mamba-rs 0.3.1

Mamba SSM and Mamba-3 SISO in Rust with optional CUDA GPU acceleration. Inference and training (BPTT through SSM state, AdamW), CPU + GPU paths, custom CUDA kernels, CUDA Graph capture, f32 / bf16 / f16. Batch-invariant bf16 inference — per-row output is bit-identical across batch sizes.
Documentation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
//! Parallel GPU prefill for LLM prompt processing.
//!
//! Processes T tokens of a prompt in a single forward pass using the
//! `ssm_burnin_forward_nosave` / `ssm_parallel_scan_fwd_nosave` kernels,
//! producing the final hidden state in `GpuInferenceState` + last-timestep
//! temporal output. Avoids the O(T) kernel-launch overhead of step-by-step
//! prefill — 10-40× speedup for prompts with T > 128.
//!
//! Mirrors `gpu_forward_mamba_target_burnin` but uses the inference-path
//! flat `GpuMambaWeights` (not training `GpuMambaTrainWeights`).

use super::backward::{GpuMambaTargetMixedScratch, GpuMambaTargetScratch};
use super::blas::{
    TypedPtr, gpu_gemm_forward_dispatch, gpu_gemm_typed_forward_raw, gpu_sgemm_forward_raw,
};
use super::buffers::GpuBuffer;
use super::context::GpuCtx;
use super::forward::{GpuMambaDims, PARALLEL_SCAN_THRESHOLD};
use super::inference::GpuInferenceState;
use super::launch::{grid_1d, grid_norm, grid_parallel_scan};
use super::weights::{MambaLayerWeightsView, MambaWeightsView};
use cudarc::driver::PushKernelArg;

/// Prefill a batched prompt sequence through the Mamba backbone in one call.
///
/// Inputs:
/// - `target_temporal`: `[B * d_model]` — output (last timestep hidden state, f32)
/// - `ip_out_flat`: `[B * T * d_model]` — pre-embedded prompt tokens (batch × time × d_model)
/// - `weights`: flat-buffer inference weights (M1)
/// - `state`: persistent inference state (conv + SSM) — updated in-place
/// - `a_neg_all`: precomputed `-exp(a_log)` for all layers `[n_layers * d_inner * d_state]`
/// - `scratch`: batched B*T working buffers
///
/// Inputs bundle for `gpu_forward_inference_prefill`.
pub struct PrefillInputs<'a, W: MambaWeightsView> {
    pub ip_out_flat: &'a GpuBuffer,
    pub weights: &'a W,
    pub a_neg_all: &'a GpuBuffer,
}

/// After this call, `state` holds the recurrent state at position T, and
/// `target_temporal` holds the pre-lm_head hidden state for token T (last).
/// Follow with normal `step()` calls to continue decoding.
pub fn gpu_forward_inference_prefill<W: MambaWeightsView>(
    ctx: &GpuCtx,
    target_temporal: &mut GpuBuffer,
    inputs: PrefillInputs<'_, W>,
    state: &mut GpuInferenceState,
    scratch: &mut GpuMambaTargetScratch,
) -> Result<(), String> {
    let PrefillInputs {
        ip_out_flat,
        weights,
        a_neg_all,
    } = inputs;
    let dims: GpuMambaDims = scratch.dims;
    let seq_len = dims.seq_len;
    let b = dims.batch;
    let bt = b * seq_len;
    let dm = dims.d_model;
    let di = dims.d_inner;
    let ds = dims.d_state;
    let dt_rank = dims.dt_rank;
    let xdbl_dim = dims.xdbl_dim;
    let d_conv = dims.d_conv;
    let t = seq_len;

    // State is the persistent inference state — do NOT zero. We build on top.
    // Working temporal: start with the input embeddings for all T timesteps.
    scratch.out_flat.copy_from(ip_out_flat, &ctx.stream)?;

    let f32_sz = std::mem::size_of::<f32>() as u64;

    for layer_idx in 0..weights.n_layers() {
        let lw = weights.layer(layer_idx);

        // Per-layer state pointers into the inference state (NOT scratch.conv_states).
        // inference state layout: conv[n_layers][batch * d_inner * d_conv],
        //                         ssm[n_layers][batch * d_inner * d_state].
        let conv_per_layer = b * di * d_conv;
        let ssm_per_layer = b * di * ds;
        let conv_ptr = state.conv.cached_ptr() + (layer_idx * conv_per_layer) as u64 * f32_sz;
        let ssm_ptr = state.ssm.cached_ptr() + (layer_idx * ssm_per_layer) as u64 * f32_sz;
        let a_neg_ptr = a_neg_all.cached_ptr() + (layer_idx * di * ds) as u64 * f32_sz;

        // F1: RmsNorm [B*T] ← save residual first
        scratch.residual.copy_from(&scratch.out_flat, &ctx.stream)?;
        {
            let bt_i = bt as i32;
            let dm_i = dm as i32;
            let eps: f32 = 1e-5;
            let mut builder = ctx.stream.launch_builder(&ctx.kernels.rmsnorm_fwd);
            builder.arg(scratch.out_flat.inner_mut());
            builder.arg(scratch.rms_discard.inner_mut());
            builder.arg(scratch.residual.inner());
            let nw = lw.norm_weight();
            builder.arg(&nw);
            builder.arg(&bt_i);
            builder.arg(&dm_i);
            builder.arg(&eps);
            unsafe { builder.launch(grid_norm(bt, dm)) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("rmsnorm prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
        }

        // F2: in_proj GEMM [B*T, dm] → [B*T, 2*di] (dtype-dispatched)
        let (ipw, ipw_dt) = lw.in_proj_w();
        gpu_gemm_forward_dispatch(
            ctx,
            &mut scratch.proj_flat,
            &scratch.out_flat,
            ipw,
            ipw_dt,
            None,
            (bt, dm, 2 * di),
        )?;

        // F3: split x + SiLU(gate) [B*T]
        {
            let bt_i = bt as i32;
            let di_i = di as i32;
            let gs_raw = scratch.gate_silu.cached_ptr();
            let mut builder = ctx.stream.launch_builder(&ctx.kernels.split_gate_silu);
            builder.arg(scratch.x_branch.inner_mut());
            builder.arg(scratch.gate_silu.inner_mut());
            builder.arg(&gs_raw);
            builder.arg(scratch.proj_flat.inner());
            builder.arg(&bt_i);
            builder.arg(&di_i);
            unsafe { builder.launch(grid_1d(bt * di)) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("split_gate prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
        }

        // F4a: conv1d burnin nosave + fused SiLU [all T, parallel B*d_inner]
        {
            let b_i = b as i32;
            let t_i = t as i32;
            let di_i = di as i32;
            let dc_i = d_conv as i32;
            let mut builder = ctx
                .stream
                .launch_builder(&ctx.kernels.conv1d_burnin_fwd_nosave);
            builder.arg(scratch.u.inner_mut());
            builder.arg(&conv_ptr); // INFERENCE STATE conv — persistent
            builder.arg(scratch.x_branch.inner());
            let cw = lw.conv1d_weight();
            let cb = lw.conv1d_bias();
            builder.arg(&cw);
            builder.arg(&cb);
            builder.arg(&b_i);
            builder.arg(&t_i);
            builder.arg(&di_i);
            builder.arg(&dc_i);
            unsafe { builder.launch(grid_1d(b * di)) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("conv1d_nosave prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
        }

        // F4b: x_proj GEMM [B*T, di] → [B*T, xdbl_dim]
        let (xpw, xpw_dt) = lw.x_proj_w();
        gpu_gemm_forward_dispatch(
            ctx,
            &mut scratch.xdbl,
            &scratch.u,
            xpw,
            xpw_dt,
            None,
            (bt, di, xdbl_dim),
        )?;

        // F4c: gather dt + dt_proj + softplus
        {
            let bt_i = bt as i32;
            let xdbl_i = xdbl_dim as i32;
            let dt_i = dt_rank as i32;
            let offset: i32 = 0;
            let mut builder = ctx.stream.launch_builder(&ctx.kernels.gather_cols);
            builder.arg(scratch.dt_gather.inner_mut());
            builder.arg(scratch.xdbl.inner());
            builder.arg(&bt_i);
            builder.arg(&xdbl_i);
            builder.arg(&dt_i);
            builder.arg(&offset);
            unsafe { builder.launch(grid_1d(bt * dt_rank)) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("gather dt prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
        }
        let (dpw, dpw_dt) = lw.dt_proj_w();
        gpu_gemm_forward_dispatch(
            ctx,
            &mut scratch.delta,
            &scratch.dt_gather,
            dpw,
            dpw_dt,
            Some(lw.dt_proj_b()),
            (bt, dt_rank, di),
        )?;
        {
            let n = (bt * di) as i32;
            let mut builder = ctx.stream.launch_builder(&ctx.kernels.softplus_fwd);
            builder.arg(scratch.delta.inner_mut());
            builder.arg(&n);
            unsafe { builder.launch(grid_1d(bt * di)) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("softplus prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
        }

        // F4d: gather B/C + SSM burnin nosave (sequential for T ≤ 256, parallel otherwise)
        {
            let bt_i = bt as i32;
            let xdbl_i = xdbl_dim as i32;
            let ds_i = ds as i32;
            let b_offset = dt_rank as i32;
            let c_offset = (dt_rank + ds) as i32;
            let mut builder = ctx.stream.launch_builder(&ctx.kernels.gather_bc_cols);
            builder.arg(scratch.b_gathered.inner_mut());
            builder.arg(scratch.c_gathered.inner_mut());
            builder.arg(scratch.xdbl.inner());
            builder.arg(&bt_i);
            builder.arg(&xdbl_i);
            builder.arg(&ds_i);
            builder.arg(&b_offset);
            builder.arg(&c_offset);
            unsafe { builder.launch(grid_1d(bt * ds)) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("gather_bc prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
        }
        {
            let b_i = b as i32;
            let t_i = t as i32;
            let di_i = di as i32;
            let ds_i = ds as i32;
            if t > PARALLEL_SCAN_THRESHOLD || ds > 64 {
                let mut builder = ctx
                    .stream
                    .launch_builder(&ctx.kernels.ssm_parallel_fwd_nosave);
                builder.arg(&ssm_ptr);
                builder.arg(scratch.y.inner_mut());
                builder.arg(scratch.delta.inner());
                builder.arg(scratch.u.inner());
                builder.arg(scratch.b_gathered.inner());
                builder.arg(scratch.c_gathered.inner());
                builder.arg(&a_neg_ptr);
                let dp = lw.d_param();
                builder.arg(&dp);
                builder.arg(&b_i);
                builder.arg(&t_i);
                builder.arg(&di_i);
                builder.arg(&ds_i);
                unsafe { builder.launch(grid_parallel_scan(b, di)) }
                    .map_err(|e| format!("ssm_parallel prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
            } else {
                let mut builder = ctx
                    .stream
                    .launch_builder(&ctx.kernels.ssm_burnin_fwd_nosave);
                builder.arg(&ssm_ptr);
                builder.arg(scratch.y.inner_mut());
                builder.arg(scratch.delta.inner());
                builder.arg(scratch.u.inner());
                builder.arg(scratch.b_gathered.inner());
                builder.arg(scratch.c_gathered.inner());
                builder.arg(&a_neg_ptr);
                let dp = lw.d_param();
                builder.arg(&dp);
                builder.arg(&b_i);
                builder.arg(&t_i);
                builder.arg(&di_i);
                builder.arg(&ds_i);
                unsafe { builder.launch(grid_1d(b * di)) }
                    .map_err(|e| format!("ssm_nosave prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
            }
        }

        // F4e: gating — y * gate_silu
        {
            let n = (bt * di) as i32;
            let mut builder = ctx.stream.launch_builder(&ctx.kernels.elementwise_mul);
            builder.arg(scratch.gated.inner_mut());
            builder.arg(scratch.y.inner());
            builder.arg(scratch.gate_silu.inner());
            builder.arg(&n);
            unsafe { builder.launch(grid_1d(bt * di)) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("gating prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
        }

        // F5: out_proj GEMM [B*T, di] → [B*T, dm]
        let (opw, opw_dt) = lw.out_proj_w();
        gpu_gemm_forward_dispatch(
            ctx,
            &mut scratch.out_flat,
            &scratch.gated,
            opw,
            opw_dt,
            None,
            (bt, di, dm),
        )?;

        // F6: residual add (in-place on out_flat)
        {
            let n = (bt * dm) as i32;
            let mut builder = ctx.stream.launch_builder(&ctx.kernels.vec_add_inplace);
            builder.arg(scratch.out_flat.inner_mut());
            builder.arg(scratch.residual.inner());
            builder.arg(&n);
            unsafe { builder.launch(grid_1d(bt * dm)) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("residual prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
        }
    }

    // Final RmsNorm (norm_f) over all B*T timesteps
    {
        let bt_i = bt as i32;
        let dm_i = dm as i32;
        let eps: f32 = 1e-5;
        scratch.residual.copy_from(&scratch.out_flat, &ctx.stream)?;
        let mut builder = ctx.stream.launch_builder(&ctx.kernels.rmsnorm_fwd);
        builder.arg(scratch.out_flat.inner_mut());
        builder.arg(scratch.rms_discard.inner_mut());
        builder.arg(scratch.residual.inner());
        let nfw = weights.norm_f_weight();
        builder.arg(&nfw);
        builder.arg(&bt_i);
        builder.arg(&dm_i);
        builder.arg(&eps);
        unsafe { builder.launch(grid_norm(bt, dm)) }
            .map_err(|e| format!("norm_f prefill: {e:?}"))?;
    }

    // Extract last timestep into target_temporal [B * dm]
    {
        let b_i = b as i32;
        let t_i = t as i32;
        let dm_i = dm as i32;
        let mut builder = ctx.stream.launch_builder(&ctx.kernels.gather_last_timestep);
        builder.arg(target_temporal.inner_mut());
        builder.arg(scratch.out_flat.inner());
        builder.arg(&b_i);
        builder.arg(&t_i);
        builder.arg(&dm_i);
        unsafe { builder.launch(grid_1d(b * dm)) }
            .map_err(|e| format!("gather_last prefill: {e:?}"))?;
    }

    // Avoid unused warning on the identity_proj-unused sgemm import
    let _ = gpu_sgemm_forward_raw;

    Ok(())
}

/// End-to-end bf16/f16 prefill — mirror of `gpu_forward_inference_prefill`
/// with half-precision activations throughout and an f32 residual stream.
///
/// Target output (`target_temporal`) is a `DtypedBuf` in the same dtype as
/// the mixed weights — downstream lm_head expects bf16/f16 directly.
///
/// Note: the sequential `ssm_burnin_forward_nosave_<dtype>` kernel is used
/// unconditionally. The optimized parallel-scan variant is only implemented
/// in f32 today; for T > 256 the sequential path will be measurably slower
/// but still functionally correct. Typical LLM prompts (≤ 256 tokens) get
/// the full bandwidth savings.
pub fn gpu_forward_inference_prefill_mixed<W: MambaWeightsView>(
    ctx: &GpuCtx,
    target_temporal: &super::buffers::DtypedBuf,
    inputs: PrefillInputs<'_, W>,
    state: &mut GpuInferenceState,
    scratch: &mut GpuMambaTargetMixedScratch,
) -> Result<(), String> {
    let PrefillInputs {
        ip_out_flat,
        weights,
        a_neg_all,
    } = inputs;
    let dt = scratch.dtype;
    assert_eq!(
        target_temporal.dtype(),
        dt,
        "target_temporal dtype must match mixed scratch dtype"
    );
    let dims: GpuMambaDims = scratch.dims;
    let seq_len = dims.seq_len;
    let b = dims.batch;
    let bt = b * seq_len;
    let dm = dims.d_model;
    let di = dims.d_inner;
    let ds = dims.d_state;
    let dt_rank = dims.dt_rank;
    let xdbl_dim = dims.xdbl_dim;
    let d_conv = dims.d_conv;
    let t = seq_len;
    let k = &ctx.kernels;

    // Seed the f32 residual stream with the incoming embeddings. `ip_out_flat`
    // is already f32 (CPU embed lookup); no downcast needed to set up residual.
    scratch.residual.copy_from(ip_out_flat, &ctx.stream)?;

    let f32_sz = std::mem::size_of::<f32>() as u64;

    for layer_idx in 0..weights.n_layers() {
        let lw = weights.layer(layer_idx);
        let conv_per_layer = b * di * d_conv;
        let ssm_per_layer = b * di * ds;
        let conv_ptr = state.conv.cached_ptr() + (layer_idx * conv_per_layer) as u64 * f32_sz;
        let ssm_ptr = state.ssm.cached_ptr() + (layer_idx * ssm_per_layer) as u64 * f32_sz;
        let a_neg_ptr = a_neg_all.cached_ptr() + (layer_idx * di * ds) as u64 * f32_sz;

        // F1: rmsnorm f32in → half_out (out_flat ← residual * norm_w).
        {
            let bt_i = bt as i32;
            let dm_i = dm as i32;
            let eps: f32 = 1e-5;
            let mut bld = ctx.stream.launch_builder(k.rmsnorm_fwd_f32in_typed.get(dt));
            let out_ptr = scratch.out_flat.cached_ptr();
            let rms_ptr = scratch.rms_discard.cached_ptr();
            let res_ptr = scratch.residual.cached_ptr();
            bld.arg(&out_ptr);
            bld.arg(&rms_ptr);
            bld.arg(&res_ptr);
            let nw = lw.norm_weight();
            bld.arg(&nw);
            bld.arg(&bt_i);
            bld.arg(&dm_i);
            bld.arg(&eps);
            unsafe { bld.launch(grid_norm(bt, dm)) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("rmsnorm_f32in prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
        }

        // F2: in_proj GEMM typed bf16 → bf16 proj.
        let (ipw, ipw_dt) = lw.in_proj_w();
        gpu_gemm_typed_forward_raw(
            ctx,
            TypedPtr {
                ptr: scratch.proj_flat.cached_ptr(),
                dtype: dt,
            },
            TypedPtr {
                ptr: scratch.out_flat.cached_ptr(),
                dtype: dt,
            },
            TypedPtr {
                ptr: ipw,
                dtype: ipw_dt,
            },
            None,
            (bt, dm, 2 * di),
        )?;

        // F3: split_gate_silu typed.
        {
            let bt_i = bt as i32;
            let di_i = di as i32;
            let gs_raw = scratch.gate_silu.cached_ptr();
            let mut bld = ctx.stream.launch_builder(k.split_gate_silu_typed.get(dt));
            let xb_ptr = scratch.x_branch.cached_ptr();
            let proj_ptr = scratch.proj_flat.cached_ptr();
            bld.arg(&xb_ptr);
            bld.arg(&gs_raw);
            bld.arg(&gs_raw);
            bld.arg(&proj_ptr);
            bld.arg(&bt_i);
            bld.arg(&di_i);
            unsafe { bld.launch(grid_1d(bt * di)) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("split_gate prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
        }

        // F4a: conv1d burnin nosave typed (with fused SiLU).
        {
            let b_i = b as i32;
            let t_i = t as i32;
            let di_i = di as i32;
            let dc_i = d_conv as i32;
            let mut bld = ctx
                .stream
                .launch_builder(k.conv1d_burnin_nosave_typed.get(dt));
            let u_ptr = scratch.u.cached_ptr();
            let xb_ptr = scratch.x_branch.cached_ptr();
            bld.arg(&u_ptr);
            bld.arg(&conv_ptr);
            bld.arg(&xb_ptr);
            let cw = lw.conv1d_weight();
            let cb = lw.conv1d_bias();
            bld.arg(&cw);
            bld.arg(&cb);
            bld.arg(&b_i);
            bld.arg(&t_i);
            bld.arg(&di_i);
            bld.arg(&dc_i);
            unsafe { bld.launch(grid_1d(b * di)) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("conv1d_nosave prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
        }

        // F4b: x_proj GEMM typed.
        let (xpw, xpw_dt) = lw.x_proj_w();
        gpu_gemm_typed_forward_raw(
            ctx,
            TypedPtr {
                ptr: scratch.xdbl.cached_ptr(),
                dtype: dt,
            },
            TypedPtr {
                ptr: scratch.u.cached_ptr(),
                dtype: dt,
            },
            TypedPtr {
                ptr: xpw,
                dtype: xpw_dt,
            },
            None,
            (bt, di, xdbl_dim),
        )?;

        // F4c: gather_cols typed + dt_proj GEMM typed + softplus typed.
        {
            let bt_i = bt as i32;
            let xdbl_i = xdbl_dim as i32;
            let dt_i = dt_rank as i32;
            let offset: i32 = 0;
            let mut bld = ctx.stream.launch_builder(k.gather_cols_typed.get(dt));
            let dtg_ptr = scratch.dt_gather.cached_ptr();
            let xdbl_ptr = scratch.xdbl.cached_ptr();
            bld.arg(&dtg_ptr);
            bld.arg(&xdbl_ptr);
            bld.arg(&bt_i);
            bld.arg(&xdbl_i);
            bld.arg(&dt_i);
            bld.arg(&offset);
            unsafe { bld.launch(grid_1d(bt * dt_rank)) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("gather dt prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
        }
        let (dpw, dpw_dt) = lw.dt_proj_w();
        gpu_gemm_typed_forward_raw(
            ctx,
            TypedPtr {
                ptr: scratch.delta.cached_ptr(),
                dtype: dt,
            },
            TypedPtr {
                ptr: scratch.dt_gather.cached_ptr(),
                dtype: dt,
            },
            TypedPtr {
                ptr: dpw,
                dtype: dpw_dt,
            },
            Some(lw.dt_proj_b()),
            (bt, dt_rank, di),
        )?;
        {
            let n = (bt * di) as i32;
            let mut bld = ctx.stream.launch_builder(k.softplus_fwd_typed.get(dt));
            let d_ptr = scratch.delta.cached_ptr();
            bld.arg(&d_ptr);
            bld.arg(&n);
            unsafe { bld.launch(grid_1d(bt * di)) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("softplus prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
        }

        // F4d: gather_bc_cols typed + ssm_burnin_nosave typed.
        {
            let bt_i = bt as i32;
            let xdbl_i = xdbl_dim as i32;
            let ds_i = ds as i32;
            let b_offset = dt_rank as i32;
            let c_offset = (dt_rank + ds) as i32;
            let mut bld = ctx.stream.launch_builder(k.gather_bc_cols_typed.get(dt));
            let bb_ptr = scratch.b_gathered.cached_ptr();
            let cb_ptr = scratch.c_gathered.cached_ptr();
            let xdbl_ptr = scratch.xdbl.cached_ptr();
            bld.arg(&bb_ptr);
            bld.arg(&cb_ptr);
            bld.arg(&xdbl_ptr);
            bld.arg(&bt_i);
            bld.arg(&xdbl_i);
            bld.arg(&ds_i);
            bld.arg(&b_offset);
            bld.arg(&c_offset);
            unsafe { bld.launch(grid_1d(bt * ds)) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("gather_bc prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
        }
        {
            let b_i = b as i32;
            let t_i = t as i32;
            let di_i = di as i32;
            let ds_i = ds as i32;
            // Note: parallel scan is f32-only; for mixed we unconditionally use
            // the sequential typed burnin (slower for T > 256 but correct).
            let _ = (PARALLEL_SCAN_THRESHOLD, grid_parallel_scan);
            let mut bld = ctx.stream.launch_builder(k.ssm_burnin_nosave_typed.get(dt));
            let y_ptr = scratch.y.cached_ptr();
            let delta_ptr = scratch.delta.cached_ptr();
            let u_ptr = scratch.u.cached_ptr();
            let bb_ptr = scratch.b_gathered.cached_ptr();
            let cb_ptr = scratch.c_gathered.cached_ptr();
            bld.arg(&ssm_ptr);
            bld.arg(&y_ptr);
            bld.arg(&delta_ptr);
            bld.arg(&u_ptr);
            bld.arg(&bb_ptr);
            bld.arg(&cb_ptr);
            bld.arg(&a_neg_ptr);
            let dp = lw.d_param();
            bld.arg(&dp);
            bld.arg(&b_i);
            bld.arg(&t_i);
            bld.arg(&di_i);
            bld.arg(&ds_i);
            unsafe { bld.launch(grid_1d(b * di)) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("ssm_nosave prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
        }

        // F4e: gating — y * gate_silu (typed).
        {
            let n = (bt * di) as i32;
            let mut bld = ctx.stream.launch_builder(k.elementwise_mul_typed.get(dt));
            let gated_ptr = scratch.gated.cached_ptr();
            let y_ptr = scratch.y.cached_ptr();
            let gs_ptr = scratch.gate_silu.cached_ptr();
            bld.arg(&gated_ptr);
            bld.arg(&y_ptr);
            bld.arg(&gs_ptr);
            bld.arg(&n);
            unsafe { bld.launch(grid_1d(bt * di)) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("gating prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
        }

        // F5: out_proj GEMM typed.
        let (opw, opw_dt) = lw.out_proj_w();
        gpu_gemm_typed_forward_raw(
            ctx,
            TypedPtr {
                ptr: scratch.out_flat.cached_ptr(),
                dtype: dt,
            },
            TypedPtr {
                ptr: scratch.gated.cached_ptr(),
                dtype: dt,
            },
            TypedPtr {
                ptr: opw,
                dtype: opw_dt,
            },
            None,
            (bt, di, dm),
        )?;

        // F6: residual_add_f32_typed — residual_f32 += out_flat_bf16 (stays f32).
        {
            let n = (bt * dm) as i32;
            let mut bld = ctx.stream.launch_builder(k.residual_add_f32_typed.get(dt));
            let r_ptr = scratch.residual.cached_ptr();
            let t_ptr = scratch.out_flat.cached_ptr();
            bld.arg(&r_ptr);
            bld.arg(&r_ptr);
            bld.arg(&t_ptr);
            bld.arg(&n);
            unsafe { bld.launch(grid_1d(bt * dm)) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("residual_add_f32 prefill L{layer_idx}: {e:?}"))?;
        }
    }

    // Final norm_f: residual_f32 → out_flat_bf16 (all T timesteps).
    {
        let bt_i = bt as i32;
        let dm_i = dm as i32;
        let eps: f32 = 1e-5;
        let mut bld = ctx.stream.launch_builder(k.rmsnorm_fwd_f32in_typed.get(dt));
        let out_ptr = scratch.out_flat.cached_ptr();
        let rms_ptr = scratch.rms_discard.cached_ptr();
        let res_ptr = scratch.residual.cached_ptr();
        bld.arg(&out_ptr);
        bld.arg(&rms_ptr);
        bld.arg(&res_ptr);
        let nfw = weights.norm_f_weight();
        bld.arg(&nfw);
        bld.arg(&bt_i);
        bld.arg(&dm_i);
        bld.arg(&eps);
        unsafe { bld.launch(grid_norm(bt, dm)) }
            .map_err(|e| format!("norm_f prefill mixed: {e:?}"))?;
    }

    // Extract last timestep → target_temporal (bf16/f16).
    {
        let b_i = b as i32;
        let t_i = t as i32;
        let dm_i = dm as i32;
        let mut bld = ctx
            .stream
            .launch_builder(k.gather_last_timestep_typed.get(dt));
        let dst_ptr = target_temporal.cached_ptr();
        let src_ptr = scratch.out_flat.cached_ptr();
        bld.arg(&dst_ptr);
        bld.arg(&src_ptr);
        bld.arg(&b_i);
        bld.arg(&t_i);
        bld.arg(&dm_i);
        unsafe { bld.launch(grid_1d(b * dm)) }
            .map_err(|e| format!("gather_last_typed prefill: {e:?}"))?;
    }

    Ok(())
}