mathcat 0.7.5

//! #Speech Engine Information
//!
//! ## Pitch (default 140hz)
//! ### SAPI4: Relative pitch
//! * Number is relative to the default/current pitch.
//! * 50 is 1/2 of the default/current pitch, 200 is 2 times the default/current pitch.
//!
//!  Note: no range is specified by the spec
//! ### SAPI5: Relative pitch
//! From https://documentation.help/SAPI-5/sapi.xsd
//! * A value of +10 sets a voice to speak at four-thirds (or 4/3) of its default pitch.
//! * Each increment between –10 and +10 is logarithmically distributed such that
//!   incrementing/decrementing by 1 is multiplying/dividing the pitch by the 24th root of 2 (about 1.03).
//! * Values more extreme than –10 and 10 will be passed to an engine but SAPI 5compliant engines may not support
//!   such extremes and instead may clip the pitch to the maximum or minimum pitch it supports.
//! * Values of –24 and +24 must lower and raise pitch by 1 octave respectively.
//!   All incrementing/decrementing by 1 must multiply/divide the pitch by the 24th root of 2.
//! 
//! Note: an octave is a doubling of frequency, so pitch change of 100% should turn into +/- 24
//! ### SSML: Relative pitch
//! * pitch in hertz (default/current man's voice is about 100hz, woman's 180hz)
//!
//! Note: other legal values for SSML are not supported, and all numbers are interpreted as relative changes
//! ### Eloquence: Absolute pitch (relative pitch not supported by Eloquence)
//! * Range is 0 - 100.  Guess is that 0 ~= 42hz, 100 ~= 422hz based on supported \"sapi\" values
//! ## Rate (default 180 words/min)
//! ### SAPI4: Absolute rate
//! * Number is relative to the default/current rate
//! * 50 is 1/2 of the default/current rate, 200 is 2 times the default/current rate
//!
//! Note: no range is specified by the spec
//! ### SAPI5: Relative rate
//! * Number is in range -10 to 10
//! * -10 is 1/3 of the default/current speed; 10 3 times the default/current speech
//! * changes are logarithmic -- a change of +/-1 corresponds to multiplying/dividing by 10th root of 3 (10*log_3(change))
//! ### SSML: Relative rate %
//! * 100% is no change, 50% is half the current rate, 200% is doubling the rate
//!
//!  Note:  other legal values for SSML are not supported, and all numbers are interpreted as relative changes
//! ### Eloquence: Absolute rate (relative rate not supported by Eloquence)
//! * Range is 0 - 250, which manual seems to indicate corresponds to 70 - 1297 words/min.
//! * * Window-Eyes only seems to give values in range 1 - 150.
//! * On the low end, 1 ~= 72words/min
//! * On the high end, I can't tell, but 80 seems to be a bit over twice normal (~400 words/min?)
//!   250 ~= 1297 words/min based on supported "sapi" values
//!
//! Note: this means words/min = 4.18 * Eloquence rate + 66
//! So the relative pause rate is 180/computed value
//!
//!
//! ## Volume (default 100 \[full])
//! ### SAPI4: Relative volume
//! * Number is relative to the default/current rate
//! * Range is 0 - 065535
//! ### SAPI5: Relative volume
//! * Number is in range 0 to 100
//! ### SSML: Relative volume
//! * Number is in range 0 to 100
//!
//! Note:  other legal values for SSML are not supported, and all numbers are interpreted as relative changes
//! ### Eloquence: Absolute volume (relative volume not supported by Eloquence)
//! * Range is 0 - 100
//!
//! ## Pause
//! * All systems -- pauses are given in milliseconds
//!
//! Note: Pauses on output are scaled based on the ratio of the current rate to the default rate (180 wpm)
#![allow(clippy::needless_return)]

use crate::{errors::*, prefs::PreferenceManager, speech::ReplacementArray};
use sxd_document::dom::Element;
use yaml_rust::Yaml;

use std::fmt;
use crate::speech::{SpeechRulesWithContext, MyXPath, TreeOrString};
use std::string::ToString;
use std::str::FromStr;
use strum_macros::{Display, EnumString};
use regex::Regex;
use sxd_xpath::Value;

const MIN_PAUSE:f64 = 50.0;         // ms -- avoids clutter of putting out pauses that probably can't be heard
const PAUSE_SHORT:f64 = 200.0;  // ms
const PAUSE_MEDIUM:f64 = 400.0; // ms
const PAUSE_LONG:f64 = 800.0;   // ms
const PAUSE_XLONG:f64 = 1600.0;   // ms
const PAUSE_AUTO:f64 = 987654321.5;   // ms -- hopefully unique
pub const PAUSE_AUTO_STR: &str = "\u{F8FA}\u{F8FA}";
const RATE_FROM_CONTEXT:f64 = 987654321.5;   // hopefully unique

const MAX_TRANSLATE_RECURSION: usize = 5;   // probably never more than three -- prevents infinite loop/stack overflows bugs

/// TTSCommand are the supported TTS commands
/// When parsing the YAML rule files, they are converted to these enums
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Display, EnumString)]
#[strum(serialize_all = "snake_case")]  // allows lower case
pub enum TTSCommand {
    Pause,
    Rate,
    Volume,
    Pitch,
    Audio,
    Gender,
    Voice,
    Spell,
    Bookmark,
    Pronounce,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct Pronounce {
    text: String,       // plain text
    ipa: String,        // ipa 
    sapi5: String,
    eloquence: String,
}


impl fmt::Display for Pronounce {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        let mut comma = "";     // comma separator so it looks right
        write!(f, "pronounce: [")?;
        if !self.text.is_empty() {
            write!(f, "text: '{}'", self.text)?;
            comma = ",";
        }
        write!(f, "pronounce: [")?;
        if !self.ipa.is_empty() {
            write!(f, "{}ipa: '{}'", comma, self.ipa)?;
            comma = ",";
        }
        write!(f, "pronounce: [")?;
        if !self.sapi5.is_empty() {
            write!(f, "{}sapi5: '{}'", comma, self.sapi5)?;
            comma = ",";
        }
        write!(f, "pronounce: [")?;
        if !self.eloquence.is_empty() {
            write!(f, "{}eloquence: '{}'", comma, self.eloquence)?;
        }
        return writeln!(f, "]");
    }
}

impl Pronounce {
    fn build(values: &Yaml) -> Result<Pronounce> {
        use crate::speech::{as_str_checked, yaml_to_type};
        use crate::pretty_print::yaml_to_string;

        let mut text = "";
        let mut ipa = "";
        let mut sapi5 = "";
        let mut eloquence = "";
        // values should be an array with potential values for Pronounce
        let values = values.as_vec().ok_or_else(||
                                        format!("'pronounce' value '{}' is not an array", yaml_to_type(values)))?;
        for key_value in values {
            let key_value_hash = key_value.as_hash().ok_or_else(|| 
                                        format!("pronounce value '{}' is not key/value pair", yaml_to_string(key_value, 0)))?;
            if key_value_hash.len() != 1 {
                bail!("pronounce value {:?} is not a single key/value pair", key_value_hash);
            }
        
            for (key, value) in key_value_hash {
                match as_str_checked(key)? {
                    "text" => text = as_str_checked(value)?,
                    "ipa" => ipa = as_str_checked(value)?,
                    "sapi5" => sapi5 = as_str_checked(value)?,
                    "eloquence" => eloquence = as_str_checked(value)?,
                    _ => bail!("unknown pronounce type: {} with value {}", yaml_to_string(key, 0), yaml_to_string(value, 0)),
                }
            }
        }
        if text.is_empty() {
            bail!("'text' key/value is required for 'pronounce' -- it is used is the speech engine is unknown.")
        }
        return Ok( Pronounce{
            text: text.to_string(),
            ipa: ipa.to_string(),
            sapi5: sapi5.to_string(),
            eloquence: eloquence.to_string()
        } );
    

    }
}
/// TTSCommands are either numbers (f64 because of YAML) or strings
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum TTSCommandValue {
    Number(f64),
    String(String),
    XPath(MyXPath),
    Pronounce(Box<Pronounce>),
}

impl TTSCommandValue {
    fn get_num(&self) -> f64 {
        match self {
            TTSCommandValue::Number(n) => return *n,
            _                               => panic!("Internal error: TTSCommandValue is not a number"),
        }
    }

    fn get_string(&self) -> &String {
        match self {
            TTSCommandValue::String(s) => return s,
            _                                  => panic!("Internal error: TTSCommandValue is not a string"),
        }
    }

    fn get_pronounce(&self) -> &Pronounce {
        match self {
            TTSCommandValue::Pronounce(p) => return p,
            _                               => panic!("Internal error: TTSCommandValue is not a 'pronounce' command'"),
        }
        
    }
}

/// A TTS rule consists of the command, the value, and its replacement
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct TTSCommandRule {
    command: TTSCommand,
    value: TTSCommandValue,
    replacements: ReplacementArray
}

impl fmt::Display for TTSCommandRule {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        let value = match &self.value {
            TTSCommandValue::String(s) => s.to_string(),
            TTSCommandValue::Number(f) => f.to_string(),
            TTSCommandValue::XPath(p) => p.to_string(),
            TTSCommandValue::Pronounce(p) => p.to_string(),
        };
        if self.command == TTSCommand::Pause {
            return write!(f, "pause: {value}");
        } else {
            return write!(f, "{}: {}{}", self.command, value, self.replacements);
        };
    }
}


impl TTSCommandRule {
    pub fn new(command: TTSCommand, value: TTSCommandValue, replacements: ReplacementArray) -> TTSCommandRule {
        return TTSCommandRule{
            command,
            value,
            replacements
        }
    }
}

/// Supported TTS engines
/// These types should do something for all the TTSCommands
#[allow(clippy::upper_case_acronyms)]
#[allow(dead_code)]
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum TTS {
    None,
    SSML,
    SAPI5,
//    Eloquence,
//    Mac,
}

impl TTS {
    /// Given the tts command ("pause", "rate", etc) and its value, build the TTS data structure for it.
    ///
    /// `tts_command`: one of "pause", "rate", etc
    ///
    /// `value`: keyword 'value' or dict with 'value' and 'replace' (optional) keys
    pub fn build(tts_command: &str, values: &Yaml) -> Result<Box<TTSCommandRule>> {
        use crate::pretty_print::yaml_to_string;
        let hashmap = values.as_hash();
        let tts_value;
        let replacements;
        if hashmap.is_some() {
            tts_value = &values["value"];
            if tts_value.is_badvalue() {
                bail!("{} TTS command is missing a 'value' sub-key. Found\n{}", tts_command, yaml_to_string(values, 1));
            };
            replacements = ReplacementArray::build(&values["replace"])?;
        } else {
            tts_value = values;
            replacements = ReplacementArray::build_empty();
        }
        let tts_str_value = yaml_to_string(tts_value, 0);
        let tts_str_value = tts_str_value.trim();
        let tts_enum = match TTSCommand::from_str(tts_command) {
            Ok(t) => t,
            Err(_) => bail!("Internal error in build_tts: unexpected rule ({:?}) encountered", tts_command),
        };
    
        let tts_command_value = match tts_enum {
            TTSCommand::Pause | TTSCommand::Rate | TTSCommand::Volume | TTSCommand::Pitch => {
                // these strings are almost always what the value will be, so we try them first
                let val = match tts_str_value {
                    "auto" => Ok( PAUSE_AUTO ),
                    "short" => Ok( PAUSE_SHORT ),
                    "medium" => Ok( PAUSE_MEDIUM ),
                    "long" => Ok( PAUSE_LONG ),
                    "xlong" => Ok( PAUSE_XLONG ),
                    "$MathRate" => Ok( RATE_FROM_CONTEXT ), // special case hack -- value determined in replace
                    _ => tts_str_value.parse::<f64>()
                };

                match val {
                    Ok(num) => TTSCommandValue::Number(num),
                    Err(_) => {
                        // let's try as an xpath (e.g., could be '$CapitalLetters_Pitch')
                        TTSCommandValue::XPath(
                            MyXPath::build(tts_value).chain_err(|| format!("while trying to evaluate value of '{tts_enum}:'"))?
                        )
                    }
                }
            },
            TTSCommand::Bookmark | TTSCommand::Spell => {
                TTSCommandValue::XPath(
                    MyXPath::build(values).chain_err(|| format!("while trying to evaluate value of '{tts_enum}:'"))?
                )
            },
            TTSCommand::Pronounce => {
                TTSCommandValue::Pronounce( Box::new( Pronounce::build(values)? ) )
            },
            _ => {
                TTSCommandValue::String(tts_str_value.to_string())
            },
        };
        return Ok( Box::new( TTSCommandRule::new(tts_enum, tts_command_value, replacements) ) );
    }
    
    /// The rule called to execute the TTSCommand `command`
    /// `prefs` are used for scaling the speech rate
    /// some rules have MathML nested inside, so we need to do replacements on them (hence `rules` and `mathml` are needed)
    ///
    /// A string is returned for the speech engine.
    ///
    /// `auto` pausing is handled at a later phase and a special char is used for it
    pub fn replace<'c, 's:'c, 'm:'c, 'r, T:TreeOrString<'c, 'm, T>>(&self, command: &TTSCommandRule, prefs: &PreferenceManager, rules_with_context: &'r mut SpeechRulesWithContext<'c, 's, 'm>, mathml: Element<'c>) -> Result<T> {
        return T::replace_tts(self, command, prefs, rules_with_context, mathml);
    }

    pub fn replace_string<'c, 's:'c, 'm, 'r>(&self, command: &TTSCommandRule, prefs: &PreferenceManager, rules_with_context: &'r mut SpeechRulesWithContext<'c, 's, 'm>, mathml: Element<'c>) -> Result<String> {
        // The general idea is we handle the begin tag, the contents, and then the end tag
        // For the begin/end tag, we dispatch off to specialized code for each TTS engine

        // 'bookmark' is special in that we need to eval the xpath
        // rather than pass a bunch of extra info into the generic handling routines, we just deal with them here
        if command.command == TTSCommand::Bookmark {
            // if we aren't suppose to generate bookmarks, short circuit and just return
            if prefs.pref_to_string("Bookmark") != "true"{
                return Ok("".to_string());
            }
            return Ok( match self {
                TTS::None  => "".to_string(),
                TTS::SSML => compute_bookmark_element(&command.value, "mark name", rules_with_context, mathml)?,
                TTS::SAPI5 => compute_bookmark_element(&command.value, "bookmark mark", rules_with_context, mathml)?,
            } );
        }

        let mut command = command.clone();
        if command.command == TTSCommand::Spell {
            // spell is also special because we need to eval the xpath to get the string to spell (typically the text content of an mi)
            match command.value {
                TTSCommandValue::XPath(xpath) => {
                    let value = xpath.evaluate(rules_with_context.get_context(), mathml)
                        .chain_err(|| format!("in 'spell': can't evaluate xpath \"{}\"", &xpath.to_string()) )?;
                    let value_string = match value {
                        Value::String(s) => s,
                        Value::Nodeset(nodes) if nodes.size() == 1 => {
                            let node = nodes.iter().next().unwrap();
                            if let Some(text) = node.text() {
                                text.text().to_string()
                            } else if let Some(el) = node.element() {
                                if crate::xpath_functions::is_leaf(el) {
                                    crate::canonicalize::as_text(el).to_string()
                                } else {
                                    bail!("in 'spell': value returned from xpath '{}' does not evaluate to a string",  &xpath.to_string());
                                }
                            } else {
                                bail!("in 'spell': value returned from xpath '{}' does not evaluate to a string, it is {} nodes",
                                        &xpath.to_string(), nodes.size());
                            }
                        },
                        _ => bail!("in 'spell': value returned from xpath '{}' does not evaluate to a string",  &xpath.to_string()),
                    };
                    // Chemistry wants to spell elements like "Na". But we also have the issue of capitalization (SpeechOverrides_CapitalLetters)
                    //   so the "N" need to use that. The logic for that is already in unicode.yaml. We could replicate that here.
                    // Rather than duplicate the logic (we would need to handle 'a', and who knows what in other languages),
                    //   we split the token into each letter and call the replacement on each letter.
                    // That in turns calls spell again. We end up in an infinite loop. To prevent this we set a flag that says don't recurse.
                    // The only structure to put that in is SpeechRulesWithContext. A bit of a hack to put it there, but better than a static var.
                    // Also, to avoid repeating the code for "cap" over and over, "spell" with "translate" is used. So keep going until no "translate"
                    let xpath_str = xpath.to_string();
                    if rules_with_context.inside_spell && !xpath_str.contains("translate") {
                        command.value = TTSCommandValue::String(value_string);
                        rules_with_context.translate_count  = 0;
                    } else if rules_with_context.translate_count > MAX_TRANSLATE_RECURSION {
                        bail!("Rule error: potential infinite recursion found in translate: {}", xpath_str);
                    } else {
                        // let the call to replace call spell on the individual chars -- that lets an "cap" be outside "spell"
                        rules_with_context.translate_count += 1;
                        let str_with_spaces = value_string.chars()
                                .map(|ch| {
                                    rules_with_context.inside_spell = true;
                                    let spelled_char = rules_with_context.replace_chars(ch.to_string().as_str(), mathml);
                                    rules_with_context.inside_spell = false;
                                    spelled_char
                                })
                                .collect::<Result<Vec<String>>>()?
                                .join(" ");
                        return Ok(str_with_spaces);
                    }             
                },
                _ => bail!("Implementation error: found non-xpath value for spell"),
            }
        } else if command.command == TTSCommand::Rate && self != &TTS::None {
            if let TTSCommandValue::Number(number_value) = command.value {
                if number_value == RATE_FROM_CONTEXT {
                    // handle hack for $Rate -- need to look up in context
                    let rate_from_context = crate::navigate::context_get_variable(rules_with_context.get_context(), "MathRate", mathml)?.1;
                    assert!(rate_from_context.is_some());
                    command.value = TTSCommandValue::Number(rate_from_context.unwrap());
                }
            }
        }

        // evaluate any xpath value now to simplify later code
        if let TTSCommandValue::XPath(xpath) = command.value {
            let eval_str = xpath.replace::<String>(rules_with_context, mathml)?;
            // can it be a number?
            command.value = match eval_str.parse::<f64>() {
                Ok(num) => TTSCommandValue::Number(num),
                Err(_) => TTSCommandValue::String(eval_str),
            }
        };


        // small optimization to avoid generating tags that do nothing
        if ((command.command == TTSCommand::Pitch || command.command == TTSCommand::Volume || command.command == TTSCommand::Pause) && command.value.get_num() == 0.0) ||
           (command.command == TTSCommand::Rate && command.value.get_num() == 100.0) {
            return command.replacements.replace::<String>(rules_with_context, mathml);
        }

        let mut result = String::with_capacity(255);
        result += &match self {
            TTS::None  => self.get_string_none(&command, prefs, true),
            TTS::SSML  => self.get_string_ssml(&command, prefs, true),
            TTS::SAPI5 => self.get_string_sapi5(&command, prefs, true),
        };


        if !command.replacements.is_empty()  {
            if result.is_empty() {
                result += " ";
            }
            result += &command.replacements.replace::<String>(rules_with_context, mathml)?;    
        }

        let end_tag = match self {
            TTS::None  => self.get_string_none(&command, prefs, false),
            TTS::SSML  => self.get_string_ssml(&command, prefs, false),
            TTS::SAPI5 => self.get_string_sapi5(&command, prefs, false),
        };

        if end_tag.is_empty() {
            return Ok( result ); // avoids adding in " "
        } else {
            return Ok( result + &end_tag );
        }


        fn compute_bookmark_element<'c, 's:'c, 'm, 'r>(value: &TTSCommandValue, tag_and_attr: &str, rules_with_context: &'r mut SpeechRulesWithContext<'c, 's, 'm>, mathml: Element<'c>) -> Result<String> {
            match value {
                TTSCommandValue::XPath(xpath) => {
                    let id = xpath.replace::<String>(rules_with_context, mathml)?;
                    return Ok( format!("<{tag_and_attr}='{id}'/>") );
                },
                _ => bail!("Implementation error: found bookmark value that did not evaluate to a string"),
            }
        }
    
    }

    // auto pausing can't be known until neighboring strings are computed
    // we create a unique string in this case and compute the real value later 
    fn get_string_none(&self, command: &TTSCommandRule,  prefs: &PreferenceManager, is_start_tag: bool) -> String  {
        // they only thing to do is handle "pause" with some punctuation hacks along with 'spell'        
        if is_start_tag {
            if command.command == TTSCommand::Pause {
                let amount = command.value.get_num();
                // only ',' and ';' are used as '.' didn't seem to reliably generate pauses in tests
                return crate::speech::CONCAT_INDICATOR.to_string() + (
                    if amount == PAUSE_AUTO {
                        PAUSE_AUTO_STR
                    } else {
                        let amount  =  amount * TTS::get_pause_multiplier(prefs);
                        if amount <= MIN_PAUSE {
                            ""
                        } else if amount <= 250.0 {
                            ","
                        } else  {
                            ";"
                        }
                    }
                );
            } else if command.command == TTSCommand::Spell {
                // debug!("spell rule: {}", command.value.get_string());
                return command.value.get_string().to_string();
            } else if let TTSCommandValue::Pronounce(p) = &command.value {
                return crate::speech::CONCAT_INDICATOR.to_string() + &p.text;
            }
        };
        return "".to_string();
    }
    
    fn get_string_sapi5(&self, command: &TTSCommandRule, prefs: &PreferenceManager, is_start_tag: bool) -> String  {
        return match &command.command {
            TTSCommand::Pause => if is_start_tag {
                let amount = command.value.get_num();
                if amount == PAUSE_AUTO {
                    PAUSE_AUTO_STR.to_string()
                } else {
                    let amount = amount * TTS::get_pause_multiplier(prefs);
                    if amount > MIN_PAUSE {
                        format!("<silence msec=='{}ms'/>", (amount * 180.0/prefs.get_rate()).round())
                    } else {
                        "".to_string()
                    }
                }
            } else {
                "".to_string()
            },
            // pitch must be in [-10, 10], logarithmic based on octaves
            // note MathPlayer uses 'absmiddle' (requires keeping a stack) -- could be 'middle' is not well supported
            TTSCommand::Pitch => if is_start_tag {format!("<pitch middle=\"{}\">", (24.0*(1.0+command.value.get_num()/100.0).log2()).round())} else {String::from("</prosody>")},
            // rate must be in [-10, 10], but we get relative %s. 300% => 10 (see comments at top of file)
            TTSCommand::Rate =>  if is_start_tag {format!("<rate speed='{:.1}'>", 10.0*(0.01*command.value.get_num()).log(3.0))} else {String::from("</rate>")},
            TTSCommand::Volume =>if is_start_tag {format!("<volume level='{}'>", command.value.get_num())} else {String::from("</volume>")},
            TTSCommand::Audio => "".to_string(),    // SAPI5 doesn't support audio
            TTSCommand::Gender =>if is_start_tag {format!("<voice required=\"Gender={}\">", command.value.get_string())} else {String::from("</prosody>")},
            TTSCommand::Voice =>if is_start_tag {format!("<voice required=\"Name={}\">", command.value.get_string())} else {String::from("</prosody>")},
            TTSCommand::Spell =>if is_start_tag {format!("<spell>{}", command.value.get_string())} else {String::from("</spell>")},
            TTSCommand::Pronounce =>if is_start_tag {
                    format!("<pron sym='{}'>{}", &command.value.get_pronounce().sapi5, &command.value.get_pronounce().text)
                } else {
                    String::from("</pron>")
                },
            TTSCommand::Bookmark => panic!("Internal error: bookmarks should have been handled earlier"),
        };
    }

    fn get_string_ssml(&self, command: &TTSCommandRule, prefs: &PreferenceManager, is_start_tag: bool) -> String  {
        return match &command.command {
            TTSCommand::Pause => {
                if is_start_tag {
                    let amount = command.value.get_num();
                    if amount == PAUSE_AUTO {
                        PAUSE_AUTO_STR.to_string()
                    } else {
                        let amount = amount * TTS::get_pause_multiplier(prefs);
                        if amount > MIN_PAUSE {
                            format!("<break time='{}ms'/>", (amount * 180.0/prefs.get_rate()).round())
                        } else {
                            "".to_string()
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    "".to_string()
                }
            },
            TTSCommand::Pitch => if is_start_tag {format!("<prosody pitch='{}%'>", command.value.get_num())} else {String::from("</prosody>")},
            TTSCommand::Rate =>  if is_start_tag {format!("<prosody rate='{}%'>", command.value.get_num())} else {String::from("</prosody>")},
            TTSCommand::Volume =>if is_start_tag {format!("<prosody volume='{}db'>", command.value.get_num())} else {String::from("</prosody>")},
            TTSCommand::Audio =>if is_start_tag {format!("<audio src='{}'>", command.value.get_string())} else {String::from("</audio>")}, // only 'beep' is supported for now
            TTSCommand::Gender =>if is_start_tag {format!("<voice required='gender=\"{}\"'>", command.value.get_string())} else {String::from("</voice>")},
            TTSCommand::Voice =>if is_start_tag {format!("<voice required='{}'>", command.value.get_string())} else {String::from("</voice>")},
            TTSCommand::Spell =>if is_start_tag {format!("<say-as interpret-as='characters'>{}", command.value.get_string())} else {String::from("</say-as>")},
            TTSCommand::Pronounce =>if is_start_tag {
                format!("<phoneme alphabet='ipa' ph='{}'>{}", &command.value.get_pronounce().ipa, &command.value.get_pronounce().text)
            } else {
                String::from("</phoneme>")
            },
        TTSCommand::Bookmark => panic!("Internal error: bookmarks should have been handled earlier"),
        }
    }

    fn get_pause_multiplier(prefs: &PreferenceManager) -> f64 {
        return prefs.pref_to_string("PauseFactor").parse::<f64>().unwrap_or(100.)/100.0;
    }

    /// Compute the length of the pause to use.
    ///
    /// The computation is based on the length of the speech strings (after removing tagging).
    /// There is a bias towards pausing more _after_ longer strings.
    pub fn compute_auto_pause(&self, prefs: &PreferenceManager, before: &str, after: &str) -> String {
        lazy_static! {
            static ref REMOVE_XML: Regex = Regex::new(r"<.+?>").unwrap();    // punctuation ending with a '.'
        }
        let before_len;
        let after_len;
        match self {
            TTS::SSML | TTS::SAPI5 => {
                before_len = REMOVE_XML.replace_all(before, "").len();
                after_len = REMOVE_XML.replace_all(after, "").len();
            },
            _ => {
                before_len = before.len();
                after_len = after.len();
            },
        }

        // pause values are not cut in stone
        // the calculation bias to 'previous' is based on MathPlayer which used '30 * #-of-descendants-on-left
        // I think I did this as a sort of "take a breath" after saying something long although one might want to do that
        //   before speaking something long.
        if after_len < 3 {
            // hack to prevent pausing before "of" in exprs like "the fourth power of secant, of x"
            // if it should pause anywhere, it should be after the "of"
            return "".to_string(); 
        }
        let pause = std::cmp::min(3000, ((2 * before_len + after_len)/48) * 128);
        // create a TTSCommandRule so we reuse code
        let command = TTSCommandRule::new(
            TTSCommand::Pause,
            TTSCommandValue::Number(pause as f64),
            ReplacementArray::build_empty(),
        );
        return match self {
            TTS::None  => self.get_string_none(&command, prefs, true),
            TTS::SSML  => self.get_string_ssml(&command, prefs, true),
            TTS::SAPI5 => self.get_string_sapi5(&command, prefs, true),
        };

    }

    /// Take the longest of the pauses
    ///
    /// Two other options are:
    /// 1. average the pauses
    /// 2. add the pauses together.
    ///
    /// Until evidence points otherwise, use 'longest'.
    pub fn merge_pauses(&self, str: &str) -> String {
        // we need specialized merges for each TTS engine because we need to know the format of the commands
        return match self {
            TTS::None  => self.merge_pauses_none(str),
            TTS::SSML  => self.merge_pauses_ssml(str),
            TTS::SAPI5 => self.merge_pauses_sapi5(str),
        };        
    }

    fn merge_pauses_none(&self, str: &str) -> String {
        // punctuation used for pauses is ",", ";" 
        lazy_static! {
            static ref SPACES: Regex = Regex::new(r"\s+([;,])").unwrap();   // two or more pauses
            static ref MULTIPLE_PAUSES: Regex = Regex::new(r"([,;][,;]+)").unwrap();   // two or more pauses
        }
        // we reduce all sequences of two or more pauses to a single medium pause
        let merges_string = SPACES.replace_all(str, "$1").to_string();
        let merges_string = MULTIPLE_PAUSES.replace_all(&merges_string, ";").to_string();
        return merges_string;
    }

    fn merge_pauses_xml<F>(str: &str, full_attr_re: &Regex, sub_attr_re: &Regex, replace_with: F) -> String 
            where F: Fn(usize) -> String {
        // we reduce all sequences of two or more pauses to the max pause amount
        // other options would be the sum or an average
        // maybe some amount a little longer than the max would be best???
        let mut merges_string = str.to_string();
        for cap in full_attr_re.captures_iter(str) {
            let mut amount = 0;
            for c in sub_attr_re.captures_iter(&cap[0]) {
                amount = std::cmp::max(amount, c[1].parse::<usize>().unwrap());
            };
            merges_string = merges_string.replace(&cap[0], &replace_with(amount));
        }
        return merges_string;
    }

    fn merge_pauses_sapi5(&self, str: &str) -> String {
        lazy_static! {
            static ref CONSECUTIVE_BREAKS: Regex = Regex::new(r"(<silence msec[^>]+?> *){2,}").unwrap();   // two or more pauses
            static ref PAUSE_AMOUNT: Regex = Regex::new(r"msec=.*?(\d+)").unwrap();   // amount after 'time'
        }
        let replacement = |amount: usize| format!("<silence msec=='{amount}ms'/>");
        return TTS::merge_pauses_xml(str, &CONSECUTIVE_BREAKS, &PAUSE_AMOUNT, replacement);
    }

    fn merge_pauses_ssml(&self, str: &str) -> String {
        lazy_static! {
            static ref CONSECUTIVE_BREAKS: Regex = Regex::new(r"(<break time=[^>]+?> *){2,}").unwrap();   // two or more pauses
            static ref PAUSE_AMOUNT: Regex = Regex::new(r"time=.*?(\d+)").unwrap();   // amount after 'time'
        }
        let replacement = |amount: usize| format!("<break time='{amount}ms'/>");
        return TTS::merge_pauses_xml(str, &CONSECUTIVE_BREAKS, &PAUSE_AMOUNT, replacement);
    }
}