="Location: 46:48"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>46:48<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> Rust also gained a community <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct" id="mwAXg">code of conduct</a> and an <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./IRC" title="IRC" id="mwAXk">IRC</a> chat for community discussion.<sup about="#mwt152" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-19" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwAXo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAXs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAXw">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAX0">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt149" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"50:36"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAX4"><span title="Location: 50:36"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>50:36<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup></p>
<p id="mwAX8">The earliest known adoption outside of Mozilla was by individual projects at Samsung, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Facebook" title="Facebook" id="mwAYA">Facebook</a> (now <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms" id="mwAYE">Meta Platforms</a>), <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dropbox" title="Dropbox" id="mwAYI">Dropbox</a>, and Tilde, Inc. (the company behind <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ember.js" title="Ember.js" id="mwAYM">ember.js</a>).<sup about="#mwt154" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Klabnik2016ACMHistory_20-20" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Klabnik2016ACMHistory"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Klabnik2016ACMHistory-20" id="mwAYQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAYU"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAYY">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAYc">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt153" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"at":{"wt":"55:44"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAYg"><span title="Location: 55:44"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>55:44<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup><sup about="#mwt155" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-13" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mwAYk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAYo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAYs">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAYw">]</span></span></a></sup> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services" id="mwAY0">Amazon Web Services</a> followed in 2020.<sup about="#mwt156" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-14" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mwAY4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAY8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAZA">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAZE">]</span></span></a></sup> Engineers acknowledged the risks of adopting a new technology; they cited performance, lack of a garbage collector, safety, and pleasantness of working in the language as reasons for the adoption. Amazon developers cited a finding by Portuguese researchers that Rust code used <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Energy_efficiency_in_computing" title="Energy efficiency in computing" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAZI">less energy</a> compared to similar code written in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)" id="mwAZM">Java</a>.<sup about="#mwt157" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-15" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mwAZQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAZU"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAZY">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAZc">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt160" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-2017PortugalEnergyStudy_34-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"2017PortugalEnergyStudy"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-2017PortugalEnergyStudy-34"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-2017PortugalEnergyStudy-34" id="mwAZg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAZk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAZo">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAZs">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="6" id="mwAZw"><h3 id="2020–present:_Mozilla_layoffs_and_Rust_Foundation"><span id="2020.E2.80.93present:_Mozilla_layoffs_and_Rust_Foundation" typeof="mw:FallbackId"></span>2020–present: Mozilla layoffs and Rust Foundation</h3>
<p id="mwAZ0">In August 2020, Mozilla laid off 250 of its 1,000 employees worldwide, as part of a corporate restructuring caused by the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic" id="mwAZ4">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup about="#mwt163" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-35" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-35"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-35" id="mwAZ8"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAaA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAaE">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAaI">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt166" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-36" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-36"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-36" id="mwAaM"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAaQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAaU">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAaY">]</span></span></a></sup> The team behind Servo was disbanded. The event raised concerns about the future of Rust.<sup about="#mwt169" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-37" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-37"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-37" id="mwAac"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAag"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAak">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAao">]</span></span></a></sup> In the following week, the Rust Core Team acknowledged the severe impact of the layoffs and announced that plans for a Rust foundation were underway. The first goal of the foundation would be to take ownership of all <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Trademark" title="Trademark" id="mwAas">trademarks</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Domain_name" title="Domain name" id="mwAaw">domain names</a> and to take financial responsibility for their costs.<sup about="#mwt172" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-38" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-38"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-38" id="mwAa0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAa4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAa8">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAbA">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAbE">On February 8, 2021, the formation of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#Rust_Foundation" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwAbI">Rust Foundation</a> was announced by five founding companies: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services" id="mwAbM">Amazon Web Services</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Google" title="Google" id="mwAbQ">Google</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Huawei" title="Huawei" id="mwAbU">Huawei</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Microsoft" title="Microsoft" id="mwAbY">Microsoft</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla" title="Mozilla" id="mwAbc">Mozilla</a>.<sup about="#mwt175" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-39" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-39"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-39" id="mwAbg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAbk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAbo">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAbs">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt178" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-40" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-40"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-40" id="mwAbw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAb0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAb4">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAb8">]</span></span></a></sup> The foundation would provide financial support for Rust developers in the form of grants and server funding.<sup about="#mwt179" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-16" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mwAcA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAcE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAcI">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAcM">]</span></span></a></sup> In a blog post published on April 6, 2021, Google announced support for Rust within the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Android_Open_Source_Project" title="Android Open Source Project" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAcQ">Android Open Source Project</a> as an alternative to C/C++.<sup about="#mwt182" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-41" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-41"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-41" id="mwAcU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAcY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAcc">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAcg">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAck">On November 22, 2021, the Moderation Team, which was responsible for enforcing the community code of conduct, announced their resignation "in protest of the Core Team placing themselves unaccountable to anyone but themselves".<sup about="#mwt185" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-moderation_42-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"moderation"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-moderation-42"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-moderation-42" id="mwAco"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAcs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAcw">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAc0">]</span></span></a></sup> In May 2022, the Rust Core Team, other lead programmers, and members of the Rust Foundation board implemented governance reforms in response to the incident.<sup about="#mwt188" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-43" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-43"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-43" id="mwAc4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAc8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAdA">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAdE">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAdI">The Rust Foundation posted a draft for a new trademark policy on April 6, 2023, which resulted in widespread negative reactions from Rust users and contributors.<sup about="#mwt191" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-ApologizesTrademarkPolicy_44-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"ApologizesTrademarkPolicy"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ApologizesTrademarkPolicy-44"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-ApologizesTrademarkPolicy-44" id="mwAdM"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAdQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAdU">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAdY">]</span></span></a></sup> The trademark policy included rules for how the Rust logo and name could be used.<sup about="#mwt192" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-ApologizesTrademarkPolicy_44-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"ApologizesTrademarkPolicy"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-ApologizesTrademarkPolicy-44" id="mwAdc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAdg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAdk">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAdo">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwAds">On February 26, 2024, the U.S. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./White_House" title="White House" id="mwAdw">White House</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Office_of_the_National_Cyber_Director" title="Office of the National Cyber Director" id="mwAd0">Office of the National Cyber Director</a> released a 19-page press report urging software development to move away from C and C++ to memory-safe languages like C#, Go, Java, Ruby, Swift, and Rust.<sup about="#mwt195" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-WhiteHouse1_45-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"WhiteHouse1"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-WhiteHouse1-45"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-WhiteHouse1-45" id="mwAd4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAd8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAeA">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAeE">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt198" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-WhiteHouse2_46-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"WhiteHouse2"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-WhiteHouse2-46"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-WhiteHouse2-46" id="mwAeI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAeM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAeQ">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAeU">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt201" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-WhiteHouseFullReport_47-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"WhiteHouseFullReport"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-WhiteHouseFullReport-47"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-WhiteHouseFullReport-47" id="mwAeY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAec"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAeg">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAek">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="7" id="mwAeo"><h2 id="Syntax_and_features">Syntax and features</h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt202" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Hatnote/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Rust syntax"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAes">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt202" id="mwAew">Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_syntax" title="Rust syntax">Rust syntax</a></div>
<p id="mwAe0">Rust's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)" id="mwAe4">syntax</a> is similar to that of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)" id="mwAe8">C</a> and C++,<sup about="#mwt208" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-48" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-48"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-48" id="mwAfA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAfE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAfI">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAfM">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt209" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:4_49-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":4"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-:4-49" id="mwAfQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAfU"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAfY">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAfc">]</span></span></a></sup> although many of its features were influenced by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Functional_programming" title="Functional programming" id="mwAfg">functional programming</a> languages such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./OCaml" title="OCaml" id="mwAfk">OCaml</a>.<sup about="#mwt204" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019263_50-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019263"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019263-50"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"p":{"wt":"263"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019263-50" id="mwAfo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAfs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAfw">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAf0">]</span></span></a></sup> Hoare has described Rust as targeted at frustrated C++ developers and emphasized features such as safety, control of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Memory_layout" title="Memory layout" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAf4">memory layout</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)" id="mwAf8">concurrency</a>.<sup about="#mwt210" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Hoare2010_21-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Hoare2010"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Hoare2010-21" id="mwAgA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAgE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAgI">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAgM">]</span></span></a></sup> Safety in Rust includes the guarantees of memory safety, type safety, and lack of data races.</p>
<section data-mw-section-id="8" id="mwAgQ"><h3 id="Hello_World_program">Hello World program</h3>
<p id="mwAgU">Below is a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href='./"Hello,_World!"_program' title='"Hello, World!" program' id="mwAgY">"Hello, World!" program</a> in Rust. The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt211" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"fn"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"fn"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAgc"><span class="k" id="mwAgg">fn</span></code> keyword denotes a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Function_(computer_programming)" title="Function (computer programming)" id="mwAgk">function</a>, and the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt213" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"println!"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"println!"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAgo"><span class="fm" id="mwAgs">println!</span></code> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)" id="mwAgw">macro</a> (see <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#Macros" about="#mwt215" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="mw-selflink-fragment" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Section link","href":"./Template:Section_link"},"params":{"2":{"wt":"Macros"},"nopage":{"wt":"y"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAg0">§<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>Macros</a>) prints the message to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Standard_output" title="Standard output" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAg4">standard output</a>.<sup about="#mwt216" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20195–6_51-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20195–6"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20195–6-51"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"5–6"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20195–6-51" id="mwAg8"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAhA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAhE">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAhI">]</span></span></a></sup> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Statement_(computer_science)" title="Statement (computer science)" id="mwAhM">Statements</a> in Rust are separated by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Semicolon#Programming" title="Semicolon" id="mwAhQ">semicolons</a>.</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt218" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn main() {\n println!(\"Hello, World!\");\n}\n"}}' id="mwAhU"><pre id="mwAhY"><span id="mwAhc"></span><span class="k" id="mwAhg">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwAhk"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwAho">main</span><span class="p" id="mwAhs">()</span><span class="w" id="mwAhw"> </span><span class="p" id="mwAh0">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAh4"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwAh8">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwAiA">(</span><span class="s" id="mwAiE">"Hello, World!"</span><span class="p" id="mwAiI">);</span>
<span class="p" id="mwAiM">}</span>
</pre></div>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="9" id="mwAiQ"><h3 id="Variables">Variables</h3>
<p id="mwAiU"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Variable_(computer_science)" title="Variable (computer science)" id="mwAiY">Variables</a> in Rust are defined through the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt219" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"let"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"let"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAic"><span class="kd" id="mwAig">let</span></code> keyword.<sup about="#mwt221" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202332_52-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202332"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202332-52"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"p":{"wt":"32"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202332-52" id="mwAik"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAio"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAis">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAiw">]</span></span></a></sup> The example below assigns a value to the variable with name <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt223" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"foo"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"foo"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAi0"><span class="n" id="mwAi4">foo</span></code> of type <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt225" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"i32"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"i32"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAi8"><span class="kt" id="mwAjA">i32</span></code> and outputs its value.</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt227" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn main() {\n let foo = 10;\n println!(\"The value of foo is {foo}\");\n}\n"}}' id="mwAjE"><pre id="mwAjI"><span id="mwAjM"></span><span class="k" id="mwAjQ">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwAjU"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwAjY">main</span><span class="p" id="mwAjc">()</span><span class="w" id="mwAjg"> </span><span class="p" id="mwAjk">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAjo"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwAjs">let</span><span class="w" id="mwAjw"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAj0">foo</span><span class="w" id="mwAj4"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAj8">=</span><span class="w" id="mwAkA"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwAkE">10</span><span class="p" id="mwAkI">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAkM"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwAkQ">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwAkU">(</span><span class="s" id="mwAkY">"The value of foo is {foo}"</span><span class="p" id="mwAkc">);</span>
<span class="p" id="mwAkg">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p id="mwAkk">Variables are <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Immutable_object" title="Immutable object" id="mwAko">immutable</a> by default, but adding the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt228" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"mut"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"mut"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAks"><span class="k" id="mwAkw">mut</span></code> keyword allows the variable to be mutated.<sup about="#mwt230" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202332–33_53-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202332–33"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202332–33-53"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"32-33"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202332–33-53" id="mwAk0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAk4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAk8">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAlA">]</span></span></a></sup> The following example uses <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt232" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"//"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"//"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAlE"><span class="c1" id="mwAlI">//</span></code>, which denotes the start of a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Comment_(computer_programming)" title="Comment (computer programming)" id="mwAlM">comment</a>.<sup about="#mwt234" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202349–50_54-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202349–50"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202349–50-54"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"49-50"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202349–50-54" id="mwAlQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAlU"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAlY">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAlc">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt236" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn main() {\n // This code would not compile without adding \"mut\".\n let mut foo = 10; \n println!(\"The value of foo is {foo}\");\n foo = 20;\n println!(\"The value of foo is {foo}\");\n}\n"}}' id="mwAlg"><pre id="mwAlk"><span id="mwAlo"></span><span class="k" id="mwAls">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwAlw"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwAl0">main</span><span class="p" id="mwAl4">()</span><span class="w" id="mwAl8"> </span><span class="p" id="mwAmA">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAmE"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwAmI">// This code would not compile without adding "mut".</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAmM"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwAmQ">let</span><span class="w" id="mwAmU"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAmY">mut</span><span class="w" id="mwAmc"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAmg">foo</span><span class="w" id="mwAmk"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAmo">=</span><span class="w" id="mwAms"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwAmw">10</span><span class="p" id="mwAm0">;</span><span class="w" id="mwAm4"> </span>
<span class="w" id="mwAm8"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwAnA">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwAnE">(</span><span class="s" id="mwAnI">"The value of foo is {foo}"</span><span class="p" id="mwAnM">);</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAnQ"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAnU">foo</span><span class="w" id="mwAnY"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAnc">=</span><span class="w" id="mwAng"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwAnk">20</span><span class="p" id="mwAno">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAns"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwAnw">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwAn0">(</span><span class="s" id="mwAn4">"The value of foo is {foo}"</span><span class="p" id="mwAn8">);</span>
<span class="p" id="mwAoA">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p id="mwAoE">Multiple <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt237" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"let"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"let"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAoI"><span class="kd" id="mwAoM">let</span></code> expressions can define multiple variables with the same name, known as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Variable_shadowing" title="Variable shadowing" id="mwAoQ">variable shadowing</a>. Variable shadowing allows transforming variables without having to name the variables differently.<sup about="#mwt239" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202334–36_55-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202334–36"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202334–36-55"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"34-36"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202334–36-55" id="mwAoU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAoY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAoc">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAog">]</span></span></a></sup> The example below declares a new variable with the same name that is double the original value:</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt241" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn main() {\n let foo = 10;\n // This will output \"The value of foo is 10\"\n println!(\"The value of foo is {foo}\");\n let foo = foo * 2;\n // This will output \"The value of foo is 20\"\n println!(\"The value of foo is {foo}\");\n}\n"}}' id="mwAok"><pre id="mwAoo"><span id="mwAos"></span><span class="k" id="mwAow">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwAo0"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwAo4">main</span><span class="p" id="mwAo8">()</span><span class="w" id="mwApA"> </span><span class="p" id="mwApE">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwApI"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwApM">let</span><span class="w" id="mwApQ"> </span><span class="n" id="mwApU">foo</span><span class="w" id="mwApY"> </span><span class="o" id="mwApc">=</span><span class="w" id="mwApg"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwApk">10</span><span class="p" id="mwApo">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAps"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwApw">// This will output "The value of foo is 10"</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAp0"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwAp4">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwAp8">(</span><span class="s" id="mwAqA">"The value of foo is {foo}"</span><span class="p" id="mwAqE">);</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAqI"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwAqM">let</span><span class="w" id="mwAqQ"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAqU">foo</span><span class="w" id="mwAqY"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAqc">=</span><span class="w" id="mwAqg"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAqk">foo</span><span class="w" id="mwAqo"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAqs">*</span><span class="w" id="mwAqw"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwAq0">2</span><span class="p" id="mwAq4">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAq8"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwArA">// This will output "The value of foo is 20"</span>
<span class="w" id="mwArE"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwArI">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwArM">(</span><span class="s" id="mwArQ">"The value of foo is {foo}"</span><span class="p" id="mwArU">);</span>
<span class="p" id="mwArY">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p id="mwArc">Variable shadowing is also possible for values of different types. For example, going from a string to its length:</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt242" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn main() {\n let letters = \"abc\";\n let letters = letters.len();\n}\n"}}' id="mwArg"><pre id="mwArk"><span id="mwAro"></span><span class="k" id="mwArs">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwArw"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwAr0">main</span><span class="p" id="mwAr4">()</span><span class="w" id="mwAr8"> </span><span class="p" id="mwAsA">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAsE"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwAsI">let</span><span class="w" id="mwAsM"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAsQ">letters</span><span class="w" id="mwAsU"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAsY">=</span><span class="w" id="mwAsc"> </span><span class="s" id="mwAsg">"abc"</span><span class="p" id="mwAsk">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAso"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwAss">let</span><span class="w" id="mwAsw"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAs0">letters</span><span class="w" id="mwAs4"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAs8">=</span><span class="w" id="mwAtA"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAtE">letters</span><span class="p" id="mwAtI">.</span><span class="n" id="mwAtM">len</span><span class="p" id="mwAtQ">();</span>
<span class="p" id="mwAtU">}</span>
</pre></div>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="10" id="mwAtY"><h3 id="Block_expressions_and_control_flow">Block expressions and control flow</h3>
<p id="mwAtc">A <i id="mwAtg">block expression</i> is delimited by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bracket#Curly_brackets" title="Bracket" id="mwAtk">curly brackets</a>. When the last expression inside a block does not end with a semicolon, the block evaluates to the value of that trailing expression:<sup about="#mwt243" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20236,_47,_53_56-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20236, 47, 53"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20236,_47,_53-56"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"6,47,53"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20236,_47,_53-56" id="mwAto"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAts"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAtw">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAt0">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt245" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn main() {\n let x = {\n println!(\"this is inside the block\");\n 1 + 2\n };\n println!(\"1 + 2 = {x}\");\n}\n"}}' id="mwAt4"><pre id="mwAt8"><span id="mwAuA"></span><span class="k" id="mwAuE">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwAuI"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwAuM">main</span><span class="p" id="mwAuQ">()</span><span class="w" id="mwAuU"> </span><span class="p" id="mwAuY">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAuc"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwAug">let</span><span class="w" id="mwAuk"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAuo">x</span><span class="w" id="mwAus"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAuw">=</span><span class="w" id="mwAu0"> </span><span class="p" id="mwAu4">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAu8"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwAvA">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwAvE">(</span><span class="s" id="mwAvI">"this is inside the block"</span><span class="p" id="mwAvM">);</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAvQ"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwAvU">1</span><span class="w" id="mwAvY"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAvc">+</span><span class="w" id="mwAvg"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwAvk">2</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAvo"> </span><span class="p" id="mwAvs">};</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAvw"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwAv0">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwAv4">(</span><span class="s" id="mwAv8">"1 + 2 = {x}"</span><span class="p" id="mwAwA">);</span>
<span class="p" id="mwAwE">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p id="mwAwI">Trailing expressions of function bodies are used as the return value:<sup about="#mwt246" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202347–48_57-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202347–48"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202347–48-57"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"47-48"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202347–48-57" id="mwAwM"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAwQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAwU">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAwY">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt248" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn add_two(x: i32) -> i32 {\n x + 2\n}\n"}}' id="mwAwc"><pre id="mwAwg"><span id="mwAwk"></span><span class="k" id="mwAwo">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwAws"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwAww">add_two</span><span class="p" id="mwAw0">(</span><span class="n" id="mwAw4">x</span><span class="p" id="mwAw8">:</span><span class="w" id="mwAxA"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwAxE">i32</span><span class="p" id="mwAxI">)</span><span class="w" id="mwAxM"> </span><span class="p" id="mwAxQ">-></span><span class="w" id="mwAxU"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwAxY">i32</span><span class="w" id="mwAxc"> </span><span class="p" id="mwAxg">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAxk"> </span><span class="n" id="mwAxo">x</span><span class="w" id="mwAxs"> </span><span class="o" id="mwAxw">+</span><span class="w" id="mwAx0"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwAx4">2</span>
<span class="p" id="mwAx8">}</span>
</pre></div>
<section data-mw-section-id="11" id="mwAyA"><h4 id="if_expressions"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt249" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"if"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"if"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAyE"><span class="k" id="mwAyI">if</span></code> expressions</h4>
<p id="mwAyM">An <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt251" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"if"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"if"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAyQ"><span class="k" id="mwAyU">if</span></code> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Conditional_expression" title="Conditional expression" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAyY">conditional expression</a> executes code based on whether the given value is <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt253" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"true"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"true"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAyc"><span class="kc" id="mwAyg">true</span></code>. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt255" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"else"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"else"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAyk"><span class="k" id="mwAyo">else</span></code> can be used for when the value evaluates to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt257" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"false"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"false"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAys"><span class="kc" id="mwAyw">false</span></code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt259" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"else if"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"else if"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAy0"><span class="k" id="mwAy4">else</span><span class="w" id="mwAy8"> </span><span class="k" id="mwAzA">if</span></code> can be used for combining multiple expressions.<sup about="#mwt261" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202350–53_58-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202350–53"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202350–53-58"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"50-53"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202350–53-58" id="mwAzE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAzI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAzM">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAzQ">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt263" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn main() {\n let x = 10;\n if x > 5 {\n println!(\"value is greater than five\");\n }\n\n if x % 7 == 0 {\n println!(\"value is divisible by 7\");\n } else if x % 5 == 0 {\n println!(\"value is divisible by 5\");\n } else {\n println!(\"value is not divisible by 7 or 5\");\n }\n}\n"}}' id="mwAzU"><pre id="mwAzY"><span id="mwAzc"></span><span class="k" id="mwAzg">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwAzk"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwAzo">main</span><span class="p" id="mwAzs">()</span><span class="w" id="mwAzw"> </span><span class="p" id="mwAz0">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwAz4"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwAz8">let</span><span class="w" id="mwA0A"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA0E">x</span><span class="w" id="mwA0I"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA0M">=</span><span class="w" id="mwA0Q"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwA0U">10</span><span class="p" id="mwA0Y">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwA0c"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA0g">if</span><span class="w" id="mwA0k"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA0o">x</span><span class="w" id="mwA0s"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA0w">></span><span class="w" id="mwA00"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwA04">5</span><span class="w" id="mwA08"> </span><span class="p" id="mwA1A">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwA1E"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwA1I">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwA1M">(</span><span class="s" id="mwA1Q">"value is greater than five"</span><span class="p" id="mwA1U">);</span>
<span class="w" id="mwA1Y"> </span><span class="p" id="mwA1c">}</span>
<span class="w" id="mwA1g"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA1k">if</span><span class="w" id="mwA1o"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA1s">x</span><span class="w" id="mwA1w"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA10">%</span><span class="w" id="mwA14"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwA18">7</span><span class="w" id="mwA2A"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA2E">==</span><span class="w" id="mwA2I"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwA2M">0</span><span class="w" id="mwA2Q"> </span><span class="p" id="mwA2U">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwA2Y"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwA2c">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwA2g">(</span><span class="s" id="mwA2k">"value is divisible by 7"</span><span class="p" id="mwA2o">);</span>
<span class="w" id="mwA2s"> </span><span class="p" id="mwA2w">}</span><span class="w" id="mwA20"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA24">else</span><span class="w" id="mwA28"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA3A">if</span><span class="w" id="mwA3E"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA3I">x</span><span class="w" id="mwA3M"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA3Q">%</span><span class="w" id="mwA3U"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwA3Y">5</span><span class="w" id="mwA3c"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA3g">==</span><span class="w" id="mwA3k"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwA3o">0</span><span class="w" id="mwA3s"> </span><span class="p" id="mwA3w">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwA30"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwA34">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwA38">(</span><span class="s" id="mwA4A">"value is divisible by 5"</span><span class="p" id="mwA4E">);</span>
<span class="w" id="mwA4I"> </span><span class="p" id="mwA4M">}</span><span class="w" id="mwA4Q"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA4U">else</span><span class="w" id="mwA4Y"> </span><span class="p" id="mwA4c">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwA4g"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwA4k">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwA4o">(</span><span class="s" id="mwA4s">"value is not divisible by 7 or 5"</span><span class="p" id="mwA4w">);</span>
<span class="w" id="mwA40"> </span><span class="p" id="mwA44">}</span>
<span class="p" id="mwA48">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p id="mwA5A"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt264" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"if"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"if"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwA5E"><span class="k" id="mwA5I">if</span></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt266" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"else"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"else"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwA5M"><span class="k" id="mwA5Q">else</span></code> blocks can evaluate to a value, which can then be assigned to a variable:<sup about="#mwt268" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202350–53_58-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202350–53"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202350–53-58"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"50-53"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202350–53-58" id="mwA5U"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA5Y"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA5c">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA5g">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt270" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn main() {\n let x = 10;\n let new_x = if x % 2 == 0 { x / 2 } else { 3 * x + 1 };\n println!(\"{new_x}\");\n}\n"}}' id="mwA5k"><pre id="mwA5o"><span id="mwA5s"></span><span class="k" id="mwA5w">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwA50"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwA54">main</span><span class="p" id="mwA58">()</span><span class="w" id="mwA6A"> </span><span class="p" id="mwA6E">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwA6I"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwA6M">let</span><span class="w" id="mwA6Q"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA6U">x</span><span class="w" id="mwA6Y"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA6c">=</span><span class="w" id="mwA6g"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwA6k">10</span><span class="p" id="mwA6o">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwA6s"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwA6w">let</span><span class="w" id="mwA60"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA64">new_x</span><span class="w" id="mwA68"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA7A">=</span><span class="w" id="mwA7E"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA7I">if</span><span class="w" id="mwA7M"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA7Q">x</span><span class="w" id="mwA7U"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA7Y">%</span><span class="w" id="mwA7c"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwA7g">2</span><span class="w" id="mwA7k"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA7o">==</span><span class="w" id="mwA7s"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwA7w">0</span><span class="w" id="mwA70"> </span><span class="p" id="mwA74">{</span><span class="w" id="mwA78"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA8A">x</span><span class="w" id="mwA8E"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA8I">/</span><span class="w" id="mwA8M"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwA8Q">2</span><span class="w" id="mwA8U"> </span><span class="p" id="mwA8Y">}</span><span class="w" id="mwA8c"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA8g">else</span><span class="w" id="mwA8k"> </span><span class="p" id="mwA8o">{</span><span class="w" id="mwA8s"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwA8w">3</span><span class="w" id="mwA80"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA84">*</span><span class="w" id="mwA88"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA9A">x</span><span class="w" id="mwA9E"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA9I">+</span><span class="w" id="mwA9M"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwA9Q">1</span><span class="w" id="mwA9U"> </span><span class="p" id="mwA9Y">};</span>
<span class="w" id="mwA9c"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwA9g">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwA9k">(</span><span class="s" id="mwA9o">"{new_x}"</span><span class="p" id="mwA9s">);</span>
<span class="p" id="mwA9w">}</span>
</pre></div>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="12" id="mwA90"><h4 id="while_loops"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt271" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"while"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"while"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwA94"><span class="k" id="mwA98">while</span></code> loops</h4>
<p id="mwA-A"><code id="mwA-E"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./While_loop" title="While loop" id="mwA-I">while</a></code> can be used to repeat a block of code while a condition is met.<sup about="#mwt273" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202356_59-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202356"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202356-59"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"p":{"wt":"56"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202356-59" id="mwA-M"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwA-Q"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA-U">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwA-Y">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt275" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn main() {\n // Iterate over all integers from 4 to 10\n let mut value = 4;\n while value <= 10 {\n println!(\"value = {value}\");\n value += 1;\n }\n}\n"}}' id="mwA-c"><pre id="mwA-g"><span id="mwA-k"></span><span class="k" id="mwA-o">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwA-s"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwA-w">main</span><span class="p" id="mwA-0">()</span><span class="w" id="mwA-4"> </span><span class="p" id="mwA-8">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwA_A"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwA_E">// Iterate over all integers from 4 to 10</span>
<span class="w" id="mwA_I"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwA_M">let</span><span class="w" id="mwA_Q"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA_U">mut</span><span class="w" id="mwA_Y"> </span><span class="n" id="mwA_c">value</span><span class="w" id="mwA_g"> </span><span class="o" id="mwA_k">=</span><span class="w" id="mwA_o"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwA_s">4</span><span class="p" id="mwA_w">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwA_0"> </span><span class="k" id="mwA_4">while</span><span class="w" id="mwA_8"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBAA">value</span><span class="w" id="mwBAE"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBAI"><=</span><span class="w" id="mwBAM"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBAQ">10</span><span class="w" id="mwBAU"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBAY">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBAc"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwBAg">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwBAk">(</span><span class="s" id="mwBAo">"value = {value}"</span><span class="p" id="mwBAs">);</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBAw"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBA0">value</span><span class="w" id="mwBA4"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBA8">+=</span><span class="w" id="mwBBA"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBBE">1</span><span class="p" id="mwBBI">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBBM"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBBQ">}</span>
<span class="p" id="mwBBU">}</span>
</pre></div>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="13" id="mwBBY"><h4 id="for_loops_and_iterators"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt276" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"for"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"for"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBBc"><span class="k" id="mwBBg">for</span></code> loops and iterators</h4>
<p id="mwBBk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./For_loop" title="For loop" id="mwBBo">For loops</a> in Rust loop over elements of a collection.<sup about="#mwt278" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202357–58_60-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202357–58"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202357–58-60"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"57-58"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202357–58-60" id="mwBBs"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBBw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBB0">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBB4">]</span></span></a></sup>
<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt280" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"for"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"for"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBB8"><span class="k" id="mwBCA">for</span></code> expressions work over any <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Iterator" title="Iterator" id="mwBCE">iterator</a> type.</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt282" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn main() {\n // Using `for` with range syntax for the same functionality as above\n // The syntax 4..=10 means the range from 4 to 10, up to and including 10.\n for value in 4..=10 {\n println!(\"value = {value}\");\n }\n}\n"}}' id="mwBCI"><pre id="mwBCM"><span id="mwBCQ"></span><span class="k" id="mwBCU">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwBCY"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwBCc">main</span><span class="p" id="mwBCg">()</span><span class="w" id="mwBCk"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBCo">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBCs"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwBCw">// Using `for` with range syntax for the same functionality as above</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBC0"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwBC4">// The syntax 4..=10 means the range from 4 to 10, up to and including 10.</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBC8"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBDA">for</span><span class="w" id="mwBDE"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBDI">value</span><span class="w" id="mwBDM"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBDQ">in</span><span class="w" id="mwBDU"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBDY">4</span><span class="o" id="mwBDc">..=</span><span class="mi" id="mwBDg">10</span><span class="w" id="mwBDk"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBDo">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBDs"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwBDw">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwBD0">(</span><span class="s" id="mwBD4">"value = {value}"</span><span class="p" id="mwBD8">);</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBEA"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBEE">}</span>
<span class="p" id="mwBEI">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p id="mwBEM">In the above code, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt283" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"4..=10"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"4..=10"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBEQ"><span class="mi" id="mwBEU">4</span><span class="o" id="mwBEY">..=</span><span class="mi" id="mwBEc">10</span></code> is a value of type <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt285" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"Range"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Range"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBEg"><span class="n" id="mwBEk">Range</span></code> which implements the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt287" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"Iterator"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Iterator"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBEo"><span class="nb" id="mwBEs">Iterator</span></code> trait. The code within the curly braces is applied to each element returned by the iterator.</p>
<p id="mwBEw">Iterators can be combined with functions over iterators like <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt289" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"map"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"map"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBE0"><span class="n" id="mwBE4">map</span></code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt291" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"filter"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"filter"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBE8"><span class="n" id="mwBFA">filter</span></code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt293" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"sum"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"sum"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBFE"><span class="n" id="mwBFI">sum</span></code>. For example, the following adds up all numbers between 1 and 100 that are multiples of 3:</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt295" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\n(1..=100).filter(|x: &u32| -> bool { x % 3 == 0 }).sum()\n"}}' id="mwBFM"><pre id="mwBFQ"><span id="mwBFU"></span><span class="p" id="mwBFY">(</span><span class="mi" id="mwBFc">1</span><span class="o" id="mwBFg">..=</span><span class="mi" id="mwBFk">100</span><span class="p" id="mwBFo">).</span><span class="n" id="mwBFs">filter</span><span class="p" id="mwBFw">(</span><span class="o" id="mwBF0">|</span><span class="n" id="mwBF4">x</span><span class="p" id="mwBF8">:</span><span class="w" id="mwBGA"> </span><span class="kp" id="mwBGE">&</span><span class="kt" id="mwBGI">u32</span><span class="o" id="mwBGM">|</span><span class="w" id="mwBGQ"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBGU">-></span><span class="w" id="mwBGY"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwBGc">bool</span><span class="w" id="mwBGg"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBGk">{</span><span class="w" id="mwBGo"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBGs">x</span><span class="w" id="mwBGw"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBG0">%</span><span class="w" id="mwBG4"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBG8">3</span><span class="w" id="mwBHA"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBHE">==</span><span class="w" id="mwBHI"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBHM">0</span><span class="w" id="mwBHQ"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBHU">}).</span><span class="n" id="mwBHY">sum</span><span class="p" id="mwBHc">()</span>
</pre></div>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="14" id="mwBHg"><h4 id="loop_and_break_statements"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt296" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"loop"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"loop"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBHk"><span class="k" id="mwBHo">loop</span></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt298" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"break"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"break"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBHs"><span class="k" id="mwBHw">break</span></code> statements</h4>
<p id="mwBH0">More generally, the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt300" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"loop"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"loop"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBH4"><span class="k" id="mwBH8">loop</span></code> keyword allows repeating a portion of code until a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt302" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"break"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"break"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBIA"><span class="k" id="mwBIE">break</span></code> occurs. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt304" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"break"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"break"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBII"><span class="k" id="mwBIM">break</span></code> may optionally exit the loop with a value. In the case of nested loops, labels denoted by <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt306" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"'label_name"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"'label_name"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBIQ"><span class="o" id="mwBIU">'</span><span class="na" id="mwBIY">label_name</span></code> can be used to break an outer loop rather than the innermost loop.<sup about="#mwt308" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202354–56_61-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202354–56"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202354–56-61"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"54-56"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202354–56-61" id="mwBIc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBIg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBIk">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBIo">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt310" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn main() {\n let value = 456;\n let mut x = 1;\n let y = loop {\n x *= 10;\n if x > value {\n break x / 10;\n }\n };\n println!(\"largest power of ten that is smaller than or equal to value: {y}\");\n\n let mut up = 1;\n 'outer: loop {\n let mut down = 120;\n loop {\n if up > 100 {\n break 'outer;\n }\n\n if down < 4 {\n break;\n }\n\n down /= 2;\n up += 1;\n println!(\"up: {up}, down: {down}\");\n }\n up *= 2;\n }\n}\n"}}' id="mwBIs"><pre id="mwBIw"><span id="mwBI0"></span><span class="k" id="mwBI4">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwBI8"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwBJA">main</span><span class="p" id="mwBJE">()</span><span class="w" id="mwBJI"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBJM">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBJQ"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwBJU">let</span><span class="w" id="mwBJY"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBJc">value</span><span class="w" id="mwBJg"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBJk">=</span><span class="w" id="mwBJo"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBJs">456</span><span class="p" id="mwBJw">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBJ0"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwBJ4">let</span><span class="w" id="mwBJ8"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBKA">mut</span><span class="w" id="mwBKE"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBKI">x</span><span class="w" id="mwBKM"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBKQ">=</span><span class="w" id="mwBKU"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBKY">1</span><span class="p" id="mwBKc">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBKg"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwBKk">let</span><span class="w" id="mwBKo"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBKs">y</span><span class="w" id="mwBKw"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBK0">=</span><span class="w" id="mwBK4"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBK8">loop</span><span class="w" id="mwBLA"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBLE">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBLI"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBLM">x</span><span class="w" id="mwBLQ"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBLU">*=</span><span class="w" id="mwBLY"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBLc">10</span><span class="p" id="mwBLg">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBLk"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBLo">if</span><span class="w" id="mwBLs"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBLw">x</span><span class="w" id="mwBL0"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBL4">></span><span class="w" id="mwBL8"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBMA">value</span><span class="w" id="mwBME"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBMI">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBMM"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBMQ">break</span><span class="w" id="mwBMU"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBMY">x</span><span class="w" id="mwBMc"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBMg">/</span><span class="w" id="mwBMk"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBMo">10</span><span class="p" id="mwBMs">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBMw"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBM0">}</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBM4"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBM8">};</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBNA"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwBNE">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwBNI">(</span><span class="s" id="mwBNM">"largest power of ten that is smaller than or equal to value: {y}"</span><span class="p" id="mwBNQ">);</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBNU"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwBNY">let</span><span class="w" id="mwBNc"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBNg">mut</span><span class="w" id="mwBNk"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBNo">up</span><span class="w" id="mwBNs"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBNw">=</span><span class="w" id="mwBN0"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBN4">1</span><span class="p" id="mwBN8">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBOA"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBOE">'</span><span class="na" id="mwBOI">outer</span><span class="p" id="mwBOM">:</span><span class="w" id="mwBOQ"> </span><span class="nc" id="mwBOU">loop</span><span class="w" id="mwBOY"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBOc">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBOg"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwBOk">let</span><span class="w" id="mwBOo"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBOs">mut</span><span class="w" id="mwBOw"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBO0">down</span><span class="w" id="mwBO4"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBO8">=</span><span class="w" id="mwBPA"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBPE">120</span><span class="p" id="mwBPI">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBPM"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBPQ">loop</span><span class="w" id="mwBPU"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBPY">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBPc"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBPg">if</span><span class="w" id="mwBPk"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBPo">up</span><span class="w" id="mwBPs"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBPw">></span><span class="w" id="mwBP0"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBP4">100</span><span class="w" id="mwBP8"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBQA">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBQE"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBQI">break</span><span class="w" id="mwBQM"> </span><span class="nl" id="mwBQQ">'outer</span><span class="p" id="mwBQU">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBQY"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBQc">}</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBQg"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBQk">if</span><span class="w" id="mwBQo"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBQs">down</span><span class="w" id="mwBQw"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBQ0"><</span><span class="w" id="mwBQ4"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBQ8">4</span><span class="w" id="mwBRA"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBRE">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBRI"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBRM">break</span><span class="p" id="mwBRQ">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBRU"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBRY">}</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBRc"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBRg">down</span><span class="w" id="mwBRk"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBRo">/=</span><span class="w" id="mwBRs"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBRw">2</span><span class="p" id="mwBR0">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBR4"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBR8">up</span><span class="w" id="mwBSA"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBSE">+=</span><span class="w" id="mwBSI"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBSM">1</span><span class="p" id="mwBSQ">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBSU"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwBSY">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwBSc">(</span><span class="s" id="mwBSg">"up: {up}, down: {down}"</span><span class="p" id="mwBSk">);</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBSo"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBSs">}</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBSw"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBS0">up</span><span class="w" id="mwBS4"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBS8">*=</span><span class="w" id="mwBTA"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBTE">2</span><span class="p" id="mwBTI">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBTM"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBTQ">}</span>
<span class="p" id="mwBTU">}</span>
</pre></div>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="15" id="mwBTY"><h3 id="Pattern_matching">Pattern matching</h3>
<p id="mwBTc">The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt311" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"match"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"match"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBTg"><span class="k" id="mwBTk">match</span></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt313" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"if let"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"if let"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBTo"><span class="k" id="mwBTs">if</span><span class="w" id="mwBTw"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwBT0">let</span></code> expressions can be used for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching" id="mwBT4">pattern matching</a>. For example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt315" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"match"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"match"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBT8"><span class="k" id="mwBUA">match</span></code> can be used to double an optional integer value if present, and return zero otherwise:<sup about="#mwt317" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019104–109_62-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019104–109"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019104–109-62"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"104–109"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019104–109-62" id="mwBUE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBUI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBUM">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBUQ">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt319" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn double(x: Option<u64>) -> u64 {\n match x {\n Some(y) => y * 2,\n None => 0,\n }\n}\n"}}' id="mwBUU"><pre id="mwBUY"><span id="mwBUc"></span><span class="k" id="mwBUg">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwBUk"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwBUo">double</span><span class="p" id="mwBUs">(</span><span class="n" id="mwBUw">x</span><span class="p" id="mwBU0">:</span><span class="w" id="mwBU4"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwBU8">Option</span><span class="o" id="mwBVA"><</span><span class="kt" id="mwBVE">u64</span><span class="o" id="mwBVI">></span><span class="p" id="mwBVM">)</span><span class="w" id="mwBVQ"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBVU">-></span><span class="w" id="mwBVY"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwBVc">u64</span><span class="w" id="mwBVg"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBVk">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBVo"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBVs">match</span><span class="w" id="mwBVw"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBV0">x</span><span class="w" id="mwBV4"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBV8">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBWA"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwBWE">Some</span><span class="p" id="mwBWI">(</span><span class="n" id="mwBWM">y</span><span class="p" id="mwBWQ">)</span><span class="w" id="mwBWU"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBWY">=></span><span class="w" id="mwBWc"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBWg">y</span><span class="w" id="mwBWk"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBWo">*</span><span class="w" id="mwBWs"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBWw">2</span><span class="p" id="mwBW0">,</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBW4"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwBW8">None</span><span class="w" id="mwBXA"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBXE">=></span><span class="w" id="mwBXI"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBXM">0</span><span class="p" id="mwBXQ">,</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBXU"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBXY">}</span>
<span class="p" id="mwBXc">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p id="mwBXg">Equivalently, this can be written with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt320" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"if let"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"if let"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBXk"><span class="k" id="mwBXo">if</span><span class="w" id="mwBXs"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwBXw">let</span></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt322" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"else"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"else"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBX0"><span class="k" id="mwBX4">else</span></code>:</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt324" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn double(x: Option<u64>) -> u64 {\n if let Some(y) = x {\n y * 2\n } else {\n 0\n }\n}\n"}}' id="mwBX8"><pre id="mwBYA"><span id="mwBYE"></span><span class="k" id="mwBYI">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwBYM"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwBYQ">double</span><span class="p" id="mwBYU">(</span><span class="n" id="mwBYY">x</span><span class="p" id="mwBYc">:</span><span class="w" id="mwBYg"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwBYk">Option</span><span class="o" id="mwBYo"><</span><span class="kt" id="mwBYs">u64</span><span class="o" id="mwBYw">></span><span class="p" id="mwBY0">)</span><span class="w" id="mwBY4"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBY8">-></span><span class="w" id="mwBZA"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwBZE">u64</span><span class="w" id="mwBZI"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBZM">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBZQ"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBZU">if</span><span class="w" id="mwBZY"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwBZc">let</span><span class="w" id="mwBZg"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwBZk">Some</span><span class="p" id="mwBZo">(</span><span class="n" id="mwBZs">y</span><span class="p" id="mwBZw">)</span><span class="w" id="mwBZ0"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBZ4">=</span><span class="w" id="mwBZ8"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBaA">x</span><span class="w" id="mwBaE"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBaI">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBaM"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBaQ">y</span><span class="w" id="mwBaU"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBaY">*</span><span class="w" id="mwBac"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBag">2</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBak"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBao">}</span><span class="w" id="mwBas"> </span><span class="k" id="mwBaw">else</span><span class="w" id="mwBa0"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBa4">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBa8"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBbA">0</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBbE"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBbI">}</span>
<span class="p" id="mwBbM">}</span>
</pre></div>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="16" id="mwBbQ"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3>
<p id="mwBbU">Rust is <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Strongly_typed" title="Strongly typed" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBbY">strongly typed</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Statically_typed" title="Statically typed" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBbc">statically typed</a>, meaning that the types of all variables must be known at compilation time. Assigning a value of a particular type to a differently typed variable causes a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Compilation_error" title="Compilation error" id="mwBbg">compilation error</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Type_inference" title="Type inference" id="mwBbk">Type inference</a> is used to determine the type of variables if unspecified.<sup about="#mwt325" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201924_63-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201924"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201924-63"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"24"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201924-63" id="mwBbo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBbs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBbw">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBb0">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwBb4">The type <code id="mwBb8">()</code>, called the "unit type" in Rust, is a concrete type that has exactly one value. It occupies no memory (as it represents the absence of value). All functions that do not have an indicated return type implicitly return <code id="mwBcA">()</code>. It is similar to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt327" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"cpp","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"void"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cpp","href":"./Template:Cpp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"void"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBcE"><span class="kt" id="mwBcI">void</span></code><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_example_C++_code" about="#mwt327" id="mwBcM"/> in other C-style languages, however <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt329" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"cpp","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"void"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cpp","href":"./Template:Cpp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"void"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBcQ"><span class="kt" id="mwBcU">void</span></code><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_example_C++_code" about="#mwt329" id="mwBcY"/> denotes the absence of a type and cannot have any value.</p>
<p id="mwBcc">The default integer type is <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt331" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"i32"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"i32"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBcg"><span class="kt" id="mwBck">i32</span></code>, and the default <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Floating_point" title="Floating point" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBco">floating point</a> type is <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt333" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"f64"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"f64"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBcs"><span class="kt" id="mwBcw">f64</span></code>. If the type of a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Literal_(computer_programming)" title="Literal (computer programming)" id="mwBc0">literal</a> number is not explicitly provided, it is either inferred from the context or the default type is used.<sup about="#mwt335" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201936–38_64-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201936–38"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201936–38-64"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"36–38"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201936–38-64" id="mwBc4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBc8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBdA">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBdE">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<section data-mw-section-id="17" id="mwBdI"><h4 id="Primitive_types">Primitive types</h4>
<p id="mwBdM"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Integer_type" title="Integer type" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBdQ">Integer types</a> in Rust are named based on the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Signedness" title="Signedness" id="mwBdU">signedness</a> and the number of bits the type takes. For example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt337" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"i32"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"i32"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBdY"><span class="kt" id="mwBdc">i32</span></code> is a signed integer that takes 32 bits of storage, whereas <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt339" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"u8"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"u8"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBdg"><span class="kt" id="mwBdk">u8</span></code> is unsigned and only takes 8 bits of storage. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt341" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"isize"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"isize"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBdo"><span class="kt" id="mwBds">isize</span></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt343" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"usize"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"usize"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBdw"><span class="kt" id="mwBd0">usize</span></code> take storage depending on the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bus_(computing)#Address_bus" title="Bus (computing)" id="mwBd4">memory address bus width</a> of the compilation target. For example, when building for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing" id="mwBd8">32-bit targets</a>, both types will take up 32 bits of space.<sup about="#mwt347" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-65" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-65"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-65" id="mwBeA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBeE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBeI">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBeM">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt350" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-66" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-66"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-66" id="mwBeQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBeU"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBeY">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBec">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwBeg">By default, integer literals are in base-10, but different <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Radix" title="Radix" id="mwBek">radices</a> are supported with prefixes, for example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt351" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"0b11"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"0b11"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBeo"><span class="mb" id="mwBes">0b11</span></code> for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Binary_number" title="Binary number" id="mwBew">binary numbers</a>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt353" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"0o567"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"0o567"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBe0"><span class="mo" id="mwBe4">0o567</span></code> for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Octal" title="Octal" id="mwBe8">octals</a>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt355" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"0xDB"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"0xDB"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBfA"><span class="mh" id="mwBfE">0xDB</span></code> for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal" id="mwBfI">hexadecimals</a>. By default, integer literals default to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt357" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"i32"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"i32"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBfM"><span class="kt" id="mwBfQ">i32</span></code> as its type. Suffixes such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt359" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"4u32"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"4u32"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBfU"><span class="mi" id="mwBfY">4</span><span class="k" id="mwBfc">u32</span></code> can be used to explicitly set the type of a literal.<sup about="#mwt361" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202336–38_67-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202336–38"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202336–38-67"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"36-38"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202336–38-67" id="mwBfg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBfk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBfo">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBfs">]</span></span></a></sup> Byte literals such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt363" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"b'X'"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"b'X'"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBfw"><span class="sc" id="mwBf0">b'X'</span></code> are available to represent the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ASCII" title="ASCII" id="mwBf4">ASCII</a> value (as a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt365" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"u8"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"u8"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBf8"><span class="kt" id="mwBgA">u8</span></code>) of a specific character.<sup about="#mwt367" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023502_68-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023502"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023502-68"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"p":{"wt":"502"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023502-68" id="mwBgE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBgI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBgM">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBgQ">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwBgU">The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Boolean_type" title="Boolean type" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBgY">Boolean type</a> is referred to as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt369" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"bool"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"bool"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBgc"><span class="kt" id="mwBgg">bool</span></code> which can take a value of either <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt371" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"true"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"true"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBgk"><span class="kc" id="mwBgo">true</span></code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt373" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"false"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"false"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBgs"><span class="kc" id="mwBgw">false</span></code>. A <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt375" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"char"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"char"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBg0"><span class="kt" id="mwBg4">char</span></code> takes up 32 bits of space and represents a Unicode scalar value:<sup about="#mwt385" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-69" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-69"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-69" id="mwBg8"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBhA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBhE">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBhI">]</span></span></a></sup> a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Unicode_codepoint" title="Unicode codepoint" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBhM">Unicode codepoint</a> that is not a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Universal_Character_Set_characters#Surrogates" title="Universal Character Set characters" id="mwBhQ">surrogate</a>.<sup about="#mwt388" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-70" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-70"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-70" id="mwBhU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBhY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBhc">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBhg">]</span></span></a></sup> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754" id="mwBhk">IEEE 754</a> floating point numbers are supported with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt377" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"f32"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"f32"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBho"><span class="kt" id="mwBhs">f32</span></code> for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Single_precision_float" title="Single precision float" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBhw">single precision floats</a> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt379" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"f64"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"f64"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBh0"><span class="kt" id="mwBh4">f64</span></code> for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Double_precision_float" title="Double precision float" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBh8">double precision floats</a>.<sup about="#mwt381" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201938–40_71-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201938–40"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201938–40-71"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"38–40"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201938–40-71" id="mwBiA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBiE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBiI">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBiM">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="18" id="mwBiQ"><h4 id="Compound_types">Compound types</h4>
<p id="mwBiU">Compound types can contain multiple values. Tuples are fixed-size lists that can contain values whose types can be different. Arrays are fixed-size lists whose values are of the same type. Expressions of the tuple and array types can be written through listing the values, and can be accessed with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt389" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":".index"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":".index"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBiY"><span class="p" id="mwBic">.</span><span class="n" id="mwBig">index</span></code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt391" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"[index]"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"[index]"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBik"><span class="p" id="mwBio">[</span><span class="n" id="mwBis">index</span><span class="p" id="mwBiw">]</span></code>:<sup about="#mwt393" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202340–42_72-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202340–42"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202340–42-72"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"40-42"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202340–42-72" id="mwBi0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBi4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBi8">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBjA">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt395" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nlet tuple: (u32, bool) = (3, true);\nlet array: [i8; 5] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];\nlet value = tuple.1; // true\nlet value = array[2]; // 3\n"}}' id="mwBjE"><pre id="mwBjI"><span id="mwBjM"></span><span class="kd" id="mwBjQ">let</span><span class="w" id="mwBjU"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBjY">tuple</span><span class="p" id="mwBjc">:</span><span class="w" id="mwBjg"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBjk">(</span><span class="kt" id="mwBjo">u32</span><span class="p" id="mwBjs">,</span><span class="w" id="mwBjw"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwBj0">bool</span><span class="p" id="mwBj4">)</span><span class="w" id="mwBj8"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBkA">=</span><span class="w" id="mwBkE"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBkI">(</span><span class="mi" id="mwBkM">3</span><span class="p" id="mwBkQ">,</span><span class="w" id="mwBkU"> </span><span class="kc" id="mwBkY">true</span><span class="p" id="mwBkc">);</span>
<span class="kd" id="mwBkg">let</span><span class="w" id="mwBkk"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBko">array</span><span class="p" id="mwBks">:</span><span class="w" id="mwBkw"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBk0">[</span><span class="kt" id="mwBk4">i8</span><span class="p" id="mwBk8">;</span><span class="w" id="mwBlA"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBlE">5</span><span class="p" id="mwBlI">]</span><span class="w" id="mwBlM"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBlQ">=</span><span class="w" id="mwBlU"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBlY">[</span><span class="mi" id="mwBlc">1</span><span class="p" id="mwBlg">,</span><span class="w" id="mwBlk"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBlo">2</span><span class="p" id="mwBls">,</span><span class="w" id="mwBlw"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBl0">3</span><span class="p" id="mwBl4">,</span><span class="w" id="mwBl8"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBmA">4</span><span class="p" id="mwBmE">,</span><span class="w" id="mwBmI"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBmM">5</span><span class="p" id="mwBmQ">];</span>
<span class="kd" id="mwBmU">let</span><span class="w" id="mwBmY"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBmc">value</span><span class="w" id="mwBmg"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBmk">=</span><span class="w" id="mwBmo"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBms">tuple</span><span class="p" id="mwBmw">.</span><span class="mi" id="mwBm0">1</span><span class="p" id="mwBm4">;</span><span class="w" id="mwBm8"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwBnA">// true</span>
<span class="kd" id="mwBnE">let</span><span class="w" id="mwBnI"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBnM">value</span><span class="w" id="mwBnQ"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBnU">=</span><span class="w" id="mwBnY"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBnc">array</span><span class="p" id="mwBng">[</span><span class="mi" id="mwBnk">2</span><span class="p" id="mwBno">];</span><span class="w" id="mwBns"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwBnw">// 3</span>
</pre></div>
<p id="mwBn0">Arrays can also be constructed through copying a single value a number of times:<sup about="#mwt396" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202342_73-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202342"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202342-73"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"p":{"wt":"42"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202342-73" id="mwBn4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBn8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBoA">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBoE">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt398" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nlet array2: [char; 10] = [' '; 10]; \n"}}' id="mwBoI"><pre id="mwBoM"><span id="mwBoQ"></span><span class="kd" id="mwBoU">let</span><span class="w" id="mwBoY"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBoc">array2</span><span class="p" id="mwBog">:</span><span class="w" id="mwBok"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBoo">[</span><span class="kt" id="mwBos">char</span><span class="p" id="mwBow">;</span><span class="w" id="mwBo0"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBo4">10</span><span class="p" id="mwBo8">]</span><span class="w" id="mwBpA"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBpE">=</span><span class="w" id="mwBpI"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBpM">[</span><span class="sc" id="mwBpQ">' '</span><span class="p" id="mwBpU">;</span><span class="w" id="mwBpY"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwBpc">10</span><span class="p" id="mwBpg">];</span>
</pre></div>
<!-- todo str, and ! -->
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="19" id="mwBpk"><h3 id="Ownership_and_references">Ownership and references</h3>
<p id="mwBpo">Rust's ownership system consists of rules that ensure memory safety without using a garbage collector. At compile time, each value must be attached to a variable called the <i id="mwBps">owner</i> of that value, and every value must have exactly one owner.<sup about="#mwt399" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201959–61_74-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201959–61"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201959–61-74"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"59–61"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201959–61-74" id="mwBpw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBp0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBp4">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBp8">]</span></span></a></sup> Values are moved between different owners through assignment or passing a value as a function parameter. Values can also be <i id="mwBqA">borrowed,</i> meaning they are temporarily passed to a different function before being returned to the owner.<sup about="#mwt401" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201963–68_75-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201963–68"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201963–68-75"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"63–68"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201963–68-75" id="mwBqE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBqI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBqM">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBqQ">]</span></span></a></sup> With these rules, Rust can prevent the creation and use of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dangling_pointers" title="Dangling pointers" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBqU">dangling pointers</a>:<sup about="#mwt403" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201963–68_75-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201963–68"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201963–68-75"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"63–68"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201963–68-75" id="mwBqY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBqc"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBqg">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBqk">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt405" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201974–75_76-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201974–75"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201974–75-76"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"74–75"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201974–75-76" id="mwBqo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBqs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBqw">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBq0">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt407" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn print_string(s: String) {\n println!(\"{}\", s);\n}\n\nfn main() {\n let s = String::from(\"Hello, World\");\n print_string(s); // s consumed by print_string\n // s has been moved, so cannot be used any more\n // another print_string(s); would result in a compile error\n}\n"}}' id="mwBq4"><pre id="mwBq8"><span id="mwBrA"></span><span class="k" id="mwBrE">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwBrI"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwBrM">print_string</span><span class="p" id="mwBrQ">(</span><span class="n" id="mwBrU">s</span><span class="p" id="mwBrY">:</span><span class="w" id="mwBrc"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwBrg">String</span><span class="p" id="mwBrk">)</span><span class="w" id="mwBro"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBrs">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBrw"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwBr0">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwBr4">(</span><span class="s" id="mwBr8">"{}"</span><span class="p" id="mwBsA">,</span><span class="w" id="mwBsE"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBsI">s</span><span class="p" id="mwBsM">);</span>
<span class="p" id="mwBsQ">}</span>
<span class="k" id="mwBsU">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwBsY"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwBsc">main</span><span class="p" id="mwBsg">()</span><span class="w" id="mwBsk"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBso">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBss"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwBsw">let</span><span class="w" id="mwBs0"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBs4">s</span><span class="w" id="mwBs8"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBtA">=</span><span class="w" id="mwBtE"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwBtI">String</span><span class="p" id="mwBtM">::</span><span class="n" id="mwBtQ">from</span><span class="p" id="mwBtU">(</span><span class="s" id="mwBtY">"Hello, World"</span><span class="p" id="mwBtc">);</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBtg"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBtk">print_string</span><span class="p" id="mwBto">(</span><span class="n" id="mwBts">s</span><span class="p" id="mwBtw">);</span><span class="w" id="mwBt0"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwBt4">// s consumed by print_string</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBt8"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwBuA">// s has been moved, so cannot be used any more</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBuE"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwBuI">// another print_string(s); would result in a compile error</span>
<span class="p" id="mwBuM">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p id="mwBuQ">The function <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt408" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"print_string"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"print_string"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBuU"><span class="n" id="mwBuY">print_string</span></code> takes ownership over the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt410" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"String"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"String"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBuc"><span class="nb" id="mwBug">String</span></code> value passed in; Alternatively, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt412" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"&"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"&"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBuk"><span class="o" id="mwBuo">&</span></code> can be used to indicate a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)" id="mwBus">reference</a> type (in <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt414" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"&String"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"&String"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBuw"><span class="o" id="mwBu0">&</span><span class="nb" id="mwBu4">String</span></code>) and to create a reference (in <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt416" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"&s"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"&s"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBu8"><span class="o" id="mwBvA">&</span><span class="n" id="mwBvE">s</span></code>):<sup about="#mwt418" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202371–72_77-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202371–72"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202371–72-77"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"71–72"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202371–72-77" id="mwBvI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBvM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBvQ">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBvU">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt420" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn print_string(s: &String) {\n println!(\"{}\", s);\n}\n\nfn main() {\n let s = String::from(\"Hello, World\");\n print_string(&s); // s borrowed by print_string\n print_string(&s); // s has not been consumed; we can call the function many times\n}\n"}}' id="mwBvY"><pre id="mwBvc"><span id="mwBvg"></span><span class="k" id="mwBvk">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwBvo"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwBvs">print_string</span><span class="p" id="mwBvw">(</span><span class="n" id="mwBv0">s</span><span class="p" id="mwBv4">:</span><span class="w" id="mwBv8"> </span><span class="kp" id="mwBwA">&</span><span class="nb" id="mwBwE">String</span><span class="p" id="mwBwI">)</span><span class="w" id="mwBwM"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBwQ">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBwU"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwBwY">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwBwc">(</span><span class="s" id="mwBwg">"{}"</span><span class="p" id="mwBwk">,</span><span class="w" id="mwBwo"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBws">s</span><span class="p" id="mwBww">);</span>
<span class="p" id="mwBw0">}</span>
<span class="k" id="mwBw4">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwBw8"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwBxA">main</span><span class="p" id="mwBxE">()</span><span class="w" id="mwBxI"> </span><span class="p" id="mwBxM">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwBxQ"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwBxU">let</span><span class="w" id="mwBxY"> </span><span class="n" id="mwBxc">s</span><span class="w" id="mwBxg"> </span><span class="o" id="mwBxk">=</span><span class="w" id="mwBxo"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwBxs">String</span><span class="p" id="mwBxw">::</span><span class="n" id="mwBx0">from</span><span class="p" id="mwBx4">(</span><span class="s" id="mwBx8">"Hello, World"</span><span class="p" id="mwByA">);</span>
<span class="w" id="mwByE"> </span><span class="n" id="mwByI">print_string</span><span class="p" id="mwByM">(</span><span class="o" id="mwByQ">&</span><span class="n" id="mwByU">s</span><span class="p" id="mwByY">);</span><span class="w" id="mwByc"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwByg">// s borrowed by print_string</span>
<span class="w" id="mwByk"> </span><span class="n" id="mwByo">print_string</span><span class="p" id="mwBys">(</span><span class="o" id="mwByw">&</span><span class="n" id="mwBy0">s</span><span class="p" id="mwBy4">);</span><span class="w" id="mwBy8"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwBzA">// s has not been consumed; we can call the function many times</span>
<span class="p" id="mwBzE">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p id="mwBzI">Because of these ownership rules, Rust types are known as <i id="mwBzM"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Linear_types" title="Linear types" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBzQ">linear</a></i> or <i id="mwBzU">affine</i> types, meaning each value can be used exactly once. This enforces a form of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Software_fault_isolation" title="Software fault isolation" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBzY">software fault isolation</a> as the owner of a value is solely responsible for its correctness and deallocation.<sup about="#mwt423" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-BeyondSafety_78-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"BeyondSafety"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-BeyondSafety-78"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-BeyondSafety-78" id="mwBzc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwBzg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBzk">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwBzo">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwBzs">When a value goes out of scope, it is <i id="mwBzw">dropped</i> by running its <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Destructor_(computer_programming)" title="Destructor (computer programming)" id="mwBz0">destructor</a>. The destructor may be programmatically defined through implementing the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt424" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"Drop"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Drop"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBz4"><span class="nb" id="mwBz8">Drop</span></code> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#Traits" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwB0A">trait</a>. This helps manage resources such as file handles, network sockets, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Lock_(computer_science)" title="Lock (computer science)" id="mwB0E">locks</a>, since when objects are dropped, the resources associated with them are closed or released automatically.<sup about="#mwt426" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023327–30_79-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023327–30"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023327–30-79"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"327-30"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023327–30-79" id="mwB0I"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwB0M"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwB0Q">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwB0U">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<section data-mw-section-id="20" id="mwB0Y"><h4 id="Lifetimes">Lifetimes</h4>
<p id="mwB0c"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Object_lifetime" title="Object lifetime" id="mwB0g">Object lifetime</a> refers to the period of time during which a reference is valid; that is, the time between the object creation and destruction.<sup about="#mwt434" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-80" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-80"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-80" id="mwB0k"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwB0o"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwB0s">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwB0w">]</span></span></a></sup> These <i id="mwB00">lifetimes</i> are implicitly associated with all Rust reference types. While often inferred, they can also be indicated explicitly with named lifetime parameters (often denoted <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt428" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"'a"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"'a"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwB04"><span class="o" id="mwB08">'</span><span class="na" id="mwB1A">a</span></code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt430" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"'b"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"'b"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwB1E"><span class="o" id="mwB1I">'</span><span class="na" id="mwB1M">b</span></code>, and so on).<sup about="#mwt437" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-81" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-81"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-81" id="mwB1Q"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwB1U"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwB1Y">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwB1c">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwB1g">Lifetimes in Rust can be thought of as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)" id="mwB1k">lexically scoped</a>, meaning that the duration of an object lifetime is inferred from the set of locations in the source code (i.e., function, line, and column numbers) for which a variable is valid.<sup about="#mwt438" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194_82-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194-82"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"p":{"wt":"194"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194-82" id="mwB1o"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwB1s"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwB1w">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwB10">]</span></span></a></sup> For example, a reference to a local variable has a lifetime corresponding to the block it is defined in:<sup about="#mwt440" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194_82-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194-82"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"p":{"wt":"194"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194-82" id="mwB14"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwB18"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwB2A">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwB2E">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt442" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn main() {\n let x = 5; // ------------------+- Lifetime 'a\n // |\n let r = &x; // -+-- Lifetime 'b |\n // | |\n println!(\"r: {}\", r); // | |\n // | |\n // -+ |\n} // ------------------+\n"}}' id="mwB2I"><pre id="mwB2M"><span id="mwB2Q"></span><span class="k" id="mwB2U">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwB2Y"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwB2c">main</span><span class="p" id="mwB2g">()</span><span class="w" id="mwB2k"> </span><span class="p" id="mwB2o">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwB2s"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwB2w">let</span><span class="w" id="mwB20"> </span><span class="n" id="mwB24">x</span><span class="w" id="mwB28"> </span><span class="o" id="mwB3A">=</span><span class="w" id="mwB3E"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwB3I">5</span><span class="p" id="mwB3M">;</span><span class="w" id="mwB3Q"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwB3U">// ------------------+- Lifetime 'a</span>
<span class="w" id="mwB3Y"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwB3c">// |</span>
<span class="w" id="mwB3g"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwB3k">let</span><span class="w" id="mwB3o"> </span><span class="n" id="mwB3s">r</span><span class="w" id="mwB3w"> </span><span class="o" id="mwB30">=</span><span class="w" id="mwB34"> </span><span class="o" id="mwB38">&</span><span class="n" id="mwB4A">x</span><span class="p" id="mwB4E">;</span><span class="w" id="mwB4I"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwB4M">// -+-- Lifetime 'b |</span>
<span class="w" id="mwB4Q"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwB4U">// | |</span>
<span class="w" id="mwB4Y"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwB4c">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwB4g">(</span><span class="s" id="mwB4k">"r: {}"</span><span class="p" id="mwB4o">,</span><span class="w" id="mwB4s"> </span><span class="n" id="mwB4w">r</span><span class="p" id="mwB40">);</span><span class="w" id="mwB44"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwB48">// | |</span>
<span class="w" id="mwB5A"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwB5E">// | |</span>
<span class="w" id="mwB5I"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwB5M">// -+ |</span>
<span class="p" id="mwB5Q">}</span><span class="w" id="mwB5U"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwB5Y">// ------------------+</span>
</pre></div>
<p id="mwB5c">The borrow checker in the Rust compiler then enforces that references are only used in the locations of the source code where the associated lifetime is valid.<sup about="#mwt443" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201975,_134_83-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201975, 134"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201975,_134-83"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"75,134"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201975,_134-83" id="mwB5g"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwB5k"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwB5o">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwB5s">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt461" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-84" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-84"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-84" id="mwB5w"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwB50"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwB54">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwB58">]</span></span></a></sup> In the example above, storing a reference to variable <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt445" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"x"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"x"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwB6A"><span class="n" id="mwB6E">x</span></code> in <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt447" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"r"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"r"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwB6I"><span class="n" id="mwB6M">r</span></code> is valid, as variable <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt449" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"x"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"x"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwB6Q"><span class="n" id="mwB6U">x</span></code> has a longer lifetime (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt451" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"'a"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"'a"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwB6Y"><span class="o" id="mwB6c">'</span><span class="na" id="mwB6g">a</span></code>) than variable <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt453" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"r"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"r"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwB6k"><span class="n" id="mwB6o">r</span></code> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt455" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"'b"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"'b"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwB6s"><span class="o" id="mwB6w">'</span><span class="na" id="mwB60">b</span></code>). However, when <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt457" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"x"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"x"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwB64"><span class="n" id="mwB68">x</span></code> has a shorter lifetime, the borrow checker would reject the program:</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt462" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn main() {\n let r; // ------------------+- Lifetime 'a\n // |\n { // |\n let x = 5; // -+-- Lifetime 'b |\n r = &x; // ERROR: x does | |\n } // not live long -| |\n // enough |\n println!(\"r: {}\", r); // |\n} // ------------------+\n"}}' id="mwB7A"><pre id="mwB7E"><span id="mwB7I"></span><span class="k" id="mwB7M">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwB7Q"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwB7U">main</span><span class="p" id="mwB7Y">()</span><span class="w" id="mwB7c"> </span><span class="p" id="mwB7g">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwB7k"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwB7o">let</span><span class="w" id="mwB7s"> </span><span class="n" id="mwB7w">r</span><span class="p" id="mwB70">;</span><span class="w" id="mwB74"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwB78">// ------------------+- Lifetime 'a</span>
<span class="w" id="mwB8A"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwB8E">// |</span>
<span class="w" id="mwB8I"> </span><span class="p" id="mwB8M">{</span><span class="w" id="mwB8Q"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwB8U">// |</span>
<span class="w" id="mwB8Y"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwB8c">let</span><span class="w" id="mwB8g"> </span><span class="n" id="mwB8k">x</span><span class="w" id="mwB8o"> </span><span class="o" id="mwB8s">=</span><span class="w" id="mwB8w"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwB80">5</span><span class="p" id="mwB84">;</span><span class="w" id="mwB88"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwB9A">// -+-- Lifetime 'b |</span>
<span class="w" id="mwB9E"> </span><span class="n" id="mwB9I">r</span><span class="w" id="mwB9M"> </span><span class="o" id="mwB9Q">=</span><span class="w" id="mwB9U"> </span><span class="o" id="mwB9Y">&</span><span class="n" id="mwB9c">x</span><span class="p" id="mwB9g">;</span><span class="w" id="mwB9k"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwB9o">// ERROR: x does | |</span>
<span class="w" id="mwB9s"> </span><span class="p" id="mwB9w">}</span><span class="w" id="mwB90"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwB94">// not live long -| |</span>
<span class="w" id="mwB98"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwB-A">// enough |</span>
<span class="w" id="mwB-E"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwB-I">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwB-M">(</span><span class="s" id="mwB-Q">"r: {}"</span><span class="p" id="mwB-U">,</span><span class="w" id="mwB-Y"> </span><span class="n" id="mwB-c">r</span><span class="p" id="mwB-g">);</span><span class="w" id="mwB-k"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwB-o">// |</span>
<span class="p" id="mwB-s">}</span><span class="w" id="mwB-w"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwB-0">// ------------------+</span>
</pre></div>
<p id="mwB-4">Since the lifetime of the referenced variable (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt463" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"'b"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"'b"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwB-8"><span class="o" id="mwB_A">'</span><span class="na" id="mwB_E">b</span></code>) is shorter than the lifetime of the variable holding the reference (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt465" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"'a"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"'a"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwB_I"><span class="o" id="mwB_M">'</span><span class="na" id="mwB_Q">a</span></code>), the borrow checker errors, preventing <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt467" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"x"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"x"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwB_U"><span class="n" id="mwB_Y">x</span></code> from being used from outside its scope.<sup about="#mwt469" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194–195_85-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194–195"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194–195-85"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"194-195"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194–195-85" id="mwB_c"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwB_g"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwB_k">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwB_o">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwB_s">Lifetimes can be indicated using explicit <i id="mwB_w">lifetime parameters</i> on function arguments. For example, the following code specifies that the reference returned by the function has the same lifetime as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt471" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"original"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"original"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwB_0"><span class="n" id="mwB_4">original</span></code> (and <i id="mwB_8">not</i> necessarily the same lifetime as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt473" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"prefix"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"prefix"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCAA"><span class="n" id="mwCAE">prefix</span></code>):<sup about="#mwt475" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023208–12_86-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023208–12"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023208–12-86"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"208–12"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023208–12-86" id="mwCAI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCAM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCAQ">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCAU">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt477" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn remove_prefix<'a>(mut original: &'a str, prefix: &str) -> &'a str {\n if original.starts_with(prefix) {\n original = original[prefix.len()..];\n }\n original\n}\n"}}' id="mwCAY"><pre id="mwCAc"><span id="mwCAg"></span><span class="k" id="mwCAk">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwCAo"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwCAs">remove_prefix</span><span class="o" id="mwCAw"><'</span><span class="na" id="mwCA0">a</span><span class="o" id="mwCA4">></span><span class="p" id="mwCA8">(</span><span class="k" id="mwCBA">mut</span><span class="w" id="mwCBE"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCBI">original</span><span class="p" id="mwCBM">:</span><span class="w" id="mwCBQ"> </span><span class="kp" id="mwCBU">&</span><span class="o" id="mwCBY">'</span><span class="na" id="mwCBc">a</span><span class="w" id="mwCBg"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwCBk">str</span><span class="p" id="mwCBo">,</span><span class="w" id="mwCBs"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCBw">prefix</span><span class="p" id="mwCB0">:</span><span class="w" id="mwCB4"> </span><span class="kp" id="mwCB8">&</span><span class="kt" id="mwCCA">str</span><span class="p" id="mwCCE">)</span><span class="w" id="mwCCI"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCCM">-></span><span class="w" id="mwCCQ"> </span><span class="kp" id="mwCCU">&</span><span class="o" id="mwCCY">'</span><span class="na" id="mwCCc">a</span><span class="w" id="mwCCg"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwCCk">str</span><span class="w" id="mwCCo"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCCs">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCCw"> </span><span class="k" id="mwCC0">if</span><span class="w" id="mwCC4"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCC8">original</span><span class="p" id="mwCDA">.</span><span class="n" id="mwCDE">starts_with</span><span class="p" id="mwCDI">(</span><span class="n" id="mwCDM">prefix</span><span class="p" id="mwCDQ">)</span><span class="w" id="mwCDU"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCDY">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCDc"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCDg">original</span><span class="w" id="mwCDk"> </span><span class="o" id="mwCDo">=</span><span class="w" id="mwCDs"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCDw">original</span><span class="p" id="mwCD0">[</span><span class="n" id="mwCD4">prefix</span><span class="p" id="mwCD8">.</span><span class="n" id="mwCEA">len</span><span class="p" id="mwCEE">()</span><span class="o" id="mwCEI">..</span><span class="p" id="mwCEM">];</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCEQ"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCEU">}</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCEY"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCEc">original</span>
<span class="p" id="mwCEg">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p id="mwCEk">In the compiler, ownership and lifetimes work together to prevent memory safety issues such as dangling pointers.<sup about="#mwt478" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023[httpsdocrust-langorgbookch04-02-references-and-borrowinghtml_4.2._References_and_Borrowing]_87-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023[httpsdocrust-langorgbookch04-02-references-and-borrowinghtml 4.2. References and Borrowing]"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023[httpsdocrust-langorgbookch04-02-references-and-borrowinghtml_4.2._References_and_Borrowing]-87"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"loc":{"wt":"[https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html 4.2. References and Borrowing]"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023[httpsdocrust-langorgbookch04-02-references-and-borrowinghtml_4.2._References_and_Borrowing]-87" id="mwCEo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCEs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCEw">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCE0">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt482" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Pearce_88-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Pearce"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Pearce-88"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Pearce-88" id="mwCE4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCE8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCFA">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCFE">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="21" id="mwCFI"><h3 id="User-defined_types">User-defined types</h3>
<p id="mwCFM">User-defined types are created with the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt483" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"struct"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"struct"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCFQ"><span class="k" id="mwCFU">struct</span></code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt485" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"enum"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"enum"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCFY"><span class="k" id="mwCFc">enum</span></code> keywords. The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt487" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"struct"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"struct"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCFg"><span class="k" id="mwCFk">struct</span></code> keyword is used to denote a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)" id="mwCFo">record type</a> that groups multiple related values.<sup about="#mwt489" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201983_89-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201983"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201983-89"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"p":{"wt":"83"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201983-89" id="mwCFs"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCFw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCF0">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCF4">]</span></span></a></sup> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt491" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"enum"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"enum"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCF8"><span class="k" id="mwCGA">enum</span></code>s can take on different variants at runtime, with its capabilities similar to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Algebraic_data_types" title="Algebraic data types" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCGE">algebraic data types</a> found in functional programming languages.<sup about="#mwt493" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201997_90-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201997"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201997-90"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"p":{"wt":"97"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201997-90" id="mwCGI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCGM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCGQ">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCGU">]</span></span></a></sup> Both records and enum variants can contain <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Field_(computer_science)" title="Field (computer science)" id="mwCGY">fields</a> with different types.<sup about="#mwt495" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201998–101_91-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201998–101"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201998–101-91"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"98–101"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201998–101-91" id="mwCGc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCGg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCGk">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCGo">]</span></span></a></sup> Alternative names, or aliases, for the same type can be defined with the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt497" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"type"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"type"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCGs"><span class="k" id="mwCGw">type</span></code> keyword.<sup about="#mwt499" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019438–440_92-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019438–440"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019438–440-92"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"438–440"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019438–440-92" id="mwCG0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCG4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCG8">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCHA">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwCHE">The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt501" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"impl"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"impl"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCHI"><span class="k" id="mwCHM">impl</span></code> keyword can define methods for a user-defined type. Data and functions are defined separately. Implementations fulfill a role similar to that of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Class_(computer_programming)" title="Class (computer programming)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCHQ">classes</a> within other languages.<sup about="#mwt503" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201993_93-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201993"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201993-93"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"93"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201993-93" id="mwCHU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCHY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCHc">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCHg">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<section data-mw-section-id="22" id="mwCHk"><h4 id="Standard_library">Standard library</h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwCHo"><a href="./File:Rust_standard_libraries.svg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwCHs"><img resource="./File:Rust_standard_libraries.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rust_standard_libraries.svg/250px-Rust_standard_libraries.svg.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="325" data-file-type="drawing" height="314" width="250" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rust_standard_libraries.svg/375px-Rust_standard_libraries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rust_standard_libraries.svg/500px-Rust_standard_libraries.svg.png 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwCHw"/></a><figcaption id="mwCH0">A diagram of the dependencies between the standard library modules of Rust.</figcaption></figure>
<p id="mwCH4">The Rust <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Standard_library" title="Standard library" id="mwCH8">standard library</a> defines and implements many widely used custom data types, including core data structures such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt505" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"Vec"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Vec"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCIA"><span class="nb" id="mwCIE">Vec</span></code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt507" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"Option"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Option"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCII"><span class="nb" id="mwCIM">Option</span></code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt509" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"HashMap"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"HashMap"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCIQ"><span class="n" id="mwCIU">HashMap</span></code>, as well as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Smart_pointer" title="Smart pointer" id="mwCIY">smart pointer</a> types. Rust also provides a way to exclude most of the standard library using the attribute <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt511" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"#![no_std]"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"#![no_std]"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCIc"><span class="cp" id="mwCIg">#![no_std]</span></code>, for applications such as embedded devices. Internally, the standard library is divided into three parts, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt513" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"core"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"core"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCIk"><span class="n" id="mwCIo">core</span></code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt515" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"alloc"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"alloc"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCIs"><span class="n" id="mwCIw">alloc</span></code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt517" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"std"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"std"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCI0"><span class="n" id="mwCI4">std</span></code>, where <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt519" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"std"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"std"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCI8"><span class="n" id="mwCJA">std</span></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt521" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"alloc"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"alloc"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCJE"><span class="n" id="mwCJI">alloc</span></code> are excluded by <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt523" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"#![no_std]"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"#![no_std]"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCJM"><span class="cp" id="mwCJQ">#![no_std]</span></code>.<sup about="#mwt525" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021213–215_94-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEGjengset2021213–215"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021213–215-94"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Gjengset"},"2":{"wt":"2021"},"pp":{"wt":"213-215"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021213–215-94" id="mwCJU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCJY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCJc">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCJg">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwCJk">Rust uses the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Option_type" title="Option type" id="mwCJo">option type</a> <code id="mwCJs">Option<T></code> to define optional values, which can be matched using <code id="mwCJw">if let</code> or <code id="mwCJ0">match</code> to access the inner value:<sup about="#mwt527" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023108–110,_113–114,_116–117_95-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023108–110, 113–114, 116–117"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023108–110,_113–114,_116–117-95"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"108-110,113-114,116-117"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023108–110,_113–114,_116–117-95" id="mwCJ4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCJ8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCKA">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCKE">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt529" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nfn main() {\n let name1: Option<&str> = None;\n // In this case, nothing will be printed out\n if let Some(name) = name1 {\n println!(\"{name}\");\n }\n\n let name2: Option<&str> = Some(\"Matthew\");\n // In this case, the word \"Matthew\" will be printed out\n if let Some(name) = name2 {\n println!(\"{name}\");\n }\n}\n"}}' id="mwCKI"><pre id="mwCKM"><span id="mwCKQ"></span><span class="k" id="mwCKU">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwCKY"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwCKc">main</span><span class="p" id="mwCKg">()</span><span class="w" id="mwCKk"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCKo">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCKs"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwCKw">let</span><span class="w" id="mwCK0"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCK4">name1</span><span class="p" id="mwCK8">:</span><span class="w" id="mwCLA"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwCLE">Option</span><span class="o" id="mwCLI"><&</span><span class="kt" id="mwCLM">str</span><span class="o" id="mwCLQ">></span><span class="w" id="mwCLU"> </span><span class="o" id="mwCLY">=</span><span class="w" id="mwCLc"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwCLg">None</span><span class="p" id="mwCLk">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCLo"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwCLs">// In this case, nothing will be printed out</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCLw"> </span><span class="k" id="mwCL0">if</span><span class="w" id="mwCL4"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwCL8">let</span><span class="w" id="mwCMA"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwCME">Some</span><span class="p" id="mwCMI">(</span><span class="n" id="mwCMM">name</span><span class="p" id="mwCMQ">)</span><span class="w" id="mwCMU"> </span><span class="o" id="mwCMY">=</span><span class="w" id="mwCMc"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCMg">name1</span><span class="w" id="mwCMk"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCMo">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCMs"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwCMw">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwCM0">(</span><span class="s" id="mwCM4">"{name}"</span><span class="p" id="mwCM8">);</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCNA"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCNE">}</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCNI"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwCNM">let</span><span class="w" id="mwCNQ"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCNU">name2</span><span class="p" id="mwCNY">:</span><span class="w" id="mwCNc"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwCNg">Option</span><span class="o" id="mwCNk"><&</span><span class="kt" id="mwCNo">str</span><span class="o" id="mwCNs">></span><span class="w" id="mwCNw"> </span><span class="o" id="mwCN0">=</span><span class="w" id="mwCN4"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwCN8">Some</span><span class="p" id="mwCOA">(</span><span class="s" id="mwCOE">"Matthew"</span><span class="p" id="mwCOI">);</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCOM"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwCOQ">// In this case, the word "Matthew" will be printed out</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCOU"> </span><span class="k" id="mwCOY">if</span><span class="w" id="mwCOc"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwCOg">let</span><span class="w" id="mwCOk"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwCOo">Some</span><span class="p" id="mwCOs">(</span><span class="n" id="mwCOw">name</span><span class="p" id="mwCO0">)</span><span class="w" id="mwCO4"> </span><span class="o" id="mwCO8">=</span><span class="w" id="mwCPA"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCPE">name2</span><span class="w" id="mwCPI"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCPM">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCPQ"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwCPU">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwCPY">(</span><span class="s" id="mwCPc">"{name}"</span><span class="p" id="mwCPg">);</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCPk"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCPo">}</span>
<span class="p" id="mwCPs">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p id="mwCPw">Similarly, Rust's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Result_type" title="Result type" id="mwCP0">result type</a> <code id="mwCP4">Result<T, E></code> holds either a successfully computed value (the <code id="mwCP8">Ok</code> variant) or an error (the <code id="mwCQA">Err</code> variant)<sup about="#mwt532" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Rust_error_handling_96-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Rust error handling"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Rust_error_handling-96"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Rust_error_handling-96" id="mwCQE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCQI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCQM">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCQQ">]</span></span></a></sup>. Like <code id="mwCQU">Option</code>, the use of <code id="mwCQY">Result</code> means that the inner value cannot be used directly; programmers must use a <code id="mwCQc">match</code> expression, syntactic sugar such as <code id="mwCQg">?</code> (the “try” operator), or an explicit <code id="mwCQk">unwrap</code> assertion to access it. Both <code id="mwCQo">Option</code> and <code id="mwCQs">Result</code> are used throughout the standard library and are a fundamental part of Rust's explicit approach to handling errors and missing data.</p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="23" id="mwCQw"><h3 id="Pointers">Pointers</h3>
<p id="mwCQ0">The <code id="mwCQ4">&</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt533" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"&mut"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"&mut"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCQ8"><span class="o" id="mwCRA">&</span><span class="k" id="mwCRE">mut</span></code> reference types are guaranteed to not be null and point to valid memory.<sup about="#mwt535" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021155-156_97-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEGjengset2021155-156"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021155-156-97"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Gjengset"},"2":{"wt":"2021"},"p":{"wt":"155-156"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021155-156-97" id="mwCRI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCRM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCRQ">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCRU">]</span></span></a></sup> The raw pointer types <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt537" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"*const"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"*const"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCRY"><span class="o" id="mwCRc">*</span><span class="k" id="mwCRg">const</span></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt539" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"*mut"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"*mut"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCRk"><span class="o" id="mwCRo">*</span><span class="k" id="mwCRs">mut</span></code> opt out of the safety guarantees, thus they may be null or invalid; however, it is impossible to dereference them unless the code is explicitly declared unsafe through the use of an <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt541" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"unsafe"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"unsafe"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCRw"><span class="k" id="mwCR0">unsafe</span></code> block.<sup about="#mwt543" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023421–423_98-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023421–423"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023421–423-98"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"421-423"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023421–423-98" id="mwCR4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCR8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCSA">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCSE">]</span></span></a></sup> Unlike dereferencing, the creation of raw pointers is allowed inside safe Rust code.<sup about="#mwt545" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019418–427_99-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019418–427"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019418–427-99"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"418–427"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019418–427-99" id="mwCSI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCSM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCSQ">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCSU">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="24" id="mwCSY"><h3 id="Type_conversion">Type conversion</h3>
<div class="excerpt-block" about="#mwt547" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"excerpt","href":"./Template:Excerpt"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Type conversion"},"2":{"wt":"Rust"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCSc"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" about="#mwt548" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Excerpt/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'>.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" about="#mwt549" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Hatnote/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Type_conversion#Rust" title="Type conversion">Type conversion § Rust</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_conversion&action=edit" class="external text">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p>Rust provides no implicit type conversion (coercion) between most primitive types. But, explicit type conversion (casting) can be performed using the <code>as</code> keyword.<sup about="#mwt552" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-100" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-100"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-100" id="mwCSg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCSk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCSo">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCSs">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt553" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nlet x: i32 = 1000;\nprintln!(\"1000 as a u16 is: {}\", x as u16);\n"}}' id="mwCSw"><pre id="mwCS0"><span id="mwCS4"></span><span class="kd" id="mwCS8">let</span><span class="w" id="mwCTA"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCTE">x</span><span class="p" id="mwCTI">:</span><span class="w" id="mwCTM"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwCTQ">i32</span><span class="w" id="mwCTU"> </span><span class="o" id="mwCTY">=</span><span class="w" id="mwCTc"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwCTg">1000</span><span class="p" id="mwCTk">;</span>
<span class="fm" id="mwCTo">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwCTs">(</span><span class="s" id="mwCTw">"1000 as a u16 is: {}"</span><span class="p" id="mwCT0">,</span><span class="w" id="mwCT4"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCT8">x</span><span class="w" id="mwCUA"> </span><span class="k" id="mwCUE">as</span><span class="w" id="mwCUI"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwCUM">u16</span><span class="p" id="mwCUQ">);</span>
</pre></div>
<link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_excerpts"/></div></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwCUU"><span id="mwCUY"><video poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/250px--Rust_101.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" height="141" width="250" resource="./File:Rust_101.webm" data-durationhint="5448" class="mw-file-element" id="mwCUc"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Rust_101.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" id="mwCUg"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/Rust_101.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-width="256" data-height="144" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" id="mwCUk"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/Rust_101.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="426" data-height="240" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" id="mwCUo"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/Rust_101.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="640" data-height="360" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" id="mwCUs"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/Rust_101.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="640" data-height="360" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" id="mwCUw"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/Rust_101.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="854" data-height="480" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" id="mwCU0"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/Rust_101.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" id="mwCU4"/></video></span><figcaption id="mwCU8">A presentation on Rust by Emily Dunham from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla" title="Mozilla" id="mwCVA">Mozilla</a>'s Rust team (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Linux.conf.au" title="Linux.conf.au" id="mwCVE">linux.conf.au</a> conference, Hobart, 2017)</figcaption></figure>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="25" id="mwCVI"><h3 id="Polymorphism">Polymorphism</h3>
<p id="mwCVM">Rust supports <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bounded_parametric_polymorphism" title="Bounded parametric polymorphism" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCVQ">bounded parametric polymorphism</a> through <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Trait_(computer_programming)" title="Trait (computer programming)" id="mwCVU">traits</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Generic_function" title="Generic function" id="mwCVY">generic functions</a>.<sup about="#mwt554" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023378_101-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023378"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023378-101"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"p":{"wt":"378"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023378-101" id="mwCVc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCVg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCVk">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCVo">]</span></span></a></sup> Common behavior between types may be declared using traits and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt556" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"impl"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"impl"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCVs"><span class="k" id="mwCVw">impl</span></code>s:<sup about="#mwt558" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023192–198_102-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023192–198"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023192–198-102"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"192-198"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023192–198-102" id="mwCV0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCV4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCV8">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCWA">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt560" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\ntrait Zero: Sized {\n fn zero() -> Self;\n fn is_zero(&self) -> bool\n where\n Self: PartialEq,\n {\n self == &Zero::zero()\n }\n}\n\nimpl Zero for u32 {\n fn zero() -> u32 { 0 }\n}\n\nimpl Zero for f32 {\n fn zero() -> Self { 0.0 }\n}\n"}}' id="mwCWE"><pre id="mwCWI"><span id="mwCWM"></span><span class="k" id="mwCWQ">trait</span><span class="w" id="mwCWU"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCWY">Zero</span><span class="p" id="mwCWc">:</span><span class="w" id="mwCWg"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwCWk">Sized</span><span class="w" id="mwCWo"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCWs">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCWw"> </span><span class="k" id="mwCW0">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwCW4"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwCW8">zero</span><span class="p" id="mwCXA">()</span><span class="w" id="mwCXE"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCXI">-></span><span class="w" id="mwCXM"> </span><span class="nc" id="mwCXQ">Self</span><span class="p" id="mwCXU">;</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCXY"> </span><span class="k" id="mwCXc">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwCXg"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwCXk">is_zero</span><span class="p" id="mwCXo">(</span><span class="o" id="mwCXs">&</span><span class="bp" id="mwCXw">self</span><span class="p" id="mwCX0">)</span><span class="w" id="mwCX4"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCX8">-></span><span class="w" id="mwCYA"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwCYE">bool</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCYI"> </span><span class="nc" id="mwCYM">where</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCYQ"> </span><span class="bp" id="mwCYU">Self</span><span class="p" id="mwCYY">:</span><span class="w" id="mwCYc"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwCYg">PartialEq</span><span class="p" id="mwCYk">,</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCYo"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCYs">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCYw"> </span><span class="bp" id="mwCY0">self</span><span class="w" id="mwCY4"> </span><span class="o" id="mwCY8">==</span><span class="w" id="mwCZA"> </span><span class="o" id="mwCZE">&</span><span class="n" id="mwCZI">Zero</span><span class="p" id="mwCZM">::</span><span class="n" id="mwCZQ">zero</span><span class="p" id="mwCZU">()</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCZY"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCZc">}</span>
<span class="p" id="mwCZg">}</span>
<span class="k" id="mwCZk">impl</span><span class="w" id="mwCZo"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCZs">Zero</span><span class="w" id="mwCZw"> </span><span class="k" id="mwCZ0">for</span><span class="w" id="mwCZ4"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwCZ8">u32</span><span class="w" id="mwCaA"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCaE">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCaI"> </span><span class="k" id="mwCaM">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwCaQ"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwCaU">zero</span><span class="p" id="mwCaY">()</span><span class="w" id="mwCac"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCag">-></span><span class="w" id="mwCak"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwCao">u32</span><span class="w" id="mwCas"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCaw">{</span><span class="w" id="mwCa0"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwCa4">0</span><span class="w" id="mwCa8"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCbA">}</span>
<span class="p" id="mwCbE">}</span>
<span class="k" id="mwCbI">impl</span><span class="w" id="mwCbM"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCbQ">Zero</span><span class="w" id="mwCbU"> </span><span class="k" id="mwCbY">for</span><span class="w" id="mwCbc"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwCbg">f32</span><span class="w" id="mwCbk"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCbo">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCbs"> </span><span class="k" id="mwCbw">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwCb0"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwCb4">zero</span><span class="p" id="mwCb8">()</span><span class="w" id="mwCcA"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCcE">-></span><span class="w" id="mwCcI"> </span><span class="nc" id="mwCcM">Self</span><span class="w" id="mwCcQ"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCcU">{</span><span class="w" id="mwCcY"> </span><span class="mf" id="mwCcc">0.0</span><span class="w" id="mwCcg"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCck">}</span>
<span class="p" id="mwCco">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p id="mwCcs">The example above also includes a method <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt561" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"is_zero"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"is_zero"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCcw"><span class="n" id="mwCc0">is_zero</span></code> which provides a default implementation that is not required when implementing the trait.<sup about="#mwt563" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023192–198_102-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023192–198"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023192–198-102"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"192-198"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023192–198-102" id="mwCc4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCc8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCdA">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCdE">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwCdI">A function can then be made generic by adding type parameters inside angle brackets (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt565" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"<Num>"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"<Num>"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCdM"><span class="o" id="mwCdQ"><</span><span class="n" id="mwCdU">Num</span><span class="o" id="mwCdY">></span></code>), which only allow types that implement the trait:</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt567" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\n// zero is a generic function with one type parameter, Num\nfn zero<Num: Zero>() -> Num {\n Num::zero()\n}\n\nfn main() {\n let a: u32 = zero();\n let b: f32 = zero();\n assert!(a.is_zero() && b.is_zero());\n}\n"}}' id="mwCdc"><pre id="mwCdg"><span id="mwCdk"></span><span class="c1" id="mwCdo">// zero is a generic function with one type parameter, Num</span>
<span class="k" id="mwCds">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwCdw"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwCd0">zero</span><span class="o" id="mwCd4"><</span><span class="n" id="mwCd8">Num</span><span class="p" id="mwCeA">:</span><span class="w" id="mwCeE"> </span><span class="nc" id="mwCeI">Zero</span><span class="o" id="mwCeM">></span><span class="p" id="mwCeQ">()</span><span class="w" id="mwCeU"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCeY">-></span><span class="w" id="mwCec"> </span><span class="nc" id="mwCeg">Num</span><span class="w" id="mwCek"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCeo">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCes"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCew">Num</span><span class="p" id="mwCe0">::</span><span class="n" id="mwCe4">zero</span><span class="p" id="mwCe8">()</span>
<span class="p" id="mwCfA">}</span>
<span class="k" id="mwCfE">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwCfI"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwCfM">main</span><span class="p" id="mwCfQ">()</span><span class="w" id="mwCfU"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCfY">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCfc"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwCfg">let</span><span class="w" id="mwCfk"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCfo">a</span><span class="p" id="mwCfs">:</span><span class="w" id="mwCfw"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwCf0">u32</span><span class="w" id="mwCf4"> </span><span class="o" id="mwCf8">=</span><span class="w" id="mwCgA"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCgE">zero</span><span class="p" id="mwCgI">();</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCgM"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwCgQ">let</span><span class="w" id="mwCgU"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCgY">b</span><span class="p" id="mwCgc">:</span><span class="w" id="mwCgg"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwCgk">f32</span><span class="w" id="mwCgo"> </span><span class="o" id="mwCgs">=</span><span class="w" id="mwCgw"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCg0">zero</span><span class="p" id="mwCg4">();</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCg8"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwChA">assert!</span><span class="p" id="mwChE">(</span><span class="n" id="mwChI">a</span><span class="p" id="mwChM">.</span><span class="n" id="mwChQ">is_zero</span><span class="p" id="mwChU">()</span><span class="w" id="mwChY"> </span><span class="o" id="mwChc">&&</span><span class="w" id="mwChg"> </span><span class="n" id="mwChk">b</span><span class="p" id="mwCho">.</span><span class="n" id="mwChs">is_zero</span><span class="p" id="mwChw">());</span>
<span class="p" id="mwCh0">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p id="mwCh4">In the examples above, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt568" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"Num: Zero"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Num: Zero"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCh8"><span class="n" id="mwCiA">Num</span><span class="p" id="mwCiE">:</span><span class="w" id="mwCiI"> </span><span class="nc" id="mwCiM">Zero</span></code> as well as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt570" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"where Self: PartialEq"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"where Self: PartialEq"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCiQ"><span class="k" id="mwCiU">where</span><span class="w" id="mwCiY"> </span><span class="bp" id="mwCic">Self</span><span class="p" id="mwCig">:</span><span class="w" id="mwCik"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwCio">PartialEq</span></code> are trait bounds that constrain the type to only allow types that implement <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt572" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"Zero"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Zero"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCis"><span class="n" id="mwCiw">Zero</span></code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt574" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"PartialEq"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"PartialEq"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCi0"><span class="nb" id="mwCi4">PartialEq</span></code>.<sup about="#mwt576" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023192–198_102-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023192–198"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023192–198-102"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"192-198"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023192–198-102" id="mwCi8"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCjA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCjE">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCjI">]</span></span></a></sup> Within a trait or impl, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt578" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"Self"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Self"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCjM"><span class="bp" id="mwCjQ">Self</span></code> refers to the type that the code is implementing.<sup about="#mwt580" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202398_103-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202398"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202398-103"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"p":{"wt":"98"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202398-103" id="mwCjU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCjY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCjc">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCjg">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwCjk">Generics can be used in functions to allow implementing a behavior for different types without repeating the same code. Generic functions can be written in relation to other generics, without knowing the actual type.<sup about="#mwt582" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019171–172,_205_104-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019171–172, 205"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019171–172,_205-104"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"171–172,205"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019171–172,_205-104" id="mwCjo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCjs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCjw">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCj0">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<section data-mw-section-id="26" id="mwCj4"><h4 id="Trait_objects">Trait objects</h4>
<p id="mwCj8">Rust supports two ways to call trait methods. With generics and trait bounds, calls use <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Static_dispatch" title="Static dispatch" id="mwCkA">static dispatch</a>: the compiler <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Monomorphization" title="Monomorphization" id="mwCkE">monomorphizes</a> the function for each concrete type, yielding performance comparable to hand-written, type-specific code, at the cost of longer compile times and potentially larger binaries.<sup about="#mwt584" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023191–192_105-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023191–192"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023191–192-105"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"191-192"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023191–192-105" id="mwCkI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCkM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCkQ">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCkU">]</span></span></a></sup> When the exact type is not known at compile time, or when heterogeneous collections are needed, Rust provides <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dynamic_dispatch" title="Dynamic dispatch" id="mwCkY">trait objects</a> (e.g., <code id="mwCkc">&dyn Trait</code>, <code id="mwCkg">Box<dyn Trait></code>). Trait-object calls use <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dynamic_dispatch" title="Dynamic dispatch" id="mwCkk">dynamic dispatch</a> via a vtable; a trait object is a "fat pointer" carrying both a data pointer and a method table pointer.<sup about="#mwt586" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023191–192_105-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023191–192"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023191–192-105"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"191-192"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023191–192-105" id="mwCko"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCks"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCkw">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCk0">]</span></span></a></sup> This indirection can inhibit inlining and add a small runtime cost, but it keeps a single copy of the code and can reduce binary size. Only object-safe traits are eligible to be used as trait objects.<sup about="#mwt588" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjengset202125_106-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEGjengset202125"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset202125-106"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Gjengset"},"2":{"wt":"2021"},"p":{"wt":"25"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset202125-106" id="mwCk4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCk8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwClA">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwClE">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwClI">However, Rust also uses a feature known as <i id="mwClM">trait objects</i> to accomplish <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dynamic_dispatch" title="Dynamic dispatch" id="mwClQ">dynamic dispatch</a>, a type of polymorphism where the implementation of a polymorphic operation is chosen at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Runtime_(program_lifecycle_phase)" title="Runtime (program lifecycle phase)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwClU">runtime</a>. This allows for behavior similar to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Duck_typing" title="Duck typing" id="mwClY">duck typing</a>, where all data types that implement a given trait can be treated as functionally equivalent.<sup about="#mwt590" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023[httpsdocrust-langorgbookch18-02-trait-objectshtml_18.2._Using_Trait_Objects_That_Allow_for_Values_of_Different_Types]_107-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023[httpsdocrust-langorgbookch18-02-trait-objectshtml 18.2. Using Trait Objects That Allow for Values of Different Types]"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023[httpsdocrust-langorgbookch18-02-trait-objectshtml_18.2._Using_Trait_Objects_That_Allow_for_Values_of_Different_Types]-107"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"loc":{"wt":"[https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch18-02-trait-objects.html 18.2. Using Trait Objects That Allow for Values of Different Types]"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023[httpsdocrust-langorgbookch18-02-trait-objectshtml_18.2._Using_Trait_Objects_That_Allow_for_Values_of_Different_Types]-107" id="mwClc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwClg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwClk">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwClo">]</span></span></a></sup> Trait objects are declared using the syntax <code id="mwCls">dyn Tr</code> where <code id="mwClw">Tr</code> is a trait. Trait objects are dynamically sized, therefore they must be put behind a pointer, such as <code id="mwCl0">Box</code>.<sup about="#mwt592" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019441–442_108-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019441–442"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019441–442-108"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"441–442"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019441–442-108" id="mwCl4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCl8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCmA">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCmE">]</span></span></a></sup> The following example creates a list of objects where each object can be printed out using the <code id="mwCmI">Display</code> trait:</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt594" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"Rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nuse std::fmt::Display;\n\nlet v: Vec<Box<dyn Display>> = vec![\n Box::new(3),\n Box::new(5.0),\n Box::new(\"hi\"),\n];\n\nfor x in v {\n println!(\"{x}\");\n}\n"}}' id="mwCmM"><pre id="mwCmQ"><span id="mwCmU"></span><span class="k" id="mwCmY">use</span><span class="w" id="mwCmc"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCmg">std</span><span class="p" id="mwCmk">::</span><span class="n" id="mwCmo">fmt</span><span class="p" id="mwCms">::</span><span class="n" id="mwCmw">Display</span><span class="p" id="mwCm0">;</span>
<span class="kd" id="mwCm4">let</span><span class="w" id="mwCm8"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCnA">v</span><span class="p" id="mwCnE">:</span><span class="w" id="mwCnI"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwCnM">Vec</span><span class="o" id="mwCnQ"><</span><span class="nb" id="mwCnU">Box</span><span class="o" id="mwCnY"><</span><span class="k" id="mwCnc">dyn</span><span class="w" id="mwCng"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCnk">Display</span><span class="o" id="mwCno">>></span><span class="w" id="mwCns"> </span><span class="o" id="mwCnw">=</span><span class="w" id="mwCn0"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwCn4">vec!</span><span class="p" id="mwCn8">[</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCoA"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwCoE">Box</span><span class="p" id="mwCoI">::</span><span class="n" id="mwCoM">new</span><span class="p" id="mwCoQ">(</span><span class="mi" id="mwCoU">3</span><span class="p" id="mwCoY">),</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCoc"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwCog">Box</span><span class="p" id="mwCok">::</span><span class="n" id="mwCoo">new</span><span class="p" id="mwCos">(</span><span class="mf" id="mwCow">5.0</span><span class="p" id="mwCo0">),</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCo4"> </span><span class="nb" id="mwCo8">Box</span><span class="p" id="mwCpA">::</span><span class="n" id="mwCpE">new</span><span class="p" id="mwCpI">(</span><span class="s" id="mwCpM">"hi"</span><span class="p" id="mwCpQ">),</span>
<span class="p" id="mwCpU">];</span>
<span class="k" id="mwCpY">for</span><span class="w" id="mwCpc"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCpg">x</span><span class="w" id="mwCpk"> </span><span class="k" id="mwCpo">in</span><span class="w" id="mwCps"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCpw">v</span><span class="w" id="mwCp0"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCp4">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCp8"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwCqA">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwCqE">(</span><span class="s" id="mwCqI">"{x}"</span><span class="p" id="mwCqM">);</span>
<span class="p" id="mwCqQ">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p id="mwCqU">If an element in the list does not implement the <code id="mwCqY">Display</code> trait, it will cause a compile-time error.<sup about="#mwt595" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019379–380_109-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019379–380"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019379–380-109"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"379–380"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019379–380-109" id="mwCqc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCqg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCqk">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCqo">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="27" id="mwCqs"><h3 id="Memory_safety">Memory safety</h3>
<p id="mwCqw">Rust is designed to be <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Memory_safe" title="Memory safe" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCq0">memory safe</a>. It does not permit null pointers, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dangling_pointer" title="Dangling pointer" id="mwCq4">dangling pointers</a>, or <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Data_race" title="Data race" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCq8">data races</a>.<sup about="#mwt599" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-cnet_110-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"cnet"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-cnet-110"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-cnet-110" id="mwCrA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCrE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCrI">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCrM">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt602" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-lwn_111-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"lwn"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-lwn-111"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-lwn-111" id="mwCrQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCrU"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCrY">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCrc">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt605" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-The_Rustonomicon_112-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"The Rustonomicon"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-The_Rustonomicon-112"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-The_Rustonomicon-112" id="mwCrg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCrk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCro">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCrs">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt608" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Sensors_113-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Sensors"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Sensors-113"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Sensors-113" id="mwCrw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCr0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCr4">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCr8">]</span></span></a></sup> Data values can be initialized only through a fixed set of forms, all of which require their inputs to be already initialized.<sup about="#mwt611" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-lang-faq_114-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"lang-faq"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-lang-faq-114"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-lang-faq-114" id="mwCsA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCsE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCsI">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCsM">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="28" id="mwCsQ"><h3 id="Memory_management">Memory management</h3>
<p id="mwCsU">Rust does not use <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)" id="mwCsY">garbage collection</a>. Memory and other resources are instead managed through the "resource acquisition is initialization" convention,<sup about="#mwt614" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-115" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-115"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-115" id="mwCsc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCsg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCsk">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCso">]</span></span></a></sup> with optional <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Reference_counting" title="Reference counting" id="mwCss">reference counting</a>. Rust provides deterministic management of resources, with very low <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Overhead_(computing)" title="Overhead (computing)" id="mwCsw">overhead</a>.<sup about="#mwt617" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-116" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-116"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-116" id="mwCs0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCs4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCs8">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCtA">]</span></span></a></sup> Values are <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Stack-based_memory_allocation" title="Stack-based memory allocation" id="mwCtE">allocated on the stack</a> by default, and all <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dynamic_allocation" title="Dynamic allocation" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCtI">dynamic allocations</a> must be explicit.<sup about="#mwt620" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-117" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-117"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-117" id="mwCtM"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCtQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCtU">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCtY">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwCtc">The built-in reference types using the <code id="mwCtg">&</code> symbol do not involve run-time reference counting. The safety and validity of the underlying pointers is verified at compile time, preventing <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dangling_pointers" title="Dangling pointers" class="mw-redirect" id="mwCtk">dangling pointers</a> and other forms of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Undefined_behavior" title="Undefined behavior" id="mwCto">undefined behavior</a>.<sup about="#mwt621" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201970–75_118-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201970–75"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201970–75-118"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"70–75"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201970–75-118" id="mwCts"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCtw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCt0">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCt4">]</span></span></a></sup> Rust's type system separates shared, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Immutable_object" title="Immutable object" id="mwCt8">immutable</a> references of the form <code id="mwCuA">&T</code> from unique, mutable references of the form <code id="mwCuE">&mut T</code>. A mutable reference can be coerced to an immutable reference, but not vice versa.<sup about="#mwt623" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019323_119-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019323"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019323-119"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"p":{"wt":"323"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019323-119" id="mwCuI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCuM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCuQ">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCuU">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="29" id="mwCuY"><h3 id="Unsafe">Unsafe</h3>
<p id="mwCuc">Rust's memory safety checks may be circumvented through the use of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt625" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"unsafe"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"unsafe"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwCug"><span class="k" id="mwCuk">unsafe</span></code> blocks. This allows programmers to dereference arbitrary raw pointers, call external code, or perform other low-level functionality not allowed by safe Rust.<sup about="#mwt627" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023420–429_120-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023420–429"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023420–429-120"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"420-429"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023420–429-120" id="mwCuo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCus"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCuw">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCu0">]</span></span></a></sup> Some low-level functionality enabled in this way includes <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Volatile_(computer_programming)" title="Volatile (computer programming)" id="mwCu4">volatile memory access</a>, architecture-specific intrinsics, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Type_punning" title="Type punning" id="mwCu8">type punning</a>, and inline assembly.<sup about="#mwt629" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2021139,_376–379,_395_121-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEMcNamara2021139, 376–379, 395"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2021139,_376–379,_395-121"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"McNamara"},"2":{"wt":"2021"},"p":{"wt":"139, 376–379, 395"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2021139,_376–379,_395-121" id="mwCvA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCvE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCvI">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCvM">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwCvQ">Unsafe code is sometimes needed to implement complex data structures.<sup about="#mwt633" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-UnsafeRustUse_122-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"UnsafeRustUse"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-UnsafeRustUse-122"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-UnsafeRustUse-122" id="mwCvU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCvY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCvc">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCvg">]</span></span></a></sup> A frequently cited example is that it is difficult or impossible to implement <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Doubly_linked_list" title="Doubly linked list" id="mwCvk">doubly linked lists</a> in safe Rust.<sup about="#mwt636" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-123" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-123"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-123" id="mwCvo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCvs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCvw">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCv0">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt639" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-124" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-124"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-124" id="mwCv4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCv8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCwA">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCwE">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt642" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-125" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-125"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-125" id="mwCwI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCwM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCwQ">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCwU">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt645" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-126" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-126"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-126" id="mwCwY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCwc"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCwg">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCwk">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwCwo">Programmers using unsafe Rust are considered responsible for upholding Rust's memory and type safety requirements, for example, that no two mutable references exist pointing to the same location.<sup about="#mwt648" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-IsRustSafely_127-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"IsRustSafely"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-IsRustSafely-127"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-IsRustSafely-127" id="mwCws"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCww"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCw0">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCw4">]</span></span></a></sup> If programmers write code which violates these requirements, this results in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Undefined_behavior" title="Undefined behavior" id="mwCw8">undefined behavior</a>.<sup about="#mwt649" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-IsRustSafely_127-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"IsRustSafely"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-IsRustSafely-127" id="mwCxA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCxE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCxI">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCxM">]</span></span></a></sup> The Rust documentation includes a list of behavior considered undefined, including accessing dangling or misaligned pointers, or breaking the aliasing rules for references.<sup about="#mwt652" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-128" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-128"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-128" id="mwCxQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCxU"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCxY">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCxc">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<!--
=== Closures ===
-->
</section><section data-mw-section-id="30" id="mwCxg"><h3 id="Macros">Macros</h3>
<p id="mwCxk">Macros allow generation and transformation of Rust code to reduce repetition. Macros come in two forms, with <i id="mwCxo">declarative macros</i> defined through <code id="mwCxs">macro_rules!</code>, and <i id="mwCxw">procedural macros</i>, which are defined in separate crates.<sup about="#mwt653" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023449–455_129-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023449–455"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023449–455-129"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"pp":{"wt":"449–455"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023449–455-129" id="mwCx0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCx4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCx8">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCyA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt655" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021101–102_130-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEGjengset2021101–102"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021101–102-130"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Gjengset"},"2":{"wt":"2021"},"pp":{"wt":"101-102"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021101–102-130" id="mwCyE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCyI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCyM">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCyQ">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<section data-mw-section-id="31" id="mwCyU"><h4 id="Declarative_macros">Declarative macros</h4>
<p id="mwCyY">A declarative macro (also called a "macro by example") is a macro, defined using the <code id="mwCyc">macro_rules!</code> keyword, that uses pattern matching to determine its expansion.<sup about="#mwt661" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Rust_Ref._–_Macros_By_Example_131-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Rust Ref. – Macros By Example"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Rust_Ref._–_Macros_By_Example-131"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Rust_Ref._–_Macros_By_Example-131" id="mwCyg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCyk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCyo">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCys">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt657" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019446–448_132-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019446–448"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019446–448-132"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"446–448"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019446–448-132" id="mwCyw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwCy0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCy4">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwCy8">]</span></span></a></sup> Below is an example that sums over all its arguments:</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt662" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\nmacro_rules! sum {\n ( $initial:expr $(, $expr:expr )* $(,)? ) => {\n $initial $(+ $expr)*\n }\n}\n\nfn main() {\n let x = sum!(1, 2, 3);\n println!(\"{x}\"); // prints 6\n}\n"}}' id="mwCzA"><pre id="mwCzE"><span id="mwCzI"></span><span class="fm" id="mwCzM">macro_rules!</span><span class="w" id="mwCzQ"> </span><span class="n" id="mwCzU">sum</span><span class="w" id="mwCzY"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCzc">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwCzg"> </span><span class="p" id="mwCzk">(</span><span class="w" id="mwCzo"> </span><span class="cp" id="mwCzs">$initial</span><span class="p" id="mwCzw">:</span><span class="nc" id="mwCz0">expr</span><span class="w" id="mwCz4"> </span><span class="cp" id="mwCz8">$(,</span><span class="w" id="mwC0A"> </span><span class="cp" id="mwC0E">$expr</span><span class="p" id="mwC0I">:</span><span class="nc" id="mwC0M">expr</span><span class="w" id="mwC0Q"> </span><span class="p" id="mwC0U">)</span><span class="o" id="mwC0Y">*</span><span class="w" id="mwC0c"> </span><span class="cp" id="mwC0g">$(,</span><span class="p" id="mwC0k">)</span><span class="o" id="mwC0o">?</span><span class="w" id="mwC0s"> </span><span class="p" id="mwC0w">)</span><span class="w" id="mwC00"> </span><span class="o" id="mwC04">=></span><span class="w" id="mwC08"> </span><span class="p" id="mwC1A">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwC1E"> </span><span class="cp" id="mwC1I">$initial</span><span class="w" id="mwC1M"> </span><span class="cp" id="mwC1Q">$(</span><span class="o" id="mwC1U">+</span><span class="w" id="mwC1Y"> </span><span class="cp" id="mwC1c">$expr</span><span class="p" id="mwC1g">)</span><span class="o" id="mwC1k">*</span>
<span class="w" id="mwC1o"> </span><span class="p" id="mwC1s">}</span>
<span class="p" id="mwC1w">}</span>
<span class="k" id="mwC10">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwC14"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwC18">main</span><span class="p" id="mwC2A">()</span><span class="w" id="mwC2E"> </span><span class="p" id="mwC2I">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwC2M"> </span><span class="kd" id="mwC2Q">let</span><span class="w" id="mwC2U"> </span><span class="n" id="mwC2Y">x</span><span class="w" id="mwC2c"> </span><span class="o" id="mwC2g">=</span><span class="w" id="mwC2k"> </span><span class="n" id="mwC2o">sum</span><span class="o" id="mwC2s">!</span><span class="p" id="mwC2w">(</span><span class="mi" id="mwC20">1</span><span class="p" id="mwC24">,</span><span class="w" id="mwC28"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwC3A">2</span><span class="p" id="mwC3E">,</span><span class="w" id="mwC3I"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwC3M">3</span><span class="p" id="mwC3Q">);</span>
<span class="w" id="mwC3U"> </span><span class="fm" id="mwC3Y">println!</span><span class="p" id="mwC3c">(</span><span class="s" id="mwC3g">"{x}"</span><span class="p" id="mwC3k">);</span><span class="w" id="mwC3o"> </span><span class="c1" id="mwC3s">// prints 6</span>
<span class="p" id="mwC3w">}</span>
</pre></div>
<!-- TODO explain -->
</section><section data-mw-section-id="32" id="mwC30"><h4 id="Procedural_macros">Procedural macros</h4>
<p id="mwC34">Procedural macros are Rust functions that run and modify the compiler's input <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Token_(parser)" title="Token (parser)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwC38">token</a> stream, before any other components are compiled. They are generally more flexible than declarative macros, but are more difficult to maintain due to their complexity.<sup about="#mwt667" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-rust-procedural-macros_133-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"rust-procedural-macros"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-rust-procedural-macros-133"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-rust-procedural-macros-133" id="mwC4A"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwC4E"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwC4I">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwC4M">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt663" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019449–455_134-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019449–455"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019449–455-134"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"449–455"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019449–455-134" id="mwC4Q"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwC4U"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwC4Y">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwC4c">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwC4g">Procedural macros come in three flavors:</p>
<ul id="mwC4k"><li id="mwC4o">Function-like macros <code id="mwC4s">custom!(...)</code></li>
<li id="mwC4w">Derive macros <code id="mwC40">#[derive(CustomDerive)]</code></li>
<li id="mwC44">Attribute macros <code id="mwC48">#[custom_attribute]</code></li></ul>
<!-- TODO example -->
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="33" id="mwC5A"><h3 id="Interface_with_C_and_C++"><span id="Interface_with_C_and_C.2B.2B" typeof="mw:FallbackId"></span>Interface with C and C++</h3>
<p id="mwC5E">Rust supports the creation of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Foreign_function_interface" title="Foreign function interface" id="mwC5I">foreign function interfaces</a> (FFI) through the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt668" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"extern"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"extern"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwC5M"><span class="k" id="mwC5Q">extern</span></code> keyword. A function that uses the C <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Calling_convention" title="Calling convention" id="mwC5U">calling convention</a> can be written using <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt670" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"extern \"C\" fn"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"extern \"C\" fn"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwC5Y"><span class="k" id="mwC5c">extern</span><span class="w" id="mwC5g"> </span><span class="s" id="mwC5k">"C"</span><span class="w" id="mwC5o"> </span><span class="k" id="mwC5s">fn</span></code>. Symbols can be exported from Rust to other languages through the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt672" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"#[no_mangle]"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"#[no_mangle]"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwC5w"><span class="cp" id="mwC50">#[no_mangle]</span></code> attribute, and symbols can be imported into Rust through <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt674" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"extern"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"extern"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwC54"><span class="k" id="mwC58">extern</span></code> blocks:<sup about="#mwt676" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-136" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"note"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-136"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"refn","href":"./Template:Refn"},"params":{"group":{"wt":"note"},"1":{"wt":"wrapping {{code|no_mangle}} with {{rust|unsafe}} as well as prefacing the {{rust|extern \"C\"}} block with {{rust|unsafe}} are required in the 2024 edition or later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baumgartner |first=Stefan |date=2025-05-23 |title=Programming language: Rust 2024 is the most comprehensive edition to date |url=https://www.heise.de/en/background/Programming-language-Rust-2024-is-the-most-comprehensive-edition-to-date-10393917.html |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=[[heise online]] |language=en}}</ref>"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-136" data-mw-group="note" id="mwC6A"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwC6E"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwC6I">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwC6M">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt685" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021193–209_137-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEGjengset2021193–209"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021193–209-137"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Gjengset"},"2":{"wt":"2021"},"pp":{"wt":"193-209"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021193–209-137" id="mwC6Q"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwC6U"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwC6Y">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwC6c">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt687" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust"},"body":{"extsrc":"\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn exported_from_rust(x: i32) -> i32 { x + 1 }\nunsafe extern \"C\" {\n fn imported_into_rust(x: i32) -> i32;\n}\n"}}' id="mwC6g"><pre id="mwC6k"><span id="mwC6o"></span><span class="cp" id="mwC6s">#[no_mangle]</span>
<span class="k" id="mwC6w">pub</span><span class="w" id="mwC60"> </span><span class="k" id="mwC64">extern</span><span class="w" id="mwC68"> </span><span class="s" id="mwC7A">"C"</span><span class="w" id="mwC7E"> </span><span class="k" id="mwC7I">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwC7M"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwC7Q">exported_from_rust</span><span class="p" id="mwC7U">(</span><span class="n" id="mwC7Y">x</span><span class="p" id="mwC7c">:</span><span class="w" id="mwC7g"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwC7k">i32</span><span class="p" id="mwC7o">)</span><span class="w" id="mwC7s"> </span><span class="p" id="mwC7w">-></span><span class="w" id="mwC70"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwC74">i32</span><span class="w" id="mwC78"> </span><span class="p" id="mwC8A">{</span><span class="w" id="mwC8E"> </span><span class="n" id="mwC8I">x</span><span class="w" id="mwC8M"> </span><span class="o" id="mwC8Q">+</span><span class="w" id="mwC8U"> </span><span class="mi" id="mwC8Y">1</span><span class="w" id="mwC8c"> </span><span class="p" id="mwC8g">}</span>
<span class="k" id="mwC8k">unsafe</span><span class="w" id="mwC8o"> </span><span class="k" id="mwC8s">extern</span><span class="w" id="mwC8w"> </span><span class="s" id="mwC80">"C"</span><span class="w" id="mwC84"> </span><span class="p" id="mwC88">{</span>
<span class="w" id="mwC9A"> </span><span class="k" id="mwC9E">fn</span><span class="w" id="mwC9I"> </span><span class="nf" id="mwC9M">imported_into_rust</span><span class="p" id="mwC9Q">(</span><span class="n" id="mwC9U">x</span><span class="p" id="mwC9Y">:</span><span class="w" id="mwC9c"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwC9g">i32</span><span class="p" id="mwC9k">)</span><span class="w" id="mwC9o"> </span><span class="p" id="mwC9s">-></span><span class="w" id="mwC9w"> </span><span class="kt" id="mwC90">i32</span><span class="p" id="mwC94">;</span>
<span class="p" id="mwC98">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p id="mwC-A">The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt688" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"#[repr(C)]"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"#[repr(C)]"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwC-E"><span class="cp" id="mwC-I">#[repr(C)]</span></code> attribute enables deterministic memory layouts for <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt690" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"struct"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"struct"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwC-M"><span class="k" id="mwC-Q">struct</span></code>s and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt692" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"enum"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"enum"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwC-U"><span class="k" id="mwC-Y">enum</span></code>s for use across FFI boundaries.<sup about="#mwt694" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021193–209_137-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEGjengset2021193–209"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021193–209-137"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Gjengset"},"2":{"wt":"2021"},"pp":{"wt":"193-209"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021193–209-137" id="mwC-c"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwC-g"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwC-k">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwC-o">]</span></span></a></sup> External libraries such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt696" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"bindgen"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"bindgen"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwC-s"><span class="n" id="mwC-w">bindgen</span></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt698" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"cxx"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"cxx"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwC-0"><span class="n" id="mwC-4">cxx</span></code> can generate Rust bindings for C/C++.<sup about="#mwt700" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021193–209_137-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEGjengset2021193–209"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021193–209-137"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Gjengset"},"2":{"wt":"2021"},"pp":{"wt":"193-209"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021193–209-137" id="mwC-8"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwC_A"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwC_E">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwC_I">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt704" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-138" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-138"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-138" id="mwC_M"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwC_Q"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwC_U">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwC_Y">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="34" id="mwC_c"><h2 id="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwC_g"><span id="mwC_k"><video poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cargo_compiling.webm/250px--Cargo_compiling.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" height="140" width="250" resource="./File:Cargo_compiling.webm" data-durationhint="20" class="mw-file-element" id="mwC_o"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Cargo_compiling.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9"' data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="844" id="mwC_s"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Cargo_compiling.webm/Cargo_compiling.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-width="256" data-height="144" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" id="mwC_w"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Cargo_compiling.webm/Cargo_compiling.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="426" data-height="238" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" id="mwC_0"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Cargo_compiling.webm/Cargo_compiling.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="640" data-height="358" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" id="mwC_4"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Cargo_compiling.webm/Cargo_compiling.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="640" data-height="358" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" id="mwC_8"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Cargo_compiling.webm/Cargo_compiling.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="854" data-height="478" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" id="mwDAA"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Cargo_compiling.webm/Cargo_compiling.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="1280" data-height="716" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" id="mwDAE"/></video></span><figcaption id="mwDAI">Compiling a Rust program with Cargo</figcaption></figure>
<p id="mwDAM">The Rust ecosystem includes its compiler, its <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#Standard_library" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwDAQ">standard library</a>, and additional components for software development. Component installation is typically managed by <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt705" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"text","class":"","style":"","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"rustup"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"code","href":"./Template:Code"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"rustup"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwDAU">rustup</code>, a Rust <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Toolchain" title="Toolchain" id="mwDAY">toolchain</a> installer developed by the Rust project.<sup about="#mwt707" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandyOrendorffTindall20216–8_139-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEBlandyOrendorffTindall20216–8"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandyOrendorffTindall20216–8-139"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Blandy"},"2":{"wt":"Orendorff"},"3":{"wt":"Tindall"},"4":{"wt":"2021"},"pp":{"wt":"6-8"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandyOrendorffTindall20216–8-139" id="mwDAc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDAg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDAk">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDAo">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<!-- Add Miri Compiler? -->
<section data-mw-section-id="35" id="mwDAs"><h3 id="Compiler">Compiler</h3>
<p id="mwDAw">The Rust compiler, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt709" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"text","class":"","style":"","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"rustc"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"code","href":"./Template:Code"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"rustc"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwDA0">rustc</code>, compiles Rust code into <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Executable" title="Executable" id="mwDA4">binaries</a>. First, the compiler parses the source code into an <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Abstract_syntax_tree" title="Abstract syntax tree" id="mwDA8">AST</a>. Next, this AST is lowered to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Intermediate_representation" title="Intermediate representation" id="mwDBA">IR</a>. The compiler backend is then invoked as a subcomponent to apply <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Optimizing_compiler" title="Optimizing compiler" id="mwDBE">optimizations</a> and translate the resulting IR into <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Object_code" title="Object code" id="mwDBI">object code</a>. Finally, a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Linker_(computing)" title="Linker (computing)" id="mwDBM">linker</a> is used to combine the object(s) into a single executable image.<sup about="#mwt713" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-140" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-140"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-140" id="mwDBQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDBU"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDBY">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDBc">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwDBg">rustc uses <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./LLVM" title="LLVM" id="mwDBk">LLVM</a> as its compiler backend by default, but it also supports using alternative backends such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection" id="mwDBo">GCC</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Cranelift" title="Cranelift" id="mwDBs">Cranelift</a>.<sup about="#mwt716" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-141" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-141"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-141" id="mwDBw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDB0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDB4">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDB8">]</span></span></a></sup> The intention of those alternative backends is to increase platform coverage of Rust or to improve compilation times.<sup about="#mwt719" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-142" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-142"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-142" id="mwDCA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDCE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDCI">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDCM">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt722" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-143" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-143"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-143" id="mwDCQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDCU"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDCY">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDCc">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="36" id="mwDCg"><h3 id="Cargo">Cargo</h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwDCk"><a href="./File:Crates.io_website.png" class="mw-file-description" id="mwDCo"><img resource="./File:Crates.io_website.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Crates.io_website.png/250px-Crates.io_website.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="2102" data-file-height="1202" data-file-type="bitmap" height="143" width="250" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Crates.io_website.png/500px-Crates.io_website.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Crates.io_website.png/500px-Crates.io_website.png 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwDCs"/></a><figcaption id="mwDCw">Screenshot of crates.io in June 2022</figcaption></figure>
<p id="mwDC0">Cargo is Rust's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Build_system_(software_development)" title="Build system (software development)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDC4">build system</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Package_manager" title="Package manager" id="mwDC8">package manager</a>. It downloads, compiles, distributes, and uploads packages—called <i id="mwDDA">crates</i>—that are maintained in an official registry. It also acts as a front-end for Clippy and other Rust components.<sup about="#mwt725" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Nature_144-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Nature"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Nature-144"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Nature-144" id="mwDDE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDDI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDDM">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDDQ">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwDDU">By default, Cargo sources its dependencies from the user-contributed registry <i id="mwDDY">crates.io</i>, but <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Git" title="Git" id="mwDDc">Git</a> repositories, crates in the local filesystem, and other external sources can also be specified as dependencies.<sup about="#mwt728" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-145" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-145"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-145" id="mwDDg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDDk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDDo">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDDs">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="37" id="mwDDw"><h3 id="Rustfmt">Rustfmt</h3>
<p id="mwDD0">Rustfmt is a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Code_formatter" title="Code formatter" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDD4">code formatter</a> for Rust. It formats whitespace and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Indentation_style" title="Indentation style" id="mwDD8">indentation</a> to produce code in accordance with a common <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Programming_style" title="Programming style" id="mwDEA">style</a>, unless otherwise specified. It can be invoked as a standalone program, or from a Rust project through Cargo.<sup about="#mwt729" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019511–512_146-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019511–512"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019511–512-146"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"pp":{"wt":"511–512"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019511–512-146" id="mwDEE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDEI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDEM">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDEQ">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="38" id="mwDEU"><h3 id="Clippy">Clippy</h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwDEY"><a href="./File:Cargo_clippy_hello_world_example.png" class="mw-file-description" id="mwDEc"><img resource="./File:Cargo_clippy_hello_world_example.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Cargo_clippy_hello_world_example.png/250px-Cargo_clippy_hello_world_example.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="704" data-file-type="bitmap" height="193" width="250" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Cargo_clippy_hello_world_example.png/500px-Cargo_clippy_hello_world_example.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Cargo_clippy_hello_world_example.png/500px-Cargo_clippy_hello_world_example.png 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwDEg"/></a><figcaption id="mwDEk">Example output of Clippy on a hello world Rust program</figcaption></figure>
<p id="mwDEo">Clippy is Rust's built-in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Linting" title="Linting" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDEs">linting</a> tool to improve the correctness, performance, and readability of Rust code. <span about="#mwt731" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"as of","href":"./Template:As_of"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"2025"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwDEw">As of 2025</span><sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;" about="#mwt731"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit" class="external text"><span typeof="mw:Entity">[</span>update<span typeof="mw:Entity">]</span></a></sup><span typeof="mw:Nowiki" about="#mwt731"></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2025" about="#mwt731"/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" about="#mwt731" id="mwDE0"/>, it has 795 rules.<sup about="#mwt734" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-147" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-147"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-147" id="mwDE4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDE8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDFA">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDFE">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt737" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-148" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-148"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-148" id="mwDFI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDFM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDFQ">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDFU">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="39" id="mwDFY"><h3 id="Versioning_system">Versioning system</h3>
<p id="mwDFc">Following Rust 1.0, new features are developed in <i id="mwDFg">nightly</i> versions which are released daily. During each six-week release cycle, changes to nightly versions are released to beta, while changes from the previous beta version are released to a new stable version.<sup about="#mwt739" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Rust_Book_G_149-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Rust Book G"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Rust_Book_G-149"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Rust_Book_G-149" id="mwDFk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDFo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDFs">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDFw">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwDF0">Every two or three years, a new "edition" is produced. Editions are released to allow making limited <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Breaking_changes" title="Breaking changes" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDF4">breaking changes</a>, such as promoting <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt740" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"await"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rust","href":"./Template:Rust"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"await"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwDF8"><span class="k" id="mwDGA">await</span></code> to a keyword to support <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Async/await" title="Async/await" id="mwDGE">async/await</a> features. Crates targeting different editions can interoperate with each other, so a crate can upgrade to a new edition even if its callers or its dependencies still target older editions. Migration to a new edition can be assisted with automated tooling.<sup about="#mwt742" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandyOrendorffTindall2021176–177_150-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEBlandyOrendorffTindall2021176–177"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandyOrendorffTindall2021176–177-150"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Blandy"},"2":{"wt":"Orendorff"},"3":{"wt":"Tindall"},"4":{"wt":"2021"},"pp":{"wt":"176–177"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandyOrendorffTindall2021176–177-150" id="mwDGI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDGM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDGQ">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDGU">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="40" id="mwDGY"><h3 id="IDE_support">IDE support</h3>
<p id="mwDGc"><i id="mwDGg">rust-analyzer</i> is a set of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Utility_software" title="Utility software" id="mwDGk">utilities</a> that provides <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment" id="mwDGo">integrated development environments</a> (IDEs) and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Text_editor" title="Text editor" id="mwDGs">text editors</a> with information about a Rust project through the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Language_Server_Protocol" title="Language Server Protocol" id="mwDGw">Language Server Protocol</a>. This enables features including <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Autocomplete" title="Autocomplete" id="mwDG0">autocomplete</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Compilation_error" title="Compilation error" id="mwDG4">compilation error</a> display, while editing code.<sup about="#mwt744" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023623_151-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023623"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023623-151"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2023"},"p":{"wt":"623"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023623-151" id="mwDG8"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDHA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDHE">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDHI">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="41" id="mwDHM"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2>
<p id="mwDHQ">Since it performs no garbage collection, Rust is often faster than other memory-safe languages.<sup about="#mwt750" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-152" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-152"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-152" id="mwDHU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDHY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDHc">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDHg">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt751" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-BeyondSafety_78-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"BeyondSafety"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-BeyondSafety-78" id="mwDHk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDHo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDHs">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDHw">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt754" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-153" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-153"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-153" id="mwDH0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDH4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDH8">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDIA">]</span></span></a></sup> Most of Rust's memory safety guarantees impose no runtime overhead,<sup about="#mwt746" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202111_154-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEMcNamara202111"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202111-154"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"McNamara"},"2":{"wt":"2021"},"p":{"wt":"11"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202111-154" id="mwDIE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDII"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDIM">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDIQ">]</span></span></a></sup> with the exception of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Array_(data_structure)" title="Array (data structure)" id="mwDIU">array indexing</a> which is checked at runtime by default.<sup about="#mwt757" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-SaferAtAnySpeed_155-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"SaferAtAnySpeed"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-SaferAtAnySpeed-155"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-SaferAtAnySpeed-155" id="mwDIY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDIc"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDIg">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDIk">]</span></span></a></sup> The performance impact of array indexing bounds checks varies, but can be significant in some cases.<sup about="#mwt758" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-SaferAtAnySpeed_155-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"SaferAtAnySpeed"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-SaferAtAnySpeed-155" id="mwDIo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDIs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDIw">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDI0">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwDI4">Many of Rust's features are so-called <i id="mwDI8">zero-cost abstractions</i>, meaning they are optimized away at compile time and incur no runtime penalty.<sup about="#mwt759" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202119,_27_156-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEMcNamara202119, 27"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202119,_27-156"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"McNamara"},"2":{"wt":"2021"},"p":{"wt":"19, 27"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202119,_27-156" id="mwDJA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDJE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDJI">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDJM">]</span></span></a></sup> The ownership and borrowing system permits <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Zero-copy" title="Zero-copy" id="mwDJQ">zero-copy</a> implementations for some performance-sensitive tasks, such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Parsing" title="Parsing" id="mwDJU">parsing</a>.<sup about="#mwt765" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-157" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-157"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-157" id="mwDJY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDJc"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDJg">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDJk">]</span></span></a></sup> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Static_dispatch" title="Static dispatch" id="mwDJo">Static dispatch</a> is used by default to eliminate <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Method_call" title="Method call" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDJs">method calls</a>, except for methods called on dynamic trait objects.<sup about="#mwt761" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202120_158-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEMcNamara202120"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202120-158"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"McNamara"},"2":{"wt":"2021"},"p":{"wt":"20"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202120-158" id="mwDJw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDJ0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDJ4">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDJ8">]</span></span></a></sup> The compiler also uses <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Inline_expansion" title="Inline expansion" id="mwDKA">inline expansion</a> to eliminate <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Function_call" title="Function call" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDKE">function calls</a> and statically-dispatched method invocations.<sup about="#mwt768" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-159" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-159"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-159" id="mwDKI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDKM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDKQ">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDKU">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwDKY">Since Rust uses <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./LLVM" title="LLVM" id="mwDKc">LLVM</a>, all performance improvements in LLVM apply to Rust also.<sup about="#mwt773" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-how-fast-is-rust_160-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"how-fast-is-rust"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-how-fast-is-rust-160"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-how-fast-is-rust-160" id="mwDKg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDKk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDKo">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDKs">]</span></span></a></sup> Unlike C and C++, Rust allows the compiler to reorder struct and enum elements unless a <code id="mwDKw">#[repr(C)]</code> representation attribute is applied.<sup about="#mwt776" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-161" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-161"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-161" id="mwDK0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDK4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDK8">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDLA">]</span></span></a></sup> This allows the compiler to optimize for memory footprint, alignment, and padding, which can be used to produce more efficient code in some cases.<sup about="#mwt769" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjengset202122_162-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEGjengset202122"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset202122-162"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Gjengset"},"2":{"wt":"2021"},"p":{"wt":"22"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset202122-162" id="mwDLE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDLI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDLM">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDLQ">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="42" id="mwDLU"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" about="#mwt777" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Hatnote/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"See also","href":"./Template:See_also"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Category:Rust (programming language) software"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwDLY"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt777" id="mwDLc">See also: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Category:Rust_(programming_language)_software" title="Category:Rust (programming language) software">Category:Rust (programming language) software</a></div>
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<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwDLg"><a href="./File:Firefox_logo,_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwDLk"><img resource="./File:Firefox_logo,_2019.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Firefox_logo%2C_2019.svg/250px-Firefox_logo%2C_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" data-file-type="drawing" height="150" width="150" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Firefox_logo%2C_2019.svg/330px-Firefox_logo%2C_2019.svg.png 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwDLo"/></a><figcaption id="mwDLs"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firefox" title="Firefox" id="mwDLw">Firefox</a> has components written in Rust as part of the underlying <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)" id="mwDL0">Gecko</a> browser engine.</figcaption></figure>
<p id="mwDL4">Rust is used in software across different domains. Components from the Servo browser engine (funded by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla" title="Mozilla" id="mwDL8">Mozilla</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Samsung" title="Samsung" id="mwDMA">Samsung</a>) were incorporated in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)" id="mwDME">Gecko</a> browser engine underlying <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firefox" title="Firefox" id="mwDMI">Firefox</a>.<sup about="#mwt781" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-163" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-163"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-163" id="mwDMM"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDMQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDMU">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDMY">]</span></span></a></sup> In January 2023, Google (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc." id="mwDMc">Alphabet</a>) announced support for using third party Rust libraries in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)" id="mwDMg">Chromium</a>.<sup about="#mwt784" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-164" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-164"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-164" id="mwDMk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDMo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDMs">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDMw">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt787" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-165" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-165"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-165" id="mwDM0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDM4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDM8">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDNA">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwDNE">Rust is used in several <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Frontend_and_backend" title="Frontend and backend" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDNI">backend</a> software projects of large <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Web_service" title="Web service" id="mwDNM">web services</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./OpenDNS" title="OpenDNS" id="mwDNQ">OpenDNS</a>, a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System" id="mwDNU">DNS</a> resolution service owned by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Cisco" title="Cisco" id="mwDNY">Cisco</a>, uses Rust internally.<sup about="#mwt790" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-166" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-166"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-166" id="mwDNc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDNg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDNk">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDNo">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt793" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-167" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-167"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-167" id="mwDNs"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDNw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDN0">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDN4">]</span></span></a></sup> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services" id="mwDN8">Amazon Web Services</a> uses Rust in "performance-sensitive components" of its several services. In 2019, AWS <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Open_sourced" title="Open sourced" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDOA">open-sourced</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firecracker_(software)" title="Firecracker (software)" id="mwDOE">Firecracker</a>, a virtualization solution primarily written in Rust.<sup about="#mwt796" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-168" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-168"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-168" id="mwDOI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDOM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDOQ">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDOU">]</span></span></a></sup> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure" id="mwDOY">Microsoft Azure</a> IoT Edge, a platform used to run Azure services on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things" id="mwDOc">IoT</a> devices, has components implemented in Rust.<sup about="#mwt799" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-169" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-169"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-169" id="mwDOg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDOk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDOo">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDOs">]</span></span></a></sup> Microsoft also uses Rust to run containerized modules with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly" id="mwDOw">WebAssembly</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Kubernetes" title="Kubernetes" id="mwDO0">Kubernetes</a>.<sup about="#mwt802" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-170" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-170"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-170" id="mwDO4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDO8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDPA">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDPE">]</span></span></a></sup> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Cloudflare" title="Cloudflare" id="mwDPI">Cloudflare</a>, a company providing <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network" id="mwDPM">content delivery network</a> services, used Rust to build a new <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Web_proxy" title="Web proxy" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDPQ">web proxy</a> named Pingora for increased performance and efficiency.<sup about="#mwt805" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-171" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-171"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-171" id="mwDPU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDPY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDPc">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDPg">]</span></span></a></sup> The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Npm" title="Npm" id="mwDPk">npm package manager</a> used Rust for its production authentication service in 2019.<sup about="#mwt808" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-172" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-172"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-172" id="mwDPo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDPs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDPw">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDP0">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt811" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-173" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-173"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-173" id="mwDP4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDP8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDQA">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDQE">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt814" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-174" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-174"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-174" id="mwDQI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDQM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDQQ">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDQU">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwDQY"><a href="./File:Rust_for_Linux_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwDQc"><img resource="./File:Rust_for_Linux_logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Rust_for_Linux_logo.svg/150px-Rust_for_Linux_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="106" data-file-type="drawing" height="150" width="150" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Rust_for_Linux_logo.svg/225px-Rust_for_Linux_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Rust_for_Linux_logo.svg/300px-Rust_for_Linux_logo.svg.png 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwDQg"/></a><figcaption id="mwDQk">The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_for_Linux" title="Rust for Linux" id="mwDQo">Rust for Linux</a> project has been supported in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel" id="mwDQs">Linux kernel</a> since 2022.</figcaption></figure>
<p id="mwDQw">In operating systems, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_for_Linux" title="Rust for Linux" id="mwDQ0">Rust for Linux</a> project, launched in 2020, merged initial support into the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel" id="mwDQ4">Linux kernel</a> version 6.1 in late 2022.<sup about="#mwt817" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-UsenixRustForLinux_175-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"UsenixRustForLinux"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-UsenixRustForLinux-175"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-UsenixRustForLinux-175" id="mwDQ8"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDRA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDRE">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDRI">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt820" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-176" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-176"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-176" id="mwDRM"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDRQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDRU">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDRY">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt823" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-177" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-177"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-177" id="mwDRc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDRg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDRk">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDRo">]</span></span></a></sup> The project is active with a team of 6–7 developers, and has added more Rust code with kernel releases from 2022 to 2024,<sup about="#mwt826" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-178" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-178"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-178" id="mwDRs"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDRw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDR0">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDR4">]</span></span></a></sup> aiming to demonstrate the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Minimum_viable_product" title="Minimum viable product" id="mwDR8">minimum viability</a> of the project and resolve key compatibility blockers.<sup about="#mwt827" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-UsenixRustForLinux_175-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"UsenixRustForLinux"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-UsenixRustForLinux-175" id="mwDSA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDSE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDSI">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDSM">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt830" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-179" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-179"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-179" id="mwDSQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDSU"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDSY">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDSc">]</span></span></a></sup> The first drivers written in Rust were merged into the kernel for version 6.8.<sup about="#mwt831" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-UsenixRustForLinux_175-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"UsenixRustForLinux"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-UsenixRustForLinux-175" id="mwDSg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDSk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDSo">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDSs">]</span></span></a></sup> The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)" id="mwDSw">Android</a> developers used Rust in 2021 to rewrite existing components.<sup about="#mwt834" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-180" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-180"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-180" id="mwDS0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDS4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDS8">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDTA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt837" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-181" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-181"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-181" id="mwDTE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDTI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDTM">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDTQ">]</span></span></a></sup> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Microsoft" title="Microsoft" id="mwDTU">Microsoft</a> has rewritten parts of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Windows" title="Windows" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDTY">Windows</a> in Rust.<sup about="#mwt840" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-182" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-182"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-182" id="mwDTc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDTg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDTk">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDTo">]</span></span></a></sup> The r9 project aims to re-implement <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs" id="mwDTs">Plan 9 from Bell Labs</a> in Rust.<sup about="#mwt843" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-183" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-183"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-183" id="mwDTw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDT0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDT4">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDT8">]</span></span></a></sup> Rust has been used in the development of new operating systems such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Redox_(operating_system)" title="Redox (operating system)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDUA">Redox</a>, a "Unix-like" operating system and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Microkernel" title="Microkernel" id="mwDUE">microkernel</a>,<sup about="#mwt846" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-184" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-184"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-184" id="mwDUI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDUM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDUQ">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDUU">]</span></span></a></sup> Theseus, an experimental operating system with modular state management,<sup about="#mwt849" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-185" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-185"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-185" id="mwDUY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDUc"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDUg">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDUk">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt852" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-186" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-186"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-186" id="mwDUo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDUs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDUw">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDU0">]</span></span></a></sup> and most of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Fuchsia_(operating_system)" title="Fuchsia (operating system)" id="mwDU4">Fuchsia</a>.<sup about="#mwt855" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-rustmag-1_187-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"rustmag-1"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-rustmag-1-187"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-rustmag-1-187" id="mwDU8"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDVA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDVE">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDVI">]</span></span></a></sup> Rust is also used for command-line tools and operating system components, including <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Stratis_(configuration_daemon)" title="Stratis (configuration daemon)" id="mwDVM">stratisd</a>, a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./File_system" title="File system" id="mwDVQ">file system</a> manager<sup about="#mwt858" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-188" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-188"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-188" id="mwDVU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDVY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDVc">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDVg">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt861" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-189" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-189"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-189" id="mwDVk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDVo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDVs">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDVw">]</span></span></a></sup> and COSMIC, a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment" id="mwDV0">desktop environment</a> by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./System76" title="System76" id="mwDV4">System76</a>.<sup about="#mwt864" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-190" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-190"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-190" id="mwDV8"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDWA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDWE">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDWI">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwDWM">In web development, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Deno_(software)" title="Deno (software)" id="mwDWQ">Deno</a>, a secure runtime for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./JavaScript" title="JavaScript" id="mwDWU">JavaScript</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./TypeScript" title="TypeScript" id="mwDWY">TypeScript</a>, is built on top of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)" id="mwDWc">V8</a> using Rust and Tokio.<sup about="#mwt867" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-191" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-191"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-191" id="mwDWg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDWk"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDWo">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDWs">]</span></span></a></sup> Other notable adoptions in this space include <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ruffle_(software)" title="Ruffle (software)" id="mwDWw">Ruffle</a>, an open-source <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./SWF" title="SWF" id="mwDW0">SWF</a> emulator,<sup about="#mwt870" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-192" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-192"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-192" id="mwDW4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDW8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDXA">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDXE">]</span></span></a></sup> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Polkadot_(cryptocurrency)" title="Polkadot (cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDXI">Polkadot</a>, an open source <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Blockchain" title="Blockchain" id="mwDXM">blockchain</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency" id="mwDXQ">cryptocurrency</a> platform.<sup about="#mwt873" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-193" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-193"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-193" id="mwDXU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDXY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDXc">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDXg">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwDXk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Discord" title="Discord" id="mwDXo">Discord</a>, an <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging" id="mwDXs">instant messaging</a> software company, rewrote parts of its system in Rust for increased performance in 2020. In the same year, Dropbox announced that its <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./File_synchronization" title="File synchronization" id="mwDXw">file synchronization</a> had been rewritten in Rust. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Facebook" title="Facebook" id="mwDX0">Facebook</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms" id="mwDX4">Meta</a>) used Rust to redesign its system that manages source code for internal projects.<sup about="#mwt874" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-17" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mwDX8"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDYA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDYE">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDYI">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwDYM">In the 2025 <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Stack_Overflow" title="Stack Overflow" id="mwDYQ">Stack Overflow</a> Developer Survey, 14.8% of respondents had recently done extensive development in Rust.<sup about="#mwt880" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-SO-2025-survey_194-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"SO-2025-survey"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-SO-2025-survey-194"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-SO-2025-survey-194" id="mwDYU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDYY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDYc">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDYg">]</span></span></a></sup> The survey named Rust the "most admired programming language" annually from 2016 to 2025 (inclusive), as measured by the number of existing developers interested in continuing to work in the language.<sup about="#mwt883" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-195" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-195"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-195" id="mwDYk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDYo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDYs">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDYw">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt875" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-196" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"note"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-196"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"refn","href":"./Template:Refn"},"params":{"group":{"wt":"note"},"1":{"wt":"That is, among respondents who have done \"extensive development work [with Rust] in over the past year\" (14.8%), Rust had the largest percentage who also expressed interest to \"work in [Rust] over the next year\" (72.4%).<ref name=\"SO-2025-survey\"/>"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-196" data-mw-group="note" id="mwDY0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDY4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDY8">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDZA">]</span></span></a></sup> In 2025, 29.2% of developers not currently working in Rust expressed an interest in doing so.<sup about="#mwt884" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-SO-2025-survey_194-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"SO-2025-survey"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-SO-2025-survey-194" id="mwDZE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDZI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDZM">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDZQ">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwDZU"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./DARPA" title="DARPA" id="mwDZY">DARPA</a> has a project TRACTOR (Translating All C to Rust) automatically translating C to Rust using techniques such as static analysis, dynamic analysis, and large language models.<sup about="#mwt887" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-197" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-197"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-197" id="mwDZc"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDZg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDZk">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDZo">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="43" id="mwDZs"><h2 id="In_academic_research">In academic research</h2>
<p id="mwDZw">Rust's safety and performance have been investigated in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory" id="mwDZ0">programming language theory</a> research.<sup about="#mwt890" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-198" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-198"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-198" id="mwDZ4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDZ8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDaA">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDaE">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt891" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-UnsafeRustUse_122-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"UnsafeRustUse"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-UnsafeRustUse-122" id="mwDaI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDaM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDaQ">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDaU">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt894" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-199" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-199"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-199" id="mwDaY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDac"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDag">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDak">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwDao">Rust's applicability to writing research software has been examined in other fields. A journal article published to <i id="mwDas"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Proceedings_of_the_International_Astronomical_Union" title="Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDaw">Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union</a></i> used Rust to simulate multi-planet systems.<sup about="#mwt897" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-ResearchSoftware1_200-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"ResearchSoftware1"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ResearchSoftware1-200"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-ResearchSoftware1-200" id="mwDa0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDa4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDa8">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDbA">]</span></span></a></sup> An article published in <i id="mwDbE"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)" id="mwDbI">Nature</a></i> shared stories of bioinformaticians using Rust.<sup about="#mwt898" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Nature_144-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Nature"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Nature-144" id="mwDbM"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDbQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDbU">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDbY">]</span></span></a></sup> Both articles found that Rust has advantages for its performance and safety, but cited the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Learning_curve" title="Learning curve" id="mwDbc">learning curve</a> as being a primary drawback to its adoption.</p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="44" id="mwDbg"><h2 id="Community">Community</h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwDbk"><a href="./File:Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwDbo"><img alt="A bright orange crab icon" resource="./File:Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg/250px-Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" data-file-type="drawing" height="167" width="250" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg/500px-Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg/500px-Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg.png 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwDbs"/></a><figcaption id="mwDbw">Some Rust users refer to themselves as Rustaceans (similar to the word <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Crustacean" title="Crustacean" id="mwDb0">crustacean</a>) and have adopted an orange crab, Ferris, as their unofficial mascot.<sup about="#mwt899" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20194_201-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"","name":"FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20194"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20194-201"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sfn","href":"./Template:Sfn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"p":{"wt":"4"}},"i":0}}]}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20194-201" id="mwDb4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDb8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDcA">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDcE">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt903" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-202" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-202"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-202" id="mwDcI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDcM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDcQ">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDcU">]</span></span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p id="mwDcY">According to the <i id="mwDcc"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review" id="mwDcg">MIT Technology Review</a></i>, the Rust community has been seen as "unusually friendly" to newcomers and particularly attracted people from the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Queer_community" title="Queer community" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDck">queer community</a>, partly due to its <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct" id="mwDco">code of conduct</a> which outlined a set of expectations for Rust community members to follow.<sup about="#mwt904" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-MITTechReview_19-18" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"MITTechReview"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-MITTechReview-19" id="mwDcs"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDcw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDc0">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDc4">]</span></span></a></sup> Inclusiveness of the community has been cited as an important factor for some Rust developers.<sup about="#mwt905" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Nature_144-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Nature"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Nature-144" id="mwDc8"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDdA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDdE">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDdI">]</span></span></a></sup> The official Rust blog collects and publishes demographic data each year.<sup about="#mwt908" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-StateOfRustSurvey2024_203-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"StateOfRustSurvey2024"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-StateOfRustSurvey2024-203"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-StateOfRustSurvey2024-203" id="mwDdM"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDdQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDdU">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDdY">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<section data-mw-section-id="45" id="mwDdc"><h3 id="Rust_Foundation">Rust Foundation</h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1316064257" about="#mwt909" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Infobox/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Infobox organization\n","href":"./Template:Infobox_organization"},"params":{"name":{"wt":"Rust Foundation"},"logo":{"wt":"Rust Foundation logo.png"},"formation":{"wt":"{{Start date and age|2021|02|08}}"},"founders":{"wt":"{{unbulleted list|[[Amazon Web Services]]|[[Google]]|[[Huawei]]|[[Microsoft]]|[[Mozilla Foundation]]}}"},"type":{"wt":"[[Nonprofit organization]]"},"location_country":{"wt":"[[United States]]"},"leader_title":{"wt":"[[Chairperson]]"},"leader_name":{"wt":"Shane Miller"},"leader_title2":{"wt":"[[Executive Director]]"},"leader_name2":{"wt":"Rebecca Rumbul"},"website":{"wt":"{{URL|foundation.rust-lang.org}}"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwDdg"/><table class="infobox vcard" about="#mwt909" id="mwDdk"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Rust Foundation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="./File:Rust_Foundation_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img resource="./File:Rust_Foundation_logo.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rust_Foundation_logo.png/250px-Rust_Foundation_logo.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="219" data-file-type="bitmap" height="80" width="250" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rust_Foundation_logo.png/500px-Rust_Foundation_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rust_Foundation_logo.png/500px-Rust_Foundation_logo.png 2x" class="mw-file-element"/></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">February<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>8, 2021<span class="noprint"><span typeof="mw:Entity">;</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>4 years ago</span><span style="display:none"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2021-02-08</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" about="#mwt911" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Plainlist/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'>.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Google" title="Google">Google</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Foundation" title="Mozilla Foundation">Mozilla Foundation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Nonprofit organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" about="#mwt912" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Plainlist/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="country-name"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Chairperson" title="Chairperson" class="mw-redirect">Chairperson</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Shane Miller</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Executive_Director" title="Executive Director" class="mw-redirect">Executive Director</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Rebecca Rumbul</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://foundation.rust-lang.org" class="external text">foundation<wbr/>.rust-lang<wbr/>.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p id="mwDdo">The <b id="mwDds">Rust Foundation</b> is a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization" id="mwDdw">non-profit</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Membership_organization" title="Membership organization" id="mwDd0">membership organization</a> incorporated in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States" title="United States" id="mwDd4">United States</a>, with the primary purposes of backing the technical project as a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Legal_entity" title="Legal entity" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDd8">legal entity</a> and helping to manage the trademark and infrastructure assets.<sup about="#mwt915" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-204" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-204"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-204" id="mwDeA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDeE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDeI">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDeM">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt918" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:4_49-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":4"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:4-49"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-:4-49" id="mwDeQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDeU"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDeY">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDec">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
<p id="mwDeg">It was established on February 8, 2021, with five founding corporate members (Amazon Web Services, Huawei, Google, Microsoft, and Mozilla).<sup about="#mwt921" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-205" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-205"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-205" id="mwDek"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDeo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDes">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDew">]</span></span></a></sup> The foundation's board is chaired by Shane Miller.<sup about="#mwt924" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-206" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-206"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-206" id="mwDe0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDe4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDe8">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDfA">]</span></span></a></sup> Starting in late 2021, its Executive Director and CEO is Rebecca Rumbul.<!--Q109621019--><sup about="#mwt927" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-207" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-207"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-207" id="mwDfE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDfI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDfM">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDfQ">]</span></span></a></sup> Prior to this, Ashley Williams was interim executive director.<sup about="#mwt928" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:4_49-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":4"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-:4-49" id="mwDfU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDfY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDfc">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDfg">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="46" id="mwDfk"><h3 id="Governance_teams">Governance teams</h3>
<p id="mwDfo">The Rust project is composed of <i id="mwDfs">teams</i> that are responsible for different subareas of the development. The compiler team develops, manages, and optimizes compiler internals; and the language team designs new language features and helps implement them. The Rust project website lists 6 top-level teams <span about="#mwt929" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"as of","href":"./Template:As_of"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"July 2024"},"lc":{"wt":"y"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwDfw">as of July 2024</span><sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;" about="#mwt929"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit" class="external text"><span typeof="mw:Entity">[</span>update<span typeof="mw:Entity">]</span></a></sup><span typeof="mw:Nowiki" about="#mwt929"></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_July_2024" about="#mwt929"/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" about="#mwt929" id="mwDf0"/>.<sup about="#mwt932" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-208" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-208"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-208" id="mwDf4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDf8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDgA">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDgE">]</span></span></a></sup> Representatives among teams form the Leadership council, which oversees the Rust project as a whole.<sup about="#mwt935" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-209" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-209"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-209" id="mwDgI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDgM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDgQ">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDgU">]</span></span></a></sup></p><!--<ref>{{Cite web |first=Tim |last=Anderson |date=2021-11-23 |title=Entire Rust moderation team resigns |url=https://www.theregister.com/2021/11/23/rust_moderation_team_quits/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=The Register |language=en}}</ref>-->
</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="47" id="mwDgY"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1314755338" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt936" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Side box/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"wikibooks","href":"./Template:Wikibooks"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Rust for the Novice Programmer"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwDgc">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1311551236" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" about="#mwt936" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Sister project/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'>@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" about="#mwt936" id="mwDgg"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" about="#mwt939" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Plainlist/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/>
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="./File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" resource="./File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" data-file-type="drawing" height="40" width="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/120px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" class="mw-file-element"/></a></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rust%20for%20the%20Novice%20Programmer" title="wikibooks:Rust for the Novice Programmer" class="extiw">Rust for the Novice Programmer</a></b></i></div></div>
</div>
<ul id="mwDgk"><li id="mwDgo"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages" id="mwDgs">Comparison of programming languages</a></li>
<li id="mwDgw"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages" id="mwDg0">History of programming languages</a></li>
<li id="mwDg4"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages" id="mwDg8">List of programming languages</a></li>
<li id="mwDhA"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type" id="mwDhE">List of programming languages by type</a></li>
<li id="mwDhI"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_Rust_software_and_tools" title="List of Rust software and tools" id="mwDhM">List of Rust software and tools</a></li>
<li id="mwDhQ"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Outline_of_the_Rust_programming_language" title="Outline of the Rust programming language" id="mwDhU">Outline of the Rust programming language</a></li></ul>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="48" id="mwDhY"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt940" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Reflist/styles.css"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Reflist","href":"./Template:Reflist"},"params":{"group":{"wt":"note"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwDhc">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist " about="#mwt940" id="mwDhg">
<div class="mw-references-wrap" typeof="mw:Extension/references" about="#mwt942" data-mw='{"name":"references","attrs":{"group":"note","responsive":"1"},"body":{"html":""}}' id="mwDhk"><ol class="mw-references references" data-mw-group="note" id="mwDho"><li about="#cite_note-3" id="cite_note-3" data-mw-footnote-number="1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDhs"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-3" data-mw-group="note" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDhw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDh0">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-3" class="mw-reference-text reference-text" data-mw-group="note">Including build tools, host tools, and standard library support for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./X86-64" title="X86-64" id="mwDh4">x86-64</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family" id="mwDh8">ARM</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture" id="mwDiA">MIPS</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./RISC-V" title="RISC-V" id="mwDiE">RISC-V</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly" id="mwDiI">WebAssembly</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./P6_(microarchitecture)" title="P6 (microarchitecture)" id="mwDiM">i686</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./AArch64" title="AArch64" id="mwDiQ">AArch64</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./PowerPC" title="PowerPC" id="mwDiU">PowerPC</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Linux_on_IBM_Z" title="Linux on IBM Z" id="mwDiY">s390x</a>.<sup about="#mwt15" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-CrossPlatform_2-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"CrossPlatform"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-CrossPlatform-2"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-CrossPlatform-2" id="mwDic"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDig"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDik">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDio">]</span></span></a></sup></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-4" id="cite_note-4" data-mw-footnote-number="2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDis"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-4" data-mw-group="note" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDiw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDi0">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-4" class="mw-reference-text reference-text" data-mw-group="note">Including <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Windows" title="Windows" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDi4">Windows</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Linux" title="Linux" id="mwDi8">Linux</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./MacOS" title="MacOS" id="mwDjA">macOS</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD" id="mwDjE">FreeBSD</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./NetBSD" title="NetBSD" id="mwDjI">NetBSD</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Illumos" title="Illumos" id="mwDjM">Illumos</a>. Host build tools on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)" id="mwDjQ">Android</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./IOS" title="IOS" id="mwDjU">iOS</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Haiku_(operating_system)" title="Haiku (operating system)" id="mwDjY">Haiku</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Redox_(operating_system)" title="Redox (operating system)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDjc">Redox</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Fuchsia_(operating_system)" title="Fuchsia (operating system)" id="mwDjg">Fuchsia</a> are not officially shipped; these operating systems are supported as targets.<sup about="#mwt17" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-CrossPlatform_2-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"CrossPlatform"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-CrossPlatform-2" id="mwDjk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDjo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDjs">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDjw">]</span></span></a></sup></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-7" id="cite_note-7" data-mw-footnote-number="3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDj0"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-7" data-mw-group="note" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDj4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDj8">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-7" class="mw-reference-text reference-text" data-mw-group="note">Third-party dependencies, e.g., <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./LLVM" title="LLVM" id="mwDkA">LLVM</a> or <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./MSVC" title="MSVC" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDkE">MSVC</a>, are subject to their own licenses.<sup about="#mwt21" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-5" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-5"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-5" id="mwDkI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDkM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDkQ">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDkU">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt22" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-licenses_6-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"licenses"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-licenses-6" id="mwDkY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDkc"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDkg">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDkk">]</span></span></a></sup></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-nil-10" id="cite_note-nil-10" data-mw-footnote-number="4"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDko"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-nil_10-0" data-mw-group="note" id="mwDks"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDkw">1 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-nil_10-1" data-mw-group="note" id="mwDk0"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDk4">2 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-nil-10" class="mw-reference-text reference-text" data-mw-group="note">NIL is cited as an influence for Rust in multiple sources; this likely refers to Network Implementation Language developed by Robert Strom and others at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./IBM" title="IBM" id="mwDk8">IBM</a>, which pioneered <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Typestate_analysis" title="Typestate analysis" id="mwDlA">typestate analysis</a>,<sup about="#mwt27" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Strom1983_8-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Strom1983"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Strom1983-8"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Strom1983-8" id="mwDlE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDlI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDlM">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDlQ">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt30" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-9" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-9"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-9" id="mwDlU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDlY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDlc">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDlg">]</span></span></a></sup> not to be confused with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./NIL_(programming_language)" title="NIL (programming language)" id="mwDlk">New Implementation of LISP</a>.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-25" id="cite_note-25" data-mw-footnote-number="5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDlo"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-25" data-mw-group="note" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDls"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDlw">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-25" class="mw-reference-text reference-text" data-mw-group="note">The list of Rust compiler versions (referred to as a bootstrapping chain) has history going back to 2012.<sup about="#mwt85" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Nelson2022RustConf_24-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Nelson2022RustConf"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Nelson2022RustConf-24"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Nelson2022RustConf-24" id="mwDl0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDl4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDl8">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDmA">]</span></span></a></sup></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-136" id="cite_note-136" data-mw-footnote-number="6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDmE"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-136" data-mw-group="note" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDmI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDmM">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-136" class="mw-reference-text reference-text" data-mw-group="note">wrapping <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt677" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"text","class":"","style":"","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"no_mangle"}}' id="mwDmQ">no_mangle</code> with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt678" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"unsafe"}}' id="mwDmU"><span class="k" id="mwDmY">unsafe</span></code> as well as prefacing the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt679" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"extern \"C\""}}' id="mwDmc"><span class="k" id="mwDmg">extern</span><span class="w" id="mwDmk"> </span><span class="s" id="mwDmo">"C"</span></code> block with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" typeof="mw:Extension/syntaxhighlight" about="#mwt680" data-mw='{"name":"syntaxhighlight","attrs":{"lang":"rust","inline":"1"},"body":{"extsrc":"unsafe"}}' id="mwDms"><span class="k" id="mwDmw">unsafe</span></code> are required in the 2024 edition or later.<sup about="#mwt683" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-135" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-135"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-135" id="mwDm0"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDm4"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDm8">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDnA">]</span></span></a></sup></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-196" id="cite_note-196" data-mw-footnote-number="7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDnE"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-196" data-mw-group="note" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDnI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDnM">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-196" class="mw-reference-text reference-text" data-mw-group="note">That is, among respondents who have done "extensive development work [with Rust] in over the past year" (14.8%), Rust had the largest percentage who also expressed interest to "work in [Rust] over the next year" (72.4%).<sup about="#mwt876" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-SO-2025-survey_194-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"SO-2025-survey"}}'><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-SO-2025-survey-194" id="mwDnQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDnU"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDnY">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDnc">]</span></span></a></sup></span></li>
</ol></div></div>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="49" id="mwDng"><h2 id="References">References</h2>
<section data-mw-section-id="50" id="mwDnk"><h3 id="Book_sources">Book sources</h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt943" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Refbegin/styles.css"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"refbegin","href":"./Template:Refbegin"},"params":{},"i":0}},"\n* ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite book ","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Gjengset"},"first":{"wt":"Jon"},"title":{"wt":"Rust for Rustaceans"},"date":{"wt":"2021"},"publisher":{"wt":"No Starch Press"},"isbn":{"wt":"9781718501850"},"edition":{"wt":"1st"},"oclc":{"wt":"1277511986"},"language":{"wt":"en"}},"i":1}},"\n* ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite book","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"first1":{"wt":"Steve"},"url":{"wt":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0Vv6DwAAQBAJ"},"title":{"wt":"The Rust Programming Language (Covers Rust 2018)"},"last2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"first2":{"wt":"Carol"},"date":{"wt":"2019-08-12"},"publisher":{"wt":"No Starch Press"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-1-7185-0044-0"},"language":{"wt":"en"}},"i":2}},"\n* ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite book","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Blandy"},"first1":{"wt":"Jim"},"last2":{"wt":"Orendorff"},"first2":{"wt":"Jason"},"last3":{"wt":"Tindall"},"first3":{"wt":"Leonora F. S."},"date":{"wt":"2021"},"edition":{"wt":"2nd"},"title":{"wt":"Programming Rust: Fast, Safe Systems Development"},"publisher":{"wt":"O'Reilly Media"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-1-4920-5254-8"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"oclc":{"wt":"1289839504"}},"i":3}},"\n* ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite book","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"McNamara"},"first1":{"wt":"Tim"},"title":{"wt":"Rust in Action"},"oclc":{"wt":"1153044639"},"date":{"wt":"2021"},"publisher":{"wt":"Manning Publications"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-1-6172-9455-6"},"language":{"wt":"en"}},"i":4}},"\n* ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite book ","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"first1":{"wt":"Steve"},"last2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"first2":{"wt":"Carol"},"title":{"wt":"The Rust programming language"},"date":{"wt":"2023"},"publisher":{"wt":"No Starch Press"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-1-7185-0310-6"},"edition":{"wt":"2nd"},"oclc":{"wt":"1363816350"}},"i":5}},"\n",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"refend","href":"./Template:Refend"},"params":{},"i":6}}]}' id="mwDno">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin
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<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" about="#mwt946" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'>.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGjengset2021" class="citation book cs1">Gjengset, Jon (2021). <i>Rust for Rustaceans</i> (1st<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>ed.). No Starch Press. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/9781718501850" title="Special:BookSources/9781718501850"><bdi>9781718501850</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">OCLC</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1277511986" class="external text">1277511986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rust+for+Rustaceans&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1277511986&rft.isbn=9781718501850&rft.aulast=Gjengset&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt948" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><cite id="CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="citation book cs1">Klabnik, Steve; Nichols, Carol (2019-08-12). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Vv6DwAAQBAJ" class="external text"><i>The Rust Programming Language (Covers Rust 2018)</i></a>. No Starch Press. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1-7185-0044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7185-0044-0"><bdi>978-1-7185-0044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rust+Programming+Language+%28Covers+Rust+2018%29&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2019-08-12&rft.isbn=978-1-7185-0044-0&rft.aulast=Klabnik&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Nichols%2C+Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Vv6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt950" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><cite id="CITEREFBlandyOrendorffTindall2021" class="citation book cs1">Blandy, Jim; Orendorff, Jason; Tindall, Leonora F. S. (2021). <i>Programming Rust: Fast, Safe Systems Development</i> (2nd<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>ed.). O'Reilly Media. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-5254-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-5254-8"><bdi>978-1-4920-5254-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">OCLC</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1289839504" class="external text">1289839504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+Rust%3A+Fast%2C+Safe+Systems+Development&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1289839504&rft.isbn=978-1-4920-5254-8&rft.aulast=Blandy&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Orendorff%2C+Jason&rft.au=Tindall%2C+Leonora+F.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt952" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><cite id="CITEREFMcNamara2021" class="citation book cs1">McNamara, Tim (2021). <i>Rust in Action</i>. Manning Publications. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1-6172-9455-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6172-9455-6"><bdi>978-1-6172-9455-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">OCLC</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1153044639" class="external text">1153044639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rust+in+Action&rft.pub=Manning+Publications&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1153044639&rft.isbn=978-1-6172-9455-6&rft.aulast=McNamara&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt954" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><cite id="CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="citation book cs1">Klabnik, Steve; Nichols, Carol (2023). <i>The Rust programming language</i> (2nd<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>ed.). No Starch Press. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1-7185-0310-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7185-0310-6"><bdi>978-1-7185-0310-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./OCLC_(identifier)" title="OCLC (identifier)" class="mw-redirect">OCLC</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1363816350" class="external text">1363816350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rust+programming+language&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1363816350&rft.isbn=978-1-7185-0310-6&rft.aulast=Klabnik&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Nichols%2C+Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
</section><section data-mw-section-id="51" id="mwDnw"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" about="#mwt956" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Reflist/styles.css"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"reflist","href":"./Template:Reflist"},"params":{"refs":{"wt":"<ref name=\"licenses\">{{cite web |url=https://www.rust-lang.org/policies/licenses |title=Licenses |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=The Rust Programming Language |archive-date=2025-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223193908/https://www.rust-lang.org/policies/licenses |url-status=live}}</ref>\n<ref name=\"influences\">{{cite web |title=Influences |url=https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/influences.html |website=The Rust Reference |access-date=December 31, 2023 |archive-date=November 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126231034/https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/influences.html |url-status=live}}</ref>\n<ref name=\"Jaloyan\">{{Cite arXiv|last=Jaloyan |first=Georges-Axel |date=19 October 2017 |title=Safe Pointers in SPARK 2014 |class=cs.PL |eprint=1710.07047}}</ref>\n<ref name=\"Lattner\">{{cite web |url=http://nondot.org/sabre/ |title=Chris Lattner's Homepage |last=Lattner |first=Chris |date=<!--Undated--> |website=Nondot |access-date=2019-05-14 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://nondot.org/sabre/ |url-status=live}}</ref>\n<ref name=\"Project Verona\">{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-opens-up-rust-inspired-project-verona-programming-language-on-github/|title=Microsoft opens up Rust-inspired Project Verona programming language on GitHub|first=Liam|last=Tung|website=[[ZDNET]]|access-date=2020-01-17|archive-date=2020-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117143852/https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-opens-up-rust-inspired-project-verona-programming-language-on-github/|url-status=live}}</ref>"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwDn0"/><div class="reflist " about="#mwt956" id="mwDn4">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" typeof="mw:Extension/references" about="#mwt973" data-mw='{"name":"references","attrs":{"group":"","responsive":"1"},"body":{"html":"\n<sup about=\"#mwt960\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid=\"{}\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"licenses\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-licenses-6\"}}'><a href=\"./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-licenses-6\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[</span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">]</span></span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt963\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid=\"{}\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"influences\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-influences-12\"}}'><a href=\"./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-influences-12\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[</span>8<span class=\"cite-bracket\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">]</span></span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt966\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid=\"{}\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Jaloyan\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Jaloyan-15\"}}'><a href=\"./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Jaloyan-15\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[</span>11<span class=\"cite-bracket\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">]</span></span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt969\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid=\"{}\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Lattner\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Lattner-16\"}}'><a href=\"./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Lattner-16\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[</span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">]</span></span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt972\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid=\"{}\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Project Verona\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Project_Verona-14\"}}'><a href=\"./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_note-Project_Verona-14\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[</span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">]</span></span></a></sup>\n"}}' id="mwDn8"><ol class="mw-references references" id="mwDoA"><li about="#cite_note-wikidata-625dfa02256b12affe5cdb18bbe05fea7b2cb7a3-v20-1" id="cite_note-wikidata-625dfa02256b12affe5cdb18bbe05fea7b2cb7a3-v20-1" data-mw-footnote-number="1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDoE"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-wikidata-625dfa02256b12affe5cdb18bbe05fea7b2cb7a3-v20_1-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDoI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDoM">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-wikidata-625dfa02256b12affe5cdb18bbe05fea7b2cb7a3-v20-1" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt10" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}' id="mwDoQ"/><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwDoU"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2025/09/18/Rust-1.90.0/" class="external text" id="mwDoY">"Announcing Rust 1.90.0"</a>. 2025-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwDoc">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwDog">2025-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcing+Rust+1.90.0&rft.date=2025-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.rust-lang.org%2F2025%2F09%2F18%2FRust-1.90.0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" id="mwDok"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-CrossPlatform-2" id="cite_note-CrossPlatform-2" data-mw-footnote-number="2"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDoo"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-CrossPlatform_2-0" id="mwDos"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDow">1 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-CrossPlatform_2-1" id="mwDo0"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDo4">2 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-CrossPlatform-2" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt14" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}' id="mwDo8"/><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwDpA"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/platform-support.html" class="external text" id="mwDpE">"Platform Support"</a>. <i id="mwDpI">The rustc book</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630164523/https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/platform-support.html" class="external text" id="mwDpM">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwDpQ">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwDpU">2022-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+rustc+book&rft.atitle=Platform+Support&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Frustc%2Fplatform-support.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" id="mwDpY"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-5" id="cite_note-5" data-mw-footnote-number="3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDpc"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-5" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDpg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDpk">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-5" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt20" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}' id="mwDpo"/><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwDps"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/COPYRIGHT" class="external text" id="mwDpw">"Copyright"</a>. <i id="mwDp0"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./GitHub" title="GitHub" id="mwDp4">GitHub</a></i>. The Rust Programming Language. 2022-10-19. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230722190056/http://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/COPYRIGHT" class="external text" id="mwDp8">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwDqA">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwDqE">2022-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Copyright&rft.date=2022-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Frust-lang%2Frust%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2FCOPYRIGHT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" id="mwDqI"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-licenses-6" id="cite_note-licenses-6" data-mw-footnote-number="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDqM"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-licenses_6-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDqQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDqU">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-licenses-6" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt959" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}' id="mwDqY"/><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwDqc"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.rust-lang.org/policies/licenses" class="external text" id="mwDqg">"Licenses"</a>. <i id="mwDqk">The Rust Programming Language</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250223193908/https://www.rust-lang.org/policies/licenses" class="external text" id="mwDqo">Archived</a> from the original on 2025-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwDqs">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwDqw">2025-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rust+Programming+Language&rft.atitle=Licenses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rust-lang.org%2Fpolicies%2Flicenses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" id="mwDq0"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Strom1983-8" id="cite_note-Strom1983-8" data-mw-footnote-number="5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDq4"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Strom1983_8-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDq8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDrA">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Strom1983-8" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt26" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}' id="mwDrE"/><cite id="CITEREFStrom1983" class="citation book cs1">Strom, Robert E. (1983). "Mechanisms for compile-time enforcement of security". <i id="mwDrI">Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on Principles of programming languages - POPL '83</i>. pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwDrM"> </span><span class="nowrap" id="mwDrQ">276–</span>284. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDrU">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F567067.567093" class="external text" id="mwDrY">10.1145/567067.567093</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDrc">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwDrg"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/0897910907" title="Special:BookSources/0897910907" id="mwDrk"><bdi id="mwDro">0897910907</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDrs">S2CID</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwDrw"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6630704" class="external text" id="mwDr0">6630704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+for+compile-time+enforcement+of+security&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+10th+ACM+SIGACT-SIGPLAN+symposium+on+Principles+of+programming+languages+-+POPL+%2783&rft.pages=276-284&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6630704%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F567067.567093&rft.isbn=0897910907&rft.aulast=Strom&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" id="mwDr4"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-9" id="cite_note-9" data-mw-footnote-number="6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDr8"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-9" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDsA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDsE">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-9" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt29" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}' id="mwDsI"/><cite id="CITEREFStromYemini,_Shaula1986" class="citation journal cs1">Strom, Robert E.; Yemini, Shaula (1986). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~aldrich/papers/classic/tse12-typestate.pdf" class="external text" id="mwDsM">"Typestate: A programming language concept for enhancing software reliability"</a> <span class="cs1-format" id="mwDsQ">(PDF)</span>. <i id="mwDsU">IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering</i>. <b id="mwDsY">12</b>. IEEE: <span class="nowrap" id="mwDsc">157–</span>171. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDsg">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftse.1986.6312929" class="external text" id="mwDsk">10.1109/tse.1986.6312929</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDso">S2CID</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwDss"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15575346" class="external text" id="mwDsw">15575346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Software+Engineering&rft.atitle=Typestate%3A+A+programming+language+concept+for+enhancing+software+reliability&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=157-171&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Ftse.1986.6312929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15575346%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Strom&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Yemini%2C+Shaula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.cmu.edu%2F~aldrich%2Fpapers%2Fclassic%2Ftse12-typestate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" id="mwDs0"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-11" id="cite_note-11" data-mw-footnote-number="7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDs4"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-11" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDs8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDtA">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-11" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt33" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}' id="mwDtE"/><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwDtI"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2016/08/10/Shape-of-errors-to-come.html" class="external text" id="mwDtM">"Uniqueness Types"</a>. <i id="mwDtQ">Rust Blog</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915133745/https://blog.rust-lang.org/2016/08/10/Shape-of-errors-to-come.html" class="external text" id="mwDtU">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwDtY">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwDtc">2016-10-08</span></span>. <q id="mwDtg">Those of you familiar with the Elm style may recognize that the updated <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" about="#mwt34" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Mono/styles.css"}}' id="mwDtk">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced" id="mwDto">--explain</span> messages draw heavy inspiration from the Elm approach.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rust+Blog&rft.atitle=Uniqueness+Types&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.rust-lang.org%2F2016%2F08%2F10%2FShape-of-errors-to-come.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" id="mwDts"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-influences-12" id="cite_note-influences-12" data-mw-footnote-number="8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDtw"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-influences_12-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDt0"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDt4">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-influences-12" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt962" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}' id="mwDt8"/><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwDuA"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/influences.html" class="external text" id="mwDuE">"Influences"</a>. <i id="mwDuI">The Rust Reference</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231126231034/https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/influences.html" class="external text" id="mwDuM">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwDuQ">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwDuU">2023-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rust+Reference&rft.atitle=Influences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Freference%2Finfluences.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" id="mwDuY"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-13" id="cite_note-13" data-mw-footnote-number="9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDuc"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-13" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDug"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDuk">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-13" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt39" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}' id="mwDuo"/><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwDus"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://docs.idris-lang.org/en/latest/reference/uniqueness-types.html" class="external text" id="mwDuw">"Uniqueness Types"</a>. <i id="mwDu0">Idris 1.3.3 documentation</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072557/http://docs.idris-lang.org/en/latest/reference/uniqueness-types.html" class="external text" id="mwDu4">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-21<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwDu8">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwDvA">2022-07-14</span></span>. <q id="mwDvE">They are inspired by ... ownership types and borrowed pointers in the Rust programming language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Idris+1.3.3+documentation&rft.atitle=Uniqueness+Types&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.idris-lang.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Freference%2Funiqueness-types.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" id="mwDvI"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Project_Verona-14" id="cite_note-Project_Verona-14" data-mw-footnote-number="10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDvM"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Project_Verona_14-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDvQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDvU">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Project_Verona-14" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt971" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}' id="mwDvY"/><cite id="CITEREFTung" class="citation web cs1">Tung, Liam. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-opens-up-rust-inspired-project-verona-programming-language-on-github/" class="external text" id="mwDvc">"Microsoft opens up Rust-inspired Project Verona programming language on GitHub"</a>. <i id="mwDvg"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ZDNET" title="ZDNET" id="mwDvk">ZDNET</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200117143852/https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-opens-up-rust-inspired-project-verona-programming-language-on-github/" class="external text" id="mwDvo">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwDvs">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwDvw">2020-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNET&rft.atitle=Microsoft+opens+up+Rust-inspired+Project+Verona+programming+language+on+GitHub&rft.aulast=Tung&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fmicrosoft-opens-up-rust-inspired-project-verona-programming-language-on-github%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" id="mwDv0"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Jaloyan-15" id="cite_note-Jaloyan-15" data-mw-footnote-number="11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDv4"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Jaloyan_15-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDv8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDwA">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Jaloyan-15" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt965" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}' id="mwDwE"/><cite id="CITEREFJaloyan2017" class="citation arxiv cs1">Jaloyan, Georges-Axel (2017-10-19). "Safe Pointers in SPARK 2014". <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ArXiv_(identifier)" title="ArXiv (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDwI">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible" id="mwDwM"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.07047" class="external text" id="mwDwQ">1710.07047</a></span> [<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.PL" class="external text" id="mwDwU">cs.PL</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Safe+Pointers+in+SPARK+2014&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1710.07047&rft.aulast=Jaloyan&rft.aufirst=Georges-Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" id="mwDwY"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Lattner-16" id="cite_note-Lattner-16" data-mw-footnote-number="12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDwc"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Lattner_16-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDwg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDwk">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Lattner-16" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt968" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}' id="mwDwo"/><cite id="CITEREFLattner" class="citation web cs1">Lattner, Chris. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://nondot.org/sabre/" class="external text" id="mwDws">"Chris Lattner's Homepage"</a>. <i id="mwDww">Nondot</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://nondot.org/sabre/" class="external text" id="mwDw0">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwDw4">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwDw8">2019-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nondot&rft.atitle=Chris+Lattner%27s+Homepage&rft.aulast=Lattner&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnondot.org%2Fsabre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" id="mwDxA"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-17" id="cite_note-17" data-mw-footnote-number="13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDxE"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-17" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDxI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDxM">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-17" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt45" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}' id="mwDxQ"/><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwDxU"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/doc/docs.md#introduction" class="external text" id="mwDxY">"V documentation (Introduction)"</a>. <i id="mwDxc"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./GitHub" title="GitHub" id="mwDxg">GitHub</a></i>. The V Programming Language<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwDxk">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwDxo">2023-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=V+documentation+%28Introduction%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fvlang%2Fv%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2Fdoc%2Fdocs.md%23introduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" id="mwDxs"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-18" id="cite_note-18" data-mw-footnote-number="14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwDxw"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-18" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwDx0"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwDx4">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-18" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt48" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}' id="mwDx8"/><cite id="CITEREFYegulalp2016" class="citation web cs1">Yegulalp, Serdar (2016-08-29). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.infoworld.com/article/3113083/new-challenger-joins-rust-to-upend-c-language.html" class="external text" id="mwDyA">"New challenger joins Rust to topple C language"</a>. <i id="mwDyE"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld" id="mwDyI">InfoWorld</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125104022/https://www.infoworld.com/article/3113083/new-challenger-joins-rust-to-upend-c-language.html" class="external text" id="mwDyM">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwDyQ">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwDyU">2022-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=New+challenger+joins+Rust+to+topple+C+language&rft.date=2016-08-29&rft.aulast=Yegulalp&rft.aufirst=Serdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3113083%2Fnew-challenger-joins-rust-to-upend-c-language.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" id="mwDyY"></span></span></li>
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Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwD1M">2023-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=How+Rust+went+from+a+side+project+to+the+world%27s+most-loved+programming+language&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2F2023%2F02%2F14%2F1067869%2Frust-worlds-fastest-growing-programming-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt54" id="mwD1Q"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-OCamlCompiler-22" id="cite_note-OCamlCompiler-22" data-mw-footnote-number="18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwD50"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-OCamlCompiler_22-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwD54"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwD58">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-OCamlCompiler-22" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt74" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Hoare"},"first":{"wt":"Graydon"},"title":{"wt":"Rust Prehistory (Archive of the original Rust OCaml compiler source code)"},"website":{"wt":"[[GitHub]]"},"date":{"wt":"November 2016"},"url":{"wt":"https://github.com/graydon/rust-prehistory/tree/master"},"access-date":{"wt":"2024-10-29"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwD6A"/><cite id="CITEREFHoare2016" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt74">Hoare, Graydon (November 2016). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://github.com/graydon/rust-prehistory/tree/master" class="external text" id="mwD6E">"Rust Prehistory (Archive of the original Rust OCaml compiler source code)"</a>. <i id="mwD6I"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./GitHub" title="GitHub" id="mwD6M">GitHub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwD6Q">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwD6U">2024-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Rust+Prehistory+%28Archive+of+the+original+Rust+OCaml+compiler+source+code%29&rft.date=2016-11&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Graydon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fgraydon%2Frust-prehistory%2Ftree%2Fmaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt74" id="mwD6Y"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Rust0.1-23" id="cite_note-Rust0.1-23" data-mw-footnote-number="19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwD6c"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Rust0.1_23-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwD6g"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwD6k">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Rust0.1-23" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt87" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"0.1 first supported public release Milestone · rust-lang/rust"},"url":{"wt":"https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/milestone/3?closed=1"},"access-date":{"wt":"2024-10-29"},"website":{"wt":"[[GitHub]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwD6o"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt87" id="mwD6s"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/milestone/3?closed=1" class="external text" id="mwD6w">"0.1 first supported public release Milestone · rust-lang/rust"</a>. <i id="mwD60"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./GitHub" title="GitHub" id="mwD64">GitHub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwD68">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwD7A">2024-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=0.1+first+supported+public+release+Milestone+%C2%B7+rust-lang%2Frust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Frust-lang%2Frust%2Fmilestone%2F3%3Fclosed%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt87" id="mwD7E"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Nelson2022RustConf-24" id="cite_note-Nelson2022RustConf-24" data-mw-footnote-number="20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwD7I"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Nelson2022RustConf_24-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwD7M"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwD7Q">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Nelson2022RustConf-24" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt84" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}' id="mwD7U"/><cite id="CITEREFNelson2022" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Nelson, Jynn (2022-08-05). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUIjG-y4zaA" class="external text" id="mwD7Y"><i id="mwD7c">RustConf 2022 - Bootstrapping: The once and future compiler</i></a>. Portland, Oregon: Rust Team<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwD7g">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwD7k">2024-10-29</span></span> <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwD7o">–</span> via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RustConf+2022+-+Bootstrapping%3A+The+once+and+future+compiler&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Rust+Team&rft.date=2022-08-05&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Jynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoUIjG-y4zaA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" id="mwD7s"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Rust0.1a-26" id="cite_note-Rust0.1a-26" data-mw-footnote-number="21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwD7w"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Rust0.1a_26-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwD70"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwD74">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Rust0.1a-26" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt91" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite mailing list ","href":"./Template:Cite_mailing_list"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Anderson"},"first":{"wt":"Brian"},"date":{"wt":"2012-01-24"},"title":{"wt":"[rust-dev] The Rust compiler 0.1 is unleashed"},"url":{"wt":"https://mail.mozilla.org/pipermail/rust-dev/2012-January/001256.html"},"mailing-list":{"wt":"rust-dev"},"access-date":{"wt":"2025-01-07"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120124160628/https://mail.mozilla.org/pipermail/rust-dev/2012-January/001256.html"},"archive-date":{"wt":"January 24, 2012"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwD78"/><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2012" class="citation mailinglist cs1" about="#mwt91">Anderson, Brian (2012-01-24). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120124160628/https://mail.mozilla.org/pipermail/rust-dev/2012-January/001256.html" class="external text" id="mwD8A">"<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwD8E">[</span>rust-dev<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwD8I">]</span> The Rust compiler 0.1 is unleashed"</a>. <i id="mwD8M">rust-dev</i> (Mailing list). Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://mail.mozilla.org/pipermail/rust-dev/2012-January/001256.html" class="external text" id="mwD8Q">the original</a> on 2012-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwD8U">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwD8Y">2025-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5Brust-dev%5D+The+Rust+compiler+0.1+is+unleashed&rft.date=2012-01-24&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmail.mozilla.org%2Fpipermail%2Frust-dev%2F2012-January%2F001256.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt91" id="mwD8c"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-ExtremeTechRust0.1-27" id="cite_note-ExtremeTechRust0.1-27" data-mw-footnote-number="22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwD8g"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-ExtremeTechRust0.1_27-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwD8k"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwD8o">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-ExtremeTechRust0.1-27" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt94" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Anthony"},"first":{"wt":"Sebastian"},"date":{"wt":"2012-01-24"},"title":{"wt":"Mozilla releases Rust 0.1, the language that will eventually usurp Firefox's C++"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.extremetech.com/internet/115207-mozilla-releases-rust-0-1-the-language-that-will-eventually-usurp-firefoxs-c"},"access-date":{"wt":"2025-01-07"},"website":{"wt":"ExtremeTech"},"language":{"wt":"en"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwD8s"/><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2012" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt94">Anthony, Sebastian (2012-01-24). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.extremetech.com/internet/115207-mozilla-releases-rust-0-1-the-language-that-will-eventually-usurp-firefoxs-c" class="external text" id="mwD8w">"Mozilla releases Rust 0.1, the language that will eventually usurp Firefox's C++"</a>. <i id="mwD80">ExtremeTech</i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwD84">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwD88">2025-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ExtremeTech&rft.atitle=Mozilla+releases+Rust+0.1%2C+the+language+that+will+eventually+usurp+Firefox%27s+C%2B%2B&rft.date=2012-01-24&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.extremetech.com%2Finternet%2F115207-mozilla-releases-rust-0-1-the-language-that-will-eventually-usurp-firefoxs-c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt94" id="mwD9A"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-28" id="cite_note-28" data-mw-footnote-number="23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwD9E"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-28" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwD9I"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwD9M">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-28" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt98" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Rust logo"},"url":{"wt":"https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=680521"},"website":{"wt":"[[Bugzilla]]"},"access-date":{"wt":"2 February 2024"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2024-02-02"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240202045212/https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=680521"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwD9Q"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt98" id="mwD9U"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=680521" class="external text" id="mwD9Y">"Rust logo"</a>. <i id="mwD9c"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bugzilla" title="Bugzilla" id="mwD9g">Bugzilla</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202045212/https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=680521" class="external text" id="mwD9k">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwD9o">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwD9s">2024-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bugzilla&rft.atitle=Rust+logo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbugzilla.mozilla.org%2Fshow_bug.cgi%3Fid%3D680521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt98" id="mwD9w"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-29" id="cite_note-29" data-mw-footnote-number="24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwD90"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-29" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwD94"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwD98">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-29" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt108" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Purity by pcwalton · Pull Request #5412 · rust-lang/rust"},"url":{"wt":"https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/5412"},"access-date":{"wt":"2024-10-29"},"website":{"wt":"[[GitHub]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwD-A"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt108" id="mwD-E"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/5412" class="external text" id="mwD-I">"Purity by pcwalton · Pull Request #5412 · rust-lang/rust"</a>. <i id="mwD-M"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./GitHub" title="GitHub" id="mwD-Q">GitHub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwD-U">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwD-Y">2024-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Purity+by+pcwalton+%C2%B7+Pull+Request+%235412+%C2%B7+rust-lang%2Frust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Frust-lang%2Frust%2Fpull%2F5412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt108" id="mwD-c"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-31" id="cite_note-31" data-mw-footnote-number="26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwD_M"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-31" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwD_Q"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwD_U">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-31" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt135" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Lardinois"},"first":{"wt":"Frederic"},"date":{"wt":"2015-04-03"},"title":{"wt":"Mozilla And Samsung Team Up To Develop Servo, Mozilla's Next-Gen Browser Engine For Multicore Processors"},"work":{"wt":"[[TechCrunch]]"},"url":{"wt":"https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/03/mozilla-and-samsung-collaborate-on-servo-mozillas-next-gen-browser-engine-for-tomorrows-multicore-processors/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2017-06-25"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2016-09-10"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160910211537/https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/03/mozilla-and-samsung-collaborate-on-servo-mozillas-next-gen-browser-engine-for-tomorrows-multicore-processors/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwD_Y"/><cite id="CITEREFLardinois2015" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt135">Lardinois, Frederic (2015-04-03). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/03/mozilla-and-samsung-collaborate-on-servo-mozillas-next-gen-browser-engine-for-tomorrows-multicore-processors/" class="external text" id="mwD_c">"Mozilla And Samsung Team Up To Develop Servo, Mozilla's Next-Gen Browser Engine For Multicore Processors"</a>. <i id="mwD_g"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch" id="mwD_k">TechCrunch</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910211537/https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/03/mozilla-and-samsung-collaborate-on-servo-mozillas-next-gen-browser-engine-for-tomorrows-multicore-processors/" class="external text" id="mwD_o">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwD_s">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwD_w">2017-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Mozilla+And+Samsung+Team+Up+To+Develop+Servo%2C+Mozilla%27s+Next-Gen+Browser+Engine+For+Multicore+Processors&rft.date=2015-04-03&rft.aulast=Lardinois&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2013%2F04%2F03%2Fmozilla-and-samsung-collaborate-on-servo-mozillas-next-gen-browser-engine-for-tomorrows-multicore-processors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt135" id="mwD_0"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-32" id="cite_note-32" data-mw-footnote-number="27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwD_4"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-32" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwD_8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEAA">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-32" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt141" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Firefox 45.0, See All New Features, Updates and Fixes"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/45.0/releasenotes/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2024-10-31"},"website":{"wt":"Mozilla"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2016-03-17"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160317215950/https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/45.0/releasenotes/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEAE"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt141" id="mwEAI"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/45.0/releasenotes/" class="external text" id="mwEAM">"Firefox 45.0, See All New Features, Updates and Fixes"</a>. <i id="mwEAQ">Mozilla</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317215950/https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/45.0/releasenotes/" class="external text" id="mwEAU">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEAY">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEAc">2024-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mozilla&rft.atitle=Firefox+45.0%2C+See+All+New+Features%2C+Updates+and+Fixes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Ffirefox%2F45.0%2Freleasenotes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt141" id="mwEAg"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-33" id="cite_note-33" data-mw-footnote-number="28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEAk"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-33" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEAo"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEAs">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-33" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt144" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Lardinois"},"first":{"wt":"Frederic"},"date":{"wt":"2017-09-29"},"title":{"wt":"It's time to give Firefox another chance"},"url":{"wt":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/29/its-time-to-give-firefox-another-chance/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2023-08-15"},"website":{"wt":"[[TechCrunch]]"},"language":{"wt":"en-US"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2023-08-15"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230815025149/https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/29/its-time-to-give-firefox-another-chance/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEAw"/><cite id="CITEREFLardinois2017" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt144">Lardinois, Frederic (2017-09-29). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/29/its-time-to-give-firefox-another-chance/" class="external text" id="mwEA0">"It's time to give Firefox another chance"</a>. <i id="mwEA4"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch" id="mwEA8">TechCrunch</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230815025149/https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/29/its-time-to-give-firefox-another-chance/" class="external text" id="mwEBA">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-15<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEBE">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEBI">2023-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=It%27s+time+to+give+Firefox+another+chance&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft.aulast=Lardinois&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2017%2F09%2F29%2Fits-time-to-give-firefox-another-chance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt144" id="mwEBM"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-2017PortugalEnergyStudy-34" id="cite_note-2017PortugalEnergyStudy-34" data-mw-footnote-number="29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEBQ"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-2017PortugalEnergyStudy_34-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEBU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEBY">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-2017PortugalEnergyStudy-34" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt158" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite book ","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Pereira"},"first1":{"wt":"Rui"},"last2":{"wt":"Couto"},"first2":{"wt":"Marco"},"last3":{"wt":"Ribeiro"},"first3":{"wt":"Francisco"},"last4":{"wt":"Rua"},"first4":{"wt":"Rui"},"last5":{"wt":"Cunha"},"first5":{"wt":"Jácome"},"last6":{"wt":"Fernandes"},"first6":{"wt":"João Paulo"},"last7":{"wt":"Saraiva"},"first7":{"wt":"João"},"chapter":{"wt":"Energy efficiency across programming languages: How do energy, time, and memory relate?"},"date":{"wt":"2017-10-23"},"title":{"wt":"Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Software Language Engineering"},"chapter-url":{"wt":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3136014.3136031"},"series":{"wt":"SLE 2017"},"location":{"wt":"New York, NY, USA"},"publisher":{"wt":"Association for Computing Machinery"},"pages":{"wt":"256–267"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1145/3136014.3136031"},"hdl":{"wt":"1822/65359"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-1-4503-5525-4"},"url":{"wt":"http://repositorio.inesctec.pt/handle/123456789/5492"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEBc"/><cite id="CITEREFPereiraCoutoRibeiroRua2017" class="citation book cs1" about="#mwt158">Pereira, Rui; Couto, Marco; Ribeiro, Francisco; Rua, Rui; Cunha, Jácome; Fernandes, João Paulo; Saraiva, João (2017-10-23). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3136014.3136031" class="external text" id="mwEBg">"Energy efficiency across programming languages: How do energy, time, and memory relate?"</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://repositorio.inesctec.pt/handle/123456789/5492" class="external text" id="mwEBk"><i id="mwEBo">Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Software Language Engineering</i></a>. SLE 2017. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEBs"> </span><span class="nowrap" id="mwEBw">256–</span>267. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwEB0">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3136014.3136031" class="external text" id="mwEB4">10.1145/3136014.3136031</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hdl_(identifier)" title="Hdl (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwEB8">hdl</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1822%2F65359" class="external text" id="mwECA">1822/65359</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwECE">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwECI"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-5525-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-5525-4" id="mwECM"><bdi id="mwECQ">978-1-4503-5525-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Energy+efficiency+across+programming+languages%3A+How+do+energy%2C+time%2C+and+memory+relate%3F&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+10th+ACM+SIGPLAN+International+Conference+on+Software+Language+Engineering&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.series=SLE+2017&rft.pages=256-267&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1822%2F65359&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3136014.3136031&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-5525-4&rft.aulast=Pereira&rft.aufirst=Rui&rft.au=Couto%2C+Marco&rft.au=Ribeiro%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Rua%2C+Rui&rft.au=Cunha%2C+J%C3%A1come&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+Jo%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.au=Saraiva%2C+Jo%C3%A3o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F3136014.3136031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt158" id="mwECU"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-35" id="cite_note-35" data-mw-footnote-number="30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwECY"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-35" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwECc"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwECg">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-35" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt161" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.zdnet.com/article/mozilla-lays-off-250-employees-while-it-refocuses-on-commercial-products/"},"title":{"wt":"Mozilla lays off 250 employees while it refocuses on commercial products"},"last":{"wt":"Cimpanu"},"first":{"wt":"Catalin"},"website":{"wt":"[[ZDNET]]"},"access-date":{"wt":"2020-12-02"},"date":{"wt":"2020-08-11"},"archive-date":{"wt":"March 18, 2022"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220318025804/https://www.zdnet.com/article/mozilla-lays-off-250-employees-while-it-refocuses-on-commercial-products/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwECk"/><cite id="CITEREFCimpanu2020" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt161">Cimpanu, Catalin (2020-08-11). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/mozilla-lays-off-250-employees-while-it-refocuses-on-commercial-products/" class="external text" id="mwECo">"Mozilla lays off 250 employees while it refocuses on commercial products"</a>. <i id="mwECs"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ZDNET" title="ZDNET" id="mwECw">ZDNET</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318025804/https://www.zdnet.com/article/mozilla-lays-off-250-employees-while-it-refocuses-on-commercial-products/" class="external text" id="mwEC0">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEC4">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEC8">2020-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNET&rft.atitle=Mozilla+lays+off+250+employees+while+it+refocuses+on+commercial+products&rft.date=2020-08-11&rft.aulast=Cimpanu&rft.aufirst=Catalin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fmozilla-lays-off-250-employees-while-it-refocuses-on-commercial-products%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt161" id="mwEDA"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-36" id="cite_note-36" data-mw-footnote-number="31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEDE"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-36" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEDI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEDM">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-36" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt164" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.engadget.com/mozilla-firefox-250-employees-layoffs-151324924.html"},"title":{"wt":"Mozilla lays off 250 employees due to the pandemic"},"website":{"wt":"[[Engadget]]"},"last":{"wt":"Cooper"},"first":{"wt":"Daniel"},"access-date":{"wt":"2020-12-02"},"date":{"wt":"2020-08-11"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2020-12-13"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201213020220/https://www.engadget.com/mozilla-firefox-250-employees-layoffs-151324924.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEDQ"/><cite id="CITEREFCooper2020" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt164">Cooper, Daniel (2020-08-11). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.engadget.com/mozilla-firefox-250-employees-layoffs-151324924.html" class="external text" id="mwEDU">"Mozilla lays off 250 employees due to the pandemic"</a>. <i id="mwEDY"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Engadget" title="Engadget" id="mwEDc">Engadget</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213020220/https://www.engadget.com/mozilla-firefox-250-employees-layoffs-151324924.html" class="external text" id="mwEDg">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEDk">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEDo">2020-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=Mozilla+lays+off+250+employees+due+to+the+pandemic&rft.date=2020-08-11&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2Fmozilla-firefox-250-employees-layoffs-151324924.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt164" id="mwEDs"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-37" id="cite_note-37" data-mw-footnote-number="32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEDw"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-37" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwED0"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwED4">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-37" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt167" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Tung"},"first":{"wt":"Liam"},"date":{"wt":"2020-08-21"},"title":{"wt":"Programming language Rust: Mozilla job cuts have hit us badly but here's how we'll survive"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.zdnet.com/article/programming-language-rust-mozilla-job-cuts-have-hit-us-badly-but-heres-how-well-survive/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-04-21"},"website":{"wt":"[[ZDNET]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"April 21, 2022"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220421083509/https://www.zdnet.com/article/programming-language-rust-mozilla-job-cuts-have-hit-us-badly-but-heres-how-well-survive/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwED8"/><cite id="CITEREFTung2020" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt167">Tung, Liam (2020-08-21). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/programming-language-rust-mozilla-job-cuts-have-hit-us-badly-but-heres-how-well-survive/" class="external text" id="mwEEA">"Programming language Rust: Mozilla job cuts have hit us badly but here's how we'll survive"</a>. <i id="mwEEE"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ZDNET" title="ZDNET" id="mwEEI">ZDNET</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421083509/https://www.zdnet.com/article/programming-language-rust-mozilla-job-cuts-have-hit-us-badly-but-heres-how-well-survive/" class="external text" id="mwEEM">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEEQ">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEEU">2022-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNET&rft.atitle=Programming+language+Rust%3A+Mozilla+job+cuts+have+hit+us+badly+but+here%27s+how+we%27ll+survive&rft.date=2020-08-21&rft.aulast=Tung&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fprogramming-language-rust-mozilla-job-cuts-have-hit-us-badly-but-heres-how-well-survive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt167" id="mwEEY"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-38" id="cite_note-38" data-mw-footnote-number="33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEEc"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-38" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEEg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEEk">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-38" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt170" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://blog.rust-lang.org/2020/08/18/laying-the-foundation-for-rusts-future.html"},"title":{"wt":"Laying the foundation for Rust's future"},"website":{"wt":"Rust Blog"},"access-date":{"wt":"2020-12-02"},"date":{"wt":"2020-08-18"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2020-12-02"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201202022933/https://blog.rust-lang.org/2020/08/18/laying-the-foundation-for-rusts-future.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEEo"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt170" id="mwEEs"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2020/08/18/laying-the-foundation-for-rusts-future.html" class="external text" id="mwEEw">"Laying the foundation for Rust's future"</a>. <i id="mwEE0">Rust Blog</i>. 2020-08-18. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202022933/https://blog.rust-lang.org/2020/08/18/laying-the-foundation-for-rusts-future.html" class="external text" id="mwEE4">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEE8">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEFA">2020-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rust+Blog&rft.atitle=Laying+the+foundation+for+Rust%27s+future&rft.date=2020-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.rust-lang.org%2F2020%2F08%2F18%2Flaying-the-foundation-for-rusts-future.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt170" id="mwEFE"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-39" id="cite_note-39" data-mw-footnote-number="34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEFI"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-39" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEFM"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEFQ">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-39" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt173" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"date":{"wt":"2020-02-08"},"title":{"wt":"Hello World!"},"url":{"wt":"https://foundation.rust-lang.org/news/2021-02-08-hello-world/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-06-04"},"website":{"wt":"Rust Foundation"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"April 19, 2022"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220419124635/https://foundation.rust-lang.org/news/2021-02-08-hello-world/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEFU"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt173" id="mwEFY"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://foundation.rust-lang.org/news/2021-02-08-hello-world/" class="external text" id="mwEFc">"Hello World!"</a>. <i id="mwEFg">Rust Foundation</i>. 2020-02-08. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419124635/https://foundation.rust-lang.org/news/2021-02-08-hello-world/" class="external text" id="mwEFk">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEFo">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEFs">2022-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rust+Foundation&rft.atitle=Hello+World%21&rft.date=2020-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoundation.rust-lang.org%2Fnews%2F2021-02-08-hello-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt173" id="mwEFw"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-40" id="cite_note-40" data-mw-footnote-number="35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEF0"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-40" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEF4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEF8">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-40" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt176" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"date":{"wt":"2021-02-09"},"title":{"wt":"Mozilla Welcomes the Rust Foundation"},"website":{"wt":"Mozilla Blog"},"url":{"wt":"https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2021/02/08/mozilla-welcomes-the-rust-foundation"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210208212031/https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2021/02/08/mozilla-welcomes-the-rust-foundation/"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2021-02-08"},"access-date":{"wt":"2021-02-09"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEGA"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt176" id="mwEGE"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2021/02/08/mozilla-welcomes-the-rust-foundation" class="external text" id="mwEGI">"Mozilla Welcomes the Rust Foundation"</a>. <i id="mwEGM">Mozilla Blog</i>. 2021-02-09. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208212031/https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2021/02/08/mozilla-welcomes-the-rust-foundation/" class="external text" id="mwEGQ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEGU">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEGY">2021-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mozilla+Blog&rft.atitle=Mozilla+Welcomes+the+Rust+Foundation&rft.date=2021-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.mozilla.org%2Fblog%2F2021%2F02%2F08%2Fmozilla-welcomes-the-rust-foundation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt176" id="mwEGc"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-41" id="cite_note-41" data-mw-footnote-number="36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEGg"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-41" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEGk"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEGo">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-41" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt180" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Amadeo"},"first":{"wt":"Ron"},"date":{"wt":"2021-04-07"},"title":{"wt":"Google is now writing low-level Android code in Rust"},"url":{"wt":"https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/04/google-is-now-writing-low-level-android-code-in-rust/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2021-04-08"},"website":{"wt":"Ars Technica"},"language":{"wt":"en-us"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2021-04-08"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210408001446/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/04/google-is-now-writing-low-level-android-code-in-rust/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEGs"/><cite id="CITEREFAmadeo2021" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt180">Amadeo, Ron (2021-04-07). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/04/google-is-now-writing-low-level-android-code-in-rust/" class="external text" id="mwEGw">"Google is now writing low-level Android code in Rust"</a>. <i id="mwEG0">Ars Technica</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210408001446/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/04/google-is-now-writing-low-level-android-code-in-rust/" class="external text" id="mwEG4">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEG8">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEHA">2021-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Google+is+now+writing+low-level+Android+code+in+Rust&rft.date=2021-04-07&rft.aulast=Amadeo&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgadgets%2F2021%2F04%2Fgoogle-is-now-writing-low-level-android-code-in-rust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt180" id="mwEHE"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-moderation-42" id="cite_note-moderation-42" data-mw-footnote-number="37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEHI"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-moderation_42-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEHM"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEHQ">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-moderation-42" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt183" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"Tim"},"last":{"wt":"Anderson"},"title":{"wt":"Entire Rust moderation team resigns"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.theregister.com/2021/11/23/rust_moderation_team_quits/"},"date":{"wt":"2021-11-23"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-08-04"},"website":{"wt":"[[The Register]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2022-07-14"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220714093245/https://www.theregister.com/2021/11/23/rust_moderation_team_quits/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEHU"/><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2021" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt183">Anderson, Tim (2021-11-23). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.theregister.com/2021/11/23/rust_moderation_team_quits/" class="external text" id="mwEHY">"Entire Rust moderation team resigns"</a>. <i id="mwEHc"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Register" title="The Register" id="mwEHg">The Register</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714093245/https://www.theregister.com/2021/11/23/rust_moderation_team_quits/" class="external text" id="mwEHk">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEHo">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEHs">2022-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Entire+Rust+moderation+team+resigns&rft.date=2021-11-23&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2021%2F11%2F23%2Frust_moderation_team_quits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt183" id="mwEHw"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-43" id="cite_note-43" data-mw-footnote-number="38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEH0"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-43" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEH4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEH8">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-43" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt186" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Governance Update"},"first1":{"wt":"Ryan"},"last1":{"wt":"Levick"},"first2":{"wt":"Mara"},"last2":{"wt":"Bos"},"url":{"wt":"https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/05/19/governance-update.html"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-10-27"},"website":{"wt":"Inside Rust Blog"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2022-10-27"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221027030926/https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/05/19/governance-update.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEIA"/><cite id="CITEREFLevickBos" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt186">Levick, Ryan; Bos, Mara. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/05/19/governance-update.html" class="external text" id="mwEIE">"Governance Update"</a>. <i id="mwEII">Inside Rust Blog</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221027030926/https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/05/19/governance-update.html" class="external text" id="mwEIM">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEIQ">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEIU">2022-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Rust+Blog&rft.atitle=Governance+Update&rft.aulast=Levick&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft.au=Bos%2C+Mara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.rust-lang.org%2Finside-rust%2F2022%2F05%2F19%2Fgovernance-update.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt186" id="mwEIY"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-ApologizesTrademarkPolicy-44" id="cite_note-ApologizesTrademarkPolicy-44" data-mw-footnote-number="39"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEIc"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-ApologizesTrademarkPolicy_44-0" id="mwEIg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEIk">1 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-ApologizesTrademarkPolicy_44-1" id="mwEIo"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEIs">2 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-ApologizesTrademarkPolicy-44" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt189" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Claburn"},"first":{"wt":"Thomas"},"title":{"wt":"Rust Foundation apologizes for trademark policy confusion"},"date":{"wt":"2023-04-17"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.theregister.com/2023/04/17/rust_foundation_apologizes_trademark_policy/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2023-05-07"},"website":{"wt":"[[The Register]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2023-05-07"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230507053637/https://www.theregister.com/2023/04/17/rust_foundation_apologizes_trademark_policy/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEIw"/><cite id="CITEREFClaburn2023" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt189">Claburn, Thomas (2023-04-17). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.theregister.com/2023/04/17/rust_foundation_apologizes_trademark_policy/" class="external text" id="mwEI0">"Rust Foundation apologizes for trademark policy confusion"</a>. <i id="mwEI4"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Register" title="The Register" id="mwEI8">The Register</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230507053637/https://www.theregister.com/2023/04/17/rust_foundation_apologizes_trademark_policy/" class="external text" id="mwEJA">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEJE">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEJI">2023-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Rust+Foundation+apologizes+for+trademark+policy+confusion&rft.date=2023-04-17&rft.aulast=Claburn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2023%2F04%2F17%2Frust_foundation_apologizes_trademark_policy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt189" id="mwEJM"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-WhiteHouse1-45" id="cite_note-WhiteHouse1-45" data-mw-footnote-number="40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEJQ"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-WhiteHouse1_45-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEJU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEJY">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-WhiteHouse1-45" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt193" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Gross"},"first":{"wt":"Grant"},"title":{"wt":"White House urges developers to dump C and C++"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.infoworld.com/article/2336216/white-house-urges-developers-to-dump-c-and-c.html"},"date":{"wt":"2024-02-27"},"access-date":{"wt":"2025-01-26"},"website":{"wt":"[[InfoWorld]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEJc"/><cite id="CITEREFGross2024" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt193">Gross, Grant (2024-02-27). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.infoworld.com/article/2336216/white-house-urges-developers-to-dump-c-and-c.html" class="external text" id="mwEJg">"White House urges developers to dump C and C++"</a>. <i id="mwEJk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld" id="mwEJo">InfoWorld</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEJs">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEJw">2025-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=White+House+urges+developers+to+dump+C+and+C%2B%2B&rft.date=2024-02-27&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F2336216%2Fwhite-house-urges-developers-to-dump-c-and-c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt193" id="mwEJ0"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-WhiteHouse2-46" id="cite_note-WhiteHouse2-46" data-mw-footnote-number="41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEJ4"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-WhiteHouse2_46-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEJ8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEKA">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-WhiteHouse2-46" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt196" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Warminsky"},"first":{"wt":"Joe"},"date":{"wt":"2024-02-27"},"title":{"wt":"After decades of memory-related software bugs, White House calls on industry to act"},"url":{"wt":"https://therecord.media/memory-related-software-bugs-white-house-code-report-oncd"},"access-date":{"wt":"2025-01-26"},"website":{"wt":"The Record"},"language":{"wt":"en"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEKE"/><cite id="CITEREFWarminsky2024" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt196">Warminsky, Joe (2024-02-27). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://therecord.media/memory-related-software-bugs-white-house-code-report-oncd" class="external text" id="mwEKI">"After decades of memory-related software bugs, White House calls on industry to act"</a>. <i id="mwEKM">The Record</i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEKQ">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEKU">2025-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Record&rft.atitle=After+decades+of+memory-related+software+bugs%2C+White+House+calls+on+industry+to+act&rft.date=2024-02-27&rft.aulast=Warminsky&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftherecord.media%2Fmemory-related-software-bugs-white-house-code-report-oncd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt196" id="mwEKY"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-WhiteHouseFullReport-47" id="cite_note-WhiteHouseFullReport-47" data-mw-footnote-number="42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEKc"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-WhiteHouseFullReport_47-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEKg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEKk">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-WhiteHouseFullReport-47" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt199" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"date":{"wt":"2024-02-26"},"title":{"wt":"Press Release: Future Software Should Be Memory Safe"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/oncd/briefing-room/2024/02/26/press-release-technical-report/"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20250118013136/https://www.whitehouse.gov/oncd/briefing-room/2024/02/26/press-release-technical-report/"},"publisher":{"wt":"[[White House|The White House]]"},"url-status":{"wt":"dead"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2025-01-18"},"access-date":{"wt":"2025-01-26"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEKo"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt199" id="mwEKs"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250118013136/https://www.whitehouse.gov/oncd/briefing-room/2024/02/26/press-release-technical-report/" class="external text" id="mwEKw">"Press Release: Future Software Should Be Memory Safe"</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./White_House" title="White House" id="mwEK0">The White House</a>. 2024-02-26. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/oncd/briefing-room/2024/02/26/press-release-technical-report/" class="external text" id="mwEK4">the original</a> on 2025-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEK8">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwELA">2025-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Release%3A+Future+Software+Should+Be+Memory+Safe&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=2024-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Foncd%2Fbriefing-room%2F2024%2F02%2F26%2Fpress-release-technical-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt199" id="mwELE"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-48" id="cite_note-48" data-mw-footnote-number="43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwELI"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-48" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwELM"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwELQ">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-48" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt206" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Proven"},"first":{"wt":"Liam"},"date":{"wt":"2019-11-27"},"title":{"wt":"Rebecca Rumbul named new CEO of The Rust Foundation"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.theregister.com/2021/11/19/rust_foundation_ceo/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-07-14"},"website":{"wt":"[[The Register]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"quote":{"wt":"\"Both are curly bracket languages, with C-like syntax that makes them unintimidating for C programmers.\""},"archive-date":{"wt":"2022-07-14"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220714110957/https://www.theregister.com/2021/11/19/rust_foundation_ceo/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwELU"/><cite id="CITEREFProven2019" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt206">Proven, Liam (2019-11-27). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.theregister.com/2021/11/19/rust_foundation_ceo/" class="external text" id="mwELY">"Rebecca Rumbul named new CEO of The Rust Foundation"</a>. <i id="mwELc"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Register" title="The Register" id="mwELg">The Register</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714110957/https://www.theregister.com/2021/11/19/rust_foundation_ceo/" class="external text" id="mwELk">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwELo">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwELs">2022-07-14</span></span>. <q id="mwELw">Both are curly bracket languages, with C-like syntax that makes them unintimidating for C programmers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Rebecca+Rumbul+named+new+CEO+of+The+Rust+Foundation&rft.date=2019-11-27&rft.aulast=Proven&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2021%2F11%2F19%2Frust_foundation_ceo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt206" id="mwEL0"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-:4-49" id="cite_note-:4-49" data-mw-footnote-number="44"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEL4"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-:4_49-0" id="mwEL8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEMA">1 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-:4_49-1" id="mwEME"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEMI">2 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-:4_49-2" id="mwEMM"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEMQ">3 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-:4-49" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt916" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Vigliarolo"},"first":{"wt":"Brandon"},"date":{"wt":"2021-02-10"},"title":{"wt":"The Rust programming language now has its own independent foundation"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.techrepublic.com/article/the-rust-programming-language-now-has-its-own-independent-foundation/"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230320172900/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/the-rust-programming-language-now-has-its-own-independent-foundation/"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2023-03-20"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-07-14"},"website":{"wt":"[[TechRepublic]]"},"language":{"wt":"en-US"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEMU"/><cite id="CITEREFVigliarolo2021" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt916">Vigliarolo, Brandon (2021-02-10). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320172900/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/the-rust-programming-language-now-has-its-own-independent-foundation/" class="external text" id="mwEMY">"The Rust programming language now has its own independent foundation"</a>. <i id="mwEMc"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./TechRepublic" title="TechRepublic" id="mwEMg">TechRepublic</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.techrepublic.com/article/the-rust-programming-language-now-has-its-own-independent-foundation/" class="external text" id="mwEMk">the original</a> on 2023-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEMo">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEMs">2022-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechRepublic&rft.atitle=The+Rust+programming+language+now+has+its+own+independent+foundation&rft.date=2021-02-10&rft.aulast=Vigliarolo&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techrepublic.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-rust-programming-language-now-has-its-own-independent-foundation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt916" id="mwEMw"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019263-50" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019263-50" data-mw-footnote-number="45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEM0"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019263_50-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEM4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEM8">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019263-50" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwENA">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwENE">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwENI"> </span>263.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20195–6-51" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20195–6-51" data-mw-footnote-number="46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwENM"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20195–6_51-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwENQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwENU">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20195–6-51" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwENY">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwENc">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwENg"> </span>5–6.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202332-52" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202332-52" data-mw-footnote-number="47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwENk"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202332_52-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwENo"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwENs">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202332-52" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwENw">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEN0">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEN4"> </span>32.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202332–33-53" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202332–33-53" data-mw-footnote-number="48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEN8"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202332–33_53-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEOA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEOE">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202332–33-53" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEOI">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEOM">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEOQ"> </span>32–33.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202349–50-54" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202349–50-54" data-mw-footnote-number="49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEOU"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202349–50_54-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEOY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEOc">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202349–50-54" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEOg">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEOk">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEOo"> </span>49–50.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202334–36-55" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202334–36-55" data-mw-footnote-number="50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEOs"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202334–36_55-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEOw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEO0">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202334–36-55" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEO4">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEO8">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEPA"> </span>34–36.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20236,_47,_53-56" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20236,_47,_53-56" data-mw-footnote-number="51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEPE"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20236,_47,_53_56-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEPI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEPM">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20236,_47,_53-56" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEPQ">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEPU">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEPY"> </span>6, 47, 53.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202347–48-57" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202347–48-57" data-mw-footnote-number="52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEPc"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202347–48_57-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEPg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEPk">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202347–48-57" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEPo">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEPs">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEPw"> </span>47–48.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202350–53-58" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202350–53-58" data-mw-footnote-number="53"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEP0"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202350–53_58-0" id="mwEP4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEP8">1 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202350–53_58-1" id="mwEQA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEQE">2 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202350–53-58" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEQI">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEQM">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEQQ"> </span>50–53.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202356-59" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202356-59" data-mw-footnote-number="54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEQU"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202356_59-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEQY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEQc">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202356-59" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEQg">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEQk">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEQo"> </span>56.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202357–58-60" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202357–58-60" data-mw-footnote-number="55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEQs"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202357–58_60-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEQw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEQ0">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202357–58-60" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEQ4">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEQ8">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwERA"> </span>57–58.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202354–56-61" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202354–56-61" data-mw-footnote-number="56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwERE"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202354–56_61-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwERI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwERM">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202354–56-61" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwERQ">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwERU">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwERY"> </span>54–56.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019104–109-62" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019104–109-62" data-mw-footnote-number="57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwERc"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019104–109_62-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwERg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwERk">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019104–109-62" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwERo">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwERs">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwERw"> </span>104–109.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201924-63" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201924-63" data-mw-footnote-number="58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwER0"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201924_63-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwER4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwER8">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201924-63" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwESA">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwESE">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwESI"> </span>24.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201936–38-64" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201936–38-64" data-mw-footnote-number="59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwESM"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201936–38_64-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwESQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwESU">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201936–38-64" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwESY">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwESc">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwESg"> </span>36–38.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-65" id="cite_note-65" data-mw-footnote-number="60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwESk"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-65" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwESo"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwESs">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-65" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt345" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"isize"},"url":{"wt":"https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.isize.html"},"website":{"wt":"doc.rust-lang.org"},"access-date":{"wt":"2025-09-28"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwESw"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt345" id="mwES0"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.isize.html" class="external text" id="mwES4">"isize"</a>. <i id="mwES8">doc.rust-lang.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwETA">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwETE">2025-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=doc.rust-lang.org&rft.atitle=isize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Fstable%2Fstd%2Fprimitive.isize.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt345" id="mwETI"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-66" id="cite_note-66" data-mw-footnote-number="61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwETM"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-66" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwETQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwETU">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-66" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt348" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"usize"},"url":{"wt":"https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.usize.html"},"website":{"wt":"doc.rust-lang.org"},"access-date":{"wt":"2025-09-28"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwETY"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt348" id="mwETc"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.usize.html" class="external text" id="mwETg">"usize"</a>. <i id="mwETk">doc.rust-lang.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwETo">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwETs">2025-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=doc.rust-lang.org&rft.atitle=usize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Fstable%2Fstd%2Fprimitive.usize.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt348" id="mwETw"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202336–38-67" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202336–38-67" data-mw-footnote-number="62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwET0"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202336–38_67-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwET4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwET8">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202336–38-67" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEUA">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEUE">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEUI"> </span>36–38.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023502-68" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023502-68" data-mw-footnote-number="63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEUM"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023502_68-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEUQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEUU">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023502-68" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEUY">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEUc">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEUg"> </span>502.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-69" id="cite_note-69" data-mw-footnote-number="64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEUk"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-69" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEUo"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEUs">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-69" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt383" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Primitive Type char"},"url":{"wt":"https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html"},"website":{"wt":"The Rust Standard Library documentation"},"access-date":{"wt":"7 September 2025"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEUw"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt383" id="mwEU0"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html" class="external text" id="mwEU4">"Primitive Type char"</a>. <i id="mwEU8">The Rust Standard Library documentation</i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEVA">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEVE">2025-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rust+Standard+Library+documentation&rft.atitle=Primitive+Type+char&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Fstd%2Fprimitive.char.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt383" id="mwEVI"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-70" id="cite_note-70" data-mw-footnote-number="65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEVM"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-70" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEVQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEVU">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-70" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt386" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Glossary of Unicode Terms"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.unicode.org/glossary/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2024-07-30"},"website":{"wt":"[[Unicode Consortium]]"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2018-09-24"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180924092749/http://www.unicode.org/glossary/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEVY"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt386" id="mwEVc"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.unicode.org/glossary/" class="external text" id="mwEVg">"Glossary of Unicode Terms"</a>. <i id="mwEVk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium" id="mwEVo">Unicode Consortium</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924092749/http://www.unicode.org/glossary/" class="external text" id="mwEVs">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEVw">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEV0">2024-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode+Consortium&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+Unicode+Terms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fglossary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt386" id="mwEV4"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201938–40-71" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201938–40-71" data-mw-footnote-number="66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEV8"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201938–40_71-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEWA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEWE">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201938–40-71" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEWI">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEWM">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEWQ"> </span>38–40.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202340–42-72" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202340–42-72" data-mw-footnote-number="67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEWU"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202340–42_72-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEWY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEWc">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202340–42-72" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEWg">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEWk">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEWo"> </span>40–42.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202342-73" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202342-73" data-mw-footnote-number="68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEWs"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202342_73-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEWw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEW0">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202342-73" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEW4">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEW8">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEXA"> </span>42.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201959–61-74" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201959–61-74" data-mw-footnote-number="69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEXE"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201959–61_74-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEXI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEXM">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201959–61-74" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEXQ">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEXU">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEXY"> </span>59–61.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201963–68-75" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201963–68-75" data-mw-footnote-number="70"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEXc"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201963–68_75-0" id="mwEXg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEXk">1 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201963–68_75-1" id="mwEXo"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEXs">2 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201963–68-75" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEXw">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEX0">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEX4"> </span>63–68.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201974–75-76" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201974–75-76" data-mw-footnote-number="71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEX8"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201974–75_76-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEYA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEYE">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201974–75-76" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEYI">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEYM">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEYQ"> </span>74–75.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202371–72-77" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202371–72-77" data-mw-footnote-number="72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEYU"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202371–72_77-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEYY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEYc">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202371–72-77" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEYg">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEYk">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEYo"> </span>71–72.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-BeyondSafety-78" id="cite_note-BeyondSafety-78" data-mw-footnote-number="73"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEYs"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-BeyondSafety_78-0" id="mwEYw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEY0">1 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-BeyondSafety_78-1" id="mwEY4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEY8">2 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-BeyondSafety-78" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt421" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite book ","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Balasubramanian"},"first1":{"wt":"Abhiram"},"last2":{"wt":"Baranowski"},"first2":{"wt":"Marek S."},"last3":{"wt":"Burtsev"},"first3":{"wt":"Anton"},"last4":{"wt":"Panda"},"first4":{"wt":"Aurojit"},"last5":{"wt":"Rakamarić"},"first5":{"wt":"Zvonimir"},"last6":{"wt":"Ryzhyk"},"first6":{"wt":"Leonid"},"title":{"wt":"Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems"},"chapter":{"wt":"System Programming in Rust"},"date":{"wt":"2017-05-07"},"chapter-url":{"wt":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3102980.3103006"},"series":{"wt":"HotOS '17"},"location":{"wt":"New York, NY, US"},"publisher":{"wt":"Association for Computing Machinery"},"pages":{"wt":"156–161"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1145/3102980.3103006"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-1-4503-5068-6"},"s2cid":{"wt":"24100599"},"access-date":{"wt":"June 1, 2022"},"archive-date":{"wt":"June 11, 2022"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220611034046/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3102980.3103006"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEZA"/><cite id="CITEREFBalasubramanianBaranowskiBurtsevPanda2017" class="citation book cs1" about="#mwt421">Balasubramanian, Abhiram; Baranowski, Marek S.; Burtsev, Anton; Panda, Aurojit; Rakamarić, Zvonimir; Ryzhyk, Leonid (2017-05-07). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3102980.3103006" class="external text" id="mwEZE">"System Programming in Rust"</a>. <i id="mwEZI">Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems</i>. HotOS '17. New York, NY, US: Association for Computing Machinery. pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEZM"> </span><span class="nowrap" id="mwEZQ">156–</span>161. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwEZU">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3102980.3103006" class="external text" id="mwEZY">10.1145/3102980.3103006</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwEZc">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEZg"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-5068-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-5068-6" id="mwEZk"><bdi id="mwEZo">978-1-4503-5068-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwEZs">S2CID</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEZw"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24100599" class="external text" id="mwEZ0">24100599</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220611034046/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3102980.3103006" class="external text" id="mwEZ4">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEZ8">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEaA">2022-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=System+Programming+in+Rust&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+16th+Workshop+on+Hot+Topics+in+Operating+Systems&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+US&rft.series=HotOS+%2717&rft.pages=156-161&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=2017-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24100599%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3102980.3103006&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-5068-6&rft.aulast=Balasubramanian&rft.aufirst=Abhiram&rft.au=Baranowski%2C+Marek+S.&rft.au=Burtsev%2C+Anton&rft.au=Panda%2C+Aurojit&rft.au=Rakamari%C4%87%2C+Zvonimir&rft.au=Ryzhyk%2C+Leonid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%2F3102980.3103006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt421" id="mwEaE"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023327–30-79" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023327–30-79" data-mw-footnote-number="74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEaI"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023327–30_79-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEaM"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEaQ">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023327–30-79" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEaU">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEaY">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEac"> </span>327–30.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-80" id="cite_note-80" data-mw-footnote-number="75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEag"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-80" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEak"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEao">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-80" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt432" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Lifetimes"},"url":{"wt":"https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/scope/lifetime.html"},"access-date":{"wt":"2024-10-29"},"website":{"wt":"Rust by Example"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2024-11-16"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20241116192422/https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/scope/lifetime.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEas"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt432" id="mwEaw"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/scope/lifetime.html" class="external text" id="mwEa0">"Lifetimes"</a>. <i id="mwEa4">Rust by Example</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241116192422/https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/scope/lifetime.html" class="external text" id="mwEa8">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEbA">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEbE">2024-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rust+by+Example&rft.atitle=Lifetimes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Frust-by-example%2Fscope%2Flifetime.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt432" id="mwEbI"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-81" id="cite_note-81" data-mw-footnote-number="76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEbM"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-81" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEbQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEbU">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-81" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt435" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Explicit annotation"},"url":{"wt":"https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/scope/lifetime/explicit.html"},"access-date":{"wt":"2024-10-29"},"website":{"wt":"Rust by Example"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEbY"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt435" id="mwEbc"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/scope/lifetime/explicit.html" class="external text" id="mwEbg">"Explicit annotation"</a>. <i id="mwEbk">Rust by Example</i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEbo">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEbs">2024-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rust+by+Example&rft.atitle=Explicit+annotation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Frust-by-example%2Fscope%2Flifetime%2Fexplicit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt435" id="mwEbw"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194-82" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194-82" data-mw-footnote-number="77"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEb0"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194_82-0" id="mwEb4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEb8">1 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194_82-1" id="mwEcA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEcE">2 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194-82" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEcI">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEcM">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEcQ"> </span>194.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201975,_134-83" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201975,_134-83" data-mw-footnote-number="78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEcU"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201975,_134_83-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEcY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEcc">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201975,_134-83" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEcg">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEck">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEco"> </span>75, 134.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-84" id="cite_note-84" data-mw-footnote-number="79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEcs"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-84" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEcw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEc0">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-84" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt459" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Shamrell-Harrington"},"first":{"wt":"Nell"},"date":{"wt":"2022-04-15"},"title":{"wt":"The Rust Borrow Checker – a Deep Dive"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.infoq.com/presentations/rust-borrow-checker/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-06-25"},"website":{"wt":"InfoQ"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2022-06-25"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220625140128/https://www.infoq.com/presentations/rust-borrow-checker/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEc4"/><cite id="CITEREFShamrell-Harrington2022" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt459">Shamrell-Harrington, Nell (2022-04-15). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.infoq.com/presentations/rust-borrow-checker/" class="external text" id="mwEc8">"The Rust Borrow Checker – a Deep Dive"</a>. <i id="mwEdA">InfoQ</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220625140128/https://www.infoq.com/presentations/rust-borrow-checker/" class="external text" id="mwEdE">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEdI">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEdM">2022-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoQ&rft.atitle=The+Rust+Borrow+Checker+%E2%80%93+a+Deep+Dive&rft.date=2022-04-15&rft.aulast=Shamrell-Harrington&rft.aufirst=Nell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Fpresentations%2Frust-borrow-checker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt459" id="mwEdQ"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194–195-85" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194–195-85" data-mw-footnote-number="80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEdU"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194–195_85-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEdY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEdc">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019194–195-85" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEdg">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEdk">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEdo"> </span>194–195.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023208–12-86" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023208–12-86" data-mw-footnote-number="81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEds"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023208–12_86-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEdw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEd0">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023208–12-86" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEd4">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEd8">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEeA"> </span>208–12.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023[httpsdocrust-langorgbookch04-02-references-and-borrowinghtml_4.2._References_and_Borrowing]-87" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023[httpsdocrust-langorgbookch04-02-references-and-borrowinghtml_4.2._References_and_Borrowing]-87" data-mw-footnote-number="82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEeE"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023[httpsdocrust-langorgbookch04-02-references-and-borrowinghtml_4.2._References_and_Borrowing]_87-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEeI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEeM">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023[httpsdocrust-langorgbookch04-02-references-and-borrowinghtml_4.2._References_and_Borrowing]-87" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEeQ">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEeU">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html" class="external text" id="mwEeY">4.2. References and Borrowing</a>.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Pearce-88" id="cite_note-Pearce-88" data-mw-footnote-number="83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEec"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Pearce_88-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEeg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEek">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Pearce-88" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt480" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite journal ","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Pearce"},"first1":{"wt":"David"},"title":{"wt":"A Lightweight Formalism for Reference Lifetimes and Borrowing in Rust"},"url":{"wt":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3443420"},"journal":{"wt":"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems"},"access-date":{"wt":"11 December 2024"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240415053627/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3443420"},"archive-date":{"wt":"15 April 2024"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1145/3443420"},"date":{"wt":"17 April 2021"},"volume":{"wt":"43"},"pages":{"wt":"1–73"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEeo"/><cite id="CITEREFPearce2021" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt480">Pearce, David (2021-04-17). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3443420" class="external text" id="mwEes">"A Lightweight Formalism for Reference Lifetimes and Borrowing in Rust"</a>. <i id="mwEew">ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems</i>. <b id="mwEe0">43</b>: <span class="nowrap" id="mwEe4">1–</span>73. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwEe8">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3443420" class="external text" id="mwEfA">10.1145/3443420</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240415053627/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3443420" class="external text" id="mwEfE">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEfI">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEfM">2024-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Transactions+on+Programming+Languages+and+Systems&rft.atitle=A+Lightweight+Formalism+for+Reference+Lifetimes+and+Borrowing+in+Rust&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=1-73&rft.date=2021-04-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3443420&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F3443420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt480" id="mwEfQ"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201983-89" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201983-89" data-mw-footnote-number="84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEfU"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201983_89-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEfY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEfc">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201983-89" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEfg">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEfk">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEfo"> </span>83.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201997-90" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201997-90" data-mw-footnote-number="85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEfs"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201997_90-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEfw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEf0">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201997-90" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEf4">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEf8">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEgA"> </span>97.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201998–101-91" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201998–101-91" data-mw-footnote-number="86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEgE"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201998–101_91-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEgI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEgM">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201998–101-91" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEgQ">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEgU">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEgY"> </span>98–101.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019438–440-92" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019438–440-92" data-mw-footnote-number="87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEgc"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019438–440_92-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEgg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEgk">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019438–440-92" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEgo">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEgs">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEgw"> </span>438–440.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201993-93" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201993-93" data-mw-footnote-number="88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEg0"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201993_93-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEg4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEg8">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201993-93" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEhA">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEhE">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEhI"> </span>93.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021213–215-94" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021213–215-94" data-mw-footnote-number="89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEhM"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021213–215_94-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEhQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEhU">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021213–215-94" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFGjengset2021" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEhY">Gjengset 2021</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEhc"> </span>213–215.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023108–110,_113–114,_116–117-95" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023108–110,_113–114,_116–117-95" data-mw-footnote-number="90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEhg"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023108–110,_113–114,_116–117_95-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEhk"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEho">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023108–110,_113–114,_116–117-95" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEhs">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEhw">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEh0"> </span>108–110, 113–114, 116–117.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Rust_error_handling-96" id="cite_note-Rust_error_handling-96" data-mw-footnote-number="91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEh4"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Rust_error_handling_96-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEh8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEiA">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Rust_error_handling-96" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt530" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Rust error handling is perfect actually"},"url":{"wt":"https://bitfieldconsulting.com/posts/rust-errors-option-result"},"website":{"wt":"Bitfield Consulting"},"access-date":{"wt":"15 Sep 2025"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2025-08-07"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20250807061432/https://bitfieldconsulting.com/posts/rust-errors-option-result"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEiE"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt530" id="mwEiI"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://bitfieldconsulting.com/posts/rust-errors-option-result" class="external text" id="mwEiM">"Rust error handling is perfect actually"</a>. <i id="mwEiQ">Bitfield Consulting</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250807061432/https://bitfieldconsulting.com/posts/rust-errors-option-result" class="external text" id="mwEiU">Archived</a> from the original on 2025-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEiY">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEic">2025-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bitfield+Consulting&rft.atitle=Rust+error+handling+is+perfect+actually&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbitfieldconsulting.com%2Fposts%2Frust-errors-option-result&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt530" id="mwEig"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021155-156-97" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021155-156-97" data-mw-footnote-number="92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEik"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021155-156_97-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEio"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEis">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021155-156-97" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFGjengset2021" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEiw">Gjengset 2021</a>, p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEi0"> </span>155-156.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023421–423-98" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023421–423-98" data-mw-footnote-number="93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEi4"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023421–423_98-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEi8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEjA">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023421–423-98" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEjE">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEjI">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEjM"> </span>421–423.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019418–427-99" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019418–427-99" data-mw-footnote-number="94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEjQ"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019418–427_99-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEjU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEjY">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019418–427-99" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEjc">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEjg">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEjk"> </span>418–427.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-100" id="cite_note-100" data-mw-footnote-number="95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEjo"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-100" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEjs"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEjw">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-100" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt551" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}' id="mwEj0"/><cite class="citation web cs1" id="mwEj4"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/types/cast.html" class="external text" id="mwEj8">"Casting"</a>. <i id="mwEkA">Rust by Example</i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEkE">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEkI">2025-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rust+by+Example&rft.atitle=Casting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Frust-by-example%2Ftypes%2Fcast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" id="mwEkM"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023378-101" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023378-101" data-mw-footnote-number="96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEkQ"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023378_101-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEkU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEkY">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023378-101" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEkc">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEkg">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEkk"> </span>378.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023192–198-102" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023192–198-102" data-mw-footnote-number="97"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEko"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023192–198_102-0" id="mwEks"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEkw">1 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023192–198_102-1" id="mwEk0"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEk4">2 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023192–198_102-2" id="mwEk8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwElA">3 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023192–198-102" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwElE">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwElI">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwElM"> </span>192–198.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202398-103" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202398-103" data-mw-footnote-number="98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwElQ"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202398_103-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwElU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwElY">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols202398-103" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwElc">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwElg">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwElk"> </span>98.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019171–172,_205-104" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019171–172,_205-104" data-mw-footnote-number="99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwElo"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019171–172,_205_104-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEls"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwElw">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019171–172,_205-104" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEl0">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEl4">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEl8"> </span>171–172, 205.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023191–192-105" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023191–192-105" data-mw-footnote-number="100"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEmA"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023191–192_105-0" id="mwEmE"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEmI">1 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023191–192_105-1" id="mwEmM"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEmQ">2 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023191–192-105" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEmU">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEmY">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEmc"> </span>191–192.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset202125-106" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset202125-106" data-mw-footnote-number="101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEmg"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjengset202125_106-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEmk"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEmo">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset202125-106" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFGjengset2021" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEms">Gjengset 2021</a>, p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEmw"> </span>25.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023[httpsdocrust-langorgbookch18-02-trait-objectshtml_18.2._Using_Trait_Objects_That_Allow_for_Values_of_Different_Types]-107" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023[httpsdocrust-langorgbookch18-02-trait-objectshtml_18.2._Using_Trait_Objects_That_Allow_for_Values_of_Different_Types]-107" data-mw-footnote-number="102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEm0"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023[httpsdocrust-langorgbookch18-02-trait-objectshtml_18.2._Using_Trait_Objects_That_Allow_for_Values_of_Different_Types]_107-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEm4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEm8">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023[httpsdocrust-langorgbookch18-02-trait-objectshtml_18.2._Using_Trait_Objects_That_Allow_for_Values_of_Different_Types]-107" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEnA">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEnE">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch18-02-trait-objects.html" class="external text" id="mwEnI">18.2. Using Trait Objects That Allow for Values of Different Types</a>.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019441–442-108" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019441–442-108" data-mw-footnote-number="103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEnM"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019441–442_108-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEnQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEnU">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019441–442-108" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEnY">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEnc">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEng"> </span>441–442.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019379–380-109" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019379–380-109" data-mw-footnote-number="104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEnk"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019379–380_109-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEno"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEns">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019379–380-109" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEnw">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEn0">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEn4"> </span>379–380.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-cnet-110" id="cite_note-cnet-110" data-mw-footnote-number="105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEn8"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-cnet_110-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEoA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEoE">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-cnet-110" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt597" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-3514_7-57577639/samsung-joins-mozillas-quest-for-rust/"},"title":{"wt":"Samsung joins Mozilla's quest for Rust"},"last":{"wt":"Rosenblatt"},"first":{"wt":"Seth"},"date":{"wt":"2013-04-03"},"publisher":{"wt":"[[CNET]]"},"access-date":{"wt":"2013-04-05"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2013-04-04"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130404142333/http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-3514_7-57577639/samsung-joins-mozillas-quest-for-rust/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEoI"/><cite id="CITEREFRosenblatt2013" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt597">Rosenblatt, Seth (2013-04-03). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-3514_7-57577639/samsung-joins-mozillas-quest-for-rust/" class="external text" id="mwEoM">"Samsung joins Mozilla's quest for Rust"</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./CNET" title="CNET" id="mwEoQ">CNET</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130404142333/http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-3514_7-57577639/samsung-joins-mozillas-quest-for-rust/" class="external text" id="mwEoU">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEoY">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEoc">2013-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samsung+joins+Mozilla%27s+quest+for+Rust&rft.pub=CNET&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Rosenblatt&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freviews.cnet.com%2F8301-3514_7-57577639%2Fsamsung-joins-mozillas-quest-for-rust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt597" id="mwEog"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-lwn-111" id="cite_note-lwn-111" data-mw-footnote-number="106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEok"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-lwn_111-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEoo"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEos">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-lwn-111" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt600" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Brown"},"first":{"wt":"Neil"},"date":{"wt":"2013-04-17"},"title":{"wt":"A taste of Rust"},"url":{"wt":"https://lwn.net/Articles/547145/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130426010754/http://lwn.net/Articles/547145/"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2013-04-26"},"access-date":{"wt":"2013-04-25"},"website":{"wt":"[[LWN.net]]"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEow"/><cite id="CITEREFBrown2013" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt600">Brown, Neil (2013-04-17). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/547145/" class="external text" id="mwEo0">"A taste of Rust"</a>. <i id="mwEo4"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./LWN.net" title="LWN.net" id="mwEo8">LWN.net</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130426010754/http://lwn.net/Articles/547145/" class="external text" id="mwEpA">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEpE">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEpI">2013-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft.atitle=A+taste+of+Rust&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F547145%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt600" id="mwEpM"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-The_Rustonomicon-112" id="cite_note-The_Rustonomicon-112" data-mw-footnote-number="107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEpQ"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-The_Rustonomicon_112-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEpU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEpY">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-The_Rustonomicon-112" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt603" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/races.html"},"title":{"wt":"Races"},"website":{"wt":"The Rustonomicon"},"access-date":{"wt":"2017-07-03"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2017-07-10"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170710194643/https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/races.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEpc"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt603" id="mwEpg"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/races.html" class="external text" id="mwEpk">"Races"</a>. <i id="mwEpo">The Rustonomicon</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710194643/https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/races.html" class="external text" id="mwEps">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEpw">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEp0">2017-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rustonomicon&rft.atitle=Races&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Fnomicon%2Fraces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt603" id="mwEp4"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Sensors-113" id="cite_note-Sensors-113" data-mw-footnote-number="108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEp8"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Sensors_113-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEqA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEqE">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Sensors-113" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt606" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite journal ","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Vandervelden"},"first1":{"wt":"Thibaut"},"last2":{"wt":"De Smet"},"first2":{"wt":"Ruben"},"last3":{"wt":"Deac"},"first3":{"wt":"Diana"},"last4":{"wt":"Steenhaut"},"first4":{"wt":"Kris"},"last5":{"wt":"Braeken"},"first5":{"wt":"An"},"title":{"wt":"Overview of Embedded Rust Operating Systems and Frameworks"},"journal":{"wt":"Sensors"},"doi":{"wt":"10.3390/s24175818"},"date":{"wt":"7 September 2024"},"volume":{"wt":"24"},"issue":{"wt":"17"},"page":{"wt":"5818"},"doi-access":{"wt":"free"},"pmid":{"wt":"39275729"},"pmc":{"wt":"11398098"},"bibcode":{"wt":"2024Senso..24.5818V"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEqI"/><cite id="CITEREFVanderveldenDe_SmetDeacSteenhaut2024" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt606">Vandervelden, Thibaut; De Smet, Ruben; Deac, Diana; Steenhaut, Kris; Braeken, An (2024-09-07). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11398098" class="external text" id="mwEqM">"Overview of Embedded Rust Operating Systems and Frameworks"</a>. <i id="mwEqQ">Sensors</i>. <b id="mwEqU">24</b> (17): 5818. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bibcode_(identifier)" title="Bibcode (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwEqY">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Senso..24.5818V" class="external text" id="mwEqc">2024Senso..24.5818V</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwEqg">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible" id="mwEqk"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fs24175818" class="external text" id="mwEqo">10.3390/s24175818</a></span>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./PMC_(identifier)" title="PMC (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwEqs">PMC</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEqw"> </span><span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible" id="mwEq0"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11398098" class="external text" id="mwEq4">11398098</a></span>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwEq8">PMID</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwErA"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39275729" class="external text" id="mwErE">39275729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sensors&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Embedded+Rust+Operating+Systems+and+Frameworks&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=5818&rft.date=2024-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11398098%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39275729&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fs24175818&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024Senso..24.5818V&rft.aulast=Vandervelden&rft.aufirst=Thibaut&rft.au=De+Smet%2C+Ruben&rft.au=Deac%2C+Diana&rft.au=Steenhaut%2C+Kris&rft.au=Braeken%2C+An&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11398098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt606" id="mwErI"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-lang-faq-114" id="cite_note-lang-faq-114" data-mw-footnote-number="109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwErM"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-lang-faq_114-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwErQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwErU">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-lang-faq-114" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt609" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"The Rust Language FAQ"},"publisher":{"wt":"The Rust Programming Language"},"url":{"wt":"http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/complement-lang-faq.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"dead"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150420104147/http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/complement-lang-faq.html"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2015-04-20"},"year":{"wt":"2015"},"access-date":{"wt":"2017-04-24"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwErY"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt609" id="mwErc"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150420104147/http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/complement-lang-faq.html" class="external text" id="mwErg">"The Rust Language FAQ"</a>. The Rust Programming Language. 2015. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/complement-lang-faq.html" class="external text" id="mwErk">the original</a> on 2015-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEro">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwErs">2017-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rust+Language+FAQ&rft.pub=The+Rust+Programming+Language&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.rust-lang.org%2Fdoc%2Fmaster%2Fcomplement-lang-faq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt609" id="mwErw"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-115" id="cite_note-115" data-mw-footnote-number="110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEr0"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-115" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEr4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEr8">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-115" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt612" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"RAII"},"url":{"wt":"https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/scope/raii.html"},"access-date":{"wt":"2020-11-22"},"website":{"wt":"Rust by Example"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2019-04-21"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190421131142/https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/scope/raii.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEsA"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt612" id="mwEsE"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/scope/raii.html" class="external text" id="mwEsI">"RAII"</a>. <i id="mwEsM">Rust by Example</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421131142/https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/scope/raii.html" class="external text" id="mwEsQ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEsU">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEsY">2020-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rust+by+Example&rft.atitle=RAII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Frust-by-example%2Fscope%2Fraii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt612" id="mwEsc"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-116" id="cite_note-116" data-mw-footnote-number="111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEsg"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-116" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEsk"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEso">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-116" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt615" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/11/traits.html"},"title":{"wt":"Abstraction without overhead: traits in Rust"},"website":{"wt":"Rust Blog"},"access-date":{"wt":"October 19, 2021"},"archive-date":{"wt":"September 23, 2021"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210923101530/https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/11/traits.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEss"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt615" id="mwEsw"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/11/traits.html" class="external text" id="mwEs0">"Abstraction without overhead: traits in Rust"</a>. <i id="mwEs4">Rust Blog</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923101530/https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/11/traits.html" class="external text" id="mwEs8">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEtA">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEtE">2021-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rust+Blog&rft.atitle=Abstraction+without+overhead%3A+traits+in+Rust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.rust-lang.org%2F2015%2F05%2F11%2Ftraits.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt615" id="mwEtI"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201970–75-118" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201970–75-118" data-mw-footnote-number="113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEt4"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201970–75_118-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEt8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEuA">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols201970–75-118" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwEuE">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEuI">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEuM"> </span>70–75.</span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-124" id="cite_note-124" data-mw-footnote-number="119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwExU"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-124" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwExY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwExc">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-124" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt637" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite book ","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Milano"},"first1":{"wt":"Mae"},"last2":{"wt":"Turcotti"},"first2":{"wt":"Julia"},"last3":{"wt":"Myers"},"first3":{"wt":"Andrew C."},"chapter":{"wt":"A flexible type system for fearless concurrency"},"date":{"wt":"2022-06-09"},"title":{"wt":"Proceedings of the 43rd ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation"},"series":{"wt":""},"location":{"wt":"New York, NY, USA"},"publisher":{"wt":"Association for Computing Machinery"},"pages":{"wt":"458–473"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1145/3519939.3523443"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-1-4503-9265-5"},"doi-access":{"wt":"free"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwExg"/><cite id="CITEREFMilanoTurcottiMyers2022" class="citation book cs1" about="#mwt637">Milano, Mae; Turcotti, Julia; Myers, Andrew C. (2022-06-09). "A flexible type system for fearless concurrency". <i id="mwExk">Proceedings of the 43rd ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation</i>. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwExo"> </span><span class="nowrap" id="mwExs">458–</span>473. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwExw">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible" id="mwEx0"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3519939.3523443" class="external text" id="mwEx4">10.1145/3519939.3523443</a></span>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwEx8">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEyA"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-9265-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-9265-5" id="mwEyE"><bdi id="mwEyI">978-1-4503-9265-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+flexible+type+system+for+fearless+concurrency&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+43rd+ACM+SIGPLAN+International+Conference+on+Programming+Language+Design+and+Implementation&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.pages=458-473&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=2022-06-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3519939.3523443&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-9265-5&rft.aulast=Milano&rft.aufirst=Mae&rft.au=Turcotti%2C+Julia&rft.au=Myers%2C+Andrew+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt637" id="mwEyM"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-125" id="cite_note-125" data-mw-footnote-number="120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEyQ"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-125" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEyU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEyY">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-125" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt640" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Introduction - Learning Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists"},"url":{"wt":"https://rust-unofficial.github.io/too-many-lists/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2025-08-06"},"website":{"wt":"rust-unofficial.github.io"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEyc"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt640" id="mwEyg"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://rust-unofficial.github.io/too-many-lists/" class="external text" id="mwEyk">"Introduction - Learning Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists"</a>. <i id="mwEyo">rust-unofficial.github.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwEys">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwEyw">2025-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rust-unofficial.github.io&rft.atitle=Introduction+-+Learning+Rust+With+Entirely+Too+Many+Linked+Lists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frust-unofficial.github.io%2Ftoo-many-lists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt640" id="mwEy0"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-126" id="cite_note-126" data-mw-footnote-number="121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEy4"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-126" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwEy8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwEzA">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-126" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt643" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite book ","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Noble"},"first1":{"wt":"James"},"last2":{"wt":"Mackay"},"first2":{"wt":"Julian"},"last3":{"wt":"Wrigstad"},"first3":{"wt":"Tobias"},"chapter":{"wt":"Rusty Links in Local Chains✱"},"date":{"wt":"2023-10-16"},"title":{"wt":"Proceedings of the 24th ACM International Workshop on Formal Techniques for Java-like Programs"},"chapter-url":{"wt":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3611096.3611097"},"series":{"wt":""},"location":{"wt":"New York, NY, USA"},"publisher":{"wt":"Association for Computing Machinery"},"pages":{"wt":"1–3"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1145/3611096.3611097"},"isbn":{"wt":"979-8-4007-0784-1"},"chapter-url-access":{"wt":"subscription"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwEzE"/><cite id="CITEREFNobleMackayWrigstad2023" class="citation book cs1" about="#mwt643">Noble, James; Mackay, Julian; Wrigstad, Tobias (2023-10-16). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required" id="mwEzI"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3611096.3611097" class="external text" id="mwEzM">"Rusty Links in Local Chains✱"</a></span>. <i id="mwEzQ">Proceedings of the 24th ACM International Workshop on Formal Techniques for Java-like Programs</i>. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEzU"> </span><span class="nowrap" id="mwEzY">1–</span>3. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwEzc">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3611096.3611097" class="external text" id="mwEzg">10.1145/3611096.3611097</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwEzk">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwEzo"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/979-8-4007-0784-1" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-4007-0784-1" id="mwEzs"><bdi id="mwEzw">979-8-4007-0784-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rusty+Links+in+Local+Chains%E2%9C%B1&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+24th+ACM+International+Workshop+on+Formal+Techniques+for+Java-like+Programs&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=2023-10-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3611096.3611097&rft.isbn=979-8-4007-0784-1&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Mackay%2C+Julian&rft.au=Wrigstad%2C+Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%2F3611096.3611097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt643" id="mwEz0"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-IsRustSafely-127" id="cite_note-IsRustSafely-127" data-mw-footnote-number="122"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwEz4"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-IsRustSafely_127-0" id="mwEz8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE0A">1 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-IsRustSafely_127-1" id="mwE0E"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE0I">2 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-IsRustSafely-127" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt646" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite book ","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Evans"},"first1":{"wt":"Ana Nora"},"last2":{"wt":"Campbell"},"first2":{"wt":"Bradford"},"last3":{"wt":"Soffa"},"first3":{"wt":"Mary Lou"},"chapter":{"wt":"Is rust used safely by software developers?"},"date":{"wt":"2020-10-01"},"title":{"wt":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering"},"chapter-url":{"wt":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3377811.3380413"},"series":{"wt":""},"location":{"wt":"New York, NY, USA"},"publisher":{"wt":"Association for Computing Machinery"},"pages":{"wt":"246–257"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1145/3377811.3380413"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-1-4503-7121-6"},"arxiv":{"wt":"2007.00752"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwE0M"/><cite id="CITEREFEvansCampbellSoffa2020" class="citation book cs1" about="#mwt646">Evans, Ana Nora; Campbell, Bradford; Soffa, Mary Lou (2020-10-01). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3377811.3380413" class="external text" id="mwE0Q">"Is rust used safely by software developers?"</a>. <i id="mwE0U">Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering</i>. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwE0Y"> </span><span class="nowrap" id="mwE0c">246–</span>257. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ArXiv_(identifier)" title="ArXiv (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwE0g">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible" id="mwE0k"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.00752" class="external text" id="mwE0o">2007.00752</a></span>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwE0s">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3377811.3380413" class="external text" id="mwE0w">10.1145/3377811.3380413</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwE00">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwE04"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-7121-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-7121-6" id="mwE08"><bdi id="mwE1A">978-1-4503-7121-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+rust+used+safely+by+software+developers%3F&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+ACM%2FIEEE+42nd+International+Conference+on+Software+Engineering&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.pages=246-257&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2007.00752&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3377811.3380413&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-7121-6&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Ana+Nora&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Bradford&rft.au=Soffa%2C+Mary+Lou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%2F3377811.3380413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt646" id="mwE1E"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-128" id="cite_note-128" data-mw-footnote-number="123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwE1I"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-128" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwE1M"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE1Q">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-128" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt650" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Behavior considered undefined"},"url":{"wt":"https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/behavior-considered-undefined.html"},"access-date":{"wt":"2025-08-06"},"website":{"wt":"The Rust Reference"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwE1U"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt650" id="mwE1Y"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/behavior-considered-undefined.html" class="external text" id="mwE1c">"Behavior considered undefined"</a>. <i id="mwE1g">The Rust Reference</i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwE1k">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwE1o">2025-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rust+Reference&rft.atitle=Behavior+considered+undefined&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Freference%2Fbehavior-considered-undefined.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt650" id="mwE1s"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023449–455-129" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023449–455-129" data-mw-footnote-number="124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwE1w"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023449–455_129-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwE10"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE14">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023449–455-129" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwE18">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwE2A">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwE2E"> </span>449–455.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021101–102-130" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021101–102-130" data-mw-footnote-number="125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwE2I"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021101–102_130-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwE2M"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE2Q">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021101–102-130" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFGjengset2021" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwE2U">Gjengset 2021</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwE2Y"> </span>101–102.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Rust_Ref._–_Macros_By_Example-131" id="cite_note-Rust_Ref._–_Macros_By_Example-131" data-mw-footnote-number="126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwE2c"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Rust_Ref._–_Macros_By_Example_131-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwE2g"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE2k">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Rust_Ref._–_Macros_By_Example-131" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt659" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Macros By Example"},"url":{"wt":"https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/macros-by-example.html"},"website":{"wt":"The Rust Reference"},"access-date":{"wt":"21 April 2023"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2023-04-21"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230421052332/https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/macros-by-example.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwE2o"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt659" id="mwE2s"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/macros-by-example.html" class="external text" id="mwE2w">"Macros By Example"</a>. <i id="mwE20">The Rust Reference</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421052332/https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/macros-by-example.html" class="external text" id="mwE24">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwE28">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwE3A">2023-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rust+Reference&rft.atitle=Macros+By+Example&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Freference%2Fmacros-by-example.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt659" id="mwE3E"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019446–448-132" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019446–448-132" data-mw-footnote-number="127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwE3I"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019446–448_132-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwE3M"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE3Q">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019446–448-132" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwE3U">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwE3Y">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwE3c"> </span>446–448.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-rust-procedural-macros-133" id="cite_note-rust-procedural-macros-133" data-mw-footnote-number="128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwE3g"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-rust-procedural-macros_133-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwE3k"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE3o">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-rust-procedural-macros-133" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt665" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/procedural-macros.html"},"title":{"wt":"Procedural Macros"},"website":{"wt":"The Rust Programming Language Reference"},"access-date":{"wt":"23 Mar 2021"},"archive-date":{"wt":"7 November 2020"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201107233444/https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/procedural-macros.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwE3s"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt665" id="mwE3w"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/procedural-macros.html" class="external text" id="mwE30">"Procedural Macros"</a>. <i id="mwE34">The Rust Programming Language Reference</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107233444/https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/procedural-macros.html" class="external text" id="mwE38">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwE4A">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwE4E">2021-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rust+Programming+Language+Reference&rft.atitle=Procedural+Macros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Freference%2Fprocedural-macros.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt665" id="mwE4I"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019449–455-134" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019449–455-134" data-mw-footnote-number="129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwE4M"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019449–455_134-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwE4Q"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE4U">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019449–455-134" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwE4Y">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwE4c">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwE4g"> </span>449–455.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-135" id="cite_note-135" data-mw-footnote-number="130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwE4k"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-135" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwE4o"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE4s">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-135" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt682" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}' id="mwE4w"/><cite id="CITEREFBaumgartner2025" class="citation web cs1">Baumgartner, Stefan (2025-05-23). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.heise.de/en/background/Programming-language-Rust-2024-is-the-most-comprehensive-edition-to-date-10393917.html" class="external text" id="mwE40">"Programming language: Rust 2024 is the most comprehensive edition to date"</a>. <i id="mwE44"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Heise_online" title="Heise online" class="mw-redirect" id="mwE48">heise online</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwE5A">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwE5E">2025-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heise+online&rft.atitle=Programming+language%3A+Rust+2024+is+the+most+comprehensive+edition+to+date&rft.date=2025-05-23&rft.aulast=Baumgartner&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heise.de%2Fen%2Fbackground%2FProgramming-language-Rust-2024-is-the-most-comprehensive-edition-to-date-10393917.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" id="mwE5I"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021193–209-137" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021193–209-137" data-mw-footnote-number="131"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwE5M"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021193–209_137-0" id="mwE5Q"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE5U">1 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021193–209_137-1" id="mwE5Y"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE5c">2 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021193–209_137-2" id="mwE5g"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE5k">3 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset2021193–209-137" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFGjengset2021" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwE5o">Gjengset 2021</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwE5s"> </span>193–209.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-138" id="cite_note-138" data-mw-footnote-number="132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwE5w"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-138" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwE50"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE54">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-138" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt702" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Safe Interoperability between Rust and C++ with CXX"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.infoq.com/news/2020/12/cpp-rust-interop-cxx/"},"date":{"wt":"2020-12-06"},"access-date":{"wt":"2021-01-03"},"website":{"wt":"InfoQ"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"January 22, 2021"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210122142035/https://www.infoq.com/news/2020/12/cpp-rust-interop-cxx/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwE58"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt702" id="mwE6A"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.infoq.com/news/2020/12/cpp-rust-interop-cxx/" class="external text" id="mwE6E">"Safe Interoperability between Rust and C++ with CXX"</a>. <i id="mwE6I">InfoQ</i>. 2020-12-06. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122142035/https://www.infoq.com/news/2020/12/cpp-rust-interop-cxx/" class="external text" id="mwE6M">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-22<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwE6Q">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwE6U">2021-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoQ&rft.atitle=Safe+Interoperability+between+Rust+and+C%2B%2B+with+CXX&rft.date=2020-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F12%2Fcpp-rust-interop-cxx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt702" id="mwE6Y"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandyOrendorffTindall20216–8-139" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandyOrendorffTindall20216–8-139" data-mw-footnote-number="133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwE6c"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandyOrendorffTindall20216–8_139-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwE6g"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE6k">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandyOrendorffTindall20216–8-139" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFBlandyOrendorffTindall2021" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwE6o">Blandy, Orendorff <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwE6s">&</span> Tindall 2021</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwE6w"> </span>6–8.</span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-141" id="cite_note-141" data-mw-footnote-number="135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwE7g"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-141" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwE7k"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE7o">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-141" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt714" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Code Generation"},"url":{"wt":"https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/backend/codegen.html"},"website":{"wt":"Rust Compiler Development Guide"},"publisher":{"wt":"Rust project contributors"},"access-date":{"wt":"3 March 2024"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwE7s"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt714" id="mwE7w"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/backend/codegen.html" class="external text" id="mwE70">"Code Generation"</a>. <i id="mwE74">Rust Compiler Development Guide</i>. Rust project contributors<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwE78">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwE8A">2024-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rust+Compiler+Development+Guide&rft.atitle=Code+Generation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org%2Fbackend%2Fcodegen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt714" id="mwE8E"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-142" id="cite_note-142" data-mw-footnote-number="136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwE8I"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-142" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwE8M"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE8Q">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-142" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt717" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"rust-lang/rustc_codegen_gcc"},"url":{"wt":"https://github.com/rust-lang/rustc_codegen_gcc#Motivation"},"website":{"wt":"[[GitHub]]"},"publisher":{"wt":"The Rust Programming Language"},"access-date":{"wt":"3 March 2024"},"date":{"wt":"2 March 2024"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwE8U"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt717" id="mwE8Y"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rustc_codegen_gcc#Motivation" class="external text" id="mwE8c">"rust-lang/rustc_codegen_gcc"</a>. <i id="mwE8g"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./GitHub" title="GitHub" id="mwE8k">GitHub</a></i>. The Rust Programming Language. 2024-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwE8o">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwE8s">2024-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=rust-lang%2Frustc_codegen_gcc&rft.date=2024-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Frust-lang%2Frustc_codegen_gcc%23Motivation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt717" id="mwE8w"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-143" id="cite_note-143" data-mw-footnote-number="137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwE80"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-143" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwE84"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE88">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-143" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt720" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"rust-lang/rustc_codegen_cranelift"},"url":{"wt":"https://github.com/rust-lang/rustc_codegen_cranelift"},"website":{"wt":"[[GitHub]]"},"publisher":{"wt":"The Rust Programming Language"},"access-date":{"wt":"3 March 2024"},"date":{"wt":"2 March 2024"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwE9A"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt720" id="mwE9E"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rustc_codegen_cranelift" class="external text" id="mwE9I">"rust-lang/rustc_codegen_cranelift"</a>. <i id="mwE9M"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./GitHub" title="GitHub" id="mwE9Q">GitHub</a></i>. The Rust Programming Language. 2024-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwE9U">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwE9Y">2024-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=rust-lang%2Frustc_codegen_cranelift&rft.date=2024-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Frust-lang%2Frustc_codegen_cranelift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt720" id="mwE9c"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Nature-144" id="cite_note-Nature-144" data-mw-footnote-number="138"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwE9g"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Nature_144-0" id="mwE9k"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE9o">1 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Nature_144-1" id="mwE9s"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE9w">2 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Nature_144-2" id="mwE90"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE94">3 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Nature-144" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt723" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite journal ","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Perkel"},"first":{"wt":"Jeffrey M."},"date":{"wt":"2020-12-01"},"title":{"wt":"Why scientists are turning to Rust"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03382-2"},"journal":{"wt":"[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"volume":{"wt":"588"},"issue":{"wt":"7836"},"pages":{"wt":"185–186"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1038/d41586-020-03382-2"},"pmid":{"wt":"33262490"},"bibcode":{"wt":"2020Natur.588..185P"},"s2cid":{"wt":"227251258"},"access-date":{"wt":"May 15, 2022"},"archive-date":{"wt":"May 6, 2022"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220506040523/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03382-2"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"},"url-access":{"wt":"subscription"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwE98"/><cite id="CITEREFPerkel2020" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt723">Perkel, Jeffrey M. (2020-12-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required" id="mwE-A"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03382-2" class="external text" id="mwE-E">"Why scientists are turning to Rust"</a></span>. <i id="mwE-I"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)" id="mwE-M">Nature</a></i>. <b id="mwE-Q">588</b> (7836): <span class="nowrap" id="mwE-U">185–</span>186. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bibcode_(identifier)" title="Bibcode (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwE-Y">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.588..185P" class="external text" id="mwE-c">2020Natur.588..185P</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwE-g">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-03382-2" class="external text" id="mwE-k">10.1038/d41586-020-03382-2</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwE-o">PMID</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwE-s"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33262490" class="external text" id="mwE-w">33262490</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwE-0">S2CID</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwE-4"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227251258" class="external text" id="mwE-8">227251258</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220506040523/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03382-2" class="external text" id="mwE_A">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwE_E">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwE_I">2022-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Why+scientists+are+turning+to+Rust&rft.volume=588&rft.issue=7836&rft.pages=185-186&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-020-03382-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A227251258%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33262490&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.588..185P&rft.aulast=Perkel&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-020-03382-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt723" id="mwE_M"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-145" id="cite_note-145" data-mw-footnote-number="139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwE_Q"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-145" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwE_U"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwE_Y">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-145" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt726" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Simone"},"first":{"wt":"Sergio De"},"date":{"wt":"2019-04-18"},"title":{"wt":"Rust 1.34 Introduces Alternative Registries for Non-Public Crates"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.infoq.com/news/2019/04/rust-1.34-additional-registries"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-07-14"},"website":{"wt":"InfoQ"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2022-07-14"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220714164454/https://www.infoq.com/news/2019/04/rust-1.34-additional-registries"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwE_c"/><cite id="CITEREFSimone2019" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt726">Simone, Sergio De (2019-04-18). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.infoq.com/news/2019/04/rust-1.34-additional-registries" class="external text" id="mwE_g">"Rust 1.34 Introduces Alternative Registries for Non-Public Crates"</a>. <i id="mwE_k">InfoQ</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714164454/https://www.infoq.com/news/2019/04/rust-1.34-additional-registries" class="external text" id="mwE_o">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwE_s">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwE_w">2022-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoQ&rft.atitle=Rust+1.34+Introduces+Alternative+Registries+for+Non-Public+Crates&rft.date=2019-04-18&rft.aulast=Simone&rft.aufirst=Sergio+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F04%2Frust-1.34-additional-registries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt726" id="mwE_0"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019511–512-146" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019511–512-146" data-mw-footnote-number="140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwE_4"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019511–512_146-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwE_8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFAA">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2019511–512-146" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwFAE">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFAI">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFAM"> </span>511–512.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-147" id="cite_note-147" data-mw-footnote-number="141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFAQ"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-147" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFAU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFAY">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-147" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt732" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Clippy"},"date":{"wt":"2023-11-30"},"url":{"wt":"https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html"},"access-date":{"wt":"2025-10-09"},"website":{"wt":"[[GitHub]]"},"publisher":{"wt":"The Rust Programming Language"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2021-05-23"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210523042004/https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFAc"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt732" id="mwFAg"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html" class="external text" id="mwFAk">"Clippy"</a>. <i id="mwFAo"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./GitHub" title="GitHub" id="mwFAs">GitHub</a></i>. The Rust Programming Language. 2023-11-30. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523042004/https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy" class="external text" id="mwFAw">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-23<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFA0">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFA4">2025-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Clippy&rft.date=2023-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frust-lang.github.io%2Frust-clippy%2Fmaster%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt732" id="mwFA8"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-148" id="cite_note-148" data-mw-footnote-number="142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFBA"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-148" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFBE"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFBI">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-148" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt735" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Clippy Lints"},"url":{"wt":"https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html"},"access-date":{"wt":"2023-11-30"},"website":{"wt":"The Rust Programming Language"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFBM"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt735" id="mwFBQ"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html" class="external text" id="mwFBU">"Clippy Lints"</a>. <i id="mwFBY">The Rust Programming Language</i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFBc">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFBg">2023-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rust+Programming+Language&rft.atitle=Clippy+Lints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frust-lang.github.io%2Frust-clippy%2Fmaster%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt735" id="mwFBk"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-Rust_Book_G-149" id="cite_note-Rust_Book_G-149" data-mw-footnote-number="143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFBo"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-Rust_Book_G_149-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFBs"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFBw">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Rust_Book_G-149" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" about="#mwt738" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="mw-selflink-fragment" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"harvnb","href":"./Template:Harvnb"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Klabnik"},"2":{"wt":"Nichols"},"3":{"wt":"2019"},"loc":{"wt":"Appendix G – How Rust is Made and \"Nightly Rust\""}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFB0">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFB4">&</span> Nichols 2019</a><span about="#mwt738" id="mwFB8">, Appendix G – How Rust is Made and "Nightly Rust"</span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandyOrendorffTindall2021176–177-150" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandyOrendorffTindall2021176–177-150" data-mw-footnote-number="144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFCA"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandyOrendorffTindall2021176–177_150-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFCE"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFCI">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandyOrendorffTindall2021176–177-150" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFBlandyOrendorffTindall2021" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwFCM">Blandy, Orendorff <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFCQ">&</span> Tindall 2021</a>, pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFCU"> </span>176–177.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023623-151" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023623-151" data-mw-footnote-number="145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFCY"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023623_151-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFCc"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFCg">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols2023623-151" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2023" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwFCk">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFCo">&</span> Nichols 2023</a>, p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFCs"> </span>623.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-152" id="cite_note-152" data-mw-footnote-number="146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFCw"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-152" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFC0"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFC4">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-152" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt748" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Anderson"},"first1":{"wt":"Tim"},"date":{"wt":"2021-11-30"},"title":{"wt":"Can Rust save the planet? Why, and why not"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.theregister.com/2021/11/30/aws_reinvent_rust/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-07-11"},"website":{"wt":"[[The Register]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220711001629/https://www.theregister.com/2021/11/30/aws_reinvent_rust/"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2022-07-11"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFC8"/><cite id="mwFDA" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt748">Anderson, Tim (2021-11-30). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.theregister.com/2021/11/30/aws_reinvent_rust/" class="external text" id="mwFDE">"Can Rust save the planet? Why, and why not"</a>. <i id="mwFDI"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Register" title="The Register" id="mwFDM">The Register</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220711001629/https://www.theregister.com/2021/11/30/aws_reinvent_rust/" class="external text" id="mwFDQ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFDU">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFDY">2022-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Can+Rust+save+the+planet%3F+Why%2C+and+why+not&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2021%2F11%2F30%2Faws_reinvent_rust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt748" id="mwFDc"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-153" id="cite_note-153" data-mw-footnote-number="147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFDg"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-153" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFDk"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFDo">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-153" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt752" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Yegulalp"},"first1":{"wt":"Serdar"},"date":{"wt":"2021-10-06"},"title":{"wt":"What is the Rust language? Safe, fast, and easy software development"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.infoworld.com/article/3218074/what-is-rust-safe-fast-and-easy-software-development.html"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-06-25"},"website":{"wt":"[[InfoWorld]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220624101013/https://www.infoworld.com/article/3218074/what-is-rust-safe-fast-and-easy-software-development.html"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2022-06-24"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFDs"/><cite id="CITEREFYegulalp2021" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt752">Yegulalp, Serdar (2021-10-06). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.infoworld.com/article/3218074/what-is-rust-safe-fast-and-easy-software-development.html" class="external text" id="mwFDw">"What is the Rust language? Safe, fast, and easy software development"</a>. <i id="mwFD0"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld" id="mwFD4">InfoWorld</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624101013/https://www.infoworld.com/article/3218074/what-is-rust-safe-fast-and-easy-software-development.html" class="external text" id="mwFD8">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFEA">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFEE">2022-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Rust+language%3F+Safe%2C+fast%2C+and+easy+software+development&rft.date=2021-10-06&rft.aulast=Yegulalp&rft.aufirst=Serdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3218074%2Fwhat-is-rust-safe-fast-and-easy-software-development.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt752" id="mwFEI"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202111-154" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202111-154" data-mw-footnote-number="148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFEM"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202111_154-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFEQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFEU">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202111-154" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFMcNamara2021" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwFEY">McNamara 2021</a>, p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFEc"> </span>11.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-SaferAtAnySpeed-155" id="cite_note-SaferAtAnySpeed-155" data-mw-footnote-number="149"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFEg"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-SaferAtAnySpeed_155-0" id="mwFEk"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFEo">1 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-SaferAtAnySpeed_155-1" id="mwFEs"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFEw">2 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-SaferAtAnySpeed-155" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt755" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite journal ","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Popescu"},"first1":{"wt":"Natalie"},"last2":{"wt":"Xu"},"first2":{"wt":"Ziyang"},"last3":{"wt":"Apostolakis"},"first3":{"wt":"Sotiris"},"last4":{"wt":"August"},"first4":{"wt":"David I."},"last5":{"wt":"Levy"},"first5":{"wt":"Amit"},"date":{"wt":"2021-10-15"},"title":{"wt":"Safer at any speed: automatic context-aware safety enhancement for Rust"},"journal":{"wt":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages"},"volume":{"wt":"5"},"issue":{"wt":"OOPSLA"},"quote":{"wt":"\"We observe a large variance in the overheads of checked indexing: 23.6% of benchmarks do report significant performance hits from checked indexing, but 64.5% report little-to-no impact and, surprisingly, 11.8% report improved performance ... Ultimately, while unchecked indexing can improve performance, most of the time it does not.\""},"quote-page":{"wt":"5"},"at":{"wt":"Section 2"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1145/3485480"},"s2cid":{"wt":"238212612"},"doi-access":{"wt":"free"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFE0"/><cite id="CITEREFPopescuXuApostolakisAugust2021" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt755">Popescu, Natalie; Xu, Ziyang; Apostolakis, Sotiris; August, David I.; Levy, Amit (2021-10-15). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3485480" class="external text" id="mwFE4">"Safer at any speed: automatic context-aware safety enhancement for Rust"</a>. <i id="mwFE8">Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages</i>. <b id="mwFFA">5</b> (OOPSLA). Section 2. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFFE">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible" id="mwFFI"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3485480" class="external text" id="mwFFM">10.1145/3485480</a></span>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFFQ">S2CID</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFFU"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238212612" class="external text" id="mwFFY">238212612</a>. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFFc"> </span>5: <q id="mwFFg">We observe a large variance in the overheads of checked indexing: 23.6% of benchmarks do report significant performance hits from checked indexing, but 64.5% report little-to-no impact and, surprisingly, 11.8% report improved performance ... Ultimately, while unchecked indexing can improve performance, most of the time it does not.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+ACM+on+Programming+Languages&rft.atitle=Safer+at+any+speed%3A+automatic+context-aware+safety+enhancement+for+Rust&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=OOPSLA&rft.pages=Section+2&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3485480&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238212612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Popescu&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft.au=Xu%2C+Ziyang&rft.au=Apostolakis%2C+Sotiris&rft.au=August%2C+David+I.&rft.au=Levy%2C+Amit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F3485480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt755" id="mwFFk"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202119,_27-156" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202119,_27-156" data-mw-footnote-number="150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFFo"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202119,_27_156-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFFs"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFFw">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202119,_27-156" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFMcNamara2021" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwFF0">McNamara 2021</a>, p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFF4"> </span>19, 27.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-157" id="cite_note-157" data-mw-footnote-number="151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFF8"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-157" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFGA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFGE">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-157" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt763" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite book ","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Couprie"},"first":{"wt":"Geoffroy"},"title":{"wt":"2015 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops"},"chapter":{"wt":"Nom, A Byte oriented, streaming, Zero copy, Parser Combinators Library in Rust"},"date":{"wt":"2015"},"pages":{"wt":"142–148"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1109/SPW.2015.31"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-1-4799-9933-0"},"s2cid":{"wt":"16608844"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFGI"/><cite id="CITEREFCouprie2015" class="citation book cs1" about="#mwt763">Couprie, Geoffroy (2015). "Nom, A Byte oriented, streaming, Zero copy, Parser Combinators Library in Rust". <i id="mwFGM">2015 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops</i>. pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFGQ"> </span><span class="nowrap" id="mwFGU">142–</span>148. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFGY">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FSPW.2015.31" class="external text" id="mwFGc">10.1109/SPW.2015.31</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFGg">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFGk"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-9933-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-9933-0" id="mwFGo"><bdi id="mwFGs">978-1-4799-9933-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFGw">S2CID</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFG0"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16608844" class="external text" id="mwFG4">16608844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nom%2C+A+Byte+oriented%2C+streaming%2C+Zero+copy%2C+Parser+Combinators+Library+in+Rust&rft.btitle=2015+IEEE+Security+and+Privacy+Workshops&rft.pages=142-148&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16608844%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FSPW.2015.31&rft.isbn=978-1-4799-9933-0&rft.aulast=Couprie&rft.aufirst=Geoffroy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt763" id="mwFG8"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202120-158" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202120-158" data-mw-footnote-number="152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFHA"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202120_158-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFHE"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFHI">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara202120-158" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFMcNamara2021" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwFHM">McNamara 2021</a>, p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFHQ"> </span>20.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-159" id="cite_note-159" data-mw-footnote-number="153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFHU"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-159" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFHY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFHc">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-159" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt766" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Code generation"},"url":{"wt":"https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/attributes/codegen.html"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-10-09"},"website":{"wt":"The Rust Reference"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2022-10-09"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221009202615/https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/attributes/codegen.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFHg"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt766" id="mwFHk"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/attributes/codegen.html" class="external text" id="mwFHo">"Code generation"</a>. <i id="mwFHs">The Rust Reference</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221009202615/https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/attributes/codegen.html" class="external text" id="mwFHw">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFH0">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFH4">2022-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rust+Reference&rft.atitle=Code+generation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Freference%2Fattributes%2Fcodegen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt766" id="mwFH8"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-how-fast-is-rust-160" id="cite_note-how-fast-is-rust-160" data-mw-footnote-number="154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFIA"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-how-fast-is-rust_160-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFIE"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFII">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-how-fast-is-rust-160" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt771" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.0.0/complement-lang-faq.html#how-fast-is-rust?"},"title":{"wt":"How Fast Is Rust?"},"website":{"wt":"The Rust Programming Language FAQ"},"access-date":{"wt":"11 April 2019"},"archive-date":{"wt":"28 October 2020"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201028102013/https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.0.0/complement-lang-faq.html#how-fast-is-rust?"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFIM"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt771" id="mwFIQ"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.0.0/complement-lang-faq.html#how-fast-is-rust?" class="external text" id="mwFIU">"How Fast Is Rust?"</a>. <i id="mwFIY">The Rust Programming Language FAQ</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028102013/https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.0.0/complement-lang-faq.html#how-fast-is-rust?" class="external text" id="mwFIc">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFIg">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFIk">2019-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rust+Programming+Language+FAQ&rft.atitle=How+Fast+Is+Rust%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2F1.0.0%2Fcomplement-lang-faq.html%23how-fast-is-rust%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt771" id="mwFIo"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-161" id="cite_note-161" data-mw-footnote-number="155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFIs"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-161" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFIw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFI0">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-161" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt774" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite book ","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Farshin"},"first1":{"wt":"Alireza"},"last2":{"wt":"Barbette"},"first2":{"wt":"Tom"},"last3":{"wt":"Roozbeh"},"first3":{"wt":"Amir"},"last4":{"wt":"Maguire"},"first4":{"wt":"Gerald Q. Jr"},"last5":{"wt":"Kostić"},"first5":{"wt":"Dejan"},"year":{"wt":"2021"},"url":{"wt":"https://dlnext.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3445814.3446724"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-07-12"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1145/3445814.3446724"},"title":{"wt":"Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems"},"chapter":{"wt":"PacketMill: Toward per-Core 100-GBPS networking"},"pages":{"wt":"1–17"},"isbn":{"wt":"9781450383172"},"s2cid":{"wt":"231949599"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220712060927/https://dlnext.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3445814.3446724"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2022-07-12"},"quote":{"wt":"... While some compilers (e.g., Rust) support structure reordering [82], C & C++ compilers are forbidden to reorder data structures (e.g., struct or class) [74] ..."}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFI4"/><cite id="CITEREFFarshinBarbetteRoozbehMaguire2021" class="citation book cs1" about="#mwt774">Farshin, Alireza; Barbette, Tom; Roozbeh, Amir; Maguire, Gerald Q. Jr; Kostić, Dejan (2021). "PacketMill: Toward per-Core 100-GBPS networking". <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://dlnext.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3445814.3446724" class="external text" id="mwFI8"><i id="mwFJA">Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems</i></a>. pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFJE"> </span><span class="nowrap" id="mwFJI">1–</span>17. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFJM">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3445814.3446724" class="external text" id="mwFJQ">10.1145/3445814.3446724</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFJU">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFJY"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/9781450383172" title="Special:BookSources/9781450383172" id="mwFJc"><bdi id="mwFJg">9781450383172</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFJk">S2CID</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFJo"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231949599" class="external text" id="mwFJs">231949599</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712060927/https://dlnext.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3445814.3446724" class="external text" id="mwFJw">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-12<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFJ0">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFJ4">2022-07-12</span></span>. <q id="mwFJ8">... While some compilers (e.g., Rust) support structure reordering [82], C & C++ compilers are forbidden to reorder data structures (e.g., struct or class) [74] ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=PacketMill%3A+Toward+per-Core+100-GBPS+networking&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+26th+ACM+International+Conference+on+Architectural+Support+for+Programming+Languages+and+Operating+Systems&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231949599%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3445814.3446724&rft.isbn=9781450383172&rft.aulast=Farshin&rft.aufirst=Alireza&rft.au=Barbette%2C+Tom&rft.au=Roozbeh%2C+Amir&rft.au=Maguire%2C+Gerald+Q.+Jr&rft.au=Kosti%C4%87%2C+Dejan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdlnext.acm.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1145%2F3445814.3446724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt774" id="mwFKA"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset202122-162" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset202122-162" data-mw-footnote-number="156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFKE"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjengset202122_162-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFKI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFKM">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjengset202122-162" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFGjengset2021" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwFKQ">Gjengset 2021</a>, p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFKU"> </span>22.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-163" id="cite_note-163" data-mw-footnote-number="157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFKY"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-163" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFKc"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFKg">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-163" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt779" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Keizer"},"first":{"wt":"Gregg"},"date":{"wt":"2016-10-31"},"title":{"wt":"Mozilla plans to rejuvenate Firefox in 2017"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.computerworld.com/article/3137050/mozilla-plans-to-rejuvenate-firefox-in-2017.html"},"access-date":{"wt":"2023-05-13"},"website":{"wt":"[[Computerworld]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2023-05-13"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230513020437/https://www.computerworld.com/article/3137050/mozilla-plans-to-rejuvenate-firefox-in-2017.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFKk"/><cite id="CITEREFKeizer2016" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt779">Keizer, Gregg (2016-10-31). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/3137050/mozilla-plans-to-rejuvenate-firefox-in-2017.html" class="external text" id="mwFKo">"Mozilla plans to rejuvenate Firefox in 2017"</a>. <i id="mwFKs"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Computerworld" title="Computerworld" id="mwFKw">Computerworld</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513020437/https://www.computerworld.com/article/3137050/mozilla-plans-to-rejuvenate-firefox-in-2017.html" class="external text" id="mwFK0">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFK4">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFK8">2023-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Mozilla+plans+to+rejuvenate+Firefox+in+2017&rft.date=2016-10-31&rft.aulast=Keizer&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Farticle%2F3137050%2Fmozilla-plans-to-rejuvenate-firefox-in-2017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt779" id="mwFLA"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-164" id="cite_note-164" data-mw-footnote-number="158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFLE"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-164" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFLI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFLM">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-164" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt782" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Claburn"},"first":{"wt":"Thomas"},"date":{"wt":"2023-01-12"},"title":{"wt":"Google polishes Chromium code with a layer of Rust"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.theregister.com/2023/01/12/google_chromium_rust/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2024-07-17"},"website":{"wt":"[[The Register]]"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFLQ"/><cite id="mwFLU" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt782">Claburn, Thomas (2023-01-12). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.theregister.com/2023/01/12/google_chromium_rust/" class="external text" id="mwFLY">"Google polishes Chromium code with a layer of Rust"</a>. <i id="mwFLc"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Register" title="The Register" id="mwFLg">The Register</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFLk">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFLo">2024-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Google+polishes+Chromium+code+with+a+layer+of+Rust&rft.date=2023-01-12&rft.aulast=Claburn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2023%2F01%2F12%2Fgoogle_chromium_rust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt782" id="mwFLs"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-165" id="cite_note-165" data-mw-footnote-number="159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFLw"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-165" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFL0"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFL4">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-165" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt785" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Jansens"},"first":{"wt":"Dana"},"date":{"wt":"2023-01-12"},"title":{"wt":"Supporting the Use of Rust in the Chromium Project"},"url":{"wt":"https://security.googleblog.com/2023/01/supporting-use-of-rust-in-chromium.html"},"access-date":{"wt":"2023-11-12"},"website":{"wt":"Google Online Security Blog"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2023-01-13"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113004438/https://security.googleblog.com/2023/01/supporting-use-of-rust-in-chromium.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFL8"/><cite id="CITEREFJansens2023" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt785">Jansens, Dana (2023-01-12). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://security.googleblog.com/2023/01/supporting-use-of-rust-in-chromium.html" class="external text" id="mwFMA">"Supporting the Use of Rust in the Chromium Project"</a>. <i id="mwFME">Google Online Security Blog</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113004438/https://security.googleblog.com/2023/01/supporting-use-of-rust-in-chromium.html" class="external text" id="mwFMI">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFMM">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFMQ">2023-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Online+Security+Blog&rft.atitle=Supporting+the+Use+of+Rust+in+the+Chromium+Project&rft.date=2023-01-12&rft.aulast=Jansens&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecurity.googleblog.com%2F2023%2F01%2Fsupporting-use-of-rust-in-chromium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt785" id="mwFMU"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-166" id="cite_note-166" data-mw-footnote-number="160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFMY"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-166" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFMc"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFMg">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-166" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt788" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Shankland"},"first":{"wt":"Stephen"},"date":{"wt":"2016-07-12"},"title":{"wt":"Firefox will get overhaul in bid to get you interested again"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/firefox-mozilla-gets-overhaul-in-a-bid-to-get-you-interested-again/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-07-14"},"publisher":{"wt":"[[CNET]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2022-07-14"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220714172029/https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/firefox-mozilla-gets-overhaul-in-a-bid-to-get-you-interested-again/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFMk"/><cite id="CITEREFShankland2016" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt788">Shankland, Stephen (2016-07-12). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/firefox-mozilla-gets-overhaul-in-a-bid-to-get-you-interested-again/" class="external text" id="mwFMo">"Firefox will get overhaul in bid to get you interested again"</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./CNET" title="CNET" id="mwFMs">CNET</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714172029/https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/firefox-mozilla-gets-overhaul-in-a-bid-to-get-you-interested-again/" class="external text" id="mwFMw">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFM0">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFM4">2022-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Firefox+will+get+overhaul+in+bid+to+get+you+interested+again&rft.pub=CNET&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft.aulast=Shankland&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Ftech%2Fservices-and-software%2Ffirefox-mozilla-gets-overhaul-in-a-bid-to-get-you-interested-again%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt788" id="mwFM8"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-167" id="cite_note-167" data-mw-footnote-number="161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFNA"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-167" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFNE"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFNI">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-167" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt791" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"Security Research Team"},"date":{"wt":"2013-10-04"},"title":{"wt":"ZeroMQ: Helping us Block Malicious Domains in Real Time"},"url":{"wt":"https://umbrella.cisco.com/blog/zeromq-helping-us-block-malicious-domains"},"access-date":{"wt":"2023-05-13"},"website":{"wt":"Cisco Umbrella"},"language":{"wt":"en-US"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2023-05-13"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230513161542/https://umbrella.cisco.com/blog/zeromq-helping-us-block-malicious-domains"},"url-status":{"wt":"dead"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFNM"/><cite id="CITEREFSecurity_Research_Team2013" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt791">Security Research Team (2013-10-04). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513161542/https://umbrella.cisco.com/blog/zeromq-helping-us-block-malicious-domains" class="external text" id="mwFNQ">"ZeroMQ: Helping us Block Malicious Domains in Real Time"</a>. <i id="mwFNU">Cisco Umbrella</i>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://umbrella.cisco.com/blog/zeromq-helping-us-block-malicious-domains" class="external text" id="mwFNY">the original</a> on 2023-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFNc">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFNg">2023-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cisco+Umbrella&rft.atitle=ZeroMQ%3A+Helping+us+Block+Malicious+Domains+in+Real+Time&rft.date=2013-10-04&rft.au=Security+Research+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fumbrella.cisco.com%2Fblog%2Fzeromq-helping-us-block-malicious-domains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt791" id="mwFNk"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-168" id="cite_note-168" data-mw-footnote-number="162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFNo"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-168" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFNs"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFNw">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-168" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt794" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Cimpanu"},"first":{"wt":"Catalin"},"title":{"wt":"AWS to sponsor Rust project"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.zdnet.com/article/aws-to-sponsor-rust-project/"},"date":{"wt":"2019-10-15"},"access-date":{"wt":"2024-07-17"},"website":{"wt":"[[ZDNET]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFN0"/><cite id="CITEREFCimpanu2019" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt794">Cimpanu, Catalin (2019-10-15). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/aws-to-sponsor-rust-project/" class="external text" id="mwFN4">"AWS to sponsor Rust project"</a>. <i id="mwFN8"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ZDNET" title="ZDNET" id="mwFOA">ZDNET</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFOE">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFOI">2024-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNET&rft.atitle=AWS+to+sponsor+Rust+project&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft.aulast=Cimpanu&rft.aufirst=Catalin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Faws-to-sponsor-rust-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt794" id="mwFOM"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-178" id="cite_note-178" data-mw-footnote-number="172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFVU"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-178" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFVY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFVc">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-178" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt824" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Corbet"},"first":{"wt":"Jonathan"},"date":{"wt":"2022-11-17"},"title":{"wt":"Rust in the 6.2 kernel"},"url":{"wt":"https://lwn.net/Articles/914458/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2024-11-28"},"website":{"wt":"[[LWN.net]]"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFVg"/><cite id="mwFVk" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt824">Corbet, Jonathan (2022-11-17). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/914458/" class="external text" id="mwFVo">"Rust in the 6.2 kernel"</a>. <i id="mwFVs"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./LWN.net" title="LWN.net" id="mwFVw">LWN.net</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFV0">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFV4">2024-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft.atitle=Rust+in+the+6.2+kernel&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F914458%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt824" id="mwFV8"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-179" id="cite_note-179" data-mw-footnote-number="173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFWA"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-179" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFWE"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFWI">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-179" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt828" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Corbet"},"first":{"wt":"Jonathan"},"date":{"wt":"2024-09-24"},"title":{"wt":"Committing to Rust in the kernel"},"url":{"wt":"https://lwn.net/Articles/991062/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2024-11-28"},"website":{"wt":"[[LWN.net]]"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFWM"/><cite id="CITEREFCorbet2024" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt828">Corbet, Jonathan (2024-09-24). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/991062/" class="external text" id="mwFWQ">"Committing to Rust in the kernel"</a>. <i id="mwFWU"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./LWN.net" title="LWN.net" id="mwFWY">LWN.net</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFWc">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFWg">2024-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft.atitle=Committing+to+Rust+in+the+kernel&rft.date=2024-09-24&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F991062%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt828" id="mwFWk"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-180" id="cite_note-180" data-mw-footnote-number="174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFWo"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-180" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFWs"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFWw">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-180" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt832" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Amadeo"},"first":{"wt":"Ron"},"date":{"wt":"2021-04-07"},"title":{"wt":"Google is now writing low-level Android code in Rust"},"url":{"wt":"https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/04/google-is-now-writing-low-level-android-code-in-rust/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-04-21"},"website":{"wt":"Ars Technica"},"language":{"wt":"en-us"},"archive-date":{"wt":"April 8, 2021"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210408001446/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/04/google-is-now-writing-low-level-android-code-in-rust/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFW0"/><cite id="mwFW4" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt832">Amadeo, Ron (2021-04-07). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/04/google-is-now-writing-low-level-android-code-in-rust/" class="external text" id="mwFW8">"Google is now writing low-level Android code in Rust"</a>. <i id="mwFXA">Ars Technica</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210408001446/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/04/google-is-now-writing-low-level-android-code-in-rust/" class="external text" id="mwFXE">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFXI">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFXM">2022-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Google+is+now+writing+low-level+Android+code+in+Rust&rft.date=2021-04-07&rft.aulast=Amadeo&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgadgets%2F2021%2F04%2Fgoogle-is-now-writing-low-level-android-code-in-rust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt832" id="mwFXQ"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-181" id="cite_note-181" data-mw-footnote-number="175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFXU"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-181" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFXY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFXc">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-181" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt835" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"author1":{"wt":"Darkcrizt"},"title":{"wt":"Google Develops New Bluetooth Stack for Android, Written in Rust"},"url":{"wt":"https://blog.desdelinux.net/en/google-develops-a-new-bluetooth-stack-for-android-written-in-rust/"},"website":{"wt":"Desde Linux"},"date":{"wt":"April 2, 2021"},"access-date":{"wt":"31 August 2024"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210825165930/https://blog.desdelinux.net/en/google-develops-a-new-bluetooth-stack-for-android-written-in-rust/"},"archive-date":{"wt":"25 August 2021"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFXg"/><cite id="CITEREFDarkcrizt2021" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt835">Darkcrizt (2021-04-02). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825165930/https://blog.desdelinux.net/en/google-develops-a-new-bluetooth-stack-for-android-written-in-rust/" class="external text" id="mwFXk">"Google Develops New Bluetooth Stack for Android, Written in Rust"</a>. <i id="mwFXo">Desde Linux</i>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://blog.desdelinux.net/en/google-develops-a-new-bluetooth-stack-for-android-written-in-rust/" class="external text" id="mwFXs">the original</a> on 2021-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFXw">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFX0">2024-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Desde+Linux&rft.atitle=Google+Develops+New+Bluetooth+Stack+for+Android%2C+Written+in+Rust&rft.date=2021-04-02&rft.au=Darkcrizt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.desdelinux.net%2Fen%2Fgoogle-develops-a-new-bluetooth-stack-for-android-written-in-rust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt835" id="mwFX4"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-182" id="cite_note-182" data-mw-footnote-number="176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFX8"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-182" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFYA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFYE">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-182" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt838" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Claburn"},"first":{"wt":"Thomas"},"title":{"wt":"Microsoft is rewriting core Windows libraries in Rust"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.theregister.com/2023/04/27/microsoft_windows_rust/"},"date":{"wt":"2023-04-27"},"access-date":{"wt":"2023-05-13"},"website":{"wt":"[[The Register]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2023-05-13"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230513082735/https://www.theregister.com/2023/04/27/microsoft_windows_rust/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFYI"/><cite id="mwFYM" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt838">Claburn, Thomas (2023-04-27). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.theregister.com/2023/04/27/microsoft_windows_rust/" class="external text" id="mwFYQ">"Microsoft is rewriting core Windows libraries in Rust"</a>. <i id="mwFYU"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Register" title="The Register" id="mwFYY">The Register</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513082735/https://www.theregister.com/2023/04/27/microsoft_windows_rust/" class="external text" id="mwFYc">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFYg">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFYk">2023-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Microsoft+is+rewriting+core+Windows+libraries+in+Rust&rft.date=2023-04-27&rft.aulast=Claburn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2023%2F04%2F27%2Fmicrosoft_windows_rust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt838" id="mwFYo"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-183" id="cite_note-183" data-mw-footnote-number="177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFYs"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-183" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFYw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFY0">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-183" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt841" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Proven"},"first1":{"wt":"Liam"},"date":{"wt":"1 December 2023"},"title":{"wt":"Small but mighty, 9Front's 'Humanbiologics' is here for the truly curious"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.theregister.com/2023/12/01/9front_humanbiologics/"},"website":{"wt":"[[The Register]]"},"access-date":{"wt":"7 March 2024"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFY4"/><cite id="CITEREFProven2023" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt841">Proven, Liam (2023-12-01). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.theregister.com/2023/12/01/9front_humanbiologics/" class="external text" id="mwFY8">"Small but mighty, 9Front's 'Humanbiologics' is here for the truly curious"</a>. <i id="mwFZA"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Register" title="The Register" id="mwFZE">The Register</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFZI">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFZM">2024-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Small+but+mighty%2C+9Front%27s+%27Humanbiologics%27+is+here+for+the+truly+curious&rft.date=2023-12-01&rft.aulast=Proven&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2023%2F12%2F01%2F9front_humanbiologics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt841" id="mwFZQ"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-184" id="cite_note-184" data-mw-footnote-number="178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFZU"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-184" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFZY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFZc">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-184" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt844" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Yegulalp"},"first":{"wt":"Serdar"},"date":{"wt":"21 March 2016"},"title":{"wt":"Rust's Redox OS could show Linux a few new tricks"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.infoworld.com/article/3046100/open-source-tools/rusts-redox-os-could-show-linux-a-few-new-tricks.html"},"access-date":{"wt":"21 March 2016"},"work":{"wt":"[[InfoWorld]]"},"archive-date":{"wt":"21 March 2016"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160321192838/http://www.infoworld.com/article/3046100/open-source-tools/rusts-redox-os-could-show-linux-a-few-new-tricks.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"dead"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFZg"/><cite id="mwFZk" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt844">Yegulalp, Serdar (2016-03-21). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321192838/http://www.infoworld.com/article/3046100/open-source-tools/rusts-redox-os-could-show-linux-a-few-new-tricks.html" class="external text" id="mwFZo">"Rust's Redox OS could show Linux a few new tricks"</a>. <i id="mwFZs"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld" id="mwFZw">InfoWorld</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.infoworld.com/article/3046100/open-source-tools/rusts-redox-os-could-show-linux-a-few-new-tricks.html" class="external text" id="mwFZ0">the original</a> on 2016-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFZ4">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFZ8">2016-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Rust%27s+Redox+OS+could+show+Linux+a+few+new+tricks&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft.aulast=Yegulalp&rft.aufirst=Serdar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3046100%2Fopen-source-tools%2Frusts-redox-os-could-show-linux-a-few-new-tricks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt844" id="mwFaA"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-185" id="cite_note-185" data-mw-footnote-number="179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFaE"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-185" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFaI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFaM">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-185" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt847" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"Tim"},"last":{"wt":"Anderson"},"date":{"wt":"2021-01-14"},"title":{"wt":"Another Rust-y OS: Theseus joins Redox in pursuit of safer, more resilient systems"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.theregister.com/2021/01/14/rust_os_theseus/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-07-14"},"website":{"wt":"[[The Register]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2022-07-14"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220714112619/https://www.theregister.com/2021/01/14/rust_os_theseus/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFaQ"/><cite id="mwFaU" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt847">Anderson, Tim (2021-01-14). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.theregister.com/2021/01/14/rust_os_theseus/" class="external text" id="mwFaY">"Another Rust-y OS: Theseus joins Redox in pursuit of safer, more resilient systems"</a>. <i id="mwFac"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Register" title="The Register" id="mwFag">The Register</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714112619/https://www.theregister.com/2021/01/14/rust_os_theseus/" class="external text" id="mwFak">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFao">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFas">2022-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Another+Rust-y+OS%3A+Theseus+joins+Redox+in+pursuit+of+safer%2C+more+resilient+systems&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2021%2F01%2F14%2Frust_os_theseus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt847" id="mwFaw"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-186" id="cite_note-186" data-mw-footnote-number="180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFa0"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-186" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFa4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFa8">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-186" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt850" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite book ","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Boos"},"first1":{"wt":"Kevin"},"last2":{"wt":"Liyanage"},"first2":{"wt":"Namitha"},"last3":{"wt":"Ijaz"},"first3":{"wt":"Ramla"},"last4":{"wt":"Zhong"},"first4":{"wt":"Lin"},"date":{"wt":"2020"},"title":{"wt":"Theseus: an Experiment in Operating System Structure and State Management"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.usenix.org/conference/osdi20/presentation/boos"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"pages":{"wt":"1–19"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-1-939133-19-9"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2023-05-13"},"access-date":{"wt":"2023-05-13"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230513164135/https://www.usenix.org/conference/osdi20/presentation/boos"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFbA"/><cite id="CITEREFBoosLiyanageIjazZhong2020" class="citation book cs1" about="#mwt850">Boos, Kevin; Liyanage, Namitha; Ijaz, Ramla; Zhong, Lin (2020). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/osdi20/presentation/boos" class="external text" id="mwFbE"><i id="mwFbI">Theseus: an Experiment in Operating System Structure and State Management</i></a>. pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFbM"> </span><span class="nowrap" id="mwFbQ">1–</span>19. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFbU">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFbY"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1-939133-19-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-939133-19-9" id="mwFbc"><bdi id="mwFbg">978-1-939133-19-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513164135/https://www.usenix.org/conference/osdi20/presentation/boos" class="external text" id="mwFbk">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFbo">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFbs">2023-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theseus%3A+an+Experiment+in+Operating+System+Structure+and+State+Management&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-939133-19-9&rft.aulast=Boos&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Liyanage%2C+Namitha&rft.au=Ijaz%2C+Ramla&rft.au=Zhong%2C+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usenix.org%2Fconference%2Fosdi20%2Fpresentation%2Fboos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt850" id="mwFbw"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-rustmag-1-187" id="cite_note-rustmag-1-187" data-mw-footnote-number="181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFb0"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-rustmag-1_187-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFb4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFb8">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-rustmag-1-187" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt853" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"first1":{"wt":"HanDong"},"last1":{"wt":"Zhang"},"title":{"wt":"2022 Review {{!}} The adoption of Rust in Business"},"url":{"wt":"https://rustmagazine.org/issue-1/2022-review-the-adoption-of-rust-in-business/"},"date":{"wt":"2023-01-31"},"website":{"wt":"Rust Magazine"},"access-date":{"wt":"February 7, 2023"},"language":{"wt":"en"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFcA"/><cite id="CITEREFZhang2023" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt853">Zhang, HanDong (2023-01-31). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://rustmagazine.org/issue-1/2022-review-the-adoption-of-rust-in-business/" class="external text" id="mwFcE">"2022 Review | The adoption of Rust in Business"</a>. <i id="mwFcI">Rust Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFcM">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFcQ">2023-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rust+Magazine&rft.atitle=2022+Review+%7C+The+adoption+of+Rust+in+Business&rft.date=2023-01-31&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=HanDong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frustmagazine.org%2Fissue-1%2F2022-review-the-adoption-of-rust-in-business%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt853" id="mwFcU"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-188" id="cite_note-188" data-mw-footnote-number="182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFcY"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-188" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFcc"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFcg">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-188" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt856" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.marksei.com/fedora-29-new-features-startis/"},"title":{"wt":"Fedora 29 new features: Startis now officially in Fedora"},"last":{"wt":"Sei"},"first":{"wt":"Mark"},"date":{"wt":"10 October 2018"},"website":{"wt":"Marksei, Weekly sysadmin pills"},"access-date":{"wt":"2019-05-13"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2019-04-13"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190413075055/https://www.marksei.com/fedora-29-new-features-startis/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFck"/><cite id="CITEREFSei2018" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt856">Sei, Mark (2018-10-10). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.marksei.com/fedora-29-new-features-startis/" class="external text" id="mwFco">"Fedora 29 new features: Startis now officially in Fedora"</a>. <i id="mwFcs">Marksei, Weekly sysadmin pills</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413075055/https://www.marksei.com/fedora-29-new-features-startis/" class="external text" id="mwFcw">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFc0">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFc4">2019-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marksei%2C+Weekly+sysadmin+pills&rft.atitle=Fedora+29+new+features%3A+Startis+now+officially+in+Fedora&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft.aulast=Sei&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marksei.com%2Ffedora-29-new-features-startis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt856" id="mwFc8"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-189" id="cite_note-189" data-mw-footnote-number="183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFdA"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-189" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFdE"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFdI">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-189" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt859" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Proven"},"first":{"wt":"Liam"},"date":{"wt":"2022-07-12"},"title":{"wt":"Oracle Linux 9 released, with some interesting additions"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.theregister.com/2022/07/12/oracle_linux_9/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-07-14"},"website":{"wt":"[[The Register]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2022-07-14"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220714073400/https://www.theregister.com/2022/07/12/oracle_linux_9/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFdM"/><cite id="CITEREFProven2022" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt859">Proven, Liam (2022-07-12). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.theregister.com/2022/07/12/oracle_linux_9/" class="external text" id="mwFdQ">"Oracle Linux 9 released, with some interesting additions"</a>. <i id="mwFdU"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Register" title="The Register" id="mwFdY">The Register</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714073400/https://www.theregister.com/2022/07/12/oracle_linux_9/" class="external text" id="mwFdc">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFdg">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFdk">2022-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Oracle+Linux+9+released%2C+with+some+interesting+additions&rft.date=2022-07-12&rft.aulast=Proven&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2022%2F07%2F12%2Foracle_linux_9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt859" id="mwFdo"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-190" id="cite_note-190" data-mw-footnote-number="184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFds"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-190" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFdw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFd0">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-190" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt862" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Proven"},"first":{"wt":"Liam"},"date":{"wt":"2023-02-02"},"title":{"wt":"System76 teases features coming in homegrown Rust-based desktop COSMIC"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.theregister.com/2023/02/02/system76_cosmic_xfce_updates/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2024-07-17"},"website":{"wt":"[[The Register]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2024-07-17"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240717145511/https://www.theregister.com/2023/02/02/system76_cosmic_xfce_updates/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFd4"/><cite id="mwFd8" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt862">Proven, Liam (2023-02-02). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.theregister.com/2023/02/02/system76_cosmic_xfce_updates/" class="external text" id="mwFeA">"System76 teases features coming in homegrown Rust-based desktop COSMIC"</a>. <i id="mwFeE"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Register" title="The Register" id="mwFeI">The Register</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240717145511/https://www.theregister.com/2023/02/02/system76_cosmic_xfce_updates/" class="external text" id="mwFeM">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFeQ">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFeU">2024-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=System76+teases+features+coming+in+homegrown+Rust-based+desktop+COSMIC&rft.date=2023-02-02&rft.aulast=Proven&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2023%2F02%2F02%2Fsystem76_cosmic_xfce_updates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt862" id="mwFeY"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-191" id="cite_note-191" data-mw-footnote-number="185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFec"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-191" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFeg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFek">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-191" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt865" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"Vivian"},"last":{"wt":"Hu"},"date":{"wt":"2020-06-12"},"title":{"wt":"Deno Is Ready for Production"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.infoq.com/news/2020/06/deno-1-ready-production/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-07-14"},"website":{"wt":"InfoQ"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2020-07-01"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200701105007/https://www.infoq.com/news/2020/06/deno-1-ready-production/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFeo"/><cite id="CITEREFHu2020" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt865">Hu, Vivian (2020-06-12). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.infoq.com/news/2020/06/deno-1-ready-production/" class="external text" id="mwFes">"Deno Is Ready for Production"</a>. <i id="mwFew">InfoQ</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701105007/https://www.infoq.com/news/2020/06/deno-1-ready-production/" class="external text" id="mwFe0">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFe4">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFe8">2022-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoQ&rft.atitle=Deno+Is+Ready+for+Production&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Vivian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F06%2Fdeno-1-ready-production%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt865" id="mwFfA"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-192" id="cite_note-192" data-mw-footnote-number="186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFfE"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-192" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFfI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFfM">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-192" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt868" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Abrams"},"first":{"wt":"Lawrence"},"date":{"wt":"2021-02-06"},"title":{"wt":"This Flash Player emulator lets you securely play your old games"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/software/this-flash-player-emulator-lets-you-securely-play-your-old-games/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2021-12-25"},"website":{"wt":"[[Bleeping Computer]]"},"language":{"wt":"en-us"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2021-12-25"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211225124131/https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/software/this-flash-player-emulator-lets-you-securely-play-your-old-games/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFfQ"/><cite id="CITEREFAbrams2021" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt868">Abrams, Lawrence (2021-02-06). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/software/this-flash-player-emulator-lets-you-securely-play-your-old-games/" class="external text" id="mwFfU">"This Flash Player emulator lets you securely play your old games"</a>. <i id="mwFfY"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bleeping_Computer" title="Bleeping Computer" id="mwFfc">Bleeping Computer</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211225124131/https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/software/this-flash-player-emulator-lets-you-securely-play-your-old-games/" class="external text" id="mwFfg">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFfk">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFfo">2021-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bleeping+Computer&rft.atitle=This+Flash+Player+emulator+lets+you+securely+play+your+old+games&rft.date=2021-02-06&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bleepingcomputer.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fthis-flash-player-emulator-lets-you-securely-play-your-old-games%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt868" id="mwFfs"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-193" id="cite_note-193" data-mw-footnote-number="187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFfw"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-193" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFf0"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFf4">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-193" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt871" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Kharif"},"first":{"wt":"Olga"},"date":{"wt":"October 17, 2020"},"title":{"wt":"Ethereum Blockchain Killer Goes By Unassuming Name of Polkadot"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-17/ethereum-blockchain-killer-goes-by-unassuming-name-of-polkadot"},"url-access":{"wt":"subscription"},"access-date":{"wt":"July 14, 2021"},"website":{"wt":"[[Bloomberg News]]"},"publisher":{"wt":"[[Bloomberg L.P.]]"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2020-10-17"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017192915/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-17/ethereum-blockchain-killer-goes-by-unassuming-name-of-polkadot"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFf8"/><cite id="CITEREFKharif2020" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt871">Kharif, Olga (2020-10-17). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required" id="mwFgA"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-17/ethereum-blockchain-killer-goes-by-unassuming-name-of-polkadot" class="external text" id="mwFgE">"Ethereum Blockchain Killer Goes By Unassuming Name of Polkadot"</a></span>. <i id="mwFgI"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News" id="mwFgM">Bloomberg News</a></i>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P." id="mwFgQ">Bloomberg L.P.</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017192915/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-17/ethereum-blockchain-killer-goes-by-unassuming-name-of-polkadot" class="external text" id="mwFgU">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFgY">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFgc">2021-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Ethereum+Blockchain+Killer+Goes+By+Unassuming+Name+of+Polkadot&rft.date=2020-10-17&rft.aulast=Kharif&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-10-17%2Fethereum-blockchain-killer-goes-by-unassuming-name-of-polkadot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt871" id="mwFgg"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-SO-2025-survey-194" id="cite_note-SO-2025-survey-194" data-mw-footnote-number="188"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFgk"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-SO-2025-survey_194-0" id="mwFgo"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFgs">1 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-SO-2025-survey_194-1" id="mwFgw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFg0">2 </span></a><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-SO-2025-survey_194-2" id="mwFg4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFg8">3 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-SO-2025-survey-194" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt878" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"2025 Stack Overflow Developer Survey – Technology"},"url":{"wt":"https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2025/technology"},"access-date":{"wt":"2025-08-09"},"website":{"wt":"[[Stack Overflow]]"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFhA"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt878" id="mwFhE"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2025/technology" class="external text" id="mwFhI">"2025 Stack Overflow Developer Survey – Technology"</a>. <i id="mwFhM"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Stack_Overflow" title="Stack Overflow" id="mwFhQ">Stack Overflow</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFhU">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFhY">2025-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stack+Overflow&rft.atitle=2025+Stack+Overflow+Developer+Survey+%E2%80%93+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsurvey.stackoverflow.co%2F2025%2Ftechnology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt878" id="mwFhc"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-195" id="cite_note-195" data-mw-footnote-number="189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFhg"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-195" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFhk"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFho">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-195" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt881" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Claburn"},"first":{"wt":"Thomas"},"date":{"wt":"2022-06-23"},"title":{"wt":"Linus Torvalds says Rust is coming to the Linux kernel"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.theregister.com/2022/06/23/linus_torvalds_rust_linux_kernel/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-07-15"},"website":{"wt":"[[The Register]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2022-07-28"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220728221531/https://www.theregister.com/2022/06/23/linus_torvalds_rust_linux_kernel/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFhs"/><cite id="mwFhw" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt881">Claburn, Thomas (2022-06-23). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.theregister.com/2022/06/23/linus_torvalds_rust_linux_kernel/" class="external text" id="mwFh0">"Linus Torvalds says Rust is coming to the Linux kernel"</a>. <i id="mwFh4"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Register" title="The Register" id="mwFh8">The Register</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220728221531/https://www.theregister.com/2022/06/23/linus_torvalds_rust_linux_kernel/" class="external text" id="mwFiA">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFiE">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFiI">2022-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Linus+Torvalds+says+Rust+is+coming+to+the+Linux+kernel&rft.date=2022-06-23&rft.aulast=Claburn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2022%2F06%2F23%2Flinus_torvalds_rust_linux_kernel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt881" id="mwFiM"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-197" id="cite_note-197" data-mw-footnote-number="190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFiQ"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-197" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFiU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFiY">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-197" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt885" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Wallach"},"first1":{"wt":"Dan"},"title":{"wt":"TRACTOR: Translating All C to Rust"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.darpa.mil/research/programs/translating-all-c-to-rust"},"publisher":{"wt":"[[DARPA]]"},"access-date":{"wt":"3 August 2025"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFic"/><cite id="CITEREFWallach" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt885">Wallach, Dan. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.darpa.mil/research/programs/translating-all-c-to-rust" class="external text" id="mwFig">"TRACTOR: Translating All C to Rust"</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./DARPA" title="DARPA" id="mwFik">DARPA</a><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFio">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFis">2025-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TRACTOR%3A+Translating+All+C+to+Rust&rft.pub=DARPA&rft.aulast=Wallach&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darpa.mil%2Fresearch%2Fprograms%2Ftranslating-all-c-to-rust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt885" id="mwFiw"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-198" id="cite_note-198" data-mw-footnote-number="191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFi0"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-198" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFi4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFi8">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-198" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt888" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite journal ","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Jung"},"first1":{"wt":"Ralf"},"last2":{"wt":"Jourdan"},"first2":{"wt":"Jacques-Henri"},"last3":{"wt":"Krebbers"},"first3":{"wt":"Robbert"},"last4":{"wt":"Dreyer"},"first4":{"wt":"Derek"},"date":{"wt":"2017-12-27"},"title":{"wt":"RustBelt: securing the foundations of the Rust programming language"},"url":{"wt":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3158154"},"journal":{"wt":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"volume":{"wt":"2"},"issue":{"wt":"POPL"},"pages":{"wt":"1–34"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1145/3158154"},"issn":{"wt":"2475-1421"},"hdl":{"wt":"21.11116/0000-0003-34C6-3"},"hdl-access":{"wt":"free"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFjA"/><cite id="CITEREFJungJourdanKrebbersDreyer2017" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt888">Jung, Ralf; Jourdan, Jacques-Henri; Krebbers, Robbert; Dreyer, Derek (2017-12-27). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3158154" class="external text" id="mwFjE">"RustBelt: securing the foundations of the Rust programming language"</a>. <i id="mwFjI">Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages</i>. <b id="mwFjM">2</b> (POPL): <span class="nowrap" id="mwFjQ">1–</span>34. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFjU">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3158154" class="external text" id="mwFjY">10.1145/3158154</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hdl_(identifier)" title="Hdl (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFjc">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible" id="mwFjg"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116%2F0000-0003-34C6-3" class="external text" id="mwFjk">21.11116/0000-0003-34C6-3</a></span>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFjo">ISSN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFjs"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2475-1421" class="external text" id="mwFjw">2475-1421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+ACM+on+Programming+Languages&rft.atitle=RustBelt%3A+securing+the+foundations+of+the+Rust+programming+language&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=POPL&rft.pages=1-34&rft.date=2017-12-27&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.11116%2F0000-0003-34C6-3&rft.issn=2475-1421&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3158154&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rft.au=Jourdan%2C+Jacques-Henri&rft.au=Krebbers%2C+Robbert&rft.au=Dreyer%2C+Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F3158154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt888" id="mwFj0"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-199" id="cite_note-199" data-mw-footnote-number="192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFj4"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-199" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFj8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFkA">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-199" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt892" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite journal ","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Popescu"},"first1":{"wt":"Natalie"},"last2":{"wt":"Xu"},"first2":{"wt":"Ziyang"},"last3":{"wt":"Apostolakis"},"first3":{"wt":"Sotiris"},"last4":{"wt":"August"},"first4":{"wt":"David I."},"last5":{"wt":"Levy"},"first5":{"wt":"Amit"},"date":{"wt":"2021-10-20"},"title":{"wt":"Safer at any speed: automatic context-aware safety enhancement for Rust"},"journal":{"wt":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"volume":{"wt":"5"},"issue":{"wt":"OOPSLA"},"pages":{"wt":"1–23"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1145/3485480"},"issn":{"wt":"2475-1421"},"doi-access":{"wt":"free"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFkE"/><cite id="mwFkI" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt892">Popescu, Natalie; Xu, Ziyang; Apostolakis, Sotiris; August, David I.; Levy, Amit (2021-10-20). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3485480" class="external text" id="mwFkM">"Safer at any speed: automatic context-aware safety enhancement for Rust"</a>. <i id="mwFkQ">Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages</i>. <b id="mwFkU">5</b> (OOPSLA): <span class="nowrap" id="mwFkY">1–</span>23. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFkc">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible" id="mwFkg"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3485480" class="external text" id="mwFkk">10.1145/3485480</a></span>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFko">ISSN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFks"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2475-1421" class="external text" id="mwFkw">2475-1421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+ACM+on+Programming+Languages&rft.atitle=Safer+at+any+speed%3A+automatic+context-aware+safety+enhancement+for+Rust&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=OOPSLA&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2021-10-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3485480&rft.issn=2475-1421&rft.aulast=Popescu&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft.au=Xu%2C+Ziyang&rft.au=Apostolakis%2C+Sotiris&rft.au=August%2C+David+I.&rft.au=Levy%2C+Amit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F3485480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt892" id="mwFk0"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-ResearchSoftware1-200" id="cite_note-ResearchSoftware1-200" data-mw-footnote-number="193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFk4"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-ResearchSoftware1_200-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFk8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFlA">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-ResearchSoftware1-200" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt895" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite journal ","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Blanco-Cuaresma"},"first1":{"wt":"Sergi"},"last2":{"wt":"Bolmont"},"first2":{"wt":"Emeline"},"date":{"wt":"2017-05-30"},"title":{"wt":"What can the programming language Rust do for astrophysics?"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-international-astronomical-union/article/what-can-the-programming-language-rust-do-for-astrophysics/B51B6DF72B7641F2352C05A502F3D881"},"journal":{"wt":"[[Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"volume":{"wt":"12"},"issue":{"wt":"S325"},"pages":{"wt":"341–344"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1017/S1743921316013168"},"arxiv":{"wt":"1702.02951"},"bibcode":{"wt":"2017IAUS..325..341B"},"s2cid":{"wt":"7857871"},"issn":{"wt":"1743-9213"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2022-06-25"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-06-25"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220625140128/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-international-astronomical-union/article/what-can-the-programming-language-rust-do-for-astrophysics/B51B6DF72B7641F2352C05A502F3D881"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFlE"/><cite id="CITEREFBlanco-CuaresmaBolmont2017" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt895">Blanco-Cuaresma, Sergi; Bolmont, Emeline (2017-05-30). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-international-astronomical-union/article/what-can-the-programming-language-rust-do-for-astrophysics/B51B6DF72B7641F2352C05A502F3D881" class="external text" id="mwFlI">"What can the programming language Rust do for astrophysics?"</a>. <i id="mwFlM"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Proceedings_of_the_International_Astronomical_Union" title="Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFlQ">Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union</a></i>. <b id="mwFlU">12</b> (S325): <span class="nowrap" id="mwFlY">341–</span>344. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ArXiv_(identifier)" title="ArXiv (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFlc">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible" id="mwFlg"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.02951" class="external text" id="mwFlk">1702.02951</a></span>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bibcode_(identifier)" title="Bibcode (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFlo">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IAUS..325..341B" class="external text" id="mwFls">2017IAUS..325..341B</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFlw">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921316013168" class="external text" id="mwFl0">10.1017/S1743921316013168</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFl4">ISSN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFl8"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-9213" class="external text" id="mwFmA">1743-9213</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwFmE">S2CID</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFmI"> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7857871" class="external text" id="mwFmM">7857871</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220625140128/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-international-astronomical-union/article/what-can-the-programming-language-rust-do-for-astrophysics/B51B6DF72B7641F2352C05A502F3D881" class="external text" id="mwFmQ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFmU">. 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<li about="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20194-201" id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20194-201" data-mw-footnote-number="194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFmg"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20194_201-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFmk"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFmo">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlabnikNichols20194-201" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)#CITEREFKlabnikNichols2019" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwFms">Klabnik <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFmw">&</span> Nichols 2019</a>, p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFm0"> </span>4.</span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-202" id="cite_note-202" data-mw-footnote-number="195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFm4"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-202" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFm8"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFnA">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-202" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt901" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Getting Started"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.rust-lang.org/learn/get-started#ferris"},"website":{"wt":"The Rust Programming Language"},"access-date":{"wt":"11 October 2020"},"archive-date":{"wt":"1 November 2020"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101145703/https://www.rust-lang.org/learn/get-started#ferris"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFnE"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt901" id="mwFnI"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.rust-lang.org/learn/get-started#ferris" class="external text" id="mwFnM">"Getting Started"</a>. <i id="mwFnQ">The Rust Programming Language</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101145703/https://www.rust-lang.org/learn/get-started#ferris" class="external text" id="mwFnU">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFnY">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFnc">2020-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rust+Programming+Language&rft.atitle=Getting+Started&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rust-lang.org%2Flearn%2Fget-started%23ferris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt901" id="mwFng"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-StateOfRustSurvey2024-203" id="cite_note-StateOfRustSurvey2024-203" data-mw-footnote-number="196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFnk"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-StateOfRustSurvey2024_203-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFno"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFns">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-StateOfRustSurvey2024-203" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt906" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"The Rust Survey Team"},"title":{"wt":"2024 State of Rust Survey Results"},"website":{"wt":"The Rust Programming Language"},"date":{"wt":"2025-02-13"},"url":{"wt":"https://blog.rust-lang.org/2025/02/13/2024-State-Of-Rust-Survey-results.html"},"access-date":{"wt":"2025-09-07"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFnw"/><cite id="CITEREFThe_Rust_Survey_Team2025" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt906">The Rust Survey Team (2025-02-13). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2025/02/13/2024-State-Of-Rust-Survey-results.html" class="external text" id="mwFn0">"2024 State of Rust Survey Results"</a>. <i id="mwFn4">The Rust Programming Language</i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFn8">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFoA">2025-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rust+Programming+Language&rft.atitle=2024+State+of+Rust+Survey+Results&rft.date=2025-02-13&rft.au=The+Rust+Survey+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.rust-lang.org%2F2025%2F02%2F13%2F2024-State-Of-Rust-Survey-results.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt906" id="mwFoE"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-204" id="cite_note-204" data-mw-footnote-number="197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFoI"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-204" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFoM"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFoQ">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-204" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt913" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"Liam"},"last":{"wt":"Tung"},"date":{"wt":"2021-02-08"},"title":{"wt":"The Rust programming language just took a huge step forwards"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-rust-programming-language-just-took-a-huge-step-forwards/"},"access-date":{"wt":"2022-07-14"},"website":{"wt":"[[ZDNET]]"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"archive-date":{"wt":"2022-07-14"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220714105527/https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-rust-programming-language-just-took-a-huge-step-forwards/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFoU"/><cite id="CITEREFTung2021" class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt913">Tung, Liam (2021-02-08). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-rust-programming-language-just-took-a-huge-step-forwards/" class="external text" id="mwFoY">"The Rust programming language just took a huge step forwards"</a>. <i id="mwFoc"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ZDNET" title="ZDNET" id="mwFog">ZDNET</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714105527/https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-rust-programming-language-just-took-a-huge-step-forwards/" class="external text" id="mwFok">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFoo">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFos">2022-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNET&rft.atitle=The+Rust+programming+language+just+took+a+huge+step+forwards&rft.date=2021-02-08&rft.aulast=Tung&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-rust-programming-language-just-took-a-huge-step-forwards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt913" id="mwFow"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-205" id="cite_note-205" data-mw-footnote-number="198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFo0"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-205" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFo4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFo8">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-205" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt919" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"Paul"},"last":{"wt":"Krill"},"date":{"wt":"9 February 2021"},"title":{"wt":"Rust language moves to independent foundation"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.infoworld.com/article/3606774/rust-language-moves-to-independent-foundation.html"},"work":{"wt":"[[InfoWorld]]"},"access-date":{"wt":"10 April 2021"},"archive-date":{"wt":"10 April 2021"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210410161528/https://www.infoworld.com/article/3606774/rust-language-moves-to-independent-foundation.html"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFpA"/><cite id="CITEREFKrill2021" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt919">Krill, Paul (2021-02-09). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.infoworld.com/article/3606774/rust-language-moves-to-independent-foundation.html" class="external text" id="mwFpE">"Rust language moves to independent foundation"</a>. <i id="mwFpI"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld" id="mwFpM">InfoWorld</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410161528/https://www.infoworld.com/article/3606774/rust-language-moves-to-independent-foundation.html" class="external text" id="mwFpQ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFpU">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFpY">2021-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Rust+language+moves+to+independent+foundation&rft.date=2021-02-09&rft.aulast=Krill&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3606774%2Frust-language-moves-to-independent-foundation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt919" id="mwFpc"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-206" id="cite_note-206" data-mw-footnote-number="199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFpg"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-206" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFpk"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFpo">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-206" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt922" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"Steven J."},"last":{"wt":"Vaughan-Nichols"},"date":{"wt":"9 April 2021"},"title":{"wt":"AWS's Shane Miller to head the newly created Rust Foundation"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.zdnet.com/article/awss-shane-miller-to-head-the-newly-created-rust-foundation/"},"website":{"wt":"[[ZDNET]]"},"access-date":{"wt":"10 April 2021"},"archive-date":{"wt":"10 April 2021"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210410031305/https://www.zdnet.com/article/awss-shane-miller-to-head-the-newly-created-rust-foundation/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFps"/><cite id="mwFpw" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt922">Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (2021-04-09). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/awss-shane-miller-to-head-the-newly-created-rust-foundation/" class="external text" id="mwFp0">"AWS's Shane Miller to head the newly created Rust Foundation"</a>. <i id="mwFp4"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ZDNET" title="ZDNET" id="mwFp8">ZDNET</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410031305/https://www.zdnet.com/article/awss-shane-miller-to-head-the-newly-created-rust-foundation/" class="external text" id="mwFqA">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFqE">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFqI">2021-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ZDNET&rft.atitle=AWS%27s+Shane+Miller+to+head+the+newly+created+Rust+Foundation&rft.date=2021-04-09&rft.aulast=Vaughan-Nichols&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fawss-shane-miller-to-head-the-newly-created-rust-foundation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt922" id="mwFqM"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-207" id="cite_note-207" data-mw-footnote-number="200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFqQ"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-207" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFqU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFqY">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-207" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt925" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.zdnet.com/article/rust-foundation-appoints-rebecca-rumbul-as-executive-director/"},"title":{"wt":"Rust Foundation appoints Rebecca Rumbul as executive director"},"website":{"wt":"[[ZDNET]]"},"first":{"wt":"Steven J."},"last":{"wt":"Vaughan-Nichols"},"date":{"wt":"17 November 2021"},"access-date":{"wt":"18 November 2021"},"archive-date":{"wt":"November 18, 2021"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211118062346/https://www.zdnet.com/article/rust-foundation-appoints-rebecca-rumbul-as-executive-director/"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFqc"/><cite id="mwFqg" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt925">Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (2021-11-17). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/rust-foundation-appoints-rebecca-rumbul-as-executive-director/" class="external text" id="mwFqk">"Rust Foundation appoints Rebecca Rumbul as executive director"</a>. <i id="mwFqo"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ZDNET" title="ZDNET" id="mwFqs">ZDNET</a></i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118062346/https://www.zdnet.com/article/rust-foundation-appoints-rebecca-rumbul-as-executive-director/" class="external text" id="mwFqw">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFq0">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFq4">2021-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ZDNET&rft.atitle=Rust+Foundation+appoints+Rebecca+Rumbul+as+executive+director&rft.date=2021-11-17&rft.aulast=Vaughan-Nichols&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Frust-foundation-appoints-rebecca-rumbul-as-executive-director%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt925" id="mwFq8"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-208" id="cite_note-208" data-mw-footnote-number="201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFrA"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-208" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFrE"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFrI">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-208" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt930" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Governance"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.rust-lang.org/governance"},"access-date":{"wt":"2024-07-18"},"website":{"wt":"The Rust Programming Language"},"language":{"wt":"en-US"},"archive-date":{"wt":"May 10, 2022"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220510225505/https://www.rust-lang.org/governance"},"url-status":{"wt":"live"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFrM"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt930" id="mwFrQ"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.rust-lang.org/governance" class="external text" id="mwFrU">"Governance"</a>. <i id="mwFrY">The Rust Programming Language</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220510225505/https://www.rust-lang.org/governance" class="external text" id="mwFrc">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFrg">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFrk">2024-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rust+Programming+Language&rft.atitle=Governance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rust-lang.org%2Fgovernance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt930" id="mwFro"></span></span></li>
<li about="#cite_note-209" id="cite_note-209" data-mw-footnote-number="202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwFrs"><a href="./Rust_(programming_language)#cite_ref-209" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwFrw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwFr0">↑ </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-209" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" about="#mwt933" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Introducing the Rust Leadership Council"},"url":{"wt":"https://blog.rust-lang.org/2023/06/20/introducing-leadership-council.html"},"date":{"wt":"2023-06-20"},"access-date":{"wt":"2024-01-12"},"website":{"wt":"Rust Blog"},"language":{"wt":"en"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFr4"/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt933" id="mwFr8"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2023/06/20/introducing-leadership-council.html" class="external text" id="mwFsA">"Introducing the Rust Leadership Council"</a>. <i id="mwFsE">Rust Blog</i>. 2023-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwFsI">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwFsM">2024-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rust+Blog&rft.atitle=Introducing+the+Rust+Leadership+Council&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.rust-lang.org%2F2023%2F06%2F20%2Fintroducing-leadership-council.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988" about="#mwt933" id="mwFsQ"></span></span></li>
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</section></section><section data-mw-section-id="52" id="mwFsU"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>
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<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./C++" title="C++">C++</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Lua" title="Lua">Lua</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Caml" title="Caml">Caml </a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Perl" title="Perl">Perl </a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Raku_(programming_language)" title="Raku (programming language)">Raku</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)" class="mw-selflink selflink">Rust</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./SAS_language" title="SAS language">SAS</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File" data-mw='{"caption":"List-Class article"}'><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" resource="./File:Symbol_list_class.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/20px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" data-file-type="drawing" height="16" width="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/40px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/40px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" class="mw-file-element"/></span></span> <b>Lists:</b> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File" data-mw='{"caption":"Category"}'><span title="Category"><img alt="" resource="./File:Symbol_category_class.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" data-file-type="drawing" height="16" width="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" class="mw-file-element"/></span></span> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles" about="#mwt991" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Mozilla","href":"./Template:Mozilla"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}' id="mwFtQ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" about="#mwt992" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Hlist/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1314944253" about="#mwt993" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Navbox/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mozilla7938" style="padding:3px" about="#mwt991" id="mwFtU"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" about="#mwt994" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Hlist/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" about="#mwt995" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Navbar/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Template:Mozilla" title="Template:Mozilla"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Template_talk:Mozilla" title="Template talk:Mozilla"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:EditPage/Template:Mozilla" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mozilla"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mozilla7938" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Projects4872" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Projects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mozilla<br/>Labs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bugzilla" title="Bugzilla">Bugzilla</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ChatZilla" title="ChatZilla">ChatZilla</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jetpack_(Firefox_project)" title="Jetpack (Firefox project)">Jetpack</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Lightning_(software)" title="Lightning (software)">Lightning</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Persona" title="Mozilla Persona">Persona</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Prism" title="Mozilla Prism">Prism</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Raindrop" title="Mozilla Raindrop">Raindrop</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Skywriter" title="Mozilla Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Sunbird" title="Mozilla Sunbird">Sunbird</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./PDF.js" title="PDF.js">PDF.js</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ubiquity_(Firefox)" title="Ubiquity (Firefox)">Ubiquity</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mozilla<br/>Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Alliance_for_Open_Media" title="Alliance for Open Media">Open Media</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rust_(programming_language)" class="mw-selflink selflink">Rust</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Shumway_(software)" title="Shumway (software)">Shumway</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Asm.js" title="Asm.js">asm.js</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Daala" title="Daala">Daala</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firefox_OS" title="Firefox OS">Firefox OS</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./OpenFlint" title="OpenFlint">OpenFlint</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mozilla<br/>Foundation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Location_Service" title="Mozilla Location Service">Mozilla Location Service</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Monitor" title="Mozilla Monitor">Mozilla Monitor</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_VPN" title="Mozilla VPN">Mozilla VPN</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_Mozilla_products" title="List of Mozilla products">List of products</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Firefox</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox Browser</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firefox_early_version_history" title="Firefox early version history">Early version history</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firefox_2" title="Firefox 2" class="mw-redirect">2</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firefox_3.0" title="Firefox 3.0" class="mw-redirect">3</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firefox_3.5" title="Firefox 3.5" class="mw-redirect">3.5</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firefox_3.6" title="Firefox 3.6" class="mw-redirect">3.6</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firefox_4" title="Firefox 4" class="mw-redirect">4</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firefox_version_history" title="Firefox version history">Version history</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firefox_for_Android" title="Firefox for Android">for Android</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firefox_Focus" title="Firefox Focus">Focus</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firefox_Sync" title="Firefox Sync">Sync</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Pocket_(service)" title="Pocket (service)">Pocket</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla Application Suite</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape Navigator</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Netscape_Communicator" title="Netscape Communicator">Netscape Communicator</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape Communications</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Beonex_Communicator" title="Beonex Communicator">Beonex Communicator</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frameworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Add-on_(Mozilla)" title="Add-on (Mozilla)">Add-on</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_application_framework" title="Mozilla application framework">Necko</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./NPAPI" title="NPAPI">NPAPI</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Composer" title="Mozilla Composer">Composer</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Netscape_Portable_Runtime" title="Netscape Portable Runtime">NSPR</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Network_Security_Services" title="Network Security Services">NSS</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rhino_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Rhino (JavaScript engine)">Rhino</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./SpiderMonkey" title="SpiderMonkey">SpiderMonkey</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Tamarin_(software)" title="Tamarin (software)">Tamarin</a></i></li>
<li>Features</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Typefaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Fira_(typeface)" title="Fira (typeface)">Fira</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Zilla_Slab" title="Zilla Slab">Zilla Slab</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Calendar_Project" title="Mozilla Calendar Project">Calendar Project</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Camino_(web_browser)" title="Camino (web browser)">Camino</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firefox_Lockwise" title="Firefox Lockwise">Firefox Lockwise</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firefox_Send" title="Firefox Send">Firefox Send</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Minimo" title="Minimo">Minimo</a></i></li>
<li><u><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./XUL" title="XUL">XUL</a></u>
<ul><li><u><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./XBL" title="XBL">XBL</a></u></li>
<li><u><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./XPCOM" title="XPCOM">XPCOM</a></u></li>
<li><u><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./XPInstall" title="XPInstall">XPInstall</a></u></li>
<li><u><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./XULRunner" title="XULRunner">XULRunner</a></u></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Basilisk_(web_browser)" title="Basilisk (web browser)">Basilisk</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Classilla" title="Classilla">Classilla</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Flock_(web_browser)" title="Flock (web browser)">Flock</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Floorp" title="Floorp">Floorp</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Goanna_(software)" title="Goanna (software)">Goanna</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">IceCat</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./LibreWolf" title="LibreWolf">LibreWolf</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Miro_(video_software)" title="Miro (video software)">Miro</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Netscape_Navigator_9" title="Netscape Navigator 9">Netscape 9</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Pale_Moon" title="Pale Moon">Pale Moon</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firefox_Portable" title="Firefox Portable">Portable Edition</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Swiftfox" title="Swiftfox">Swiftfox</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Swiftweasel" title="Swiftweasel">Swiftweasel</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Waterfox" title="Waterfox">Waterfox</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./XB_Browser" title="XB Browser">xB Browser</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Zen_Browser" title="Zen Browser">Zen Browser</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Discontinued projects are in <i>italics</i>. Some projects abandoned by Mozilla that are still maintained by third parties are in <u>underline</u>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organization1160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organization</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Foundation383" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Foundation" title="Mozilla Foundation">Mozilla Foundation</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Corporation" title="Mozilla Corporation">Mozilla Corporation</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Messaging" title="Mozilla Messaging">Mozilla Messaging</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_China" title="Mozilla China">Mozilla China</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Europe" title="Mozilla Europe">Mozilla Europe</a> (defunct)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Japan" title="Mozilla Japan">Mozilla Japan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mitchell_Baker" title="Mitchell Baker">Mitchell Baker</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./David_Baron_(computer_scientist)" title="David Baron (computer scientist)">David Baron</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Tantek_Çelik" title="Tantek Çelik">Tantek Çelik</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Laura_Chambers" title="Laura Chambers">Laura Chambers</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./John_Hammink" title="John Hammink">John Hammink</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Johnny_Stenbäck" title="Johnny Stenbäck">Johnny Stenbäck</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Doug_Turner_(Mozilla)" title="Doug Turner (Mozilla)">Doug Turner</a></li></ul>
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<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./MozillaZine" title="MozillaZine">MozillaZine</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Manifesto" title="Mozilla Manifesto">Mozilla Manifesto</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Book_of_Mozilla" title="The Book of Mozilla">The Book of Mozilla</a></i></li>
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<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_(mascot)" title="Mozilla (mascot)">Mascot</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Debian–Mozilla_trademark_dispute" title="Debian–Mozilla trademark dispute">Debian–Mozilla trademark dispute</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Common_Voice" title="Common Voice">Common Voice</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mozilla_Corp._v._FCC" title="Mozilla Corp. v. FCC">Mozilla Corp. v. FCC</a></i> (2019)</li></ul>
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