mbus-ffi 0.13.0

Native C FFI and browser WASM bindings for modbus-rs client APIs, with optional generated server bindings
Documentation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
//! Go vtable-based dispatch adapter implementing [`AsyncAppHandler`].
//!
//! # Design
//!
//! The Go side supplies function pointers via [`MbusGoServerVtable`].  Each
//! optional slot corresponds to one Modbus function code.  When a request
//! arrives, the [`GoServerAdapter`] calls the matching slot if it is
//! present; if the slot is `None` it returns an `IllegalFunction` exception.
//!
//! ## Return values from vtable callbacks
//!
//! All callbacks return an `i32`:
//! * `0` — success; response data has been written to the out-parameter
//!   buffers.
//! * positive — Modbus exception code (`1` = IllegalFunction,
//!   `2` = IllegalDataAddress, `3` = IllegalDataValue, etc.).
//! * negative — server-device failure (maps to
//!   `ServerDeviceFailure` exception).
//!
//! ## Buffer sizes
//!
//! Read callbacks receive stack buffers of `VTABLE_BUF_WORDS` (128) words or
//! `VTABLE_BUF_BYTES` (256) bytes.  The callback must not write beyond the
//! supplied length.

use core::ffi::c_void;
use std::future::Future;
use std::sync::Arc;

use mbus_core::errors::ExceptionCode;
use mbus_core::function_codes::public::FunctionCode;
use mbus_server_async::{AsyncAppHandler, ModbusRequest, ModbusResponse};

/// Maximum byte buffer size passed to vtable read callbacks.
pub const VTABLE_BUF_BYTES: usize = 256;
/// Maximum word (u16) buffer size passed to vtable read callbacks.
pub const VTABLE_BUF_WORDS: usize = 128;

// ── Vtable struct ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// C-compatible vtable of optional Modbus request handler callbacks.
///
/// Set any slot to `None` (`null` from Go) to return an `IllegalFunction`
/// exception for that function code.  All function pointers receive `ctx` as
/// their first argument.
///
/// # Repr
///
/// The struct uses `#[repr(C)]` so that it has a stable, platform-defined
/// layout.  Pass it by pointer to `mbus_go_tcp_server_new`.
#[repr(C)]
pub struct MbusGoServerVtable {
    /// Caller-supplied opaque context forwarded unchanged to every callback.
    pub ctx: *mut c_void,

    // ── FC01 — Read Coils ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    /// `fn(ctx, address, count, out_packed_bytes, out_byte_count) -> i32`
    #[cfg(feature = "coils")]
    pub read_coils: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void, u16, u16, *mut u8, *mut u16) -> i32>,

    // ── FC05 — Write Single Coil ─────────────────────────────────────────────
    /// `fn(ctx, address, value_bool) -> i32`
    #[cfg(feature = "coils")]
    pub write_single_coil: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void, u16, u8) -> i32>,

    // ── FC0F — Write Multiple Coils ──────────────────────────────────────────
    /// `fn(ctx, address, packed_bytes, byte_count, coil_count) -> i32`
    #[cfg(feature = "coils")]
    pub write_multiple_coils:
        Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void, u16, *const u8, u16, u16) -> i32>,

    // ── FC02 — Read Discrete Inputs ──────────────────────────────────────────
    /// `fn(ctx, address, count, out_packed_bytes, out_byte_count) -> i32`
    #[cfg(feature = "discrete-inputs")]
    pub read_discrete_inputs:
        Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void, u16, u16, *mut u8, *mut u16) -> i32>,

    // ── FC03 — Read Holding Registers ────────────────────────────────────────
    /// `fn(ctx, address, count, out_u16_values, out_count) -> i32`
    #[cfg(feature = "registers")]
    pub read_holding_registers:
        Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void, u16, u16, *mut u16, *mut u16) -> i32>,

    // ── FC04 — Read Input Registers ──────────────────────────────────────────
    /// `fn(ctx, address, count, out_u16_values, out_count) -> i32`
    #[cfg(feature = "registers")]
    pub read_input_registers:
        Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void, u16, u16, *mut u16, *mut u16) -> i32>,

    // ── FC06 — Write Single Register ─────────────────────────────────────────
    /// `fn(ctx, address, value) -> i32`
    #[cfg(feature = "registers")]
    pub write_single_register: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void, u16, u16) -> i32>,

    // ── FC10 — Write Multiple Registers ─────────────────────────────────────
    /// `fn(ctx, address, values_be_bytes, count) -> i32`
    #[cfg(feature = "registers")]
    pub write_multiple_registers:
        Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void, u16, *const u8, u16) -> i32>,

    // ── FC22 — Mask Write Register ───────────────────────────────────────────
    /// `fn(ctx, address, and_mask, or_mask) -> i32`
    #[cfg(feature = "registers")]
    pub mask_write_register: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void, u16, u16, u16) -> i32>,

    // ── FC23 — Read/Write Multiple Registers ─────────────────────────────────
    /// `fn(ctx, read_addr, read_count, write_addr, write_values_be_bytes,
    ///    write_count, out_u16_values, out_count) -> i32`
    #[cfg(feature = "registers")]
    pub read_write_multiple_registers: Option<
        unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void, u16, u16, u16, *const u8, u16, *mut u16, *mut u16) -> i32,
    >,

    // ── FC24 — Read FIFO Queue ───────────────────────────────────────────────
    /// `fn(ctx, pointer_address, out_u16_values, out_count) -> i32`
    #[cfg(feature = "fifo")]
    pub read_fifo_queue: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void, u16, *mut u16, *mut u16) -> i32>,

    // ── FC07 — Read Exception Status ─────────────────────────────────────────
    /// `fn(ctx, out_status_byte) -> i32`
    #[cfg(feature = "diagnostics")]
    pub read_exception_status: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void, *mut u8) -> i32>,

    // ── FC08 — Diagnostics ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
    /// `fn(ctx, sub_fn, data, out_sub_fn, out_data) -> i32`
    #[cfg(feature = "diagnostics")]
    pub diagnostics: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void, u16, u16, *mut u16, *mut u16) -> i32>,

    // ── FC0B — Get Comm Event Counter ────────────────────────────────────────
    /// `fn(ctx, out_status_word, out_event_count) -> i32`
    #[cfg(feature = "diagnostics")]
    pub get_comm_event_counter:
        Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void, *mut u16, *mut u16) -> i32>,

    // ── FC0C — Get Comm Event Log ────────────────────────────────────────────
    /// `fn(ctx, out_payload_bytes, out_byte_count) -> i32`
    ///
    /// The payload must be formatted as:
    /// `[status_hi, status_lo, event_count_hi, event_count_lo,
    ///   msg_count_hi, msg_count_lo, event_bytes...]`
    #[cfg(feature = "diagnostics")]
    pub get_comm_event_log: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void, *mut u8, *mut u16) -> i32>,

    // ── FC11 — Report Server ID ──────────────────────────────────────────────
    /// `fn(ctx, out_payload_bytes, out_byte_count) -> i32`
    #[cfg(feature = "diagnostics")]
    pub report_server_id: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void, *mut u8, *mut u16) -> i32>,
}

// The vtable contains raw function pointers and a `*mut c_void` context.
// The Go caller is responsible for keeping the context alive and for
// ensuring that the callbacks are safe to call from any Tokio worker thread.
unsafe impl Send for MbusGoServerVtable {}
unsafe impl Sync for MbusGoServerVtable {}

// ── Adapter ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Rust adapter that implements [`AsyncAppHandler`] by delegating to a
/// [`MbusGoServerVtable`] supplied from Go.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct GoServerAdapter {
    pub(super) vtable: Arc<MbusGoServerVtable>,
}

impl GoServerAdapter {
    pub fn new(vtable: MbusGoServerVtable) -> Self {
        Self {
            vtable: Arc::new(vtable),
        }
    }

    pub fn new_with_arc(vtable: Arc<MbusGoServerVtable>) -> Self {
        Self { vtable }
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "traffic")]
impl mbus_server_async::AsyncServerTrafficNotifier for GoServerAdapter {}

impl AsyncAppHandler for GoServerAdapter {
    fn handle(&mut self, req: ModbusRequest) -> impl Future<Output = ModbusResponse> + Send {
        let vt = self.vtable.clone();
        async move { dispatch(&vt, req) }
    }
}

// ── dispatch ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

fn exception_from_i32(fc: FunctionCode, code: i32) -> ModbusResponse {
    let ex = match code {
        1 => ExceptionCode::IllegalFunction,
        2 => ExceptionCode::IllegalDataAddress,
        3 => ExceptionCode::IllegalDataValue,
        _ => ExceptionCode::ServerDeviceFailure,
    };
    ModbusResponse::exception(fc, ex)
}

fn exception_raw_from_i32(fc_byte: u8, code: i32) -> ModbusResponse {
    let ex = match code {
        1 => ExceptionCode::IllegalFunction,
        2 => ExceptionCode::IllegalDataAddress,
        3 => ExceptionCode::IllegalDataValue,
        _ => ExceptionCode::ServerDeviceFailure,
    };
    ModbusResponse::exception_raw(fc_byte, ex)
}

fn dispatch(vt: &MbusGoServerVtable, req: ModbusRequest) -> ModbusResponse {
    match req {
        // ── FC01 — Read Coils ────────────────────────────────────────────────
        #[cfg(feature = "coils")]
        ModbusRequest::ReadCoils { address, count, .. } => {
            let Some(f) = vt.read_coils else {
                return ModbusResponse::exception(
                    FunctionCode::ReadCoils,
                    ExceptionCode::IllegalFunction,
                );
            };
            let mut buf = [0u8; VTABLE_BUF_BYTES];
            let mut written: u16 = 0;
            let rc = unsafe { f(vt.ctx, address, count, buf.as_mut_ptr(), &mut written) };
            if rc != 0 {
                return exception_from_i32(FunctionCode::ReadCoils, rc);
            }
            ModbusResponse::packed_bits(FunctionCode::ReadCoils, &buf[..written as usize])
        }

        // ── FC05 — Write Single Coil ─────────────────────────────────────────
        #[cfg(feature = "coils")]
        ModbusRequest::WriteSingleCoil { address, value, .. } => {
            let Some(f) = vt.write_single_coil else {
                return ModbusResponse::exception(
                    FunctionCode::WriteSingleCoil,
                    ExceptionCode::IllegalFunction,
                );
            };
            let rc = unsafe { f(vt.ctx, address, value as u8) };
            if rc != 0 {
                return exception_from_i32(FunctionCode::WriteSingleCoil, rc);
            }
            ModbusResponse::echo_coil(address, value)
        }

        // ── FC0F — Write Multiple Coils ──────────────────────────────────────
        #[cfg(feature = "coils")]
        ModbusRequest::WriteMultipleCoils {
            address,
            count,
            data,
            ..
        } => {
            let Some(f) = vt.write_multiple_coils else {
                return ModbusResponse::exception(
                    FunctionCode::WriteMultipleCoils,
                    ExceptionCode::IllegalFunction,
                );
            };
            let rc = unsafe { f(vt.ctx, address, data.as_ptr(), data.len() as u16, count) };
            if rc != 0 {
                return exception_from_i32(FunctionCode::WriteMultipleCoils, rc);
            }
            ModbusResponse::echo_multi_write(FunctionCode::WriteMultipleCoils, address, count)
        }

        // ── FC02 — Read Discrete Inputs ──────────────────────────────────────
        #[cfg(feature = "discrete-inputs")]
        ModbusRequest::ReadDiscreteInputs { address, count, .. } => {
            let Some(f) = vt.read_discrete_inputs else {
                return ModbusResponse::exception(
                    FunctionCode::ReadDiscreteInputs,
                    ExceptionCode::IllegalFunction,
                );
            };
            let mut buf = [0u8; VTABLE_BUF_BYTES];
            let mut written: u16 = 0;
            let rc = unsafe { f(vt.ctx, address, count, buf.as_mut_ptr(), &mut written) };
            if rc != 0 {
                return exception_from_i32(FunctionCode::ReadDiscreteInputs, rc);
            }
            ModbusResponse::packed_bits(FunctionCode::ReadDiscreteInputs, &buf[..written as usize])
        }

        // ── FC03 — Read Holding Registers ────────────────────────────────────
        #[cfg(feature = "registers")]
        ModbusRequest::ReadHoldingRegisters { address, count, .. } => {
            let Some(f) = vt.read_holding_registers else {
                return ModbusResponse::exception(
                    FunctionCode::ReadHoldingRegisters,
                    ExceptionCode::IllegalFunction,
                );
            };
            let mut buf = [0u16; VTABLE_BUF_WORDS];
            let mut written: u16 = 0;
            let rc = unsafe { f(vt.ctx, address, count, buf.as_mut_ptr(), &mut written) };
            if rc != 0 {
                return exception_from_i32(FunctionCode::ReadHoldingRegisters, rc);
            }
            ModbusResponse::registers(FunctionCode::ReadHoldingRegisters, &buf[..written as usize])
        }

        // ── FC04 — Read Input Registers ──────────────────────────────────────
        #[cfg(feature = "registers")]
        ModbusRequest::ReadInputRegisters { address, count, .. } => {
            let Some(f) = vt.read_input_registers else {
                return ModbusResponse::exception(
                    FunctionCode::ReadInputRegisters,
                    ExceptionCode::IllegalFunction,
                );
            };
            let mut buf = [0u16; VTABLE_BUF_WORDS];
            let mut written: u16 = 0;
            let rc = unsafe { f(vt.ctx, address, count, buf.as_mut_ptr(), &mut written) };
            if rc != 0 {
                return exception_from_i32(FunctionCode::ReadInputRegisters, rc);
            }
            ModbusResponse::registers(FunctionCode::ReadInputRegisters, &buf[..written as usize])
        }

        // ── FC06 — Write Single Register ─────────────────────────────────────
        #[cfg(feature = "registers")]
        ModbusRequest::WriteSingleRegister { address, value, .. } => {
            let Some(f) = vt.write_single_register else {
                return ModbusResponse::exception(
                    FunctionCode::WriteSingleRegister,
                    ExceptionCode::IllegalFunction,
                );
            };
            let rc = unsafe { f(vt.ctx, address, value) };
            if rc != 0 {
                return exception_from_i32(FunctionCode::WriteSingleRegister, rc);
            }
            ModbusResponse::echo_register(address, value)
        }

        // ── FC10 — Write Multiple Registers ──────────────────────────────────
        #[cfg(feature = "registers")]
        ModbusRequest::WriteMultipleRegisters {
            address,
            count,
            data,
            ..
        } => {
            let Some(f) = vt.write_multiple_registers else {
                return ModbusResponse::exception(
                    FunctionCode::WriteMultipleRegisters,
                    ExceptionCode::IllegalFunction,
                );
            };
            let rc = unsafe { f(vt.ctx, address, data.as_ptr(), count) };
            if rc != 0 {
                return exception_from_i32(FunctionCode::WriteMultipleRegisters, rc);
            }
            ModbusResponse::echo_multi_write(FunctionCode::WriteMultipleRegisters, address, count)
        }

        // ── FC22 — Mask Write Register ───────────────────────────────────────
        #[cfg(feature = "registers")]
        ModbusRequest::MaskWriteRegister {
            address,
            and_mask,
            or_mask,
            ..
        } => {
            let Some(f) = vt.mask_write_register else {
                return ModbusResponse::exception(
                    FunctionCode::MaskWriteRegister,
                    ExceptionCode::IllegalFunction,
                );
            };
            let rc = unsafe { f(vt.ctx, address, and_mask, or_mask) };
            if rc != 0 {
                return exception_from_i32(FunctionCode::MaskWriteRegister, rc);
            }
            ModbusResponse::echo_mask_write(address, and_mask, or_mask)
        }

        // ── FC23 — Read/Write Multiple Registers ──────────────────────────────
        #[cfg(feature = "registers")]
        ModbusRequest::ReadWriteMultipleRegisters {
            read_address,
            read_count,
            write_address,
            write_count,
            data,
            ..
        } => {
            let Some(f) = vt.read_write_multiple_registers else {
                return ModbusResponse::exception(
                    FunctionCode::ReadWriteMultipleRegisters,
                    ExceptionCode::IllegalFunction,
                );
            };
            let mut buf = [0u16; VTABLE_BUF_WORDS];
            let mut written: u16 = 0;
            let rc = unsafe {
                f(
                    vt.ctx,
                    read_address,
                    read_count,
                    write_address,
                    data.as_ptr(),
                    write_count,
                    buf.as_mut_ptr(),
                    &mut written,
                )
            };
            if rc != 0 {
                return exception_from_i32(FunctionCode::ReadWriteMultipleRegisters, rc);
            }
            ModbusResponse::registers(
                FunctionCode::ReadWriteMultipleRegisters,
                &buf[..written as usize],
            )
        }

        // ── FC24 — Read FIFO Queue ───────────────────────────────────────────
        #[cfg(feature = "fifo")]
        ModbusRequest::ReadFifoQueue {
            pointer_address, ..
        } => {
            let Some(f) = vt.read_fifo_queue else {
                return ModbusResponse::exception(
                    FunctionCode::ReadFifoQueue,
                    ExceptionCode::IllegalFunction,
                );
            };
            let mut buf = [0u16; VTABLE_BUF_WORDS];
            let mut written: u16 = 0;
            let rc = unsafe { f(vt.ctx, pointer_address, buf.as_mut_ptr(), &mut written) };
            if rc != 0 {
                return exception_from_i32(FunctionCode::ReadFifoQueue, rc);
            }
            // Encode FIFO payload: fifo_count (2 BE) + values (2 BE each)
            let count = written as usize;
            let mut payload =
                heapless::Vec::<u8, { mbus_core::data_unit::common::MAX_ADU_FRAME_LEN }>::new();
            let _ = payload.extend_from_slice(&(count as u16).to_be_bytes());
            for v in &buf[..count] {
                let _ = payload.extend_from_slice(&v.to_be_bytes());
            }
            ModbusResponse::fifo_response(&payload)
        }

        // ── FC07 — Read Exception Status ─────────────────────────────────────
        #[cfg(feature = "diagnostics")]
        ModbusRequest::ReadExceptionStatus { .. } => {
            let Some(f) = vt.read_exception_status else {
                return ModbusResponse::exception(
                    FunctionCode::ReadExceptionStatus,
                    ExceptionCode::IllegalFunction,
                );
            };
            let mut status: u8 = 0;
            let rc = unsafe { f(vt.ctx, &mut status) };
            if rc != 0 {
                return exception_from_i32(FunctionCode::ReadExceptionStatus, rc);
            }
            ModbusResponse::read_exception_status(status)
        }

        // ── FC08 — Diagnostics ───────────────────────────────────────────────
        #[cfg(feature = "diagnostics")]
        ModbusRequest::Diagnostics {
            sub_function, data, ..
        } => {
            let Some(f) = vt.diagnostics else {
                // default: echo
                return ModbusResponse::diagnostics_echo(sub_function, data);
            };
            let mut out_sub: u16 = sub_function;
            let mut out_data: u16 = data;
            let rc = unsafe { f(vt.ctx, sub_function, data, &mut out_sub, &mut out_data) };
            if rc != 0 {
                return exception_from_i32(FunctionCode::Diagnostics, rc);
            }
            ModbusResponse::diagnostics_echo(out_sub, out_data)
        }

        // ── FC0B — Get Comm Event Counter ────────────────────────────────────
        #[cfg(feature = "diagnostics")]
        ModbusRequest::GetCommEventCounter { .. } => {
            let Some(f) = vt.get_comm_event_counter else {
                return ModbusResponse::exception(
                    FunctionCode::GetCommEventCounter,
                    ExceptionCode::IllegalFunction,
                );
            };
            let mut status_word: u16 = 0;
            let mut event_count: u16 = 0;
            let rc = unsafe { f(vt.ctx, &mut status_word, &mut event_count) };
            if rc != 0 {
                return exception_from_i32(FunctionCode::GetCommEventCounter, rc);
            }
            ModbusResponse::comm_event_counter(status_word, event_count)
        }

        // ── FC0C — Get Comm Event Log ────────────────────────────────────────
        #[cfg(feature = "diagnostics")]
        ModbusRequest::GetCommEventLog { .. } => {
            let Some(f) = vt.get_comm_event_log else {
                return ModbusResponse::exception(
                    FunctionCode::GetCommEventLog,
                    ExceptionCode::IllegalFunction,
                );
            };
            let mut buf = [0u8; VTABLE_BUF_BYTES];
            let mut written: u16 = 0;
            let rc = unsafe { f(vt.ctx, buf.as_mut_ptr(), &mut written) };
            if rc != 0 {
                return exception_from_i32(FunctionCode::GetCommEventLog, rc);
            }
            ModbusResponse::comm_event_log(&buf[..written as usize])
        }

        // ── FC11 — Report Server ID ──────────────────────────────────────────
        #[cfg(feature = "diagnostics")]
        ModbusRequest::ReportServerId { .. } => {
            let Some(f) = vt.report_server_id else {
                return ModbusResponse::exception(
                    FunctionCode::ReportServerId,
                    ExceptionCode::IllegalFunction,
                );
            };
            let mut buf = [0u8; VTABLE_BUF_BYTES];
            let mut written: u16 = 0;
            let rc = unsafe { f(vt.ctx, buf.as_mut_ptr(), &mut written) };
            if rc != 0 {
                return exception_from_i32(FunctionCode::ReportServerId, rc);
            }
            ModbusResponse::report_server_id(&buf[..written as usize])
        }

        // ── Unhandled — return IllegalFunction ───────────────────────────────
        other => exception_raw_from_i32(other.function_code_byte(), 1),
    }
}