maskerad memory allocators
========================
**custom allocators, for memory fragmentation prevention.**
[](https://codecov.io/gh/Maskerad-rs/maskerad_stack_allocator)
[](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/Malkaviel/maskerad-stack-allocator/branch/master)
[](https://travis-ci.org/Maskerad-rs/maskerad_stack_allocator)
[](https://crates.io/crates/maskerad_stack_allocator)
[](https://docs.rs/maskerad_stack_allocator)
[](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT) [](https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0)
This Rust library is **nightly-only** and provides:
- a **stack-based** allocator
This allocator is a vector-like data structure, which asks **n** number of bytes from the heap
when instantiated.
- a **double-buffered** allocator
It is a structure holding two stack-based allocators. One is active, the other is inactive.
When we allocate/reset with this allocator, the active stack-based allocator allocates/reset memory.
We can swap the allocators, the inactive one becomes active.
- a **double-ended** allocator
It works like a stack-based allocator, but allocations can occur on both sides. *Technically* it doesn't work
like that, but that's the idea.
All those type of allocators are available for structures implementing the **Copy** trait **OR** the **Drop** trait.
This library was made to **prevent memory fragmentation**. The allocators preallocate memory from the heap,
and we use those allocators to create objects.
Usage
-----
### Installation
This library is available on [crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/maskerad_stack_allocator)
### Examples
Refer to the [documentation](https://docs.rs/maskerad_stack_allocator) for some examples.
### Use case: game loops
With those types of allocators, memory is freed only when the allocator is dropped, we can just *reset*
the allocators.
it means we may **override currently used memory** !
Not in a game loop :
- We allocate at the beginning of the loop.
- We consume in the loop.
- We reset at the end of the loop.
At the start of the loop **n**, we can be sure that the data allocated in the loop **n - 1** is not longer used or needed.
It means that data allocated during frame **n** must only be usable during frame **n**, not **n + 1** !
If you need to use data created at frame **n** for the frame **n + 1**, the **double buffered allocator** can solve your problem.
### Potential benefices compared to heap allocation
It *can* be **faster**: Allocations and *frees* move a pointer, that's all.
It prevents **memory fragmentation**: Allocation is always contiguous, memory cannot be fragmented over time.
Context
---------------------------------------
### Purpose of custom allocators
Time-constrained programs, like video-games, need to be as fast as possible.
A video-game, in its game loop, needs to :
- Read the player's input at frame **n**.
- Update the world state (AI, physics, object states, sounds...) at frame **n**.
- Draw the scene at frame **n** in the back buffer.
- Swap the back buffer (frame **n**) with the current buffer (frame **n - 1**).
In order to display **60** frames per second, this loop needs to be completed in **16** milliseconds (**0.016** seconds).
### Problems about general-purpose memory allocators
One possible bottleneck is **dynamic** memory allocation (allocation on the **heap**), which *can* be slow.
Moreover, memory can become **fragmented** over time :
Even though we have enough **total** memory, this memory is not **contiguous** so we can't
allocate anything.
Custom memory allocators can help with both problems.
We can distinguish 3 types of memory allocation :
- **Persistent** memory allocation: data is allocated when the program is started, and freed when
the program is shut down. The [arena crate](https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.1.0/arena) or a stack-based allocator can help here.
- **Dynamic** memory allocation: data is allocated and freed during the lifetime of the program, but
we can't predict *when* this data is allocated and freed. An [Object Pool](https://github.com/Maskerad-rs/Maskerad_memory_allocator)
can be a good data structure to deal with this type of memory allocation.
- **One-Frame** memory allocation: Data is allocated, consumed and freed in a loop. This allocator
can be useful with this type of memory allocation.
## More informations on the subject
[Game Engine Architecture, chapter 5.2](http://gameenginebook.com/toc.html)
[Stack Overflow answer about memory fragmentation](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3770457/what-is-memory-fragmentation#3770593)
[Stack Overflow answer about stack-based allocators](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8049657/stack-buffer-based-stl-allocator)
[SwedishCoding blogpost about custom memory allocators](http://www.swedishcoding.com/2008/08/31/are-we-out-of-memory)
[Game Programming Patterns, Chapter 19, about Object Pools](http://gameprogrammingpatterns.com/object-pool.html)
[Wikipedia article about Object Pools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_pool)
## License
Licensed under either of
* Apache License, Version 2.0, ([LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) or http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
* MIT license ([LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
at your option.
## Contribution
Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be dual licensed
as above, without any additional terms or conditions.