ltk_wad

Reading, extracting and building League of Legends WAD archives, the .wad.client files that hold the assets of the game.

• A WAD is a table of chunks followed by their bytes.
• Each chunk is one file, compressed on its own with gzip or zstd, or stored as is.
• The archive keeps no file names. The key of a chunk is the xxh64 of its lower-case path, typed as WadHash.
• A name comes back only through a hash table, such as the one CommunityDragon maintains, or out of the .bin files inside the archive.

The crate supports reading all versions and writing the latest one, and is part of League Toolkit. The umbrella crate exposes it as league_toolkit::wad behind the wad feature.

[dependencies]
ltk_wad = "0.4"
ltk_hash = "0.4" # to hash paths yourself

Contents

• Feature flags
• Reading an archive
• Naming chunks
• Extracting to disk
• Recovering names from the bins
• Building an archive
• Signatures
• Parallel pipelines

Feature flags

Reading an archive

use std::fs::File;
use ltk_hash::Hash as _;
use ltk_wad::{Wad, WadHash};

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let mut wad = Wad::mount(File::open("Aatrox.wad.client")?)?;
    println!("{} chunks", wad.chunks().len());

    // The table is sorted by hash, and a chunk is a few numbers.
    for chunk in wad.chunks() {
        println!(
            "{:016x} {:?} {} bytes",
            chunk.path_hash, chunk.compression_type, chunk.uncompressed_size
        );
    }

    // A lookup takes the hash of the path, and the bytes come back decompressed.
    let hash = WadHash::hash_str("data/characters/aatrox/aatrox.bin");
    if let Some(chunk) = wad.chunks().get(hash).copied() {
        let bytes = wad.load_chunk_decompressed(&chunk)?;
        println!("{} bytes of bin", bytes.len());
    }
    Ok(())
}

• Wad::mount reads the header and the chunk table, and keeps the source open. Any Read + Seek is a source.
• The bytes of a chunk come off the source when you ask for them.
• load_chunk_raw gives the compressed bytes. decompress_raw or a ChunkDecoder turns them into the file.
• Wad keeps one decoder, so a run of load_chunk_decompressed calls pays for one zstd context.

On WadHash:

• WadHash::hash_str is a method of the ltk_hash::Hash trait, which is why the example imports it.
• A hash you already hold is WadHash(value).
• WadHash parses from its sixteen hex digits with str::parse, and prints as hex.

Naming chunks

Whatever names the chunks is a PathResolver: resolve(hash) answers the path, or None for a hash it has no name for. These are resolvers:

• every HashMap<WadHash, String>
• a reference, a Box or an Arc of any resolver
• NoResolver, which names nothing
• RecoveredNames, the names read out of the bins, and over layers it on top of another resolver

A CommunityDragon hash table is one name per line, as the hash in hex, a space, and the path:

use std::collections::HashMap;
use ltk_wad::WadHash;

let names: HashMap<WadHash, String> = std::fs::read_to_string("hashes.game.txt")?
    .lines()
    .filter_map(|line| line.split_once(' '))
    .filter_map(|(hash, path)| Some((hash.parse().ok()?, path.to_owned())))
    .collect();

Extracting to disk

use ltk_wad::{ExistingFilePolicy, WadExtractor};

let mut extractor = WadExtractor::new(&names)
    .with_filter(|path| path.starts_with("assets/characters/"))
    .with_existing_file_policy(ExistingFilePolicy::Skip)
    .on_progress(|p| println!("{:5.1}% {}", p.fraction() * 100.0, p.path()));

let report = extractor.extract_all(&mut wad, "out")?;
println!("{report}");

What the builder takes:

• with_filter keeps the chunks whose path the closure accepts. An unnamed chunk shows as its hash.
• with_type_filter keeps only the given LeagueFileKinds, by what the bytes identify as.
• with_layout(ExtractLayout::Flat) drops the directories. A second chunk of one name takes name.<hash>.ext.
• with_existing_file_policy(ExistingFilePolicy::Skip) leaves a file that exists, and counts it.
• on_progress hears of each chunk once it is done, with the count, the path, the result and the bytes.
• with_cancel_flag takes an AtomicBool, and the reader tests it before each chunk.
• with_workers sets the thread count. The default is the parallelism of the machine, capped at eight.
• with_name_recovery reads the bins for the names the resolver lacks. See below.

What it runs:

• extract_all extracts every chunk.
• extract_chunks takes the hashes of the chunks to extract, and lists the ones the archive lacks under report.missing.

How it runs:

• The reader walks the archive in order on the calling thread.
• It hands each chunk to a worker over a channel bounded by the worker count, and the worker decompresses and writes it.
• The resolver, the path filter and the progress callback stay on the calling thread, so none of them needs to be Sync.

Where a chunk lands on disk:

What comes back:

• An ExtractReport counts the chunks written, skipped and missing, the bytes, and the chunks by kind. It prints as one line.
• A chunk that fails to read, decompress or write fails the extraction with WadError::Chunk, which wraps the cause with the hash and the path of the chunk.

Recovering names from the bins

The .bin files of League name the assets they use by path. So the names of many chunks a hash table lacks sit inside the archive itself. with_name_recovery() reads them out before the extraction writes anything:

let report = WadExtractor::new(&names)
    .with_name_recovery()
    .extract_all(&mut wad, "out")?;
println!(
    "{} names from {} bins",
    report.recovered.len(),
    report.recovered.bins_scanned
);

A match is exact: a string counts only when its hash is the hash of a chunk the resolver could not name. The pass stays cheap:

• Nothing runs when the resolver names every chunk.
• The scan finds a bin by its name, or by its first bytes, which it decodes from the first compressed block alone.
• It reads the strings out as the length-prefixed runs the format writes, with no parse of the object tree.
• The bins decompress on the worker threads.

On an archive of 30,000 chunks the pass takes tens of milliseconds with a hash table, and under a second with none. NameRecovery runs the same scan on its own, and returns the RecoveredNames.

Building an archive

use std::io::{Cursor, Write as _};
use ltk_wad::{WadBuilder, WadChunkBuilder, WadChunkCompression};

let mut out = Cursor::new(Vec::new());
WadBuilder::default()
    .with_chunk(WadChunkBuilder::default().with_path("data/characters/aatrox/aatrox.bin"))
    .with_chunk(
        WadChunkBuilder::default()
            .with_path("assets/characters/aatrox/skins/base/aatrox_base_tx_cm.dds")
            .with_force_compression(WadChunkCompression::None),
    )
    .build_to_writer(&mut out, |path_hash, cursor| {
        // The bytes of the chunk at `path_hash`, from wherever they live.
        cursor.write_all(&bytes_for(path_hash))?;
        Ok(())
    })?;

• The builder writes the chunks in hash order, which the game requires.
• It picks the compression of each chunk by what its bytes identify as, unless with_force_compression says otherwise.
• with_path hashes a path for the chunk, and with_hash takes a hash you already hold.
• with_prebuilt_signature and with_prebuilt_checksum keep the header of a mounted archive, for a byte-identical rebuild.

Signatures

Riot signs the chunk table. verify_signature checks the embedded PKCS#1 v1.5 signature over the SHA-256 of the table, and RITO_PKEY is the public key of Riot:

use ltk_wad::rsa::{pkcs8::DecodePublicKey as _, RsaPublicKey};
use ltk_wad::RITO_PKEY;

let key = RsaPublicKey::from_public_key_der(RITO_PKEY)?;
let (valid, toc_sha256) = wad.verify_signature(&key)?;

Parallel pipelines

load_chunk_raw and decompress_raw split the I/O from the CPU work, so a pipeline reads the archive in order and decompresses wherever it likes:

use ltk_wad::{decompress_raw, WadChunk};

let chunks: Vec<WadChunk> = wad.chunks().iter().copied().collect();
for chunk in &chunks {
    let raw = wad.load_chunk_raw(chunk)?;
    // This can run on another thread. `wad` is not borrowed.
    let bytes = decompress_raw(&raw, chunk.compression_type, chunk.uncompressed_size)?;
}

Three ways to decode:

• decompress_raw decodes one chunk, and builds a zstd context for it.
• ChunkDecoder keeps one zstd context between chunks, the right tool for a thread that decodes many.
• decompress_prefix, on either, decodes the first bytes of a chunk alone from a prefix of its raw bytes, enough to tell its kind.

License

Apache-2.0.