llama-cpp-bindings-sys 0.8.0

Low level bindings to llama.cpp
Documentation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
#include "rvv_kernels.h"

#include "common.h"
#include "ggml.h"
#include "ops.h"
#include "string.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdint>
#include <stdexcept>

#if !defined(__riscv_v) || !defined(__riscv_v_intrinsic)
#    error "riscv v extension or v_intrinsic not enabled"
#else
#    include <riscv_vector.h>
#endif

#if !defined(__riscv_zfh)
#    error "riscv zfh extension not enabled"
#endif

#if defined(__GNUC__)
#    pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Woverlength-strings"
#    pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wcast-qual"
#    pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-parameter"
#endif

namespace spacemit_kernels::rvv {

namespace {

auto align_up(size_t value, size_t alignment) {
    return (value + alignment - 1) / alignment * alignment;
}

static inline bool flash_attn_ext_supported_d_vlen1024_vf16(int64_t d) {
    return d > 0 && d <= 128;
}

static inline bool flash_attn_ext_supported_shape_vlen1024_vf16(int64_t DK, int64_t DV) {
    return flash_attn_ext_supported_d_vlen1024_vf16(DK) && flash_attn_ext_supported_d_vlen1024_vf16(DV);
}

static inline float reduce_sum_f32m4_vlen1024(vfloat32m4_t v, size_t vl) {
    vfloat32m1_t s_v = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, 1);
    s_v              = __riscv_vfredusum_vs_f32m4_f32m1(v, s_v, vl);
    return __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(s_v);
}

static inline float reduce_sum_f32m2_vlen1024(vfloat32m2_t v, size_t vl) {
    vfloat32m1_t s_v = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, 1);
    s_v              = __riscv_vfredusum_vs_f32m2_f32m1(v, s_v, vl);
    return __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(s_v);
}

// Adapted from ggml_v_expf_m2 in vec.h. This is accurate enough for softmax.
static inline vfloat32m2_t rvv_expf_approx_f32m2(vfloat32m2_t x, size_t vl) {
    const vfloat32m2_t r = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m2(0x1.8p23f, vl);
    const vfloat32m2_t z = __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f32m2(r, 0x1.715476p+0f, x, vl);
    const vfloat32m2_t n = __riscv_vfsub_vv_f32m2(z, r, vl);
    const vfloat32m2_t b =
        __riscv_vfnmsac_vf_f32m2(__riscv_vfnmsac_vf_f32m2(x, 0x1.62e4p-1f, n, vl), 0x1.7f7d1cp-20f, n, vl);
    const vuint32m2_t  e = __riscv_vsll_vx_u32m2(__riscv_vreinterpret_v_f32m2_u32m2(z), 23, vl);
    const vfloat32m2_t k = __riscv_vreinterpret_v_u32m2_f32m2(__riscv_vadd_vx_u32m2(e, 0x3f800000, vl));
    const vbool16_t    c = __riscv_vmfgt_vf_f32m2_b16(__riscv_vfabs_v_f32m2(n, vl), 126.0f, vl);
    const vfloat32m2_t u = __riscv_vfmul_vv_f32m2(b, b, vl);
    const vfloat32m2_t j = __riscv_vfmacc_vv_f32m2(
        __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m2(b, 0x1.ffffecp-1f, vl),
        __riscv_vfmacc_vv_f32m2(
            __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f32m2(__riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m2(0x1.fffdb6p-2f, vl), 0x1.555e66p-3f, b, vl),
            __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f32m2(__riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m2(0x1.573e2ep-5f, vl), 0x1.0e4020p-7f, b, vl), u, vl),
        u, vl);

    if (!__riscv_vcpop_m_b16(c, vl)) {
        return __riscv_vfmacc_vv_f32m2(k, j, k, vl);
    }

    const vbool16_t    dm = __riscv_vmfle_vf_f32m2_b16(n, 0.0f, vl);
    const vuint32m2_t  d  = __riscv_vmerge_vxm_u32m2(__riscv_vmv_v_x_u32m2(0, vl), 0x82000000, dm, vl);
    const vfloat32m2_t s1 = __riscv_vreinterpret_v_u32m2_f32m2(__riscv_vadd_vx_u32m2(d, 0x7f000000, vl));
    const vfloat32m2_t s2 = __riscv_vreinterpret_v_u32m2_f32m2(__riscv_vsub_vv_u32m2(e, d, vl));
    const vfloat32m2_t r1 =
        __riscv_vmerge_vvm_f32m2(__riscv_vfmacc_vv_f32m2(k, k, j, vl),
                                 __riscv_vfmul_vv_f32m2(__riscv_vfmacc_vv_f32m2(s2, s2, j, vl), s1, vl), c, vl);
    return __riscv_vmerge_vvm_f32m2(r1, __riscv_vfmul_vv_f32m2(s1, s1, vl),
                                    __riscv_vmfgt_vf_f32m2_b16(__riscv_vfabs_v_f32m2(n, vl), 192.0f, vl), vl);
}

static inline vfloat32m2_t rvv_tanh_approx_f32m2(vfloat32m2_t x, size_t vl) {
    const vfloat32m2_t abs_x       = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m2(x, vl);
    const vfloat32m2_t neg_2_abs   = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m2(abs_x, -2.0f, vl);
    const vfloat32m2_t exp_term    = rvv_expf_approx_f32m2(neg_2_abs, vl);
    const vfloat32m2_t numerator   = __riscv_vfsub_vf_f32m2(exp_term, 1.0f, vl);
    const vfloat32m2_t denominator = __riscv_vfadd_vf_f32m2(exp_term, 1.0f, vl);
    const vfloat32m2_t tanh_abs    = __riscv_vfneg_v_f32m2(__riscv_vfdiv_vv_f32m2(numerator, denominator, vl), vl);
    const vbool16_t    neg_mask    = __riscv_vmflt_vf_f32m2_b16(x, 0.0f, vl);
    const vfloat32m2_t tanh_neg    = __riscv_vfneg_v_f32m2(tanh_abs, vl);
    return __riscv_vmerge_vvm_f32m2(tanh_abs, tanh_neg, neg_mask, vl);
}

static void rvv_softcap_tanh_inplace_f32(float * dst, int64_t dst_stride, int64_t tile_rows, int64_t n, float softcap) {
    for (int tq = 0; tq < tile_rows; ++tq, dst += dst_stride) {
        float * dst_row   = dst;
        int64_t remaining = n;
        while (remaining > 0) {
            const size_t vl = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m2(remaining);
            vfloat32m2_t v  = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m2(dst_row, vl);
            v               = rvv_tanh_approx_f32m2(v, vl);
            v               = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m2(v, softcap, vl);
            __riscv_vse32_v_f32m2(dst_row, v, vl);
            dst_row += vl;
            remaining -= vl;
        }
    }
}

static inline float rvv_softmax_exp_inplace_f32(float * dst, int64_t n, float max_value) {
    float row_sum = 0.0f;
    while (n > 0) {
        const size_t vl = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m2(n);
        vfloat32m2_t v  = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m2(dst, vl);
        v               = __riscv_vfsub_vf_f32m2(v, max_value, vl);
        v               = rvv_expf_approx_f32m2(v, vl);
        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m2(dst, v, vl);
        row_sum += reduce_sum_f32m2_vlen1024(v, vl);
        dst += vl;
        n -= vl;
    }
    return row_sum;
}

static inline float rvv_add_max_inplace_f32(float * dst, const float * src, int64_t n) {
    float max_val = -INFINITY;
    while (n > 0) {
        const size_t vl   = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(n);
        vfloat32m4_t vdst = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(dst, vl);
        vfloat32m4_t vsrc = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(src, vl);
        vdst              = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m4(vdst, vsrc, vl);
        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst, vdst, vl);

        vfloat32m1_t seed = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(max_val, 1);
        seed              = __riscv_vfredmax_vs_f32m4_f32m1(vdst, seed, vl);
        max_val           = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(seed);

        dst += vl;
        src += vl;
        n -= vl;
    }
    return max_val;
}

static inline float rvv_softcap_add_max_inplace_f32(float * dst, const float * src, int64_t n, float softcap) {
    if (softcap == 0.0f) {
        return rvv_add_max_inplace_f32(dst, src, n);
    }

    float max_val = -INFINITY;
    while (n > 0) {
        const size_t vl   = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m2(n);
        vfloat32m2_t vdst = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m2(dst, vl);
        vfloat32m2_t vsrc = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m2(src, vl);
        vdst              = rvv_tanh_approx_f32m2(vdst, vl);
        vdst              = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m2(vdst, softcap, vl);
        vdst              = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m2(vdst, vsrc, vl);
        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m2(dst, vdst, vl);

        vfloat32m1_t seed = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(max_val, 1);
        seed              = __riscv_vfredmax_vs_f32m2_f32m1(vdst, seed, vl);
        max_val           = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(seed);

        dst += vl;
        src += vl;
        n -= vl;
    }
    return max_val;
}

static inline void rvv_zero_f32(float * dst, int64_t n) {
    while (n > 0) {
        const size_t       vl = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(n);
        const vfloat32m4_t z  = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m4(0.0f, vl);
        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst, z, vl);
        dst += vl;
        n -= vl;
    }
}

static inline void rvv_scale_f32(float * dst, float scale, int64_t n) {
    while (n > 0) {
        const size_t vl = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(n);
        vfloat32m4_t v  = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(dst, vl);
        v               = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(v, scale, vl);
        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst, v, vl);
        dst += vl;
        n -= vl;
    }
}

static inline void rvv_add_inplace_f32(float *       dst,
                                       int64_t       dst_stride,
                                       const float * src,
                                       int64_t       src_stride,
                                       int64_t       tile_rows,
                                       int64_t       n) {
    for (int tq = 0; tq < tile_rows; ++tq, dst += dst_stride, src += src_stride) {
        int64_t       remaining = n;
        float *       dst_row   = dst;
        const float * src_row   = src;
        while (remaining > 0) {
            const size_t vl   = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(remaining);
            vfloat32m4_t vdst = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(dst_row, vl);
            vfloat32m4_t vsrc = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(src_row, vl);
            vdst              = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m4(vdst, vsrc, vl);
            __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst_row, vdst, vl);
            dst_row += vl;
            src_row += vl;
            remaining -= vl;
        }
    }
}

static inline float rvv_max_f32(const float * src, int64_t n) {
    float max_val = -INFINITY;
    while (n > 0) {
        const size_t       vl   = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(n);
        const vfloat32m4_t v    = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(src, vl);
        vfloat32m1_t       seed = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(max_val, 1);
        seed                    = __riscv_vfredmax_vs_f32m4_f32m1(v, seed, vl);
        max_val                 = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(seed);
        src += vl;
        n -= vl;
    }
    return max_val;
}

static void rvv_pack_f32_as_scaled_f16(void *       dst,
                                       int64_t      dst_row_stride,
                                       const void * src,
                                       int64_t      src_row_stride,
                                       int64_t      tile_rows,
                                       int64_t      n,
                                       float        scale) {
    for (int tq = 0; tq < tile_rows; ++tq) {
        const float * row_ptr     = (const float *) ((const char *) src + tq * src_row_stride);
        _Float16 *    dst_row_ptr = (_Float16 *) ((char *) dst + tq * dst_row_stride);
        int64_t       remaining   = n;
        while (remaining > 0) {
            const size_t vl        = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(remaining);
            vfloat32m4_t v32       = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(row_ptr, vl);
            v32                    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(v32, scale, vl);
            const vfloat16m2_t v16 = __riscv_vfncvt_f_f_w_f16m2(v32, vl);
            __riscv_vse16_v_f16m2(dst_row_ptr, v16, vl);
            dst_row_ptr += vl;
            row_ptr += vl;
            remaining -= vl;
        }
    }
}

static void rvv_pack_scaled_f16_as_f32(void *       dst,
                                       int64_t      dst_row_stride,
                                       const void * src,
                                       int64_t      src_row_stride,
                                       int64_t      tile_rows,
                                       int64_t      n,
                                       float        scale) {
    for (int tq = 0; tq < tile_rows; ++tq) {
        const _Float16 * row_ptr     = (const _Float16 *) ((const char *) src + tq * src_row_stride);
        float *          dst_row_ptr = (float *) ((char *) dst + tq * dst_row_stride);
        int64_t          remaining   = n;
        while (remaining > 0) {
            const size_t       vl  = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m2(remaining);
            const vfloat16m2_t v16 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2(row_ptr, vl);
            vfloat32m4_t       v32 = __riscv_vfwcvt_f_f_v_f32m4(v16, vl);
            v32                    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(v32, scale, vl);
            __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst_row_ptr, v32, vl);
            dst_row_ptr += vl;
            row_ptr += vl;
            remaining -= vl;
        }
    }
}

static void rvv_pack_scaled_f32_as_f32(void *       dst,
                                       int64_t      dst_row_stride,
                                       const void * src,
                                       int64_t      src_row_stride,
                                       int64_t      tile_rows,
                                       int64_t      n,
                                       float *      scale) {
    for (int tq = 0; tq < tile_rows; ++tq) {
        const float * row_ptr     = (const float *) ((const char *) src + tq * src_row_stride);
        float *       dst_row_ptr = (float *) ((char *) dst + tq * dst_row_stride);
        int64_t       remaining   = n;
        while (remaining > 0) {
            const size_t vl  = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(remaining);
            vfloat32m4_t v32 = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(row_ptr, vl);
            v32              = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(v32, scale[tq], vl);
            __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst_row_ptr, v32, vl);
            dst_row_ptr += vl;
            row_ptr += vl;
            remaining -= vl;
        }
    }
}

static inline void rvv_transposed_s32_mn_to_nm(int8_t * dst,
                                               int64_t  n_dst_stride,
                                               int8_t * src,
                                               int64_t  m_src_stride,
                                               int64_t  m,
                                               int64_t  n) {
    int8_t * in  = src;
    int8_t * out = dst;

    __asm__ volatile(
        "vsetvli                t0, zero, e32, m1, tu, mu     \n\t"
        "mul                    t3, t0, %[os0]                \n\t"
        "srli                   t2, %[isz0], 3                \n\t"
        "blez                   t2, M1%=                      \n\t"

        "LOOP_M8%=:                                           \n\t"
        "addi                   a1, %[dst], 0                 \n\t"
        "addi                   s1, %[src], 0                 \n\t"
        "add                    s2, %[src], %[is0]            \n\t"
        "add                    s3, s2, %[is0]                \n\t"
        "add                    s4, s3, %[is0]                \n\t"
        "add                    s5, s4, %[is0]                \n\t"
        "add                    s6, s5, %[is0]                \n\t"
        "add                    s7, s6, %[is0]                \n\t"
        "add                    s8, s7, %[is0]                \n\t"
        "addi                   t1, %[isz1], 0                \n\t"

        "LOOP_M8N%=:                                          \n\t"
        "vsetvli                t0, t1, e32, m1, tu, mu       \n\t"
        "sub                    t1, t1, t0                    \n\t"
        "vle32.v                v0, (s1)                      \n\t"
        "sh2add                 s1, t0, s1                    \n\t"
        "vle32.v                v1, (s2)                      \n\t"
        "sh2add                 s2, t0, s2                    \n\t"
        "vle32.v                v2, (s3)                      \n\t"
        "sh2add                 s3, t0, s3                    \n\t"
        "vle32.v                v3, (s4)                      \n\t"
        "sh2add                 s4, t0, s4                    \n\t"
        "vle32.v                v4, (s5)                      \n\t"
        "sh2add                 s5, t0, s5                    \n\t"
        "vle32.v                v5, (s6)                      \n\t"
        "sh2add                 s6, t0, s6                    \n\t"
        "vle32.v                v6, (s7)                      \n\t"
        "sh2add                 s7, t0, s7                    \n\t"
        "vle32.v                v7, (s8)                      \n\t"
        "sh2add                 s8, t0, s8                    \n\t"
        "vssseg8e32.v           v0, (a1), %[os0]              \n\t"
        "add                    a1, a1, t3                    \n\t"
        "bnez                   t1, LOOP_M8N%=                \n\t"
        "sh3add                 %[src], %[is0], %[src]        \n\t"
        "addi                   %[dst], %[dst], 32            \n\t"
        "addi                   t2, t2, -1                    \n\t"
        "bnez                   t2, LOOP_M8%=                 \n\t"

        "M1%=:                                                \n\t"
        "andi                   t2, %[isz0], 7                \n\t"
        "blez                   t2, END%=                     \n\t"

        "LOOP_M1%=:                                           \n\t"
        "addi                   a1, %[dst], 0                 \n\t"
        "addi                   s1, %[src], 0                 \n\t"
        "addi                   t1, %[isz1], 0                \n\t"

        "LOOP_M1N%=:                                          \n\t"
        "vsetvli                t0, t1, e32, m1, tu, mu       \n\t"
        "sub                    t1, t1, t0                    \n\t"
        "vle32.v                v0, (s1)                      \n\t"
        "sh2add                 s1, t0, s1                    \n\t"
        "vsse32.v               v0, (a1), %[os0]              \n\t"
        "add                    a1, a1, t3                    \n\t"
        "bnez                   t1, LOOP_M1N%=                \n\t"
        "add                    %[src], %[is0], %[src]        \n\t"
        "addi                   %[dst], %[dst], 4             \n\t"
        "addi                   t2, t2, -1                    \n\t"
        "bnez                   t2, LOOP_M1%=                 \n\t"
        "END%=:                                               \n\t"

        : [src] "+r"(in), [dst] "+r"(out), [isz0] "+r"(m)
        : [isz1] "r"(n), [is0] "r"(m_src_stride), [os0] "r"(n_dst_stride)
        : "cc", "t0", "t1", "t2", "t3", "s1", "s2", "s3", "s4", "s5", "s6", "s7", "s8", "a1");
}

static inline void rvv_transposed_s16_mn_to_nm(int8_t * dst,
                                               int64_t  n_dst_stride,
                                               int8_t * src,
                                               int64_t  m_src_stride,
                                               int64_t  m,
                                               int64_t  n) {
    int8_t * in  = src;
    int8_t * out = dst;

    __asm__ volatile(
        "vsetvli                t0, zero, e16, m1, tu, mu     \n\t"
        "mul                    t3, t0, %[os0]                \n\t"
        "srli                   t2, %[isz0], 3                \n\t"
        "blez                   t2, M1%=                      \n\t"

        "LOOP_M8%=:                                           \n\t"
        "addi                   a1, %[dst], 0                 \n\t"
        "addi                   s1, %[src], 0                 \n\t"
        "add                    s2, %[src], %[is0]            \n\t"
        "add                    s3, s2, %[is0]                \n\t"
        "add                    s4, s3, %[is0]                \n\t"
        "add                    s5, s4, %[is0]                \n\t"
        "add                    s6, s5, %[is0]                \n\t"
        "add                    s7, s6, %[is0]                \n\t"
        "add                    s8, s7, %[is0]                \n\t"
        "addi                   t1, %[isz1], 0                \n\t"

        "LOOP_M8N%=:                                          \n\t"
        "vsetvli                t0, t1, e16, m1, tu, mu       \n\t"
        "sub                    t1, t1, t0                    \n\t"
        "vle16.v                v0, (s1)                      \n\t"
        "sh1add                 s1, t0, s1                    \n\t"
        "vle16.v                v1, (s2)                      \n\t"
        "sh1add                 s2, t0, s2                    \n\t"
        "vle16.v                v2, (s3)                      \n\t"
        "sh1add                 s3, t0, s3                    \n\t"
        "vle16.v                v3, (s4)                      \n\t"
        "sh1add                 s4, t0, s4                    \n\t"
        "vle16.v                v4, (s5)                      \n\t"
        "sh1add                 s5, t0, s5                    \n\t"
        "vle16.v                v5, (s6)                      \n\t"
        "sh1add                 s6, t0, s6                    \n\t"
        "vle16.v                v6, (s7)                      \n\t"
        "sh1add                 s7, t0, s7                    \n\t"
        "vle16.v                v7, (s8)                      \n\t"
        "sh1add                 s8, t0, s8                    \n\t"
        "vssseg8e16.v           v0, (a1), %[os0]              \n\t"
        "add                    a1, a1, t3                    \n\t"
        "bnez                   t1, LOOP_M8N%=                \n\t"
        "sh3add                 %[src], %[is0], %[src]        \n\t"
        "addi                   %[dst], %[dst], 16            \n\t"
        "addi                   t2, t2, -1                    \n\t"
        "bnez                   t2, LOOP_M8%=                 \n\t"

        "M1%=:                                                \n\t"
        "andi                   t2, %[isz0], 7                \n\t"
        "blez                   t2, END%=                     \n\t"

        "LOOP_M1%=:                                           \n\t"
        "addi                   a1, %[dst], 0                 \n\t"
        "addi                   s1, %[src], 0                 \n\t"
        "addi                   t1, %[isz1], 0                \n\t"

        "LOOP_M1N%=:                                          \n\t"
        "vsetvli                t0, t1, e16, m1, tu, mu       \n\t"
        "sub                    t1, t1, t0                    \n\t"
        "vle16.v                v0, (s1)                      \n\t"
        "sh1add                 s1, t0, s1                    \n\t"
        "vsse16.v               v0, (a1), %[os0]              \n\t"
        "add                    a1, a1, t3                    \n\t"
        "bnez                   t1, LOOP_M1N%=                \n\t"
        "add                    %[src], %[is0], %[src]        \n\t"
        "addi                   %[dst], %[dst], 2             \n\t"
        "addi                   t2, t2, -1                    \n\t"
        "bnez                   t2, LOOP_M1%=                 \n\t"
        "END%=:                                               \n\t"

        : [src] "+r"(in), [dst] "+r"(out), [isz0] "+r"(m)
        : [isz1] "r"(n), [is0] "r"(m_src_stride), [os0] "r"(n_dst_stride)
        : "cc", "t0", "t1", "t2", "t3", "s1", "s2", "s3", "s4", "s5", "s6", "s7", "s8", "a1");
}

static inline void rvv_qk_dot_tile_f16_x1(float *          dst,
                                          const _Float16 * q_row,
                                          const _Float16 * k_pack,
                                          int64_t          dk,
                                          int64_t          kv_tile) {
    const size_t vl  = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m1(kv_tile);
    vfloat32m2_t acc = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m2(0.0f, vl);

    for (int64_t d = 0; d < dk; ++d) {
        const vfloat16m1_t k_vec = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m1(k_pack + d * ggml_fa_tile_config::KV, vl);
        acc                      = __riscv_vfwmacc_vf_f32m2(acc, q_row[d], k_vec, vl);
    }

    __riscv_vse32_v_f32m2(dst, acc, vl);
}

static inline void rvv_qk_dot_tile_f16_x4(float *          dst0,
                                          float *          dst1,
                                          float *          dst2,
                                          float *          dst3,
                                          const _Float16 * q0,
                                          const _Float16 * q1,
                                          const _Float16 * q2,
                                          const _Float16 * q3,
                                          const _Float16 * k_pack,
                                          int64_t          dk,
                                          int64_t          kv_tile) {
    const size_t vl   = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m1(kv_tile);
    vfloat32m2_t acc0 = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m2(0.0f, vl);
    vfloat32m2_t acc1 = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m2(0.0f, vl);
    vfloat32m2_t acc2 = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m2(0.0f, vl);
    vfloat32m2_t acc3 = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m2(0.0f, vl);

    for (int64_t d = 0; d < dk; ++d) {
        const vfloat16m1_t k_vec = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m1(k_pack + d * ggml_fa_tile_config::KV, vl);
        acc0                     = __riscv_vfwmacc_vf_f32m2(acc0, q0[d], k_vec, vl);
        acc1                     = __riscv_vfwmacc_vf_f32m2(acc1, q1[d], k_vec, vl);
        acc2                     = __riscv_vfwmacc_vf_f32m2(acc2, q2[d], k_vec, vl);
        acc3                     = __riscv_vfwmacc_vf_f32m2(acc3, q3[d], k_vec, vl);
    }

    __riscv_vse32_v_f32m2(dst0, acc0, vl);
    __riscv_vse32_v_f32m2(dst1, acc1, vl);
    __riscv_vse32_v_f32m2(dst2, acc2, vl);
    __riscv_vse32_v_f32m2(dst3, acc3, vl);
}

static inline void rvv_pv_accumulate_f16_x1(float *          dst,
                                            const float *    prob,
                                            const _Float16 * v_pack,
                                            int64_t          kv_tile,
                                            int64_t          dv) {
    int64_t d_left = dv;
    int64_t d_off  = 0;

    while (d_left > 0) {
        const size_t vl  = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m2(d_left);
        vfloat32m4_t acc = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(dst + d_off, vl);

        for (int64_t tk = 0; tk < kv_tile; ++tk) {
            const vfloat16m2_t v16 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2(v_pack + tk * dv + d_off, vl);
            const vfloat32m4_t v32 = __riscv_vfwcvt_f_f_v_f32m4(v16, vl);
            acc                    = __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f32m4(acc, prob[tk], v32, vl);
        }

        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst + d_off, acc, vl);
        d_left -= vl;
        d_off += vl;
    }
}

static inline void rvv_pv_accumulate_f16_x4(float *          dst0,
                                            float *          dst1,
                                            float *          dst2,
                                            float *          dst3,
                                            const float *    prob0,
                                            const float *    prob1,
                                            const float *    prob2,
                                            const float *    prob3,
                                            const _Float16 * v_pack,
                                            int64_t          kv_tile,
                                            int64_t          dv) {
    int64_t d_left = dv;
    int64_t d_off  = 0;

    while (d_left > 0) {
        const size_t vl   = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m2(d_left);
        vfloat32m4_t acc0 = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(dst0 + d_off, vl);
        vfloat32m4_t acc1 = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(dst1 + d_off, vl);
        vfloat32m4_t acc2 = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(dst2 + d_off, vl);
        vfloat32m4_t acc3 = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(dst3 + d_off, vl);

        for (int64_t tk = 0; tk < kv_tile; ++tk) {
            const vfloat16m2_t v16 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2(v_pack + tk * dv + d_off, vl);
            const vfloat32m4_t v32 = __riscv_vfwcvt_f_f_v_f32m4(v16, vl);
            acc0                   = __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f32m4(acc0, prob0[tk], v32, vl);
            acc1                   = __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f32m4(acc1, prob1[tk], v32, vl);
            acc2                   = __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f32m4(acc2, prob2[tk], v32, vl);
            acc3                   = __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f32m4(acc3, prob3[tk], v32, vl);
        }

        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst0 + d_off, acc0, vl);
        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst1 + d_off, acc1, vl);
        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst2 + d_off, acc2, vl);
        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst3 + d_off, acc3, vl);
        d_left -= vl;
        d_off += vl;
    }
}

static inline void rvv_qk_dot_tile(float *       dst,
                                   const float * q_row,
                                   const float * k_pack,
                                   int64_t       dk,
                                   int64_t       kv_tile,
                                   float         scale) {
    const size_t vl  = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(kv_tile);
    vfloat32m4_t acc = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m4(0.0f, vl);

    for (int64_t d = 0; d < dk; ++d) {
        const vfloat32m4_t k_vec = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(k_pack + d * kv_tile, vl);
        acc                      = __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f32m4(acc, q_row[d] * scale, k_vec, vl);
    }

    __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst, acc, vl);
}

static inline void rvv_pv_accumulate(float *       dst,
                                     const float * prob,
                                     const float * v_pack,
                                     int64_t       kv_tile,
                                     int64_t       dv) {
    int64_t d_left = dv;
    int64_t d_off  = 0;

    while (d_left > 0) {
        const size_t vl  = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(d_left);
        vfloat32m4_t acc = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(dst + d_off, vl);

        for (int64_t tk = 0; tk < kv_tile; ++tk) {
            const vfloat32m4_t v_vec = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(v_pack + tk * dv + d_off, vl);
            acc                      = __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f32m4(acc, prob[tk], v_vec, vl);
        }

        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst + d_off, acc, vl);
        d_left -= vl;
        d_off += vl;
    }
}

static void permute_transpose_impl(const ggml_tensor * src0,
                                   ggml_tensor *       dst,
                                   int64_t             batch,
                                   int64_t             m,
                                   int64_t             n,
                                   int64_t             batch_stride,
                                   int64_t             m_src_stride,
                                   int64_t             n_src_stride,
                                   int64_t             n_dst_stride,
                                   int                 ith,
                                   int                 nth) {
    GGML_ASSERT(n_src_stride == sizeof(int32_t) || n_src_stride == sizeof(int16_t));

    if (n_src_stride == sizeof(int32_t)) {
        for (int64_t bi = ith; bi < batch; bi += nth) {
            rvv_transposed_s32_mn_to_nm((int8_t *) ((char *) dst->data + bi * batch_stride), n_dst_stride,
                                        (int8_t *) ((char *) src0->data + bi * batch_stride), m_src_stride, m, n);
        }
    } else if (n_src_stride == sizeof(int16_t)) {
        for (int64_t bi = ith; bi < batch; bi += nth) {
            rvv_transposed_s32_mn_to_nm((int8_t *) ((char *) dst->data + bi * batch_stride), n_dst_stride,
                                        (int8_t *) ((char *) src0->data + bi * batch_stride), m_src_stride, m, n);
        }
    } else {
        GGML_ABORT("not implemented");
    }
}

template <size_t QLEN>
static void flash_attn_ext_f16_one_chunk_inner_vlen1024_vf16_mrow(float **            pq,
                                                                  const char *        k_data_row,
                                                                  const char *        v_data_row,
                                                                  const ggml_fp16_t * mp,
                                                                  float **            sinks,
                                                                  float **            dst,
                                                                  float               scale,
                                                                  float               logit_softcap,
                                                                  float               slope,
                                                                  int64_t             nek1,
                                                                  int64_t             nbk1,
                                                                  int64_t             nbv1,
                                                                  int64_t             DV,
                                                                  int64_t             DK,
                                                                  void *              tcm_buffer,
                                                                  size_t              tcm_buffer_size) {
    GGML_ASSERT(flash_attn_ext_supported_shape_vlen1024_vf16(DK, DV));
    float S[QLEN] = { 0.0f };       // sum
    float M[QLEN] = { -INFINITY };  // maximum KQ value

    _Float16 *   kq16_buffer          = (_Float16 *) tcm_buffer;
    _Float16 *   qv_buffer            = kq16_buffer + QLEN * DV;
    const size_t qkv_temp_buffer_size = (QLEN * DV + QLEN * DK) * sizeof(_Float16);
    char *       kv_tile_buffer       = (char *) (qv_buffer + QLEN * DK);

    {
        vfloat16m2_t VKQ16_v = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f16m2(0.0f, DV);
        for (int64_t i = 0; i < QLEN; ++i) {
            __riscv_vse16_v_f16m2(kq16_buffer + i * DV, VKQ16_v, DV);
            vfloat16m2_t Q_q_v = __riscv_vfncvt_f_f_w_f16m2(__riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(pq[i], DK), DK);
            __riscv_vse16_v_f16m2(qv_buffer + i * DK, Q_q_v, DK);
        }
    }

    const uintptr_t scratch_addr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(kv_tile_buffer);
    const size_t    scratch_size = tcm_buffer_size > qkv_temp_buffer_size ? tcm_buffer_size - qkv_temp_buffer_size : 0;
    const uintptr_t kq_tile_addr = align_up(scratch_addr, alignof(float));
    const size_t    scratch_prefix = kq_tile_addr - scratch_addr;
    const size_t    packed_tile_size =
        QLEN * sizeof(float) + DK * sizeof(_Float16) + DV * sizeof(_Float16) + sizeof(float);
    const int64_t max_ic_tile_step = ((int64_t) __riscv_vsetvlmax_e16m1()) & ~((int64_t) 7);
    const int64_t max_fit_by_tcm =
        scratch_size > scratch_prefix ? (int64_t) ((scratch_size - scratch_prefix) / packed_tile_size) : 0;
    const int64_t ic_tile_step = std::min(max_ic_tile_step, max_fit_by_tcm) & ~((int64_t) 7);

    const uintptr_t k_tile_addr  = kq_tile_addr + QLEN * ic_tile_step * sizeof(float);
    const uintptr_t v_tile_addr  = k_tile_addr + DK * ic_tile_step * sizeof(_Float16);
    const uintptr_t mv_tile_addr = v_tile_addr + ic_tile_step * DV * sizeof(_Float16);

    if (ic_tile_step >= 8) {
        float *    kq_tile_buffer = reinterpret_cast<float *>(kq_tile_addr);
        _Float16 * k_tile_pack    = reinterpret_cast<_Float16 *>(k_tile_addr);
        _Float16 * v_tile_pack    = reinterpret_cast<_Float16 *>(v_tile_addr);
        float *    mv_tile_pack   = reinterpret_cast<float *>(mv_tile_addr);

        const int64_t k_tile_byte_stride = ic_tile_step * (int64_t) sizeof(_Float16);

        int64_t ic_step = 0;
        for (int64_t ic = 0; ic < nek1; ++ic) {
            const float mv = mp ? slope * ((_Float16 *) mp)[ic] : 0.0f;

            if (mv != -INFINITY) {
                const _Float16 * k_data = (const _Float16 *) (k_data_row + ic * nbk1);
                const _Float16 * v_data = (const _Float16 *) (v_data_row + ic * nbv1);

                const vfloat16m2_t k_data_v = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2(k_data, DK);
                const vfloat16m2_t v_data_v = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2(v_data, DV);
                __riscv_vsse16_v_f16m2(k_tile_pack + ic_step, k_tile_byte_stride, k_data_v, DK);
                __riscv_vse16_v_f16m2(v_tile_pack + ic_step * DV, v_data_v, DV);
                mv_tile_pack[ic_step] = mv;
                ic_step++;
            }

            if (ic_step > 0 && (ic_step == ic_tile_step || ic == (nek1 - 1))) {
                if constexpr (QLEN == 4) {
                    const size_t qk_vl   = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m1(ic_step);
                    vfloat32m2_t qk_acc0 = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m2(0.0f, qk_vl);
                    vfloat32m2_t qk_acc1 = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m2(0.0f, qk_vl);
                    vfloat32m2_t qk_acc2 = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m2(0.0f, qk_vl);
                    vfloat32m2_t qk_acc3 = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m2(0.0f, qk_vl);

                    for (int64_t d = 0; d < DK; ++d) {
                        const vfloat16m1_t k_vec = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m1(k_tile_pack + d * ic_tile_step, qk_vl);
                        qk_acc0 = __riscv_vfwmacc_vf_f32m2(qk_acc0, qv_buffer[0 * DK + d], k_vec, qk_vl);
                        qk_acc1 = __riscv_vfwmacc_vf_f32m2(qk_acc1, qv_buffer[1 * DK + d], k_vec, qk_vl);
                        qk_acc2 = __riscv_vfwmacc_vf_f32m2(qk_acc2, qv_buffer[2 * DK + d], k_vec, qk_vl);
                        qk_acc3 = __riscv_vfwmacc_vf_f32m2(qk_acc3, qv_buffer[3 * DK + d], k_vec, qk_vl);
                    }

                    qk_acc0 = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m2(qk_acc0, scale, qk_vl);
                    qk_acc1 = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m2(qk_acc1, scale, qk_vl);
                    qk_acc2 = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m2(qk_acc2, scale, qk_vl);
                    qk_acc3 = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m2(qk_acc3, scale, qk_vl);

                    __riscv_vse32_v_f32m2(kq_tile_buffer + 0 * ic_tile_step, qk_acc0, qk_vl);
                    __riscv_vse32_v_f32m2(kq_tile_buffer + 1 * ic_tile_step, qk_acc1, qk_vl);
                    __riscv_vse32_v_f32m2(kq_tile_buffer + 2 * ic_tile_step, qk_acc2, qk_vl);
                    __riscv_vse32_v_f32m2(kq_tile_buffer + 3 * ic_tile_step, qk_acc3, qk_vl);
                } else {
                    static_assert(QLEN == 2, "unsupported QLEN");

                    const size_t qk_vl   = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m1(ic_step);
                    vfloat32m2_t qk_acc0 = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m2(0.0f, qk_vl);
                    vfloat32m2_t qk_acc1 = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m2(0.0f, qk_vl);

                    for (int64_t d = 0; d < DK; ++d) {
                        const vfloat16m1_t k_vec = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m1(k_tile_pack + d * ic_tile_step, qk_vl);
                        qk_acc0 = __riscv_vfwmacc_vf_f32m2(qk_acc0, qv_buffer[0 * DK + d], k_vec, qk_vl);
                        qk_acc1 = __riscv_vfwmacc_vf_f32m2(qk_acc1, qv_buffer[1 * DK + d], k_vec, qk_vl);
                    }

                    qk_acc0 = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m2(qk_acc0, scale, qk_vl);
                    qk_acc1 = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m2(qk_acc1, scale, qk_vl);

                    __riscv_vse32_v_f32m2(kq_tile_buffer + 0 * ic_tile_step, qk_acc0, qk_vl);
                    __riscv_vse32_v_f32m2(kq_tile_buffer + 1 * ic_tile_step, qk_acc1, qk_vl);
                }

                for (int i = 0; i < QLEN; ++i) {
                    float *     row_ptr = kq_tile_buffer + i * ic_tile_step;
                    const float tile_max =
                        rvv_softcap_add_max_inplace_f32(row_ptr, mv_tile_pack, ic_step, logit_softcap);

                    const float Mold = M[i];

                    if (tile_max > Mold) {
                        const float ms = expf(Mold - tile_max);
                        M[i]           = tile_max;
                        S[i] *= ms;

                        vfloat16m2_t VKQ16_v = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2(kq16_buffer + i * DV, DV);
                        VKQ16_v              = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f16m2(VKQ16_v, (_Float16) ms, DV);
                        __riscv_vse16_v_f16m2(kq16_buffer + i * DV, VKQ16_v, DV);
                    }

                    S[i] += rvv_softmax_exp_inplace_f32(row_ptr, ic_step, M[i]);
                }

                if constexpr (QLEN == 4) {
                    vfloat16m2_t pv_acc0 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2(kq16_buffer + 0 * DV, DV);
                    vfloat16m2_t pv_acc1 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2(kq16_buffer + 1 * DV, DV);
                    vfloat16m2_t pv_acc2 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2(kq16_buffer + 2 * DV, DV);
                    vfloat16m2_t pv_acc3 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2(kq16_buffer + 3 * DV, DV);

                    for (int64_t tk = 0; tk < ic_step; ++tk) {
                        const vfloat16m2_t v16 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2(v_tile_pack + tk * DV, DV);
                        pv_acc0 =
                            __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f16m2(pv_acc0, (_Float16) kq_tile_buffer[0 * ic_tile_step + tk], v16, DV);
                        pv_acc1 =
                            __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f16m2(pv_acc1, (_Float16) kq_tile_buffer[1 * ic_tile_step + tk], v16, DV);
                        pv_acc2 =
                            __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f16m2(pv_acc2, (_Float16) kq_tile_buffer[2 * ic_tile_step + tk], v16, DV);
                        pv_acc3 =
                            __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f16m2(pv_acc3, (_Float16) kq_tile_buffer[3 * ic_tile_step + tk], v16, DV);
                    }

                    __riscv_vse16_v_f16m2(kq16_buffer + 0 * DV, pv_acc0, DV);
                    __riscv_vse16_v_f16m2(kq16_buffer + 1 * DV, pv_acc1, DV);
                    __riscv_vse16_v_f16m2(kq16_buffer + 2 * DV, pv_acc2, DV);
                    __riscv_vse16_v_f16m2(kq16_buffer + 3 * DV, pv_acc3, DV);
                } else {
                    static_assert(QLEN == 2, "unsupported QLEN");
                    vfloat16m2_t pv_acc0 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2(kq16_buffer + 0 * DV, DV);
                    vfloat16m2_t pv_acc1 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2(kq16_buffer + 1 * DV, DV);

                    for (int64_t tk = 0; tk < ic_step; ++tk) {
                        const vfloat16m2_t v16 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2(v_tile_pack + tk * DV, DV);
                        pv_acc0 =
                            __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f16m2(pv_acc0, (_Float16) kq_tile_buffer[0 * ic_tile_step + tk], v16, DV);
                        pv_acc1 =
                            __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f16m2(pv_acc1, (_Float16) kq_tile_buffer[1 * ic_tile_step + tk], v16, DV);
                    }

                    __riscv_vse16_v_f16m2(kq16_buffer + 0 * DV, pv_acc0, DV);
                    __riscv_vse16_v_f16m2(kq16_buffer + 1 * DV, pv_acc1, DV);
                }

                ic_step = 0;
            }
        }
    } else {
        for (int64_t ic = 0; ic < nek1; ++ic) {
            const float mv = mp ? slope * ((_Float16 *) mp)[ic] : 0.0f;

            const char * k_data = k_data_row + ic * nbk1;
            const char * v_data = v_data_row + ic * nbv1;

            vfloat16m2_t k_data_v;
            vfloat16m2_t v_data_v;

            if (mv != -INFINITY) {
                k_data_v = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2((_Float16 *) k_data, DK);
                v_data_v = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2((_Float16 *) v_data, DV);
            } else {
                continue;
            }

            for (int i = 0; i < QLEN; ++i) {
                vfloat16m2_t Q_q_v    = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2(qv_buffer + i * DK, DK);
                vfloat32m4_t qk_acc_v = __riscv_vfwmul_vv_f32m4(k_data_v, Q_q_v, DK);
                float        s        = reduce_sum_f32m4_vlen1024(qk_acc_v, DK);
                s                     = s * scale;
                if (logit_softcap != 0.0f) {
                    s = logit_softcap * tanhf(s);
                }
                s += mv;

                const float Mold = M[i];

                float ms = 1.0f;  // upon new higher max val, scale VKQ and KQ sum with this value
                float vs = 1.0f;  // post-softmax KQ value, expf(s - M)

                vfloat16m2_t VKQ16_v = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2(kq16_buffer + i * DV, DV);
                if (s > M[i]) {
                    // s is new maximum, ms < 1.0f, vs == expf(s - s) == 1.0f
                    M[i] = s;
                    ms   = expf(Mold - M[i]);

                    // V = V*expf(Mold - M)
                    VKQ16_v = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f16m2(VKQ16_v, ms, DV);
                } else {
                    // no new maximum, ms == 1.0f, vs != 1.0f
                    vs = expf(s - M[i]);
                }
                VKQ16_v = __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f16m2(VKQ16_v, vs, v_data_v, DV);
                __riscv_vse16_v_f16m2(kq16_buffer + i * DV, VKQ16_v, DV);
                S[i] = S[i] * ms + vs;  // scale and increment sum with partial sum
            }
        }
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < QLEN; ++i) {
        vfloat16m2_t VKQ16_v = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2(kq16_buffer + i * DV, DV);
        vfloat32m4_t VKQ32_v = __riscv_vfwcvt_f_f_v_f32m4(VKQ16_v, DV);

        // sinks
        if (sinks[i]) {
            const float s = *(sinks[i]);

            float ms = 1.0f;
            float vs = 1.0f;

            if (s > M[i]) {
                ms      = expf(M[i] - s);
                M[i]    = s;
                VKQ32_v = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(VKQ32_v, ms, DV);
            } else {
                vs = expf(s - M[i]);
            }

            S[i] = S[i] * ms + vs;
        }

        // V /= S
        const float S_inv = S[i] == 0.0f ? 0.0f : 1.0f / S[i];

        VKQ32_v = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(VKQ32_v, S_inv, DV);

        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst[i], VKQ32_v, DV);
    }
}

static void flash_attn_ext_f16_one_chunk_inner_vlen1024_vf16_m1(const float *       pq,
                                                                const char *        k_data_row,
                                                                const char *        v_data_row,
                                                                const ggml_fp16_t * mp,
                                                                const float *       sinks,
                                                                float *             dst,
                                                                float               scale,
                                                                float               logit_softcap,
                                                                float               slope,
                                                                int64_t             nek1,
                                                                int64_t             nbk1,
                                                                int64_t             nbv1,
                                                                int64_t             DV,
                                                                int64_t             DK) {
    GGML_ASSERT(flash_attn_ext_supported_shape_vlen1024_vf16(DK, DV));

    float S = 0.0f;       // sum
    float M = -INFINITY;  // maximum KQ value

    vfloat16m2_t VKQ16_v = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f16m2(0.0f, DV);

    vfloat16m2_t Q_q_v = __riscv_vfncvt_f_f_w_f16m2(__riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(pq, DK), DK);

    for (int64_t ic = 0; ic < nek1; ++ic) {
        const float mv = mp ? slope * ((_Float16 *) mp)[ic] : 0.0f;
        if (mv == -INFINITY) {
            continue;
        }

        const char * k_data = k_data_row + ic * nbk1;

        vfloat16m2_t k_data_v = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2((_Float16 *) k_data, DK);

        vfloat32m4_t qk_acc_v = __riscv_vfwmul_vv_f32m4(k_data_v, Q_q_v, DK);
        float        s        = reduce_sum_f32m4_vlen1024(qk_acc_v, DK);

        s = s * scale;  // scale KQ value

        if (logit_softcap != 0.0f) {
            s = logit_softcap * tanhf(s);
        }

        s += mv;  // apply mask

        const float Mold = M;

        float ms = 1.0f;  // upon new higher max val, scale VKQ and KQ sum with this value
        float vs = 1.0f;  // post-softmax KQ value, expf(s - M)

        const char * v_data = v_data_row + ic * nbv1;

        vfloat16m2_t v_data_v = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2((_Float16 *) v_data, DV);

        if (s > M) {
            // s is new maximum, ms < 1.0f, vs == expf(s - s) == 1.0f
            M  = s;
            ms = expf(Mold - M);

            // V = V*expf(Mold - M)
            VKQ16_v = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f16m2(VKQ16_v, ms, DV);
        } else {
            // no new maximum, ms == 1.0f, vs != 1.0f
            vs = expf(s - M);
        }

        VKQ16_v = __riscv_vfmacc_vf_f16m2(VKQ16_v, vs, v_data_v, DV);

        S = S * ms + vs;  // scale and increment sum with partial sum
    }

    vfloat32m4_t VKQ32_v = __riscv_vfwcvt_f_f_v_f32m4(VKQ16_v, DV);

    // sinks
    if (sinks) {
        const float s = *sinks;

        float ms = 1.0f;
        float vs = 1.0f;

        if (s > M) {
            ms      = expf(M - s);
            M       = s;
            VKQ32_v = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(VKQ32_v, ms, DV);
        } else {
            vs = expf(s - M);
        }

        S = S * ms + vs;
    }

    // V /= S
    const float S_inv = S == 0.0f ? 0.0f : 1.0f / S;

    VKQ32_v = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(VKQ32_v, S_inv, DV);

    __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst, VKQ32_v, DV);
}

}  // namespace

void memcpy1d(void * dst, const void * src, int64_t size) {
    size_t byte_size_all = size;
    size_t vlen          = __riscv_vlenb() * 8;
    if (vlen == 256) {
        // 1024 bytes
        __asm__ volatile(
            //
            "srli           t0, %[size], 10             \n\t"
            "blez           t0, memcpy_tail%=           \n\t"
            "vsetvli        t1, x0, e8, m8, tu, mu      \n\t"
            "memcpy_main_loop%=:                        \n\t"
            "addi           t0, t0, -1                  \n\t"
            "vle8.v         v0, (%[s])                  \n\t"
            "addi           %[s], %[s], 256             \n\t"
            "vle8.v         v8, (%[s])                  \n\t"
            "addi           %[s], %[s], 256             \n\t"
            "vle8.v         v16, (%[s])                 \n\t"
            "addi           %[s], %[s], 256             \n\t"
            "vle8.v         v24, (%[s])                 \n\t"
            "addi           %[s], %[s], 256             \n\t"
            //
            "vse8.v         v0, (%[d])                  \n\t"
            "addi           %[d], %[d], 256             \n\t"
            "vse8.v         v8, (%[d])                  \n\t"
            "addi           %[d], %[d], 256             \n\t"
            "vse8.v         v16, (%[d])                 \n\t"
            "addi           %[d], %[d], 256             \n\t"
            "vse8.v         v24, (%[d])                 \n\t"
            "addi           %[d], %[d], 256             \n\t"
            //
            "bnez           t0, memcpy_main_loop%=      \n\t"
            "memcpy_tail%=:                             \n\t"
            "andi           t1, %[size], 1023           \n\t"
            "blez           t1, out%=                   \n\t"
            "memcpy_tail_loop%=:                        \n\t"
            "vsetvli        t0, t1, e8, m8, tu, mu      \n\t"
            "sub            t1, t1, t0                  \n\t"
            "vle8.v         v0, (%[s])                  \n\t"
            "add            %[s], %[s], t0              \n\t"
            "vse8.v         v0, (%[d])                  \n\t"
            "add            %[d], %[d], t0              \n\t"
            "bnez           t1, memcpy_tail_loop%=      \n\t"
            "out%=:                                     \n\t"
            : [s] "+r"(src), [d] "+r"(dst)
            : [size] "r"(byte_size_all)
            : "cc", "t0", "t1");
    } else if (vlen == 1024) {
        // 2048 bytes
        __asm__ volatile(
            //
            "srli           t0, %[size], 11             \n\t"
            "blez           t0, memcpy_tail%=           \n\t"
            "vsetvli        t1, x0, e8, m8, tu, mu      \n\t"
            "addi           t2, %[s], 1024              \n\t"
            "addi           t3, %[d], 1024              \n\t"
            "li             t5, 2048                    \n\t"
            "memcpy_main_loop%=:                        \n\t"
            "addi           t0, t0, -1                  \n\t"
            "vle8.v         v0, (%[s])                  \n\t"
            "add            %[s], %[s], t5              \n\t"
            "vle8.v         v8, (t2)                    \n\t"
            "add            t2, t2, t5                  \n\t"
            //
            "vse8.v         v0, (%[d])                  \n\t"
            "add            %[d], %[d], t5              \n\t"
            "vse8.v         v8, (t3)                    \n\t"
            "add            t3, t3, t5                  \n\t"
            //
            "bnez           t0, memcpy_main_loop%=      \n\t"
            "memcpy_tail%=:                             \n\t"
            "andi           t1, %[size], 2047           \n\t"
            "blez           t1, out%=                   \n\t"
            "memcpy_tail_loop%=:                        \n\t"
            "vsetvli        t0, t1, e8, m2, tu, mu      \n\t"
            "sub            t1, t1, t0                  \n\t"
            "vle8.v         v0, (%[s])                  \n\t"
            "add            %[s], %[s], t0              \n\t"
            "vse8.v         v0, (%[d])                  \n\t"
            "add            %[d], %[d], t0              \n\t"
            "bnez           t1, memcpy_tail_loop%=      \n\t"
            "out%=:                                     \n\t"
            : [s] "+r"(src), [d] "+r"(dst)
            : [size] "r"(byte_size_all)
            : "cc", "t0", "t1", "t2", "t3", "t5");
    } else {
        __asm__ volatile(
            //
            "add            t1, %[size], zero           \n\t"
            "memcpy_tail_loop%=:                        \n\t"
            "vsetvli        t0, t1, e8, m8, tu, mu      \n\t"
            "sub            t1, t1, t0                  \n\t"
            "vle8.v         v0, (%[s])                  \n\t"
            "add            %[s], %[s], t0              \n\t"
            "vse8.v         v0, (%[d])                  \n\t"
            "add            %[d], %[d], t0              \n\t"
            "bnez           t1, memcpy_tail_loop%=      \n\t"
            : [s] "+r"(src), [d] "+r"(dst)
            : [size] "r"(byte_size_all)
            : "cc", "t0", "t1", "t2", "t4", "t3");
    }
}

void memcpy2d(void * dst, int64_t dst_stride, const void * src, int64_t src_stride, int64_t tile_rows, int64_t size) {
    for (int64_t i = 0; i < tile_rows; ++i) {
        memcpy1d((char *) dst + i * dst_stride, (const char *) src + i * src_stride, size);
    }
}

void forward_flash_attn_ext_f16_one_chunk_vlen1024_vf16(const ggml_compute_params * params,
                                                        ggml_tensor *               dst,
                                                        int                         ir0,
                                                        int                         ir1,
                                                        void *                      tcm_buffer,
                                                        size_t                      tcm_buffer_size) {
    const ggml_tensor * q     = dst->src[0];
    const ggml_tensor * k     = dst->src[1];
    const ggml_tensor * v     = dst->src[2];
    const ggml_tensor * mask  = dst->src[3];
    const ggml_tensor * sinks = dst->src[4];

    GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(int64_t, neq, q, ne)
    GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(size_t, nbq, q, nb)
    GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(int64_t, nek, k, ne)
    GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(size_t, nbk, k, nb)
    GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(int64_t, nev, v, ne)
    GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(size_t, nbv, v, nb)
    GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(int64_t, ne, dst, ne)
    GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(size_t, nb, dst, nb)

    const int64_t DK = nek0;
    const int64_t DV = nev0;
    const int64_t N  = neq1;

    GGML_ASSERT(flash_attn_ext_supported_shape_vlen1024_vf16(DK, DV));

    // broadcast factors
    const int64_t rk2 = neq2 / nek2;
    const int64_t rk3 = neq3 / nek3;

    const int64_t rv2 = neq2 / nev2;
    const int64_t rv3 = neq3 / nev3;

    // parallelize by q rows using ggml_vec_dot_f32

    float scale         = *((float *) dst->op_params + 0);
    float max_bias      = *((float *) dst->op_params + 1);
    float logit_softcap = *((float *) dst->op_params + 2);

    if (logit_softcap != 0) {
        scale /= logit_softcap;
    }

    const uint32_t n_head      = neq2;
    const uint32_t n_head_log2 = 1u << (uint32_t) floor(log2(n_head));

    const float m0 = powf(2.0f, -(max_bias) / n_head_log2);
    const float m1 = powf(2.0f, -(max_bias / 2.0f) / n_head_log2);

    const int KV_row_size = DK * sizeof(_Float16) + DV * sizeof(_Float16);

    int ith     = params->ith;
    int ir_step = 1;
    for (int ir = ir0; ir < ir1; ir += ir_step) {
        // q indices
        const int iq3 = ir / (neq2 * neq1);
        const int iq2 = (ir - iq3 * neq2 * neq1) / neq1;
        const int iq1 = (ir - iq3 * neq2 * neq1 - iq2 * neq1);

        const int iq3_1 = (ir + 1) / (neq2 * neq1);
        const int iq2_1 = (ir + 1 - iq3_1 * neq2 * neq1) / neq1;
        const int iq1_1 = (ir + 1 - iq3_1 * neq2 * neq1 - iq2_1 * neq1);

        const int iq3_2 = (ir + 2) / (neq2 * neq1);
        const int iq2_2 = (ir + 2 - iq3_2 * neq2 * neq1) / neq1;
        const int iq1_2 = (ir + 2 - iq3_2 * neq2 * neq1 - iq2_2 * neq1);

        const int iq3_3 = (ir + 3) / (neq2 * neq1);
        const int iq2_3 = (ir + 3 - iq3_3 * neq2 * neq1) / neq1;
        const int iq1_3 = (ir + 3 - iq3_3 * neq2 * neq1 - iq2_3 * neq1);

        const uint32_t h = iq2;  // head index
        const float    slope =
            (max_bias > 0.0f) ? h < n_head_log2 ? powf(m0, h + 1) : powf(m1, 2 * (h - n_head_log2) + 1) : 1.0f;

        const ggml_fp16_t * mp =
            mask ? (ggml_fp16_t *) ((char *) mask->data + iq1 * mask->nb[1] + (iq2 % mask->ne[2]) * mask->nb[2] +
                                    (iq3 % mask->ne[3]) * mask->nb[3]) :
                   NULL;

        const bool mp_equal_2 = iq1_1 == iq1 && (iq2 % mask->ne[2]) == (iq2_1 % mask->ne[2]) &&
                                (iq3 % mask->ne[3]) == (iq3_1 % mask->ne[3]);

        const bool mp_equal_4 = mp_equal_2 && iq1_2 == iq1 && (iq2 % mask->ne[2]) == (iq2_2 % mask->ne[2]) &&
                                (iq3 % mask->ne[3]) == (iq3_2 % mask->ne[3]) && iq1_3 == iq1 &&
                                (iq2 % mask->ne[2]) == (iq2_3 % mask->ne[2]) &&
                                (iq3 % mask->ne[3]) == (iq3_3 % mask->ne[3]);

        // k indices
        const int ik3 = iq3 / rk3;
        const int ik2 = iq2 / rk2;

        const int ik3_1 = iq3_1 / rk3;
        const int ik2_1 = iq2_1 / rk2;

        const int ik3_2 = iq3_2 / rk3;
        const int ik2_2 = iq2_2 / rk2;

        const int ik3_3 = iq3_3 / rk3;
        const int ik2_3 = iq2_3 / rk2;

        // v indices
        const int iv3 = iq3 / rv3;
        const int iv2 = iq2 / rv2;

        const int iv3_1 = iq3_1 / rv3;
        const int iv2_1 = iq2_1 / rv2;

        const int iv3_2 = iq3_2 / rv3;
        const int iv2_2 = iq2_2 / rv2;

        const int iv3_3 = iq3_3 / rv3;
        const int iv2_3 = iq2_3 / rv2;

        const float * pq = (const float *) ((char *) q->data + (iq1 * nbq1 + iq2 * nbq2 + iq3 * nbq3));

        std::array<float *, 4> pq_buffer;
        std::array<float *, 4> sinks_buffer;
        std::array<float *, 4> dst_buffer;

        if (tcm_buffer != nullptr && 4 * KV_row_size < tcm_buffer_size && ir < (ir1 - 3) && mp_equal_4 &&
            ik3_3 == ik3 && ik2_3 == ik2 && iv3_3 == iv3 && iv2_3 == iv2 && ik3_2 == ik3 && ik2_2 == ik2 &&
            iv3_2 == iv3 && iv2_2 == iv2 && ik3_1 == ik3 && ik2_1 == ik2 && iv3_1 == iv3 && iv2_1 == iv2) {
            ir_step = 4;

            pq_buffer[0] = (float *) ((char *) q->data + (iq1 * nbq1 + iq2 * nbq2 + iq3 * nbq3));
            pq_buffer[1] = (float *) ((char *) q->data + (iq1_1 * nbq1 + iq2_1 * nbq2 + iq3_1 * nbq3));
            pq_buffer[2] = (float *) ((char *) q->data + (iq1_2 * nbq1 + iq2_2 * nbq2 + iq3_2 * nbq3));
            pq_buffer[3] = (float *) ((char *) q->data + (iq1_3 * nbq1 + iq2_3 * nbq2 + iq3_3 * nbq3));

            sinks_buffer[0] = sinks ? ((float *) ((char *) sinks->data)) + iq2 : nullptr;
            sinks_buffer[1] = sinks ? ((float *) ((char *) sinks->data)) + iq2_1 : nullptr;
            sinks_buffer[2] = sinks ? ((float *) ((char *) sinks->data)) + iq2_2 : nullptr;
            sinks_buffer[3] = sinks ? ((float *) ((char *) sinks->data)) + iq2_3 : nullptr;

            dst_buffer[0] = (float *) ((char *) dst->data + (iq3 * ne2 * ne1 + iq2 + iq1 * ne1) * nb1);
            dst_buffer[1] = (float *) ((char *) dst->data + (iq3_1 * ne2 * ne1 + iq2_1 + iq1_1 * ne1) * nb1);
            dst_buffer[2] = (float *) ((char *) dst->data + (iq3_2 * ne2 * ne1 + iq2_2 + iq1_2 * ne1) * nb1);
            dst_buffer[3] = (float *) ((char *) dst->data + (iq3_3 * ne2 * ne1 + iq2_3 + iq1_3 * ne1) * nb1);

            flash_attn_ext_f16_one_chunk_inner_vlen1024_vf16_mrow<4>(  //
                pq_buffer.data(),                                      //
                (const char *) k->data + (ik2 * nbk2 + ik3 * nbk3),    //
                (const char *) v->data + (iv2 * nbv2 + iv3 * nbv3),    //
                mp,                                                    //
                sinks_buffer.data(),                                   //
                dst_buffer.data(),                                     //
                scale, logit_softcap, slope, nek1, nbk1, nbv1, DV, DK, tcm_buffer, tcm_buffer_size);
        } else if (tcm_buffer != nullptr && 2 * KV_row_size < tcm_buffer_size && ir < (ir1 - 1) && mp_equal_2 &&
                   ik3_1 == ik3 && ik2_1 == ik2 && iv3_1 == iv3 && iv2_1 == iv2) {
            ir_step = 2;

            pq_buffer[0] = (float *) ((char *) q->data + (iq1 * nbq1 + iq2 * nbq2 + iq3 * nbq3));
            pq_buffer[1] = (float *) ((char *) q->data + (iq1_1 * nbq1 + iq2_1 * nbq2 + iq3_1 * nbq3));

            sinks_buffer[0] = sinks ? ((float *) ((char *) sinks->data)) + iq2 : nullptr;
            sinks_buffer[1] = sinks ? ((float *) ((char *) sinks->data)) + iq2_1 : nullptr;

            dst_buffer[0] = (float *) ((char *) dst->data + (iq3 * ne2 * ne1 + iq2 + iq1 * ne1) * nb1);
            dst_buffer[1] = (float *) ((char *) dst->data + (iq3_1 * ne2 * ne1 + iq2_1 + iq1_1 * ne1) * nb1);

            flash_attn_ext_f16_one_chunk_inner_vlen1024_vf16_mrow<2>(  //
                pq_buffer.data(),                                      //
                (const char *) k->data + (ik2 * nbk2 + ik3 * nbk3),    //
                (const char *) v->data + (iv2 * nbv2 + iv3 * nbv3),    //
                mp,                                                    //
                sinks_buffer.data(),                                   //
                dst_buffer.data(),                                     //
                scale, logit_softcap, slope, nek1, nbk1, nbv1, DV, DK, tcm_buffer, tcm_buffer_size);
        } else {
            ir_step = 1;
            flash_attn_ext_f16_one_chunk_inner_vlen1024_vf16_m1(                             //
                pq,                                                                          //
                (const char *) k->data + (ik2 * nbk2 + ik3 * nbk3),                          //
                (const char *) v->data + (iv2 * nbv2 + iv3 * nbv3),                          //
                mp,                                                                          //
                sinks ? ((float *) ((char *) sinks->data)) + h : nullptr,                    //
                (float *) ((char *) dst->data + (iq3 * ne2 * ne1 + iq2 + iq1 * ne1) * nb1),  //
                scale, logit_softcap, slope, nek1, nbk1, nbv1, DV, DK);
        }
    }
}

void forward_flash_attn_ext_f16_tiled_vlen1024_vf16(const ggml_compute_params * params,
                                                    ggml_tensor *               dst,
                                                    int                         ir0,
                                                    int                         ir1,
                                                    void *                      tcm_buffer,
                                                    size_t                      tcm_buffer_size) {
    const ggml_tensor * q     = dst->src[0];
    const ggml_tensor * k     = dst->src[1];
    const ggml_tensor * v     = dst->src[2];
    const ggml_tensor * mask  = dst->src[3];
    const ggml_tensor * sinks = dst->src[4];

    GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(int64_t, neq, q, ne)
    GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(size_t, nbq, q, nb)
    GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(int64_t, nek, k, ne)
    GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(size_t, nbk, k, nb)
    GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(int64_t, nev, v, ne)
    GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(size_t, nbv, v, nb)
    GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(int64_t, ne, dst, ne)
    GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(size_t, nb, dst, nb)

    const int64_t DK = nek0;
    const int64_t DV = nev0;
    const int64_t N  = neq1;

    GGML_ASSERT(flash_attn_ext_supported_shape_vlen1024_vf16(DK, DV));

    GGML_ASSERT(ne0 == DV);
    GGML_ASSERT(ne2 == N);

    // input tensor rows must be contiguous
    GGML_ASSERT(nbq0 == ggml_type_size(q->type));
    GGML_ASSERT(nbk0 == ggml_type_size(k->type));
    GGML_ASSERT(nbv0 == ggml_type_size(v->type));

    GGML_ASSERT(neq0 == DK);
    GGML_ASSERT(nek0 == DK);
    GGML_ASSERT(nev0 == DV);

    GGML_ASSERT(neq1 == N);

    // dst cannot be transposed or permuted
    GGML_ASSERT(nb0 == sizeof(float));
    GGML_ASSERT(nb0 <= nb1);
    GGML_ASSERT(nb1 <= nb2);
    GGML_ASSERT(nb2 <= nb3);

    GGML_ASSERT(k->type == v->type);
    const ggml_type kv_type = k->type;

    // broadcast factors
    const int64_t rk2 = neq2 / nek2;
    const int64_t rk3 = neq3 / nek3;

    const int64_t rv2 = neq2 / nev2;
    const int64_t rv3 = neq3 / nev3;

    float * param_list    = (float *) dst->op_params;
    float   scale         = param_list[0];
    float   max_bias      = param_list[1];
    float   logit_softcap = param_list[2];

    if (logit_softcap != 0) {
        scale /= logit_softcap;
    }

    const uint32_t n_head      = neq2;
    const uint32_t n_head_log2 = 1u << (uint32_t) floor(log2(n_head));

    const float m0 = powf(2.0f, -(max_bias) / n_head_log2);
    const float m1 = powf(2.0f, -(max_bias / 2.0f) / n_head_log2);

    int ith = params->ith;

    static constexpr int Q_TILE_SZ  = ggml_fa_tile_config::Q;
    static constexpr int KV_TILE_SZ = ggml_fa_tile_config::KV;

    // Per-thread scratch layout:
    // Q_f32:   Q_TILE_SZ * DK
    // KQ:      Q_TILE_SZ * KV_TILE_SZ
    // mask32:  Q_TILE_SZ * KV_TILE_SZ
    // VKQ32:   Q_TILE_SZ * DV
    // V32:     KV_TILE_SZ * DV
    // K_f32:   DK * KV_TILE_SZ (transposed K tile)
    float *      base = (float *) params->wdata + ith * (Q_TILE_SZ * DK + 2 * Q_TILE_SZ * KV_TILE_SZ + Q_TILE_SZ * DV +
                                                    KV_TILE_SZ * DV + KV_TILE_SZ * DK + CACHE_LINE_SIZE_F32);
    const size_t base_size =
        (Q_TILE_SZ * DK + 2 * Q_TILE_SZ * KV_TILE_SZ + Q_TILE_SZ * DV + KV_TILE_SZ * DV + KV_TILE_SZ * DK) *
            sizeof(float) +
        CACHE_LINE_SIZE_F32;

    if (base_size <= tcm_buffer_size && tcm_buffer != nullptr) {
        base = (float *) tcm_buffer;
    }

    float   S_M_Buf[Q_TILE_SZ * 2];  // buffer to hold S, M, bias for one tile to reduce register pressure in main loop
    float * S = S_M_Buf;
    float * M = S_M_Buf + Q_TILE_SZ;

    int ir = ir0;
    while (ir < ir1) {
        // q indices for the start of this tile
        const int iq3 = ir / (neq2 * neq1);
        const int iq2 = (ir - iq3 * neq2 * neq1) / neq1;
        const int iq1 = (ir - iq3 * neq2 * neq1 - iq2 * neq1);

        // Number of valid rows in this tile:
        // - limited by tile size (Q_TILE_SZ)
        // - limited by chunk boundary (ir1 - ir)
        // - limited by head boundary (neq1 - iq1) to avoid crossing into next head
        const int tile_rows = MIN(Q_TILE_SZ, MIN((int) (ir1 - ir), (int) (neq1 - iq1)));
        GGML_ASSERT(tile_rows > 0);

        const uint32_t h = iq2;  // head index
        const float    slope =
            (max_bias > 0.0f) ? h < n_head_log2 ? powf(m0, h + 1) : powf(m1, 2 * (h - n_head_log2) + 1) : 1.0f;

        for (int i = 0; i < Q_TILE_SZ; ++i) {
            S[i] = 0.;
            M[i] = -INFINITY;
        }

        float *    Q_f32  = base;
        float *    KQ     = (float *) ((char *) base + Q_TILE_SZ * DK * sizeof(float));
        float *    mask32 = KQ + Q_TILE_SZ * KV_TILE_SZ;
        float *    VKQ32  = mask32 + Q_TILE_SZ * KV_TILE_SZ;
        float *    V32    = VKQ32 + Q_TILE_SZ * DV;
        float *    K_f32  = V32 + KV_TILE_SZ * DV;
        _Float16 * Q_f16  = (_Float16 *) Q_f32;
        _Float16 * V_f16  = (_Float16 *) V32;
        _Float16 * K_f16  = (_Float16 *) K_f32;

        rvv_zero_f32(VKQ32, Q_TILE_SZ * DV);

        // k indices
        const int ik3 = iq3 / rk3;
        const int ik2 = iq2 / rk2;

        // v indices
        const int iv3 = iq3 / rv3;
        const int iv2 = iq2 / rv2;

        const float * pq = (const float *) ((char *) q->data + (iq1 * nbq1 + iq2 * nbq2 + iq3 * nbq3));
        if (kv_type == GGML_TYPE_F16) {
            rvv_pack_f32_as_scaled_f16((uint8_t *) Q_f16, DK * sizeof(_Float16), (uint8_t *) pq, nbq1, tile_rows, DK,
                                       scale);
        } else {
            memcpy2d(Q_f32, DK * sizeof(float), pq, nbq1, tile_rows, DK * sizeof(float));
        }

        for (int64_t ic = 0; ic < nek1; ic += KV_TILE_SZ) {
            const int kv_tile = (int) std::min((int64_t) KV_TILE_SZ, nek1 - ic);

            rvv_zero_f32(K_f32, DK * KV_TILE_SZ);
            rvv_zero_f32(V32, KV_TILE_SZ * DV);

            // skip the tile entirely if all the masks are -inf
            if (mask) {
                bool                can_skip = true;
                const ggml_fp16_t * mp_row =
                    (const ggml_fp16_t *) ((const char *) mask->data + iq1 * mask->nb[1] +
                                           (iq2 % mask->ne[2]) * mask->nb[2] + (iq3 % mask->ne[3]) * mask->nb[3]);
                rvv_pack_scaled_f16_as_f32(mask32, KV_TILE_SZ * sizeof(float), mp_row + ic, mask->nb[1], tile_rows,
                                           kv_tile, slope);

                for (int tq = 0; tq < tile_rows; tq++) {
                    for (int tk = 0; tk < kv_tile; tk++) {
                        if (mask32[tq * KV_TILE_SZ + tk] != -INFINITY) {
                            can_skip = false;
                        }
                    }
                    // Pad remaining mask entries with -inf
                    for (int tk = kv_tile; tk < KV_TILE_SZ; tk++) {
                        mask32[tq * KV_TILE_SZ + tk] = -INFINITY;
                    }
                }

                if (can_skip) {
                    continue;
                }
            }

            if (kv_type == GGML_TYPE_F16) {
                rvv_transposed_s16_mn_to_nm((int8_t *) K_f16, KV_TILE_SZ * sizeof(_Float16),
                                            (int8_t *) k->data + ic * nbk1 + ik2 * nbk2 + ik3 * nbk3, nbk1, kv_tile,
                                            DK);

                int tq = 0;
                for (; tq + 3 < tile_rows; tq += 4) {
                    rvv_qk_dot_tile_f16_x4(KQ + (tq + 0) * KV_TILE_SZ, KQ + (tq + 1) * KV_TILE_SZ,
                                           KQ + (tq + 2) * KV_TILE_SZ, KQ + (tq + 3) * KV_TILE_SZ,
                                           Q_f16 + (tq + 0) * DK, Q_f16 + (tq + 1) * DK, Q_f16 + (tq + 2) * DK,
                                           Q_f16 + (tq + 3) * DK, K_f16, DK, kv_tile);
                }
                for (; tq < tile_rows; ++tq) {
                    rvv_qk_dot_tile_f16_x1(KQ + tq * KV_TILE_SZ, Q_f16 + tq * DK, K_f16, DK, kv_tile);
                }
            } else {
                for (int tk = 0; tk < kv_tile; tk++) {
                    const char *  k_data = (const char *) k->data + (ic + tk) * nbk1 + ik2 * nbk2 + ik3 * nbk3;
                    float *       k_col  = K_f32 + tk;
                    const float * k_src  = (const float *) k_data;
                    for (int64_t dk = 0; dk < DK; ++dk) {
                        k_col[dk * KV_TILE_SZ] = k_src[dk];
                    }
                }

                for (int tq = 0; tq < tile_rows; ++tq) {
                    rvv_qk_dot_tile(KQ + tq * KV_TILE_SZ, Q_f32 + tq * DK, K_f32, DK, KV_TILE_SZ, scale);
                }
            }

            // Set padded KQ entries to -inf so softmax gives them zero weight
            if (kv_tile < KV_TILE_SZ) {
                for (int tq = 0; tq < tile_rows; tq++) {
                    for (int tk = kv_tile; tk < KV_TILE_SZ; tk++) {
                        KQ[tq * KV_TILE_SZ + tk] = -INFINITY;
                    }
                }
            }

            if (logit_softcap != 0.0f) {
                rvv_softcap_tanh_inplace_f32(KQ, KV_TILE_SZ, tile_rows, KV_TILE_SZ, logit_softcap);
            }

            if (mask) {
                rvv_add_inplace_f32(KQ, KV_TILE_SZ, mask32, KV_TILE_SZ, tile_rows, KV_TILE_SZ);
            }

            bool skip[Q_TILE_SZ] = {};

            for (int tq = 0; tq < tile_rows; tq++) {
                float * kq_row = KQ + tq * KV_TILE_SZ;

                const float tile_max = rvv_max_f32(kq_row, KV_TILE_SZ);

                if (tile_max == -INFINITY) {
                    skip[tq] = true;
                    continue;
                }

                const float Mold = M[tq];
                const float Mnew = fmaxf(Mold, tile_max);

                if (Mnew > Mold) {
                    const float ms = expf(Mold - Mnew);
                    rvv_scale_f32(VKQ32 + tq * DV, ms, DV);
                    S[tq] *= ms;
                }
                M[tq] = Mnew;

                S[tq] += rvv_softmax_exp_inplace_f32(kq_row, KV_TILE_SZ, Mnew);
            }

            // Pack V as contiguous [KV_TILE_SZ][DV].
            if (kv_type == GGML_TYPE_F16) {
                const char * v_data = (const char *) v->data + ic * nbv1 + iv2 * nbv2 + iv3 * nbv3;
                memcpy2d(V_f16, DV * sizeof(_Float16), v_data, nbv1, kv_tile, DV * sizeof(_Float16));

                int tq = 0;
                for (; tq + 3 < tile_rows; tq += 4) {
                    if (skip[tq + 0] || skip[tq + 1] || skip[tq + 2] || skip[tq + 3]) {
                        for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
                            if (!skip[tq + i]) {
                                rvv_pv_accumulate_f16_x1(VKQ32 + (tq + i) * DV, KQ + (tq + i) * KV_TILE_SZ, V_f16,
                                                         KV_TILE_SZ, DV);
                            }
                        }
                        continue;
                    }

                    rvv_pv_accumulate_f16_x4(VKQ32 + (tq + 0) * DV, VKQ32 + (tq + 1) * DV, VKQ32 + (tq + 2) * DV,
                                             VKQ32 + (tq + 3) * DV, KQ + (tq + 0) * KV_TILE_SZ,
                                             KQ + (tq + 1) * KV_TILE_SZ, KQ + (tq + 2) * KV_TILE_SZ,
                                             KQ + (tq + 3) * KV_TILE_SZ, V_f16, KV_TILE_SZ, DV);
                }
                for (; tq < tile_rows; ++tq) {
                    if (!skip[tq]) {
                        rvv_pv_accumulate_f16_x1(VKQ32 + tq * DV, KQ + tq * KV_TILE_SZ, V_f16, KV_TILE_SZ, DV);
                    }
                }
            } else {
                const char * v_data = (const char *) v->data + ic * nbv1 + iv2 * nbv2 + iv3 * nbv3;
                memcpy2d(V32, DV * sizeof(float), v_data, nbv1, kv_tile, DV * sizeof(float));

                for (int tq = 0; tq < tile_rows; ++tq) {
                    if (!skip[tq]) {
                        rvv_pv_accumulate(VKQ32 + tq * DV, KQ + tq * KV_TILE_SZ, V32, KV_TILE_SZ, DV);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // sinks (apply only to valid rows in the tile)
        if (sinks) {
            const float s = ((float *) ((char *) sinks->data))[h];

            for (int tq = 0; tq < tile_rows; tq++) {
                float ms = 1.0f;
                float vs = 1.0f;

                if (s > M[tq]) {
                    ms = expf(M[tq] - s);
                    rvv_scale_f32(VKQ32 + tq * DV, ms, DV);
                } else {
                    vs = expf(s - M[tq]);
                }

                float S_temp = S[tq] * ms + vs;
                S[tq]        = S_temp == 0.0f ? 0.0f : 1.0f / S_temp;
            }
        } else {
            for (int tq = 0; tq < tile_rows; tq++) {
                const float S_inv = S[tq] == 0.0f ? 0.0f : 1.0f / S[tq];
                S[tq]             = S_inv;
            }
        }

        float * dst_ptr = (float *) ((char *) dst->data + (iq3 * ne2 * ne1 + iq2 + (iq1) *ne1) * nb1);
        rvv_pack_scaled_f32_as_f32(dst_ptr, nb1 * ne1, VKQ32, DV * sizeof(float), tile_rows, DV, S);

        ir += tile_rows;
    }
}

void forward_rms_norm_f32(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op) {
    const ggml_tensor * src0 = op->src[0];
    ggml_tensor *       dst  = op;
    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_are_same_shape(src0, dst));
    GGML_ASSERT(src0->nb[0] == sizeof(float));

    int ith = params->ith;
    int nth = params->nth;

    GGML_TENSOR_UNARY_OP_LOCALS

    float epsilon = *((float *) dst->op_params);

    GGML_ASSERT(epsilon > 0.0f);

    auto * input  = (char *) src0->data;
    auto * output = (char *) dst->data;

    const auto hidden_size     = ne00;
    const auto task_count      = ne01 * ne02 * ne03;
    const auto task_per_thread = (task_count + nth - 1) / nth;

    const auto task_begin = ith * task_per_thread;
    const auto task_end   = std::min((ith + 1) * task_per_thread, task_count);

    for (auto task_idx = task_begin; task_idx < task_end; task_idx++) {
        int64_t i03 = task_idx / (ne02 * ne01);
        int64_t i02 = (task_idx - i03 * ne02 * ne01) / ne01;
        int64_t i01 = (task_idx - i03 * ne02 * ne01 - i02 * ne01);

        auto * p_input       = (float *) (input + i01 * nb01 + i02 * nb02 + i03 * nb03);
        auto * p_output      = (float *) (output + i01 * nb1 + i02 * nb2 + i03 * nb3);
        auto * p_temp_output = p_output;

        size_t       gvl    = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e32m4();
        vfloat32m4_t sum_sq = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m4(0.f, gvl);
        int64_t      length = hidden_size;
        while (length > 0) {
            gvl                   = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(length);
            vfloat32m4_t src_data = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(p_input, gvl);
            sum_sq                = __riscv_vfmacc_vv_f32m4(sum_sq, src_data, src_data, gvl);
            __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(p_temp_output, src_data, gvl);

            p_input += gvl;
            p_temp_output += gvl;
            length -= gvl;
        }

        gvl                 = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e32m1();
        vfloat32m1_t zero_v = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.f, gvl);
        vfloat32m1_t mean_square_v =
            __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m1(__riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(sum_sq, 0), __riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(sum_sq, 1), gvl);

        mean_square_v = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m1(mean_square_v, __riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(sum_sq, 2), gvl);
        mean_square_v = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m1(mean_square_v, __riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(sum_sq, 3), gvl);
        mean_square_v = __riscv_vfredusum_vs_f32m1_f32m1(mean_square_v, zero_v, gvl);

        float mean_square = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(mean_square_v);
        mean_square /= hidden_size;

        mean_square = sqrt(mean_square + epsilon);

        mean_square   = 1.0f / mean_square;
        length        = hidden_size;
        p_temp_output = p_output;

        while (length > 0) {
            gvl                   = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(length);
            vfloat32m4_t src_data = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(p_temp_output, gvl);
            src_data              = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(src_data, mean_square, gvl);
            __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(p_output, src_data, gvl);
            p_temp_output += gvl;
            p_output += gvl;
            length -= gvl;
        }
    }
}

template <size_t MB_ROWS>
void quantize_a_nrow_i8_ref(size_t blk_len, const float * a_ptr, size_t count_k, uint8_t * quant_a_ptr) {
    int64_t a_blk_stride        = q8_blk_size(blk_len, true);
    int64_t a_nrow_block_stride = a_blk_stride * MB_ROWS;
    for (size_t k = 0; k < count_k; k += blk_len, quant_a_ptr += a_nrow_block_stride) {
        float *   scale_a_ptr = reinterpret_cast<float *>(quant_a_ptr);
        int16_t * a_sum_ptr   = reinterpret_cast<int16_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float) * MB_ROWS);
        int8_t *  quant_a_blk =
            reinterpret_cast<int8_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float) * MB_ROWS + sizeof(int16_t) * MB_ROWS);

        for (size_t row = 0; row < MB_ROWS; row++) {
            float max_abs_a = 0.0f;
            for (size_t bk = 0; bk < blk_len; bk++) {
                max_abs_a = std::max(max_abs_a, std::abs(a_ptr[row * count_k + k + bk]));
            }

            float rep_scale_a = ((1 << 7) - 1) / max_abs_a;
            scale_a_ptr[row]  = 1 / rep_scale_a;

            int16_t a_sum = 0;
            for (size_t bk = 0; bk < blk_len; bk++) {
                const int8_t quantized = static_cast<int8_t>(
                    std::clamp(std::nearbyintf(a_ptr[row * count_k + k + bk] * rep_scale_a), -128.0f, 127.0f));
                quant_a_blk[row * blk_len + bk] = quantized;
                a_sum += quantized;
            }
            a_sum_ptr[row] = -a_sum;
        }
    }
}

template <size_t MB_ROWS>
void quantize_a_nrow_i8_hp_ref(size_t blk_len, const float * a_ptr, size_t count_k, uint8_t * quant_a_ptr) {
    constexpr size_t k_subblk_len = 32;
    const size_t     subblk_count = blk_len / k_subblk_len;

    GGML_ASSERT(blk_len == 256);

    float   scale_temp[8]       = { 0.0f };
    int64_t a_blk_stride        = q8_hp_blk_size(blk_len, true, true);
    int64_t a_nrow_block_stride = a_blk_stride * MB_ROWS;
    int64_t a_subblk_stride     = q8_hp_blk_size(k_subblk_len, false, false) * MB_ROWS;

    for (size_t k = 0; k < count_k; k += blk_len, quant_a_ptr += a_nrow_block_stride) {
        _Float16 * a_sum_ptr = reinterpret_cast<_Float16 *>(quant_a_ptr + a_subblk_stride * subblk_count);

        float scale_avg = 0.0f;
        for (size_t kk = 0; kk < subblk_count; kk++) {
            float max_abs_a = 0.0f;
            for (size_t row = 0; row < MB_ROWS; row++) {
                for (size_t bk = 0; bk < k_subblk_len; bk++) {
                    max_abs_a = std::max(max_abs_a, std::abs(a_ptr[row * count_k + k + bk + kk * k_subblk_len]));
                }
            }
            scale_temp[kk] = max_abs_a / ((1 << 7) - 1);
            scale_avg += scale_temp[kk];
        }

        scale_avg /= subblk_count;
        float scale_factor = 1.0f / scale_avg;

        _Float16 * scale_avg_ptr =
            reinterpret_cast<_Float16 *>(quant_a_ptr + a_nrow_block_stride - sizeof(_Float16) * MB_ROWS);
        scale_avg_ptr[0] = scale_avg;

        for (size_t kk = 0; kk < subblk_count; kk++) {
            uint8_t *  a_subblk_base = quant_a_ptr + kk * a_subblk_stride;
            _Float16 * scale_a_ptr   = reinterpret_cast<_Float16 *>(a_subblk_base);
            int8_t *   quant_a_blk   = reinterpret_cast<int8_t *>(a_subblk_base + sizeof(_Float16) * MB_ROWS);

            scale_a_ptr[0] = static_cast<_Float16>(scale_temp[kk] * scale_factor);

            const float rep_scale_a = 1.0f / scale_temp[kk];

            for (size_t row = 0; row < MB_ROWS; row++) {
                int16_t a_sum = 0;
                for (size_t bk = 0; bk < k_subblk_len; bk++) {
                    const int8_t quantized = static_cast<int8_t>(
                        std::clamp(std::nearbyintf(a_ptr[row * count_k + k + bk + kk * k_subblk_len] * rep_scale_a),
                                   -128.0f, 127.0f));
                    quant_a_blk[row * k_subblk_len + bk] = quantized;
                    a_sum += quantized;
                }
                a_sum_ptr[row * subblk_count + kk] = static_cast<_Float16>(-a_sum) * static_cast<_Float16>(8.0f);
            }
        }
    }
}

template <size_t MB_ROWS>
void quantize_a_nrow_i8k_ref(size_t blk_len, const float * a_ptr, size_t count_k, uint8_t * quant_a_ptr) {
    int64_t a_blk_stride        = q8k_blk_size(256);
    int64_t a_nrow_block_stride = a_blk_stride * MB_ROWS;
    int64_t a_sum_size          = 256 / 16;

    for (size_t k = 0; k < count_k; k += blk_len, quant_a_ptr += a_nrow_block_stride) {
        float *   scale_a_ptr = reinterpret_cast<float *>(quant_a_ptr);
        int16_t * a_sum_ptr   = reinterpret_cast<int16_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float) * MB_ROWS);
        int8_t *  quant_a_blk =
            reinterpret_cast<int8_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float) * MB_ROWS + sizeof(int16_t) * a_sum_size * MB_ROWS);

        for (size_t row = 0; row < MB_ROWS; row++) {
            float max_a     = 0.0f;
            float max_abs_a = 0.0f;
            for (size_t bk = 0; bk < blk_len; bk++) {
                float ax = std::abs(a_ptr[row * count_k + k + bk]);
                if (ax > max_abs_a) {
                    max_abs_a = ax;
                    max_a     = a_ptr[row * count_k + k + bk];
                }
            }

            if (!max_abs_a) {
                scale_a_ptr[row] = 0;
                for (size_t bki = 0; bki < a_sum_size; bki++) {
                    for (size_t bk = bki * 16; bk < (bki + 1) * 16; bk++) {
                        quant_a_blk[row * blk_len + bk] = 0;
                    }
                    a_sum_ptr[row * a_sum_size + bki] = 0;
                }
                continue;
            }

            float rep_scale_a = ((1 << 7) - 1) / max_abs_a;
            scale_a_ptr[row]  = 1 / rep_scale_a;

            for (size_t bki = 0; bki < a_sum_size; bki++) {
                int16_t a_sum = 0;
                for (size_t bk = bki * 16; bk < (bki + 1) * 16; bk++) {
                    const int8_t quantized = static_cast<int8_t>(
                        std::clamp(std::nearbyintf(a_ptr[row * count_k + k + bk] * rep_scale_a), -128.0f, 127.0f));
                    quant_a_blk[row * blk_len + bk] = quantized;
                    a_sum += quantized;
                }
                a_sum_ptr[row * a_sum_size + bki] = -a_sum;
            }
        }
    }
}

void quantize_a_row_i8(size_t blk_len, const float * a_ptr, size_t count_k, uint8_t * quant_a_ptr) {
    GGML_ASSERT(blk_len == 32);
    int64_t a_blk_stride = q8_blk_size(blk_len, true);
    size_t  vlenb        = __riscv_vlenb();

    if (vlenb == 128) {
        for (size_t k = 0; k < count_k; k += blk_len, quant_a_ptr += a_blk_stride) {
            float *   scale_a_ptr = reinterpret_cast<float *>(quant_a_ptr);
            int16_t * a_sum_ptr   = reinterpret_cast<int16_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float));
            int8_t *  quant_a_blk = reinterpret_cast<int8_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float) + sizeof(int16_t));

            size_t       vl      = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m1(blk_len);
            vfloat32m1_t v_a     = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m1(a_ptr + k, vl);
            vfloat32m1_t v_a_abs = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m1(v_a, vl);

            vfloat32m1_t tmp       = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, vl);
            vfloat32m1_t v_a_max   = __riscv_vfredmax_vs_f32m1_f32m1(v_a_abs, tmp, vl);
            float        max_abs_a = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(v_a_max);

            float scale_a     = max_abs_a / ((1 << 7) - 1);
            float rep_scale_a = scale_a ? 1.0f / scale_a : 0.0f;
            scale_a_ptr[0]    = scale_a;

            vfloat32m1_t v_a_scale    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m1(v_a, rep_scale_a, vl);
            vint16mf2_t  v_a_quant    = __riscv_vfncvt_x_f_w_i16mf2(v_a_scale, vl);
            vint8mf4_t   v_a_quant_i8 = __riscv_vncvt_x_x_w_i8mf4(v_a_quant, vl);

            vint16m1_t tmp_sum = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m1(0, vl);
            vint16m1_t v_a_sum = __riscv_vwredsum_vs_i8mf4_i16m1(v_a_quant_i8, tmp_sum, vl);
            int16_t    a_sum   = __riscv_vmv_x_s_i16m1_i16(v_a_sum);
            a_sum_ptr[0]       = -a_sum;

            __riscv_vse8_v_i8mf4(quant_a_blk, v_a_quant_i8, vl);
        }
    } else if (vlenb == 32) {
        for (size_t k = 0; k < count_k; k += blk_len, quant_a_ptr += a_blk_stride) {
            float *   scale_a_ptr = reinterpret_cast<float *>(quant_a_ptr);
            int16_t * a_sum_ptr   = reinterpret_cast<int16_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float));
            int8_t *  quant_a_blk = reinterpret_cast<int8_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float) + sizeof(int16_t));

            size_t       vl      = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(blk_len);
            vfloat32m4_t v_a     = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(a_ptr + k, vl);
            vfloat32m4_t v_a_abs = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m4(v_a, vl);

            vfloat32m1_t tmp       = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, vl);
            vfloat32m1_t v_a_max   = __riscv_vfredmax_vs_f32m4_f32m1(v_a_abs, tmp, vl);
            float        max_abs_a = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(v_a_max);

            float scale_a     = max_abs_a / ((1 << 7) - 1);
            float rep_scale_a = scale_a ? 1.0f / scale_a : 0.0f;
            scale_a_ptr[0]    = scale_a;

            vfloat32m4_t v_a_scale    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(v_a, rep_scale_a, vl);
            vint16m2_t   v_a_quant    = __riscv_vfncvt_x_f_w_i16m2(v_a_scale, vl);
            vint8m1_t    v_a_quant_i8 = __riscv_vncvt_x_x_w_i8m1(v_a_quant, vl);

            vint16m1_t tmp_sum = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m1(0, vl);
            vint16m1_t v_a_sum = __riscv_vwredsum_vs_i8m1_i16m1(v_a_quant_i8, tmp_sum, vl);
            int16_t    a_sum   = __riscv_vmv_x_s_i16m1_i16(v_a_sum);
            a_sum_ptr[0]       = -a_sum;

            __riscv_vse8_v_i8m1(quant_a_blk, v_a_quant_i8, vl);
        }
    } else {
        quantize_a_nrow_i8_ref<1>(blk_len, a_ptr, count_k, quant_a_ptr);
    }
}

void quantize_a_4row_i8(size_t blk_len, const float * a_ptr, size_t count_k, uint8_t * quant_a_ptr) {
    GGML_ASSERT(blk_len == 32);
    int64_t a_blk_stride        = q8_blk_size(blk_len, true);
    int64_t a_nrow_block_stride = a_blk_stride * 4;
    size_t  vlenb               = __riscv_vlenb();

    if (vlenb == 128) {
        for (size_t k = 0; k < count_k; k += blk_len, quant_a_ptr += a_nrow_block_stride) {
            float *   scale_a_ptr = reinterpret_cast<float *>(quant_a_ptr);
            int16_t * a_sum_ptr   = reinterpret_cast<int16_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float) * 4);
            int8_t *  quant_a_blk = reinterpret_cast<int8_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float) * 4 + sizeof(int16_t) * 4);

            for (size_t mi = 0; mi < 4; mi++) {
                size_t       vl      = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m1(blk_len);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a     = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m1(a_ptr + mi * count_k + k, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a_abs = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m1(v_a, vl);

                vfloat32m1_t tmp       = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a_max   = __riscv_vfredmax_vs_f32m1_f32m1(v_a_abs, tmp, vl);
                float        max_abs_a = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(v_a_max);

                float scale_a     = max_abs_a / ((1 << 7) - 1);
                float rep_scale_a = scale_a ? 1.0f / scale_a : 0.0f;
                scale_a_ptr[mi]   = scale_a;

                vfloat32m1_t v_a_scale    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m1(v_a, rep_scale_a, vl);
                vint16mf2_t  v_a_quant    = __riscv_vfncvt_x_f_w_i16mf2(v_a_scale, vl);
                vint8mf4_t   v_a_quant_i8 = __riscv_vncvt_x_x_w_i8mf4(v_a_quant, vl);

                vint16m1_t tmp_sum = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m1(0, vl);
                vint16m1_t v_a_sum = __riscv_vwredsum_vs_i8mf4_i16m1(v_a_quant_i8, tmp_sum, vl);
                int16_t    a_sum   = __riscv_vmv_x_s_i16m1_i16(v_a_sum);
                a_sum_ptr[mi]      = -a_sum;

                __riscv_vse8_v_i8mf4(quant_a_blk + mi * blk_len, v_a_quant_i8, vl);
            }
        }
    } else if (vlenb == 32) {
        for (size_t k = 0; k < count_k; k += blk_len, quant_a_ptr += a_nrow_block_stride) {
            float *   scale_a_ptr = reinterpret_cast<float *>(quant_a_ptr);
            int16_t * a_sum_ptr   = reinterpret_cast<int16_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float) * 4);
            int8_t *  quant_a_blk = reinterpret_cast<int8_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float) * 4 + sizeof(int16_t) * 4);

            for (size_t mi = 0; mi < 4; mi++) {
                size_t       vl      = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(blk_len);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a     = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(a_ptr + mi * count_k + k, vl);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a_abs = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m4(v_a, vl);

                vfloat32m1_t tmp       = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a_max   = __riscv_vfredmax_vs_f32m4_f32m1(v_a_abs, tmp, vl);
                float        max_abs_a = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(v_a_max);

                float scale_a     = max_abs_a / ((1 << 7) - 1);
                float rep_scale_a = scale_a ? 1.0f / scale_a : 0.0f;
                scale_a_ptr[mi]   = scale_a;

                vfloat32m4_t v_a_scale    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(v_a, rep_scale_a, vl);
                vint16m2_t   v_a_quant    = __riscv_vfncvt_x_f_w_i16m2(v_a_scale, vl);
                vint8m1_t    v_a_quant_i8 = __riscv_vncvt_x_x_w_i8m1(v_a_quant, vl);

                vint16m1_t tmp_sum = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m1(0, vl);
                vint16m1_t v_a_sum = __riscv_vwredsum_vs_i8m1_i16m1(v_a_quant_i8, tmp_sum, vl);
                int16_t    a_sum   = __riscv_vmv_x_s_i16m1_i16(v_a_sum);
                a_sum_ptr[mi]      = -a_sum;

                __riscv_vse8_v_i8m1(quant_a_blk + mi * blk_len, v_a_quant_i8, vl);
            }
        }
    } else {
        quantize_a_nrow_i8_ref<4>(blk_len, a_ptr, count_k, quant_a_ptr);
    }
}

void quantize_a_row_i8_hp(size_t blk_len, const float * a_ptr, size_t count_k, uint8_t * quant_a_ptr) {
    constexpr size_t k_subblk_len = 32;
    GGML_ASSERT(blk_len == 256);

    constexpr size_t subblk_count             = 256 / k_subblk_len;
    int64_t          a_blk_stride             = q8_hp_blk_size(blk_len, true, true);
    int64_t          a_subblk_stride          = q8_hp_blk_size(k_subblk_len, false, false);
    size_t           vlenb                    = __riscv_vlenb();
    float            scale_temp[subblk_count] = { 0.0f };

    if (vlenb == 128) {
        for (size_t k = 0; k < count_k; k += blk_len, quant_a_ptr += a_blk_stride) {
            _Float16 * a_sum_ptr     = reinterpret_cast<_Float16 *>(quant_a_ptr + a_subblk_stride * subblk_count);
            _Float16 * scale_avg_ptr = reinterpret_cast<_Float16 *>(quant_a_ptr + a_blk_stride - sizeof(_Float16));
            float      scale_avg     = 0.0f;

            for (size_t kk = 0; kk < subblk_count; ++kk) {
                const float * a_src_ptr = a_ptr + k + kk * k_subblk_len;

                size_t       vl      = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m1(k_subblk_len);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a     = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m1(a_src_ptr, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a_abs = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m1(v_a, vl);

                vfloat32m1_t tmp       = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a_max   = __riscv_vfredmax_vs_f32m1_f32m1(v_a_abs, tmp, vl);
                float        max_abs_a = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(v_a_max);

                scale_temp[kk] = max_abs_a / ((1 << 7) - 1);
                scale_avg += scale_temp[kk];
            }

            scale_avg /= subblk_count;
            const float scale_factor = scale_avg ? 1.0f / scale_avg : 0.0f;
            scale_avg_ptr[0]         = static_cast<_Float16>(scale_avg);

            for (size_t kk = 0; kk < subblk_count; ++kk) {
                uint8_t *     a_subblk_base = quant_a_ptr + kk * a_subblk_stride;
                _Float16 *    scale_a_ptr   = reinterpret_cast<_Float16 *>(a_subblk_base);
                int8_t *      quant_a_blk   = reinterpret_cast<int8_t *>(a_subblk_base + sizeof(_Float16));
                const float * a_src_ptr     = a_ptr + k + kk * k_subblk_len;

                size_t       vl          = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m1(k_subblk_len);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a         = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m1(a_src_ptr, vl);
                float        rep_scale_a = scale_temp[kk] ? 1.0f / scale_temp[kk] : 0.0f;
                scale_a_ptr[0]           = static_cast<_Float16>(scale_temp[kk] * scale_factor);

                vfloat32m1_t v_a_scale    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m1(v_a, rep_scale_a, vl);
                vint16mf2_t  v_a_quant    = __riscv_vfncvt_x_f_w_i16mf2(v_a_scale, vl);
                vint8mf4_t   v_a_quant_i8 = __riscv_vncvt_x_x_w_i8mf4(v_a_quant, vl);

                vint16m1_t tmp_sum = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m1(0, vl);
                vint16m1_t v_a_sum = __riscv_vwredsum_vs_i8mf4_i16m1(v_a_quant_i8, tmp_sum, vl);
                int16_t    a_sum   = __riscv_vmv_x_s_i16m1_i16(v_a_sum);
                a_sum_ptr[kk]      = static_cast<_Float16>(-a_sum) * static_cast<_Float16>(8.0f);

                __riscv_vse8_v_i8mf4(quant_a_blk, v_a_quant_i8, vl);
            }
        }
    } else if (vlenb == 32) {
        for (size_t k = 0; k < count_k; k += blk_len, quant_a_ptr += a_blk_stride) {
            _Float16 * a_sum_ptr     = reinterpret_cast<_Float16 *>(quant_a_ptr + a_subblk_stride * subblk_count);
            _Float16 * scale_avg_ptr = reinterpret_cast<_Float16 *>(quant_a_ptr + a_blk_stride - sizeof(_Float16));
            float      scale_avg     = 0.0f;

            for (size_t kk = 0; kk < subblk_count; ++kk) {
                const float * a_src_ptr = a_ptr + k + kk * k_subblk_len;

                size_t       vl      = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(k_subblk_len);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a     = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(a_src_ptr, vl);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a_abs = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m4(v_a, vl);

                vfloat32m1_t tmp       = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a_max   = __riscv_vfredmax_vs_f32m4_f32m1(v_a_abs, tmp, vl);
                float        max_abs_a = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(v_a_max);

                scale_temp[kk] = max_abs_a / ((1 << 7) - 1);
                scale_avg += scale_temp[kk];
            }

            scale_avg /= subblk_count;
            const float scale_factor = scale_avg ? 1.0f / scale_avg : 0.0f;
            scale_avg_ptr[0]         = static_cast<_Float16>(scale_avg);

            for (size_t kk = 0; kk < subblk_count; ++kk) {
                uint8_t *     a_subblk_base = quant_a_ptr + kk * a_subblk_stride;
                _Float16 *    scale_a_ptr   = reinterpret_cast<_Float16 *>(a_subblk_base);
                int8_t *      quant_a_blk   = reinterpret_cast<int8_t *>(a_subblk_base + sizeof(_Float16));
                const float * a_src_ptr     = a_ptr + k + kk * k_subblk_len;

                size_t       vl          = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(k_subblk_len);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a         = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(a_src_ptr, vl);
                float        rep_scale_a = scale_temp[kk] ? 1.0f / scale_temp[kk] : 0.0f;
                scale_a_ptr[0]           = static_cast<_Float16>(scale_temp[kk] * scale_factor);

                vfloat32m4_t v_a_scale    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(v_a, rep_scale_a, vl);
                vint16m2_t   v_a_quant    = __riscv_vfncvt_x_f_w_i16m2(v_a_scale, vl);
                vint8m1_t    v_a_quant_i8 = __riscv_vncvt_x_x_w_i8m1(v_a_quant, vl);

                vint16m1_t tmp_sum = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m1(0, vl);
                vint16m1_t v_a_sum = __riscv_vwredsum_vs_i8m1_i16m1(v_a_quant_i8, tmp_sum, vl);
                int16_t    a_sum   = __riscv_vmv_x_s_i16m1_i16(v_a_sum);
                a_sum_ptr[kk]      = static_cast<_Float16>(-a_sum) * static_cast<_Float16>(8.0f);

                __riscv_vse8_v_i8m1(quant_a_blk, v_a_quant_i8, vl);
            }
        }
    } else {
        quantize_a_nrow_i8_hp_ref<1>(blk_len, a_ptr, count_k, quant_a_ptr);
    }
}

void quantize_a_4row_i8_hp(size_t blk_len, const float * a_ptr, size_t count_k, uint8_t * quant_a_ptr) {
    constexpr size_t k_subblk_len = 32;
    GGML_ASSERT(blk_len == 256);

    constexpr size_t subblk_count             = 256 / k_subblk_len;
    int64_t          a_blk_stride             = q8_hp_blk_size(blk_len, true, true);
    int64_t          a_nrow_block_stride      = a_blk_stride * 4;
    int64_t          a_subblk_stride          = q8_hp_blk_size(k_subblk_len, false, false) * 4;
    size_t           vlenb                    = __riscv_vlenb();
    float            scale_temp[subblk_count] = { 0.0f };

    if (vlenb == 128) {
        for (size_t k = 0; k < count_k; k += blk_len, quant_a_ptr += a_nrow_block_stride) {
            _Float16 * a_sum_ptr = reinterpret_cast<_Float16 *>(quant_a_ptr + a_subblk_stride * subblk_count);
            _Float16 * scale_avg_ptr =
                reinterpret_cast<_Float16 *>(quant_a_ptr + a_nrow_block_stride - sizeof(_Float16) * 4);
            float scale_avg = 0.0f;

            for (size_t kk = 0; kk < subblk_count; ++kk) {
                const float * a_src_ptr0 = a_ptr + 0 * count_k + k + kk * k_subblk_len;
                const float * a_src_ptr1 = a_ptr + 1 * count_k + k + kk * k_subblk_len;
                const float * a_src_ptr2 = a_ptr + 2 * count_k + k + kk * k_subblk_len;
                const float * a_src_ptr3 = a_ptr + 3 * count_k + k + kk * k_subblk_len;

                size_t       vl       = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m1(k_subblk_len);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a0     = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m1(a_src_ptr0, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a1     = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m1(a_src_ptr1, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a2     = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m1(a_src_ptr2, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a3     = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m1(a_src_ptr3, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a0_abs = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m1(v_a0, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a1_abs = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m1(v_a1, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a2_abs = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m1(v_a2, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a3_abs = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m1(v_a3, vl);

                vfloat32m1_t v_max_abs = __riscv_vfmax_vv_f32m1(v_a0_abs, v_a1_abs, vl);
                v_max_abs              = __riscv_vfmax_vv_f32m1(v_max_abs, v_a2_abs, vl);
                v_max_abs              = __riscv_vfmax_vv_f32m1(v_max_abs, v_a3_abs, vl);

                vfloat32m1_t tmp       = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a_max   = __riscv_vfredmax_vs_f32m1_f32m1(v_max_abs, tmp, vl);
                float        max_abs_a = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(v_a_max);

                scale_temp[kk] = max_abs_a / ((1 << 7) - 1);
                scale_avg += scale_temp[kk];
            }

            scale_avg /= subblk_count;
            const float scale_factor = scale_avg ? 1.0f / scale_avg : 0.0f;
            scale_avg_ptr[0]         = static_cast<_Float16>(scale_avg);

            for (size_t kk = 0; kk < subblk_count; ++kk) {
                uint8_t *     a_subblk_base = quant_a_ptr + kk * a_subblk_stride;
                _Float16 *    scale_a_ptr   = reinterpret_cast<_Float16 *>(a_subblk_base);
                int8_t *      quant_a_blk   = reinterpret_cast<int8_t *>(a_subblk_base + sizeof(_Float16) * 4);
                const float * a_src_ptr0    = a_ptr + 0 * count_k + k + kk * k_subblk_len;
                const float * a_src_ptr1    = a_ptr + 1 * count_k + k + kk * k_subblk_len;
                const float * a_src_ptr2    = a_ptr + 2 * count_k + k + kk * k_subblk_len;
                const float * a_src_ptr3    = a_ptr + 3 * count_k + k + kk * k_subblk_len;

                size_t       vl   = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m1(k_subblk_len);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a0 = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m1(a_src_ptr0, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a1 = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m1(a_src_ptr1, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a2 = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m1(a_src_ptr2, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a3 = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m1(a_src_ptr3, vl);

                float rep_scale_a = scale_temp[kk] ? 1.0f / scale_temp[kk] : 0.0f;
                scale_a_ptr[0]    = static_cast<_Float16>(scale_temp[kk] * scale_factor);

                vfloat32m1_t v_a0_scale    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m1(v_a0, rep_scale_a, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a1_scale    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m1(v_a1, rep_scale_a, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a2_scale    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m1(v_a2, rep_scale_a, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a3_scale    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m1(v_a3, rep_scale_a, vl);
                vint16mf2_t  v_a0_quant    = __riscv_vfncvt_x_f_w_i16mf2(v_a0_scale, vl);
                vint16mf2_t  v_a1_quant    = __riscv_vfncvt_x_f_w_i16mf2(v_a1_scale, vl);
                vint16mf2_t  v_a2_quant    = __riscv_vfncvt_x_f_w_i16mf2(v_a2_scale, vl);
                vint16mf2_t  v_a3_quant    = __riscv_vfncvt_x_f_w_i16mf2(v_a3_scale, vl);
                vint8mf4_t   v_a0_quant_i8 = __riscv_vncvt_x_x_w_i8mf4(v_a0_quant, vl);
                vint8mf4_t   v_a1_quant_i8 = __riscv_vncvt_x_x_w_i8mf4(v_a1_quant, vl);
                vint8mf4_t   v_a2_quant_i8 = __riscv_vncvt_x_x_w_i8mf4(v_a2_quant, vl);
                vint8mf4_t   v_a3_quant_i8 = __riscv_vncvt_x_x_w_i8mf4(v_a3_quant, vl);

                vint16m1_t tmp_sum0 = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m1(0, vl);
                vint16m1_t tmp_sum1 = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m1(0, vl);
                vint16m1_t tmp_sum2 = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m1(0, vl);
                vint16m1_t tmp_sum3 = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m1(0, vl);
                vint16m1_t v_a0_sum = __riscv_vwredsum_vs_i8mf4_i16m1(v_a0_quant_i8, tmp_sum0, vl);
                vint16m1_t v_a1_sum = __riscv_vwredsum_vs_i8mf4_i16m1(v_a1_quant_i8, tmp_sum1, vl);
                vint16m1_t v_a2_sum = __riscv_vwredsum_vs_i8mf4_i16m1(v_a2_quant_i8, tmp_sum2, vl);
                vint16m1_t v_a3_sum = __riscv_vwredsum_vs_i8mf4_i16m1(v_a3_quant_i8, tmp_sum3, vl);

                a_sum_ptr[0 * subblk_count + kk] =
                    static_cast<_Float16>(-__riscv_vmv_x_s_i16m1_i16(v_a0_sum)) * static_cast<_Float16>(8.0f);
                a_sum_ptr[1 * subblk_count + kk] =
                    static_cast<_Float16>(-__riscv_vmv_x_s_i16m1_i16(v_a1_sum)) * static_cast<_Float16>(8.0f);
                a_sum_ptr[2 * subblk_count + kk] =
                    static_cast<_Float16>(-__riscv_vmv_x_s_i16m1_i16(v_a2_sum)) * static_cast<_Float16>(8.0f);
                a_sum_ptr[3 * subblk_count + kk] =
                    static_cast<_Float16>(-__riscv_vmv_x_s_i16m1_i16(v_a3_sum)) * static_cast<_Float16>(8.0f);

                __riscv_vse8_v_i8mf4(quant_a_blk + 0 * k_subblk_len, v_a0_quant_i8, vl);
                __riscv_vse8_v_i8mf4(quant_a_blk + 1 * k_subblk_len, v_a1_quant_i8, vl);
                __riscv_vse8_v_i8mf4(quant_a_blk + 2 * k_subblk_len, v_a2_quant_i8, vl);
                __riscv_vse8_v_i8mf4(quant_a_blk + 3 * k_subblk_len, v_a3_quant_i8, vl);
            }
        }
    } else if (vlenb == 32) {
        for (size_t k = 0; k < count_k; k += blk_len, quant_a_ptr += a_nrow_block_stride) {
            _Float16 * a_sum_ptr = reinterpret_cast<_Float16 *>(quant_a_ptr + a_subblk_stride * subblk_count);
            _Float16 * scale_avg_ptr =
                reinterpret_cast<_Float16 *>(quant_a_ptr + a_nrow_block_stride - sizeof(_Float16) * 4);
            float scale_avg = 0.0f;

            for (size_t kk = 0; kk < subblk_count; ++kk) {
                const float * a_src_ptr0 = a_ptr + 0 * count_k + k + kk * k_subblk_len;
                const float * a_src_ptr1 = a_ptr + 1 * count_k + k + kk * k_subblk_len;
                const float * a_src_ptr2 = a_ptr + 2 * count_k + k + kk * k_subblk_len;
                const float * a_src_ptr3 = a_ptr + 3 * count_k + k + kk * k_subblk_len;

                size_t       vl   = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(k_subblk_len);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a0 = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(a_src_ptr0, vl);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a1 = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(a_src_ptr1, vl);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a2 = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(a_src_ptr2, vl);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a3 = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(a_src_ptr3, vl);

                vfloat32m4_t v_a0_abs = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m4(v_a0, vl);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a1_abs = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m4(v_a1, vl);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a2_abs = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m4(v_a2, vl);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a3_abs = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m4(v_a3, vl);

                vfloat32m4_t v_max_abs = __riscv_vfmax_vv_f32m4(v_a0_abs, v_a1_abs, vl);
                v_max_abs              = __riscv_vfmax_vv_f32m4(v_max_abs, v_a2_abs, vl);
                v_max_abs              = __riscv_vfmax_vv_f32m4(v_max_abs, v_a3_abs, vl);

                vfloat32m1_t tmp       = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a_max   = __riscv_vfredmax_vs_f32m4_f32m1(v_max_abs, tmp, vl);
                float        max_abs_a = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(v_a_max);

                scale_temp[kk] = max_abs_a / ((1 << 7) - 1);
                scale_avg += scale_temp[kk];
            }

            scale_avg /= subblk_count;
            const float scale_factor = scale_avg ? 1.0f / scale_avg : 0.0f;
            scale_avg_ptr[0]         = static_cast<_Float16>(scale_avg);

            for (size_t kk = 0; kk < subblk_count; ++kk) {
                uint8_t *     a_subblk_base = quant_a_ptr + kk * a_subblk_stride;
                _Float16 *    scale_a_ptr   = reinterpret_cast<_Float16 *>(a_subblk_base);
                int8_t *      quant_a_blk   = reinterpret_cast<int8_t *>(a_subblk_base + sizeof(_Float16) * 4);
                const float * a_src_ptr0    = a_ptr + 0 * count_k + k + kk * k_subblk_len;
                const float * a_src_ptr1    = a_ptr + 1 * count_k + k + kk * k_subblk_len;
                const float * a_src_ptr2    = a_ptr + 2 * count_k + k + kk * k_subblk_len;
                const float * a_src_ptr3    = a_ptr + 3 * count_k + k + kk * k_subblk_len;

                size_t       vl   = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(k_subblk_len);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a0 = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(a_src_ptr0, vl);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a1 = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(a_src_ptr1, vl);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a2 = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(a_src_ptr2, vl);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a3 = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(a_src_ptr3, vl);

                float rep_scale_a = scale_temp[kk] ? 1.0f / scale_temp[kk] : 0.0f;
                scale_a_ptr[0]    = static_cast<_Float16>(scale_temp[kk] * scale_factor);

                vfloat32m4_t v_a0_scale    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(v_a0, rep_scale_a, vl);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a1_scale    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(v_a1, rep_scale_a, vl);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a2_scale    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(v_a2, rep_scale_a, vl);
                vfloat32m4_t v_a3_scale    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(v_a3, rep_scale_a, vl);
                vint16m2_t   v_a0_quant    = __riscv_vfncvt_x_f_w_i16m2(v_a0_scale, vl);
                vint16m2_t   v_a1_quant    = __riscv_vfncvt_x_f_w_i16m2(v_a1_scale, vl);
                vint16m2_t   v_a2_quant    = __riscv_vfncvt_x_f_w_i16m2(v_a2_scale, vl);
                vint16m2_t   v_a3_quant    = __riscv_vfncvt_x_f_w_i16m2(v_a3_scale, vl);
                vint8m1_t    v_a0_quant_i8 = __riscv_vncvt_x_x_w_i8m1(v_a0_quant, vl);
                vint8m1_t    v_a1_quant_i8 = __riscv_vncvt_x_x_w_i8m1(v_a1_quant, vl);
                vint8m1_t    v_a2_quant_i8 = __riscv_vncvt_x_x_w_i8m1(v_a2_quant, vl);
                vint8m1_t    v_a3_quant_i8 = __riscv_vncvt_x_x_w_i8m1(v_a3_quant, vl);

                vint16m1_t tmp_sum0 = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m1(0, vl);
                vint16m1_t tmp_sum1 = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m1(0, vl);
                vint16m1_t tmp_sum2 = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m1(0, vl);
                vint16m1_t tmp_sum3 = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m1(0, vl);
                vint16m1_t v_a0_sum = __riscv_vwredsum_vs_i8m1_i16m1(v_a0_quant_i8, tmp_sum0, vl);
                vint16m1_t v_a1_sum = __riscv_vwredsum_vs_i8m1_i16m1(v_a1_quant_i8, tmp_sum1, vl);
                vint16m1_t v_a2_sum = __riscv_vwredsum_vs_i8m1_i16m1(v_a2_quant_i8, tmp_sum2, vl);
                vint16m1_t v_a3_sum = __riscv_vwredsum_vs_i8m1_i16m1(v_a3_quant_i8, tmp_sum3, vl);

                a_sum_ptr[0 * subblk_count + kk] =
                    static_cast<_Float16>(-__riscv_vmv_x_s_i16m1_i16(v_a0_sum)) * static_cast<_Float16>(8.0f);
                a_sum_ptr[1 * subblk_count + kk] =
                    static_cast<_Float16>(-__riscv_vmv_x_s_i16m1_i16(v_a1_sum)) * static_cast<_Float16>(8.0f);
                a_sum_ptr[2 * subblk_count + kk] =
                    static_cast<_Float16>(-__riscv_vmv_x_s_i16m1_i16(v_a2_sum)) * static_cast<_Float16>(8.0f);
                a_sum_ptr[3 * subblk_count + kk] =
                    static_cast<_Float16>(-__riscv_vmv_x_s_i16m1_i16(v_a3_sum)) * static_cast<_Float16>(8.0f);

                __riscv_vse8_v_i8m1(quant_a_blk + 0 * k_subblk_len, v_a0_quant_i8, vl);
                __riscv_vse8_v_i8m1(quant_a_blk + 1 * k_subblk_len, v_a1_quant_i8, vl);
                __riscv_vse8_v_i8m1(quant_a_blk + 2 * k_subblk_len, v_a2_quant_i8, vl);
                __riscv_vse8_v_i8m1(quant_a_blk + 3 * k_subblk_len, v_a3_quant_i8, vl);
            }
        }
    } else {
        quantize_a_nrow_i8_hp_ref<4>(blk_len, a_ptr, count_k, quant_a_ptr);
    }
}

void quantize_a_row_i8k(size_t blk_len, const float * a_ptr, size_t count_k, uint8_t * quant_a_ptr) {
    GGML_ASSERT(blk_len == 256);
    constexpr int64_t a_blk_stride = q8k_blk_size(256);
    constexpr int64_t a_sum_size   = 256 / 16;
    size_t            vlenb        = __riscv_vlenb();

    if (vlenb == 128) {
        // vlen = 1024 bits, can process 32 float32 elements with m1
        for (size_t k = 0; k < count_k; k += blk_len, quant_a_ptr += a_blk_stride) {
            float *   scale_a_ptr = reinterpret_cast<float *>(quant_a_ptr);
            int16_t * a_sum_ptr   = reinterpret_cast<int16_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float));
            int8_t *  quant_a_blk =
                reinterpret_cast<int8_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float) + sizeof(int16_t) * a_sum_size);

            // Find max absolute value across all 256 elements
            size_t       vl        = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m1(16);
            vfloat32m1_t v_max_abs = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, vl);

            for (size_t bki = 0; bki < a_sum_size; bki++) {
                vfloat32m1_t v_a     = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m1(a_ptr + k + bki * 16, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a_abs = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m1(v_a, vl);
                v_max_abs            = __riscv_vfmax_vv_f32m1(v_a_abs, v_max_abs, vl);
            }
            vfloat32m1_t tmp         = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, vl);
            vfloat32m1_t v_local_max = __riscv_vfredmax_vs_f32m1_f32m1(v_max_abs, tmp, vl);
            float        max_abs_a   = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(v_local_max);

            float scale_a     = max_abs_a / ((1 << 7) - 1);
            float rep_scale_a = scale_a ? 1.0f / scale_a : 0.0f;
            scale_a_ptr[0]    = scale_a;

            // Quantize and compute sums for each 16-element group
            for (size_t bki = 0; bki < a_sum_size; bki++) {
                vfloat32m1_t v_a          = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m1(a_ptr + k + bki * 16, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_a_scale    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m1(v_a, rep_scale_a, vl);
                vint16mf2_t  v_a_quant    = __riscv_vfncvt_x_f_w_i16mf2(v_a_scale, vl);
                vint8mf4_t   v_a_quant_i8 = __riscv_vncvt_x_x_w_i8mf4(v_a_quant, vl);

                vint16m1_t tmp_sum = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m1(0, vl);
                vint16m1_t v_a_sum = __riscv_vwredsum_vs_i8mf4_i16m1(v_a_quant_i8, tmp_sum, vl);
                int16_t    a_sum   = __riscv_vmv_x_s_i16m1_i16(v_a_sum);
                a_sum_ptr[bki]     = -a_sum;

                __riscv_vse8_v_i8mf4(quant_a_blk + bki * 16, v_a_quant_i8, vl);
            }
        }
    } else if (vlenb == 32) {
        // vlen = 256 bits, can process 8 float32 elements with m1
        for (size_t k = 0; k < count_k; k += blk_len, quant_a_ptr += a_blk_stride) {
            float *   scale_a_ptr = reinterpret_cast<float *>(quant_a_ptr);
            int16_t * a_sum_ptr   = reinterpret_cast<int16_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float));
            int8_t *  quant_a_blk =
                reinterpret_cast<int8_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float) + sizeof(int16_t) * a_sum_size);

            // Find max absolute value across all 256 elements
            size_t       vl        = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m2(16);
            vfloat32m2_t v_max_abs = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m2(0.0f, vl);

            for (size_t bki = 0; bki < a_sum_size; bki++) {
                vfloat32m2_t v_a     = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m2(a_ptr + k + bki * 16, vl);
                vfloat32m2_t v_a_abs = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m2(v_a, vl);
                v_max_abs            = __riscv_vfmax_vv_f32m2(v_a_abs, v_max_abs, vl);
            }
            vfloat32m1_t tmp         = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, vl);
            vfloat32m1_t v_local_max = __riscv_vfredmax_vs_f32m2_f32m1(v_max_abs, tmp, vl);
            float        max_abs_a   = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(v_local_max);

            float scale_a     = max_abs_a / ((1 << 7) - 1);
            float rep_scale_a = scale_a ? 1.0f / scale_a : 0.0f;
            scale_a_ptr[0]    = scale_a;

            // Quantize and compute sums for each 16-element group
            for (size_t bki = 0; bki < a_sum_size; bki++) {
                vfloat32m2_t v_a          = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m2(a_ptr + k + bki * 16, vl);
                vfloat32m2_t v_a_scale    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m2(v_a, rep_scale_a, vl);
                vint16m1_t   v_a_quant    = __riscv_vfncvt_x_f_w_i16m1(v_a_scale, vl);
                vint8mf2_t   v_a_quant_i8 = __riscv_vncvt_x_x_w_i8mf2(v_a_quant, vl);

                vint16m1_t tmp_sum = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m1(0, vl);
                vint16m1_t v_a_sum = __riscv_vwredsum_vs_i8mf2_i16m1(v_a_quant_i8, tmp_sum, vl);
                int16_t    a_sum   = __riscv_vmv_x_s_i16m1_i16(v_a_sum);
                a_sum_ptr[bki]     = -a_sum;

                __riscv_vse8_v_i8mf2(quant_a_blk + bki * 16, v_a_quant_i8, vl);
            }
        }
    } else {
        quantize_a_nrow_i8k_ref<1>(blk_len, a_ptr, count_k, quant_a_ptr);
    }
}

void quantize_a_4row_i8k(size_t blk_len, const float * a_ptr, size_t count_k, uint8_t * quant_a_ptr) {
    GGML_ASSERT(blk_len == 256);
    constexpr int64_t a_blk_stride        = q8k_blk_size(256);
    constexpr int64_t a_nrow_block_stride = a_blk_stride * 4;
    constexpr int64_t a_sum_size          = 256 / 16;
    size_t            vlenb               = __riscv_vlenb();

    if (vlenb == 128) {
        // vlen = 1024 bits
        for (size_t k = 0; k < count_k; k += blk_len, quant_a_ptr += a_nrow_block_stride) {
            float *   scale_a_ptr = reinterpret_cast<float *>(quant_a_ptr);
            int16_t * a_sum_ptr   = reinterpret_cast<int16_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float) * 4);
            int8_t *  quant_a_blk =
                reinterpret_cast<int8_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float) * 4 + sizeof(int16_t) * a_sum_size * 4);

            for (size_t mi = 0; mi < 4; mi++) {
                // Find max absolute value across all 256 elements for this row
                size_t       vl        = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m1(16);
                vfloat32m1_t v_max_abs = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, vl);

                for (size_t bki = 0; bki < a_sum_size; bki++) {
                    vfloat32m1_t v_a     = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m1(a_ptr + mi * count_k + k + bki * 16, vl);
                    vfloat32m1_t v_a_abs = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m1(v_a, vl);
                    v_max_abs            = __riscv_vfmax_vv_f32m1(v_a_abs, v_max_abs, vl);
                }
                vfloat32m1_t tmp         = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_local_max = __riscv_vfredmax_vs_f32m1_f32m1(v_max_abs, tmp, vl);
                float        max_abs_a   = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(v_local_max);

                float scale_a     = max_abs_a / ((1 << 7) - 1);
                float rep_scale_a = scale_a ? 1.0f / scale_a : 0.0f;
                scale_a_ptr[mi]   = scale_a;

                // Quantize and compute sums for each 16-element group
                for (size_t bki = 0; bki < a_sum_size; bki++) {
                    vfloat32m1_t v_a          = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m1(a_ptr + mi * count_k + k + bki * 16, vl);
                    vfloat32m1_t v_a_scale    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m1(v_a, rep_scale_a, vl);
                    vint16mf2_t  v_a_quant    = __riscv_vfncvt_x_f_w_i16mf2(v_a_scale, vl);
                    vint8mf4_t   v_a_quant_i8 = __riscv_vncvt_x_x_w_i8mf4(v_a_quant, vl);

                    vint16m1_t tmp_sum               = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m1(0, vl);
                    vint16m1_t v_a_sum               = __riscv_vwredsum_vs_i8mf4_i16m1(v_a_quant_i8, tmp_sum, vl);
                    int16_t    a_sum                 = __riscv_vmv_x_s_i16m1_i16(v_a_sum);
                    a_sum_ptr[mi * a_sum_size + bki] = -a_sum;

                    __riscv_vse8_v_i8mf4(quant_a_blk + mi * blk_len + bki * 16, v_a_quant_i8, vl);
                }
            }
        }
    } else if (vlenb == 32) {
        // vlen = 256 bits
        for (size_t k = 0; k < count_k; k += blk_len, quant_a_ptr += a_nrow_block_stride) {
            float *   scale_a_ptr = reinterpret_cast<float *>(quant_a_ptr);
            int16_t * a_sum_ptr   = reinterpret_cast<int16_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float) * 4);
            int8_t *  quant_a_blk =
                reinterpret_cast<int8_t *>(quant_a_ptr + sizeof(float) * 4 + sizeof(int16_t) * a_sum_size * 4);

            for (size_t mi = 0; mi < 4; mi++) {
                // Find max absolute value across all 256 elements for this row
                size_t       vl        = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m2(16);
                vfloat32m2_t v_max_abs = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m2(0.0f, vl);

                for (size_t bki = 0; bki < a_sum_size; bki++) {
                    vfloat32m2_t v_a     = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m2(a_ptr + mi * count_k + k + bki * 16, vl);
                    vfloat32m2_t v_a_abs = __riscv_vfabs_v_f32m2(v_a, vl);
                    v_max_abs            = __riscv_vfmax_vv_f32m2(v_a_abs, v_max_abs, vl);
                }
                vfloat32m1_t tmp         = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, vl);
                vfloat32m1_t v_local_max = __riscv_vfredmax_vs_f32m2_f32m1(v_max_abs, tmp, vl);
                float        max_abs_a   = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(v_local_max);

                float scale_a     = max_abs_a / ((1 << 7) - 1);
                float rep_scale_a = scale_a ? 1.0f / scale_a : 0.0f;
                scale_a_ptr[mi]   = scale_a;

                // Quantize and compute sums for each 16-element group
                for (size_t bki = 0; bki < a_sum_size; bki++) {
                    vfloat32m2_t v_a          = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m2(a_ptr + mi * count_k + k + bki * 16, vl);
                    vfloat32m2_t v_a_scale    = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m2(v_a, rep_scale_a, vl);
                    vint16m1_t   v_a_quant    = __riscv_vfncvt_x_f_w_i16m1(v_a_scale, vl);
                    vint8mf2_t   v_a_quant_i8 = __riscv_vncvt_x_x_w_i8mf2(v_a_quant, vl);

                    vint16m1_t tmp_sum               = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m1(0, vl);
                    vint16m1_t v_a_sum               = __riscv_vwredsum_vs_i8mf2_i16m1(v_a_quant_i8, tmp_sum, vl);
                    int16_t    a_sum                 = __riscv_vmv_x_s_i16m1_i16(v_a_sum);
                    a_sum_ptr[mi * a_sum_size + bki] = -a_sum;

                    __riscv_vse8_v_i8mf2(quant_a_blk + mi * blk_len + bki * 16, v_a_quant_i8, vl);
                }
            }
        }
    } else {
        quantize_a_nrow_i8k_ref<4>(blk_len, a_ptr, count_k, quant_a_ptr);
    }
}

void forward_cpy_with_permute(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op) {
    const ggml_tensor * src0 = op->src[0];
    ggml_tensor *       dst  = op;
    const int           ith  = params->ith;
    const int           nth  = params->nth;

    // [batch, m, n] -> [batch, n, m]
    int64_t batch = src0->ne[2] * src0->ne[3];
    int64_t m     = src0->ne[1];
    int64_t n     = src0->ne[0];

    int64_t batch_stride = src0->nb[2];
    int64_t m_src_stride = src0->nb[0];
    int64_t n_src_stride = src0->nb[1];
    int64_t n_dst_stride = n_src_stride * m;

    permute_transpose_impl(src0, dst, batch, m, n, batch_stride, m_src_stride, n_src_stride, n_dst_stride, ith, nth);
}

void forward_cont_with_permute(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op) {
    const ggml_tensor * src0 = op->src[0];
    ggml_tensor *       dst  = op;
    const int           ith  = params->ith;
    const int           nth  = params->nth;

    // [batch, m, n] -> [batch, n, m]
    int64_t batch = dst->ne[2] * dst->ne[3];
    int64_t n     = dst->ne[1];
    int64_t m     = dst->ne[0];

    int64_t batch_stride = dst->nb[2];
    int64_t m_src_stride = src0->nb[0];
    int64_t n_src_stride = src0->nb[1];
    int64_t n_dst_stride = dst->nb[1];

    permute_transpose_impl(src0, dst, batch, m, n, batch_stride, m_src_stride, n_src_stride, n_dst_stride, ith, nth);
}

void forward_norm_f32(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op) {
    const ggml_tensor * src0 = op->src[0];
    ggml_tensor *       dst  = op;
    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_are_same_shape(src0, dst));
    GGML_ASSERT(src0->nb[0] == sizeof(float));

    int ith = params->ith;
    int nth = params->nth;

    GGML_TENSOR_UNARY_OP_LOCALS

    float epsilon = *((float *) dst->op_params);

    GGML_ASSERT(epsilon > 0.0f);

    auto * input  = (char *) src0->data;
    auto * output = (char *) dst->data;

    const auto hidden_size     = ne00;
    const auto task_count      = ne01 * ne02 * ne03;
    const auto task_per_thread = (task_count + nth - 1) / nth;

    const auto task_begin = ith * task_per_thread;
    const auto task_end   = std::min((ith + 1) * task_per_thread, task_count);

    for (auto task_idx = task_begin; task_idx < task_end; task_idx++) {
        int64_t i03 = task_idx / (ne02 * ne01);
        int64_t i02 = (task_idx - i03 * ne02 * ne01) / ne01;
        int64_t i01 = (task_idx - i03 * ne02 * ne01 - i02 * ne01);

        auto * p_input       = (float *) (input + i01 * nb01 + i02 * nb02 + i03 * nb03);
        auto * p_output      = (float *) (output + i01 * nb1 + i02 * nb2 + i03 * nb3);
        auto * p_temp_output = p_output;

        size_t       gvl    = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e32m4();
        vfloat32m4_t sum    = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m4(0.f, gvl);
        vfloat32m4_t sum_sq = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m4(0.f, gvl);
        int64_t      length = hidden_size;
        while (length > 0) {
            gvl                   = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(length);
            // load data
            vfloat32m4_t src_data = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(p_input, gvl);

            sum    = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m4(sum, src_data, gvl);
            sum_sq = __riscv_vfmacc_vv_f32m4(sum_sq, src_data, src_data, gvl);

            __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(p_temp_output, src_data, gvl);

            p_input += gvl;
            p_temp_output += gvl;
            length -= gvl;
        }

        gvl = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e32m1();

        float        mean   = 0.f;
        vfloat32m1_t zero_v = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.f, gvl);
        vfloat32m1_t mean_v =
            __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m1(__riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(sum, 0), __riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(sum, 1), gvl);
        mean_v = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m1(mean_v, __riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(sum, 2), gvl);
        mean_v = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m1(mean_v, __riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(sum, 3), gvl);
        mean_v = __riscv_vfredusum_vs_f32m1_f32m1(mean_v, zero_v, gvl);
        mean   = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(mean_v);
        mean /= hidden_size;

        vfloat32m1_t mean_square_v =
            __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m1(__riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(sum_sq, 0), __riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(sum_sq, 1), gvl);
        mean_square_v = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m1(mean_square_v, __riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(sum_sq, 2), gvl);
        mean_square_v = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m1(mean_square_v, __riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(sum_sq, 3), gvl);
        mean_square_v = __riscv_vfredusum_vs_f32m1_f32m1(mean_square_v, zero_v, gvl);

        float mean_square = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(mean_square_v);
        mean_square /= hidden_size;
        mean_square = sqrt(mean_square - mean * mean + epsilon);

        mean_square   = 1.0f / mean_square;
        length        = hidden_size;
        p_temp_output = p_output;

        while (length > 0) {
            gvl                   = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(length);
            vfloat32m4_t src_data = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(p_temp_output, gvl);
            src_data              = __riscv_vfsub_vf_f32m4(src_data, mean, gvl);
            src_data              = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(src_data, mean_square, gvl);
            __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(p_output, src_data, gvl);
            p_temp_output += gvl;
            p_output += gvl;
            length -= gvl;
        }
    }
}

template <ggml_op op_type, typename T> void forward_binary(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op) {
    const ggml_tensor * src0 = op->src[0];
    const ggml_tensor * src1 = op->src[1];
    ggml_tensor *       dst  = op;
    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_can_repeat(src1, src0) && ggml_are_same_shape(src0, dst));

    auto src0_rows = ggml_nrows(src0);
    auto src1_rows = ggml_nrows(src1);

    int ith = params->ith;
    int nth = params->nth;

    GGML_TENSOR_BINARY_OP_LOCALS

    GGML_ASSERT(nb0 == sizeof(T));
    GGML_ASSERT(nb00 == sizeof(T));

    const auto [ir0, ir1] = get_thread_range(params, src0);

    auto compute_func_vv = [&](int64_t blk_len, int64_t r, T * src0_ptr, T * src1_ptr, T * dst_ptr) {
        int64_t idx = 0;
        if constexpr (op_type == GGML_OP_ADD) {
            if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, float>) {
                for (size_t vl; blk_len > 0; blk_len -= vl, idx += vl) {
                    vl               = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(blk_len);
                    vfloat32m4_t lhs = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(src0_ptr + idx + r, vl);
                    vfloat32m4_t rhs = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(src1_ptr + idx, vl);
                    vfloat32m4_t res = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m4(lhs, rhs, vl);
                    __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst_ptr + idx + r, res, vl);
                }
            } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, _Float16>) {
                for (size_t vl; blk_len > 0; blk_len -= vl, idx += vl) {
                    vl               = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m4(blk_len);
                    vfloat16m4_t lhs = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((src0_ptr + idx + r), vl);
                    vfloat16m4_t rhs = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((src1_ptr + idx), vl);
                    vfloat16m4_t res = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f16m4(lhs, rhs, vl);
                    __riscv_vse16_v_f16m4((dst_ptr + idx + r), res, vl);
                }
            } else {
                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
            }
        } else if constexpr (op_type == GGML_OP_SUB) {
            if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, float>) {
                for (size_t vl; blk_len > 0; blk_len -= vl, idx += vl) {
                    vl               = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(blk_len);
                    vfloat32m4_t lhs = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(src0_ptr + idx + r, vl);
                    vfloat32m4_t rhs = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(src1_ptr + idx, vl);
                    vfloat32m4_t res = __riscv_vfsub_vv_f32m4(lhs, rhs, vl);
                    __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst_ptr + idx + r, res, vl);
                }
            } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, _Float16>) {
                for (size_t vl; blk_len > 0; blk_len -= vl, idx += vl) {
                    vl               = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m4(blk_len);
                    vfloat16m4_t lhs = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((src0_ptr + idx + r), vl);
                    vfloat16m4_t rhs = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((src1_ptr + idx), vl);
                    vfloat16m4_t res = __riscv_vfsub_vv_f16m4(lhs, rhs, vl);
                    __riscv_vse16_v_f16m4((dst_ptr + idx + r), res, vl);
                }
            } else {
                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
            }
        } else if constexpr (op_type == GGML_OP_MUL) {
            if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, float>) {
                for (size_t vl; blk_len > 0; blk_len -= vl, idx += vl) {
                    vl               = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(blk_len);
                    vfloat32m4_t lhs = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(src0_ptr + idx + r, vl);
                    vfloat32m4_t rhs = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(src1_ptr + idx, vl);
                    vfloat32m4_t res = __riscv_vfmul_vv_f32m4(lhs, rhs, vl);
                    __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst_ptr + idx + r, res, vl);
                }
            } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, _Float16>) {
                for (size_t vl; blk_len > 0; blk_len -= vl, idx += vl) {
                    vl               = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m4(blk_len);
                    vfloat16m4_t lhs = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((src0_ptr + idx + r), vl);
                    vfloat16m4_t rhs = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((src1_ptr + idx), vl);
                    vfloat16m4_t res = __riscv_vfmul_vv_f16m4(lhs, rhs, vl);
                    __riscv_vse16_v_f16m4((dst_ptr + idx + r), res, vl);
                }
            } else {
                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
            }
        } else if constexpr (op_type == GGML_OP_DIV) {
            if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, float>) {
                for (size_t vl; blk_len > 0; blk_len -= vl, idx += vl) {
                    vl               = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(blk_len);
                    vfloat32m4_t lhs = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(src0_ptr + idx + r, vl);
                    vfloat32m4_t rhs = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(src1_ptr + idx, vl);
                    vfloat32m4_t res = __riscv_vfdiv_vv_f32m4(lhs, rhs, vl);
                    __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst_ptr + idx + r, res, vl);
                }
            } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, _Float16>) {
                for (size_t vl; blk_len > 0; blk_len -= vl, idx += vl) {
                    vl               = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m4(blk_len);
                    vfloat16m4_t lhs = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((src0_ptr + idx + r), vl);
                    vfloat16m4_t rhs = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((src1_ptr + idx), vl);
                    vfloat16m4_t res = __riscv_vfdiv_vv_f16m4(lhs, rhs, vl);
                    __riscv_vse16_v_f16m4((dst_ptr + idx + r), res, vl);
                }
            } else {
                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
            }
        } else {
            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
        }
    };

    if (src0_rows == src1_rows && src0_rows == 1 && ne00 == ne10) {
        int64_t task_per_thread = (ne00 + nth - 1) / nth;
        int64_t task_begin      = ith * task_per_thread;
        int64_t task_end        = std::min((ith + 1) * task_per_thread, ne00);

        T * dst_ptr  = ((T *) dst->data) + task_begin;
        T * src0_ptr = ((T *) src0->data) + task_begin;
        T * src1_ptr = ((T *) src1->data) + task_begin;

        compute_func_vv(task_end - task_begin, 0, src0_ptr, src1_ptr, dst_ptr);
    } else if (ne10 > 1) {
        for (int64_t ir = ir0; ir < ir1; ++ir) {
            const int64_t i03 = ir / (ne02 * ne01);
            const int64_t i02 = (ir - i03 * ne02 * ne01) / ne01;
            const int64_t i01 = (ir - i03 * ne02 * ne01 - i02 * ne01);

            const int64_t i13 = i03 % ne13;
            const int64_t i12 = i02 % ne12;
            const int64_t i11 = i01 % ne11;

            T * dst_ptr  = (T *) ((char *) dst->data + i03 * nb3 + i02 * nb2 + i01 * nb1);
            T * src0_ptr = (T *) ((char *) src0->data + i03 * nb03 + i02 * nb02 + i01 * nb01);
            T * src1_ptr = (T *) ((char *) src1->data + i13 * nb13 + i12 * nb12 + i11 * nb11);

            // src1 is broadcastable across src0 and dst in i1, i2, i3
            for (int64_t r = 0; r < ne00; r += ne10) {
                compute_func_vv(ne10, r, src0_ptr, src1_ptr, dst_ptr);
            }
        }
    } else {
        for (int64_t ir = ir0; ir < ir1; ++ir) {
            const int64_t i03 = ir / (ne02 * ne01);
            const int64_t i02 = (ir - i03 * ne02 * ne01) / ne01;
            const int64_t i01 = (ir - i03 * ne02 * ne01 - i02 * ne01);

            const int64_t i13 = i03 % ne13;
            const int64_t i12 = i02 % ne12;
            const int64_t i11 = i01 % ne11;

            T * dst_ptr  = (T *) ((char *) dst->data + i03 * nb3 + i02 * nb2 + i01 * nb1);
            T * src0_ptr = (T *) ((char *) src0->data + i03 * nb03 + i02 * nb02 + i01 * nb01);
            T * src1_ptr = (T *) ((char *) src1->data + i13 * nb13 + i12 * nb12 + i11 * nb11);

            T       rhs_scalar = src1_ptr[0];
            int64_t blk_len    = ne00;
            int64_t r          = 0;

            for (size_t vl; blk_len > 0; blk_len -= vl, r += vl) {
                if constexpr (op_type == GGML_OP_ADD) {
                    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, float>) {
                        vl               = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(blk_len);
                        vfloat32m4_t lhs = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(src0_ptr + r, vl);
                        vfloat32m4_t res = __riscv_vfadd_vf_f32m4(lhs, rhs_scalar, vl);
                        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst_ptr + r, res, vl);
                    } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, _Float16>) {
                        vl               = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m4(blk_len);
                        vfloat16m4_t lhs = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((src0_ptr + r), vl);
                        vfloat16m4_t res = __riscv_vfadd_vf_f16m4(lhs, rhs_scalar, vl);
                        __riscv_vse16_v_f16m4((dst_ptr + r), res, vl);
                    } else {
                        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                    }
                } else if constexpr (op_type == GGML_OP_SUB) {
                    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, float>) {
                        vl               = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(blk_len);
                        vfloat32m4_t lhs = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(src0_ptr + r, vl);
                        vfloat32m4_t res = __riscv_vfsub_vf_f32m4(lhs, rhs_scalar, vl);
                        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst_ptr + r, res, vl);
                    } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, _Float16>) {
                        vl               = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m4(blk_len);
                        vfloat16m4_t lhs = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((src0_ptr + r), vl);
                        vfloat16m4_t res = __riscv_vfsub_vf_f16m4(lhs, rhs_scalar, vl);
                        __riscv_vse16_v_f16m4((dst_ptr + r), res, vl);
                    } else {
                        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                    }
                } else if constexpr (op_type == GGML_OP_MUL) {
                    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, float>) {
                        vl               = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(blk_len);
                        vfloat32m4_t lhs = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(src0_ptr + r, vl);
                        vfloat32m4_t res = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f32m4(lhs, rhs_scalar, vl);
                        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst_ptr + r, res, vl);
                    } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, _Float16>) {
                        vl               = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m4(blk_len);
                        vfloat16m4_t lhs = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((src0_ptr + r), vl);
                        vfloat16m4_t res = __riscv_vfmul_vf_f16m4(lhs, rhs_scalar, vl);
                        __riscv_vse16_v_f16m4((dst_ptr + r), res, vl);
                    } else {
                        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                    }
                } else if constexpr (op_type == GGML_OP_DIV) {
                    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, float>) {
                        vl               = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(blk_len);
                        vfloat32m4_t lhs = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(src0_ptr + r, vl);
                        vfloat32m4_t res = __riscv_vfdiv_vf_f32m4(lhs, rhs_scalar, vl);
                        __riscv_vse32_v_f32m4(dst_ptr + r, res, vl);
                    } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, _Float16>) {
                        vl               = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m4(blk_len);
                        vfloat16m4_t lhs = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m4((src0_ptr + r), vl);
                        vfloat16m4_t res = __riscv_vfdiv_vf_f16m4(lhs, rhs_scalar, vl);
                        __riscv_vse16_v_f16m4((dst_ptr + r), res, vl);
                    } else {
                        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                    }
                } else {
                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

template <typename T> void forward_sum_rows(const ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op) {
    const ggml_tensor * src0 = op->src[0];
    ggml_tensor *       dst  = op;

    const int ith = params->ith;
    const int nth = params->nth;

    GGML_TENSOR_UNARY_OP_LOCALS

    GGML_ASSERT(ne0 == 1);
    GGML_ASSERT(ne1 == ne01);
    GGML_ASSERT(ne2 == ne02);
    GGML_ASSERT(ne3 == ne03);

    int64_t n_task          = ne01 * ne02 * ne03;
    int64_t task_per_thread = (n_task + nth - 1) / nth;
    int64_t ir_start        = ith * task_per_thread;
    int64_t ir_end          = std::min(ir_start + task_per_thread, n_task);

    for (int64_t ir = ir_start; ir < ir_end; ir++) {
        const int64_t i3 = ir / (ne02 * ne01);
        const int64_t i2 = (ir - i3 * ne02 * ne01) / ne01;
        const int64_t i1 = (ir - i3 * ne02 * ne01 - i2 * ne01);

        T * src_row = (T *) ((char *) src0->data + i1 * nb01 + i2 * nb02 + i3 * nb03);
        T * dst_row = (T *) ((char *) op->data + i1 * nb1 + i2 * nb2 + i3 * nb3);

        float row_sum = 0;

        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, float>) {
            size_t        gvl     = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e32m4();
            vfloat32m4_t  acc_vec = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m4(0.0f, gvl);
            int64_t       length  = ne00;
            const float * p_data  = src_row;

            while (length > 0) {
                size_t       vl  = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(length);
                vfloat32m4_t vec = __riscv_vle32_v_f32m4(p_data, vl);
                acc_vec          = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m4(acc_vec, vec, vl);
                p_data += vl;
                length -= vl;
            }

            gvl                 = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e32m1();
            vfloat32m1_t zero_v = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, gvl);
            vfloat32m1_t sum_v  = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m1(__riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(acc_vec, 0),
                                                         __riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(acc_vec, 1), gvl);
            sum_v               = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m1(sum_v, __riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(acc_vec, 2), gvl);
            sum_v               = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m1(sum_v, __riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(acc_vec, 3), gvl);
            sum_v               = __riscv_vfredusum_vs_f32m1_f32m1(sum_v, zero_v, gvl);
            row_sum             = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(sum_v);
        } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, _Float16>) {
            size_t           gvl     = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e16m2();
            vfloat32m4_t     acc_vec = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m4(0.0f, gvl);
            int64_t          length  = ne00;
            const _Float16 * p_data  = src_row;

            while (length > 0) {
                size_t       vl      = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m2(length);
                vfloat16m2_t vec_f16 = __riscv_vle16_v_f16m2(p_data, vl);
                vfloat32m4_t vec_f32 = __riscv_vfwcvt_f_f_v_f32m4(vec_f16, vl);
                acc_vec              = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m4(acc_vec, vec_f32, vl);
                p_data += vl;
                length -= vl;
            }

            gvl                 = __riscv_vsetvlmax_e32m1();
            vfloat32m1_t zero_v = __riscv_vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0f, gvl);
            vfloat32m1_t sum_v  = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m1(__riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(acc_vec, 0),
                                                         __riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(acc_vec, 1), gvl);
            sum_v               = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m1(sum_v, __riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(acc_vec, 2), gvl);
            sum_v               = __riscv_vfadd_vv_f32m1(sum_v, __riscv_vget_v_f32m4_f32m1(acc_vec, 3), gvl);
            sum_v               = __riscv_vfredusum_vs_f32m1_f32m1(sum_v, zero_v, gvl);
            row_sum             = __riscv_vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(sum_v);
        } else {
            GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
        }

        dst_row[0] = row_sum;
    }
}

template <typename T> void forward_repeat_nrows(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op) {
    const ggml_tensor * src0 = op->src[0];
    ggml_tensor *       dst  = op;

    const int ith = params->ith;
    const int nth = params->nth;

    int64_t nrows            = ggml_nrows(src0);
    int64_t nrows_per_thread = (nrows + nth - 1) / nth;
    int64_t ir_start         = ith * nrows_per_thread;
    int64_t ir_end           = std::min(ir_start + nrows_per_thread, nrows);

    if (src0->ne[0] == 1) {
        for (int64_t ir = ir_start; ir < ir_end; ir++) {
            T * src_row = (T *) ((char *) src0->data + ir * src0->nb[1]);
            T * dst_row = (T *) ((char *) dst->data + ir * dst->nb[1]);

            T src_scalar = src_row[0];

            int64_t length = dst->ne[0];
            int64_t idx    = 0;
            size_t  vl     = 0;

            while (length > 0) {
                if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, int32_t>) {
                    vl             = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(length);
                    vint32m4_t vec = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i32m4(src_scalar, vl);
                    __riscv_vse32_v_i32m4(dst_row + idx, vec, vl);
                } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, int16_t>) {
                    vl             = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m4(length);
                    vint16m4_t vec = __riscv_vmv_v_x_i16m4(src_scalar, vl);
                    __riscv_vse16_v_i16m4((dst_row + idx), vec, vl);
                } else {
                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                }
                idx += vl;
                length -= vl;
            }
        }
    } else if (src0->ne[0] == dst->ne[0]) {
        for (int64_t ir = ir_start; ir < ir_end; ir++) {
            T * src_row = (T *) ((char *) src0->data + ir * src0->nb[1]);
            T * dst_row = (T *) ((char *) dst->data + ir * dst->nb[1]);

            int64_t length = dst->ne[0];
            int64_t idx    = 0;
            size_t  vl     = 0;

            while (length > 0) {
                if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, int32_t>) {
                    vl             = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(length);
                    vint32m4_t vec = __riscv_vle32_v_i32m4(src_row + idx, vl);
                    __riscv_vse32_v_i32m4(dst_row + idx, vec, vl);
                } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, int16_t>) {
                    vl             = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m4(length);
                    vint16m4_t vec = __riscv_vle16_v_i16m4((src_row + idx), vl);
                    __riscv_vse16_v_i16m4((dst_row + idx), vec, vl);
                } else {
                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                }
                idx += vl;
                length -= vl;
            }
        }
    } else {
        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
    }
}

template <typename T> void forward_repeat_dim1(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op) {
    const ggml_tensor * src0 = op->src[0];
    ggml_tensor *       dst  = op;

    const int ith = params->ith;
    const int nth = params->nth;

    const int64_t ne0 = dst->ne[0];
    const int64_t ne1 = dst->ne[1];
    const int64_t ne2 = dst->ne[2];
    const int64_t ne3 = dst->ne[3];

    const int64_t total_batches      = ne2 * ne3;
    const int64_t batches_per_thread = (total_batches + nth - 1) / nth;
    const int64_t batch_start        = ith * batches_per_thread;
    const int64_t batch_end          = std::min(batch_start + batches_per_thread, total_batches);

    for (int64_t b = batch_start; b < batch_end; b++) {
        const int64_t i3 = b / ne2;
        const int64_t i2 = b % ne2;

        T * src_base  = (T *) ((char *) src0->data + i2 * src0->nb[2] + i3 * src0->nb[3]);
        T * dst_batch = (T *) ((char *) dst->data + i2 * dst->nb[2] + i3 * dst->nb[3]);

        for (int64_t i1 = 0; i1 < ne1; i1++) {
            T *     dst_ptr = (T *) ((char *) dst_batch + i1 * dst->nb[1]);
            int64_t length  = ne0;
            int64_t idx     = 0;

            while (length > 0) {
                if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, int32_t>) {
                    size_t     vl  = __riscv_vsetvl_e32m4(length);
                    vint32m4_t vec = __riscv_vle32_v_i32m4(src_base + idx, vl);
                    __riscv_vse32_v_i32m4(dst_ptr + idx, vec, vl);
                    idx += vl;
                    length -= vl;
                } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, int16_t>) {
                    size_t     vl  = __riscv_vsetvl_e16m4(length);
                    vint16m4_t vec = __riscv_vle16_v_i16m4((src_base + idx), vl);
                    __riscv_vse16_v_i16m4((dst_ptr + idx), vec, vl);
                    idx += vl;
                    length -= vl;
                } else {
                    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

template <typename T> void forward_get_rows(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op) {
    const ggml_tensor * src0 = op->src[0];
    const ggml_tensor * src1 = op->src[1];
    ggml_tensor *       dst  = op;

    GGML_TENSOR_BINARY_OP_LOCALS

    const int64_t nc = ne00;
    const int64_t nr = ggml_nelements(src1);

    assert(ne0 == nc);
    assert(ne02 == ne11);
    assert(nb00 == sizeof(float));
    assert(ggml_nrows(op) == nr);

    const int ith = params->ith;
    const int nth = params->nth;

    int rows_nth = nth;
    int cols_nth = 1;

    if (nr == 1) {
        rows_nth = 1;
        cols_nth = nth;
    }

    // rows per thread
    const int dr = (nr + rows_nth - 1) / rows_nth;
    const int dc = (nc + cols_nth - 1) / cols_nth;

    int rows_ith = ith % rows_nth;
    int cols_ith = ith % cols_nth;

    // row range for this thread
    const int ir0 = dr * rows_ith;
    const int ir1 = MIN(ir0 + dr, nr);

    const int cr0 = dc * cols_ith;
    const int cr1 = MIN(cr0 + dc, nc);

    for (int64_t i = ir0; i < ir1; ++i) {
        const int64_t i12 = i / (ne11 * ne10);
        const int64_t i11 = (i - i12 * ne11 * ne10) / ne10;
        const int64_t i10 = (i - i12 * ne11 * ne10 - i11 * ne10);
        const int64_t i01 = *(int32_t *) ((char *) src1->data + i10 * nb10 + i11 * nb11 + i12 * nb12);

        GGML_ASSERT(i01 >= 0 && i01 < ne01);

        memcpy1d(((char *) dst->data + i10 * nb1 + i11 * nb2 + i12 * nb3) + cr0 * sizeof(T),
                 ((char *) src0->data + i01 * nb01 + i11 * nb02 + i12 * nb03) + cr0 * sizeof(T),
                 (cr1 - cr0) * sizeof(T));
    }
}

template <typename T> void forward_concat(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op) {
    const ggml_tensor * src0 = op->src[0];
    const ggml_tensor * src1 = op->src[1];
    ggml_tensor *       dst  = op;

    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_type_size(src0->type) == sizeof(float));

    GGML_TENSOR_BINARY_OP_LOCALS

    const int32_t dim = ggml_get_op_params_i32(dst, 0);

    GGML_ASSERT(dim == 0 && nb0 == sizeof(float) && nb1 == sizeof(float) * (ne00 + ne10));

    const int64_t nr = ggml_nrows(dst);
    const int64_t nc = ne0;

    const int ith = params->ith;
    const int nth = params->nth;

    int rows_nth = nth;
    int cols_nth = 1;

    if (nr == 1) {
        rows_nth = 1;
        cols_nth = nth;
    }

    const int dr = (nr + rows_nth - 1) / rows_nth;
    const int dc = (nc + cols_nth - 1) / cols_nth;

    int rows_ith = ith % rows_nth;
    int cols_ith = ith % cols_nth;

    // row range for this thread
    const int ir0 = dr * rows_ith;
    const int ir1 = MIN(ir0 + dr, nr);

    const int cr0 = dc * cols_ith;
    const int cr1 = MIN(cr0 + dc, nc);

    int64_t o[4] = { 0, 0, 0, 0 };
    o[dim]       = src0->ne[dim];
    const float * x;

    for (int64_t i = ir0; i < ir1; ++i) {
        const int64_t i3 = i / (ne02 * ne01);
        const int64_t i2 = (i - i3 * ne02 * ne01) / ne01;
        const int64_t i1 = (i - i3 * ne02 * ne01 - i2 * ne01);

        for (int i0 = cr0; i0 < cr1; i0++) {
            if (i0 < ne00 && i1 < ne01 && i2 < ne02 && i3 < ne03) {
                x = (const float *) ((const char *) src0->data + (i0) *nb00 + (i1) *nb01 + (i2) *nb02 + (i3) *nb03);
            } else {
                x = (const float *) ((const char *) src1->data + (i0 - o[0]) * nb10 + (i1 - o[1]) * nb11 +
                                     (i2 - o[2]) * nb12 + (i3 - o[3]) * nb13);
            }

            float * y = (float *) ((char *) dst->data + i0 * nb0 + i1 * nb1 + i2 * nb2 + i3 * nb3);

            *y = *x;
        }
    }
}

template void forward_binary<GGML_OP_ADD, float>(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op);
template void forward_binary<GGML_OP_SUB, float>(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op);
template void forward_binary<GGML_OP_MUL, float>(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op);
template void forward_binary<GGML_OP_DIV, float>(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op);
template void forward_binary<GGML_OP_ADD, _Float16>(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op);
template void forward_binary<GGML_OP_SUB, _Float16>(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op);
template void forward_binary<GGML_OP_MUL, _Float16>(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op);
template void forward_binary<GGML_OP_DIV, _Float16>(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op);
template void forward_sum_rows<float>(const ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op);
template void forward_sum_rows<_Float16>(const ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op);
template void forward_repeat_nrows<int32_t>(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op);
template void forward_repeat_nrows<int16_t>(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op);
template void forward_repeat_dim1<int32_t>(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op);
template void forward_repeat_dim1<int16_t>(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op);
template void forward_get_rows<int32_t>(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op);
template void forward_get_rows<int16_t>(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op);
template void forward_concat<int32_t>(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op);
template void forward_concat<int16_t>(ggml_compute_params * params, ggml_tensor * op);

}  // namespace spacemit_kernels::rvv