ling-lang 2030.1.33

// src/gfx/shapes.rs — parametric 3-D primitive mesh library ("Inkscape for 3-D").
//
// Each generator returns a `Mesh` in LOCAL space (roughly spanning [-1,1],
// centred at the origin). `build()` applies a per-axis scale, an Euler
// rotation (X→Y→Z, radians) and a translation, producing a world-space mesh
// ready for `GfxState::emit_mesh`.
//
// Rendering reuses the engine's existing pipeline: filled triangles are
// cel-lit + projected + queued exactly like `draw_triangle_3d`; wireframe
// edges are projected + queued like `draw_line_3d`.
//
// Draw modes (the `mode` arg of every shape builtin):
//   0 = filled      1 = wireframe      2 = both (wire on top of fill)

use super::GfxState;
use std::collections::HashSet;
use std::f32::consts::PI;

/// A triangle mesh plus an explicit edge list for clean wireframes.
#[derive(Default, Clone)]
pub struct Mesh {
    pub verts: Vec<[f32; 3]>,
    pub tris: Vec<[u32; 3]>,
    pub edges: Vec<[u32; 2]>,
    /// Smooth (area-weighted averaged) per-vertex normals, world space.
    /// Populated by `build()` after transform; empty until then.
    pub normals: Vec<[f32; 3]>,
}

impl Mesh {
    fn v(&mut self, x: f32, y: f32, z: f32) -> u32 {
        let i = self.verts.len() as u32;
        self.verts.push([x, y, z]);
        i
    }
    fn tri(&mut self, a: u32, b: u32, c: u32) {
        self.tris.push([a, b, c]);
    }
    fn edge(&mut self, a: u32, b: u32) {
        self.edges.push([a, b]);
    }

    /// Add a convex polygon (fan-triangulated) and its perimeter edges.
    fn face(&mut self, idx: &[u32]) {
        for k in 1..idx.len() - 1 {
            self.tris.push([idx[0], idx[k], idx[k + 1]]);
        }
        for k in 0..idx.len() {
            self.edges.push([idx[k], idx[(k + 1) % idx.len()]]);
        }
    }

    /// Derive a deduplicated edge list from the triangles (for curved meshes).
    fn edges_from_tris(&mut self) {
        let mut seen: HashSet<(u32, u32)> = HashSet::new();
        for t in &self.tris {
            for &(a, b) in &[(t[0], t[1]), (t[1], t[2]), (t[2], t[0])] {
                let k = if a < b { (a, b) } else { (b, a) };
                if seen.insert(k) {
                    self.edges.push([k.0, k.1]);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Compute area-weighted smooth per-vertex normals from the current
    /// (already transformed) verts + tris — gives continuous shading with no
    /// faceted edges.
    fn compute_smooth_normals(&mut self) {
        let mut n = vec![[0.0f32; 3]; self.verts.len()];
        for t in &self.tris {
            let a = self.verts[t[0] as usize];
            let b = self.verts[t[1] as usize];
            let c = self.verts[t[2] as usize];
            let u = [b[0] - a[0], b[1] - a[1], b[2] - a[2]];
            let v = [c[0] - a[0], c[1] - a[1], c[2] - a[2]];
            let f = [
                u[1] * v[2] - u[2] * v[1],
                u[2] * v[0] - u[0] * v[2],
                u[0] * v[1] - u[1] * v[0],
            ];
            for &i in t {
                let i = i as usize;
                n[i][0] += f[0];
                n[i][1] += f[1];
                n[i][2] += f[2];
            }
        }
        for p in &mut n {
            let l = (p[0] * p[0] + p[1] * p[1] + p[2] * p[2]).sqrt();
            if l > 1e-8 {
                p[0] /= l;
                p[1] /= l;
                p[2] /= l;
            }
        }
        self.normals = n;
    }

    /// scale → rotate(Euler XYZ) → translate, in place.
    fn transform(&mut self, c: [f32; 9]) {
        let (cx, cy, cz) = (c[0], c[1], c[2]);
        let (sx, sy, sz) = (c[3], c[4], c[5]);
        let (rx, ry, rz) = (c[6], c[7], c[8]);
        let (srx, crx) = rx.sin_cos();
        let (sry, cry) = ry.sin_cos();
        let (srz, crz) = rz.sin_cos();
        for p in &mut self.verts {
            let mut x = p[0] * sx;
            let mut y = p[1] * sy;
            let mut z = p[2] * sz;
            // rotate X
            let (ny, nz) = (y * crx - z * srx, y * srx + z * crx);
            y = ny;
            z = nz;
            // rotate Y
            let (nx, nz2) = (x * cry + z * sry, -x * sry + z * cry);
            x = nx;
            z = nz2;
            // rotate Z
            let (nx2, ny2) = (x * crz - y * srz, x * srz + y * crz);
            x = nx2;
            y = ny2;
            *p = [x + cx, y + cy, z + cz];
        }
    }
}

// ── small helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#[inline]
fn iarg(v: f32, default: i32) -> i32 {
    if v > 0.5 {
        v.round() as i32
    } else {
        default
    }
}
#[inline]
fn farg(v: f32, default: f32) -> f32 {
    if v > 1e-6 {
        v
    } else {
        default
    }
}

// ── Platonic / dice solids ───────────────────────────────────────────────────

fn cube() -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let s = 1.0;
    let p = [
        m.v(-s, -s, -s),
        m.v(s, -s, -s),
        m.v(s, s, -s),
        m.v(-s, s, -s), // back  0..3
        m.v(-s, -s, s),
        m.v(s, -s, s),
        m.v(s, s, s),
        m.v(-s, s, s), // front 4..7
    ];
    m.face(&[p[0], p[1], p[2], p[3]]); // -Z
    m.face(&[p[5], p[4], p[7], p[6]]); // +Z
    m.face(&[p[4], p[0], p[3], p[7]]); // -X
    m.face(&[p[1], p[5], p[6], p[2]]); // +X
    m.face(&[p[4], p[5], p[1], p[0]]); // -Y
    m.face(&[p[3], p[2], p[6], p[7]]); // +Y
    m
}

fn tetrahedron() -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let a = 1.0;
    let p = [m.v(a, a, a), m.v(a, -a, -a), m.v(-a, a, -a), m.v(-a, -a, a)];
    m.face(&[p[0], p[1], p[2]]);
    m.face(&[p[0], p[3], p[1]]);
    m.face(&[p[0], p[2], p[3]]);
    m.face(&[p[1], p[3], p[2]]);
    m
}

fn octahedron() -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let p = [
        m.v(1.0, 0.0, 0.0),
        m.v(-1.0, 0.0, 0.0),
        m.v(0.0, 1.0, 0.0),
        m.v(0.0, -1.0, 0.0),
        m.v(0.0, 0.0, 1.0),
        m.v(0.0, 0.0, -1.0),
    ];
    m.face(&[p[0], p[2], p[4]]);
    m.face(&[p[2], p[1], p[4]]);
    m.face(&[p[1], p[3], p[4]]);
    m.face(&[p[3], p[0], p[4]]);
    m.face(&[p[2], p[0], p[5]]);
    m.face(&[p[1], p[2], p[5]]);
    m.face(&[p[3], p[1], p[5]]);
    m.face(&[p[0], p[3], p[5]]);
    m
}

fn icosahedron_raw() -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let t = (1.0 + 5.0_f32.sqrt()) / 2.0;
    let s = 1.0 / (1.0 + t * t).sqrt(); // normalise to unit radius
    let vs = [
        [-1., t, 0.],
        [1., t, 0.],
        [-1., -t, 0.],
        [1., -t, 0.],
        [0., -1., t],
        [0., 1., t],
        [0., -1., -t],
        [0., 1., -t],
        [t, 0., -1.],
        [t, 0., 1.],
        [-t, 0., -1.],
        [-t, 0., 1.],
    ];
    for v in vs {
        m.v(v[0] * s, v[1] * s, v[2] * s);
    }
    let f = [
        [0, 11, 5],
        [0, 5, 1],
        [0, 1, 7],
        [0, 7, 10],
        [0, 10, 11],
        [1, 5, 9],
        [5, 11, 4],
        [11, 10, 2],
        [10, 7, 6],
        [7, 1, 8],
        [3, 9, 4],
        [3, 4, 2],
        [3, 2, 6],
        [3, 6, 8],
        [3, 8, 9],
        [4, 9, 5],
        [2, 4, 11],
        [6, 2, 10],
        [8, 6, 7],
        [9, 8, 1],
    ];
    for t in f {
        m.tri(t[0], t[1], t[2]);
    }
    m
}

fn icosahedron() -> Mesh {
    let mut m = icosahedron_raw();
    m.edges_from_tris();
    m
}

fn icosphere(subdiv: i32) -> Mesh {
    let mut m = icosahedron_raw();
    let n = subdiv.clamp(0, 4);
    for _ in 0..n {
        let mut nm = Mesh::default();
        let mut mid: std::collections::HashMap<(u32, u32), u32> = std::collections::HashMap::new();
        for v in &m.verts {
            nm.verts.push(*v);
        }
        let midpoint = |nm: &mut Mesh,
                        a: u32,
                        b: u32,
                        mid: &mut std::collections::HashMap<(u32, u32), u32>|
         -> u32 {
            let key = if a < b { (a, b) } else { (b, a) };
            if let Some(&i) = mid.get(&key) {
                return i;
            }
            let pa = nm.verts[a as usize];
            let pb = nm.verts[b as usize];
            let mut mp = [
                (pa[0] + pb[0]) / 2.0,
                (pa[1] + pb[1]) / 2.0,
                (pa[2] + pb[2]) / 2.0,
            ];
            let l = (mp[0] * mp[0] + mp[1] * mp[1] + mp[2] * mp[2]).sqrt();
            mp = [mp[0] / l, mp[1] / l, mp[2] / l];
            let i = nm.verts.len() as u32;
            nm.verts.push(mp);
            mid.insert(key, i);
            i
        };
        for t in &m.tris {
            let a = midpoint(&mut nm, t[0], t[1], &mut mid);
            let b = midpoint(&mut nm, t[1], t[2], &mut mid);
            let c = midpoint(&mut nm, t[2], t[0], &mut mid);
            nm.tri(t[0], a, c);
            nm.tri(t[1], b, a);
            nm.tri(t[2], c, b);
            nm.tri(a, b, c);
        }
        m = nm;
    }
    m.edges_from_tris();
    m
}

fn dodecahedron() -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let phi = (1.0 + 5.0_f32.sqrt()) / 2.0;
    let b = 1.0 / phi;
    let c = phi;
    let r = (3.0_f32).sqrt(); // normalise so |(1,1,1)| family → unit-ish
    let s = 1.0 / r;
    let vs = [
        [1., 1., 1.],
        [1., 1., -1.],
        [1., -1., 1.],
        [1., -1., -1.],
        [-1., 1., 1.],
        [-1., 1., -1.],
        [-1., -1., 1.],
        [-1., -1., -1.],
        [0., b, c],
        [0., b, -c],
        [0., -b, c],
        [0., -b, -c],
        [b, c, 0.],
        [b, -c, 0.],
        [-b, c, 0.],
        [-b, -c, 0.],
        [c, 0., b],
        [c, 0., -b],
        [-c, 0., b],
        [-c, 0., -b],
    ];
    for v in vs {
        m.v(v[0] * s, v[1] * s, v[2] * s);
    }
    let faces: [[u32; 5]; 12] = [
        [0, 8, 10, 2, 16],
        [0, 16, 17, 1, 12],
        [0, 12, 14, 4, 8],
        [1, 9, 5, 14, 12],
        [1, 17, 3, 11, 9],
        [2, 10, 6, 15, 13],
        [2, 13, 3, 17, 16],
        [3, 13, 15, 7, 11],
        [4, 14, 5, 19, 18],
        [4, 18, 6, 10, 8],
        [5, 9, 11, 7, 19],
        [6, 18, 19, 7, 15],
    ];
    for f in faces {
        m.face(&f);
    }
    m
}

// ── round / swept solids ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────

fn uv_sphere(seg: i32, rings: i32) -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let seg = seg.clamp(3, 128);
    let rings = rings.clamp(2, 128);
    for r in 0..=rings {
        let v = r as f32 / rings as f32;
        let theta = v * PI; // 0..pi
        let (st, ct) = theta.sin_cos();
        for s in 0..=seg {
            let u = s as f32 / seg as f32;
            let phi = u * 2.0 * PI;
            let (sp, cp) = phi.sin_cos();
            m.v(st * cp, ct, st * sp);
        }
    }
    let stride = seg + 1;
    for r in 0..rings {
        for s in 0..seg {
            let a = (r * stride + s) as u32;
            let b = (r * stride + s + 1) as u32;
            let cc = ((r + 1) * stride + s) as u32;
            let d = ((r + 1) * stride + s + 1) as u32;
            m.tri(a, cc, b);
            m.tri(b, cc, d);
        }
    }
    m.edges_from_tris();
    m
}

fn dome(seg: i32, rings: i32) -> Mesh {
    // upper hemisphere (y in [0..1]) with a closing base ring
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let seg = seg.clamp(3, 128);
    let rings = rings.clamp(1, 128);
    for r in 0..=rings {
        let v = r as f32 / rings as f32;
        let theta = v * (PI / 2.0); // 0..pi/2
        let (st, ct) = theta.sin_cos();
        for s in 0..=seg {
            let phi = s as f32 / seg as f32 * 2.0 * PI;
            let (sp, cp) = phi.sin_cos();
            m.v(st * cp, ct, st * sp);
        }
    }
    let stride = seg + 1;
    for r in 0..rings {
        for s in 0..seg {
            let a = (r * stride + s) as u32;
            let b = (r * stride + s + 1) as u32;
            let cc = ((r + 1) * stride + s) as u32;
            let d = ((r + 1) * stride + s + 1) as u32;
            m.tri(a, cc, b);
            m.tri(b, cc, d);
        }
    }
    // base cap
    let centre = m.v(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
    for s in 0..seg {
        let a = ((rings) * stride + s) as u32;
        let b = ((rings) * stride + s + 1) as u32;
        m.tri(centre, b, a);
    }
    m.edges_from_tris();
    m
}

fn cylinder(seg: i32) -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let seg = seg.clamp(3, 256);
    // rings at y=-1 (bottom) and y=+1 (top)
    for s in 0..seg {
        let phi = s as f32 / seg as f32 * 2.0 * PI;
        let (sp, cp) = phi.sin_cos();
        m.v(cp, -1.0, sp);
        m.v(cp, 1.0, sp);
    }
    for s in 0..seg {
        let b0 = (2 * s) as u32;
        let t0 = (2 * s + 1) as u32;
        let b1 = (2 * ((s + 1) % seg)) as u32;
        let t1 = (2 * ((s + 1) % seg) + 1) as u32;
        m.tri(b0, t0, b1);
        m.tri(b1, t0, t1);
        m.edge(b0, b1);
        m.edge(t0, t1);
        m.edge(b0, t0);
    }
    let cb = m.v(0.0, -1.0, 0.0);
    let ct = m.v(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
    for s in 0..seg {
        let b0 = (2 * s) as u32;
        let b1 = (2 * ((s + 1) % seg)) as u32;
        let t0 = (2 * s + 1) as u32;
        let t1 = (2 * ((s + 1) % seg) + 1) as u32;
        m.tri(cb, b1, b0);
        m.tri(ct, t0, t1);
    }
    m
}

fn cone(seg: i32) -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let seg = seg.clamp(3, 256);
    let apex = m.v(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
    let base0 = m.verts.len() as u32;
    for s in 0..seg {
        let phi = s as f32 / seg as f32 * 2.0 * PI;
        let (sp, cp) = phi.sin_cos();
        m.v(cp, -1.0, sp);
    }
    let centre = m.v(0.0, -1.0, 0.0);
    for s in 0..seg {
        let a = base0 + s as u32;
        let b = base0 + ((s + 1) % seg) as u32;
        m.tri(apex, a, b); // side
        m.tri(centre, b, a); // base
        m.edge(a, b);
        m.edge(apex, a);
    }
    m
}

fn capsule(seg: i32, rings: i32) -> Mesh {
    // cylinder body (y -1..1) capped by two hemispheres of radius 1
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let seg = seg.clamp(3, 128);
    let rings = rings.clamp(1, 64);
    let stride = seg + 1;
    // top hemisphere: theta 0..pi/2 mapped onto y = 1 + cos*? keep radius 1 sphere centred at y=+1
    let mut ring_start = Vec::new();
    let total_rows = 2 * rings; // top hemi rows + bottom hemi rows
    for row in 0..=total_rows {
        ring_start.push(m.verts.len() as u32);
        let (cy_off, theta) = if row <= rings {
            // top hemisphere: row 0 = pole (theta 0)
            let v = row as f32 / rings as f32;
            (1.0, v * PI / 2.0)
        } else {
            // bottom hemisphere
            let v = (row - rings) as f32 / rings as f32;
            (-1.0, PI / 2.0 + v * PI / 2.0)
        };
        let (st, ct) = theta.sin_cos();
        for s in 0..=seg {
            let phi = s as f32 / seg as f32 * 2.0 * PI;
            let (sp, cp) = phi.sin_cos();
            m.v(st * cp, cy_off + ct, st * sp);
        }
    }
    for row in 0..total_rows as usize {
        for s in 0..seg {
            let a = ring_start[row] + s as u32;
            let b = ring_start[row] + s as u32 + 1;
            let c = ring_start[row + 1] + s as u32;
            let d = ring_start[row + 1] + s as u32 + 1;
            m.tri(a, c, b);
            m.tri(b, c, d);
        }
    }
    let _ = stride;
    m.edges_from_tris();
    m
}

fn torus(seg: i32, sides: i32, tube: f32) -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let seg = seg.clamp(3, 256); // around the ring
    let sides = sides.clamp(3, 128); // around the tube
    let tube = tube.clamp(0.02, 0.9);
    for i in 0..seg {
        let u = i as f32 / seg as f32 * 2.0 * PI;
        let (su, cu) = u.sin_cos();
        for j in 0..sides {
            let v = j as f32 / sides as f32 * 2.0 * PI;
            let (sv, cv) = v.sin_cos();
            let r = 1.0 - tube + tube * cv;
            m.v(r * cu, tube * sv, r * su);
        }
    }
    for i in 0..seg {
        for j in 0..sides {
            let a = (i * sides + j) as u32;
            let b = (i * sides + (j + 1) % sides) as u32;
            let c = (((i + 1) % seg) * sides + j) as u32;
            let d = (((i + 1) % seg) * sides + (j + 1) % sides) as u32;
            m.tri(a, c, b);
            m.tri(b, c, d);
        }
    }
    m.edges_from_tris();
    m
}

// ── prisms / pyramids ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

fn pyramid(sides: i32) -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let sides = sides.clamp(3, 128);
    let apex = m.v(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
    let base0 = m.verts.len() as u32;
    let mut ring = Vec::new();
    for s in 0..sides {
        let phi = s as f32 / sides as f32 * 2.0 * PI;
        let (sp, cp) = phi.sin_cos();
        ring.push(m.v(cp, -1.0, sp));
    }
    for s in 0..sides as usize {
        let a = ring[s];
        let b = ring[(s + 1) % sides as usize];
        m.tri(apex, a, b);
        m.edge(a, b);
        m.edge(apex, a);
    }
    // base face (reversed for outward normal)
    let mut rev: Vec<u32> = ring.clone();
    rev.reverse();
    for k in 1..rev.len() - 1 {
        m.tri(rev[0], rev[k], rev[k + 1]);
    }
    let _ = base0;
    m
}

fn prism(sides: i32) -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let sides = sides.clamp(3, 128);
    let mut bot = Vec::new();
    let mut top = Vec::new();
    for s in 0..sides {
        let phi = s as f32 / sides as f32 * 2.0 * PI;
        let (sp, cp) = phi.sin_cos();
        bot.push(m.v(cp, -1.0, sp));
        top.push(m.v(cp, 1.0, sp));
    }
    let n = sides as usize;
    for s in 0..n {
        let b0 = bot[s];
        let b1 = bot[(s + 1) % n];
        let t0 = top[s];
        let t1 = top[(s + 1) % n];
        m.tri(b0, t0, b1);
        m.tri(b1, t0, t1);
        m.edge(b0, b1);
        m.edge(t0, t1);
        m.edge(b0, t0);
    }
    for k in 1..n - 1 {
        m.tri(top[0], top[k], top[k + 1]);
    }
    let mut rb: Vec<u32> = bot.clone();
    rb.reverse();
    for k in 1..rb.len() - 1 {
        m.tri(rb[0], rb[k], rb[k + 1]);
    }
    m
}

fn frustum(sides: i32, top_ratio: f32) -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let sides = sides.clamp(3, 256);
    let tr = top_ratio.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
    let mut bot = Vec::new();
    let mut top = Vec::new();
    for s in 0..sides {
        let phi = s as f32 / sides as f32 * 2.0 * PI;
        let (sp, cp) = phi.sin_cos();
        bot.push(m.v(cp, -1.0, sp));
        top.push(m.v(cp * tr, 1.0, sp * tr));
    }
    let n = sides as usize;
    for s in 0..n {
        let b0 = bot[s];
        let b1 = bot[(s + 1) % n];
        let t0 = top[s];
        let t1 = top[(s + 1) % n];
        m.tri(b0, t0, b1);
        m.tri(b1, t0, t1);
        m.edge(b0, b1);
        m.edge(t0, t1);
        m.edge(b0, t0);
    }
    if tr > 0.001 {
        for k in 1..n - 1 {
            m.tri(top[0], top[k], top[k + 1]);
        }
    }
    let mut rb: Vec<u32> = bot.clone();
    rb.reverse();
    for k in 1..rb.len() - 1 {
        m.tri(rb[0], rb[k], rb[k + 1]);
    }
    m
}

// ── mechanical / architectural ────────────────────────────────────────────────

fn gear(teeth: i32, tooth: f32) -> Mesh {
    // flat gear in the XZ plane, extruded ±1 in Y; `tooth` = radial tooth depth.
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let teeth = teeth.clamp(3, 96);
    let tooth = tooth.clamp(0.02, 0.6);
    let pts = teeth * 4; // 4 control points per tooth
    let mut bot = Vec::new();
    let mut top = Vec::new();
    for i in 0..pts {
        let phi = i as f32 / pts as f32 * 2.0 * PI;
        // square-ish tooth profile: outer for first half of each tooth, inner for second
        let phase = (i % 4) as f32;
        let r = if phase < 2.0 { 1.0 } else { 1.0 - tooth };
        let (sp, cp) = phi.sin_cos();
        bot.push(m.v(cp * r, -1.0, sp * r));
        top.push(m.v(cp * r, 1.0, sp * r));
    }
    let n = pts as usize;
    for s in 0..n {
        let b0 = bot[s];
        let b1 = bot[(s + 1) % n];
        let t0 = top[s];
        let t1 = top[(s + 1) % n];
        m.tri(b0, t0, b1);
        m.tri(b1, t0, t1); // rim
        m.edge(b0, b1);
        m.edge(t0, t1);
        m.edge(b0, t0);
    }
    let cb = m.v(0.0, -1.0, 0.0);
    let ct = m.v(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
    for s in 0..n {
        let b0 = bot[s];
        let b1 = bot[(s + 1) % n];
        let t0 = top[s];
        let t1 = top[(s + 1) % n];
        m.tri(cb, b1, b0);
        m.tri(ct, t0, t1); // caps
    }
    m
}

fn gyro(rings: i32) -> Mesh {
    // nested gimbal: `rings` tori on alternating axes at shrinking radius.
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let rings = rings.clamp(1, 6);
    for k in 0..rings {
        let scale = 1.0 - k as f32 * (0.8 / rings as f32);
        let mut ring = torus(40, 8, 0.06 / scale.max(0.2));
        // rotate each ring onto a different axis
        let rot = match k % 3 {
            0 => [0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
            1 => [PI / 2.0, 0.0, 0.0],
            _ => [0.0, 0.0, PI / 2.0],
        };
        ring.transform([0.0, 0.0, 0.0, scale, scale, scale, rot[0], rot[1], rot[2]]);
        let base = m.verts.len() as u32;
        for v in &ring.verts {
            m.verts.push(*v);
        }
        for t in &ring.tris {
            m.tri(t[0] + base, t[1] + base, t[2] + base);
        }
        for e in &ring.edges {
            m.edge(e[0] + base, e[1] + base);
        }
    }
    m
}

// ── exotic / compound shapes ──────────────────────────────────────────────────

fn append_mesh(dst: &mut Mesh, src: &Mesh) {
    let base = dst.verts.len() as u32;
    for v in &src.verts {
        dst.verts.push(*v);
    }
    for t in &src.tris {
        dst.tri(t[0] + base, t[1] + base, t[2] + base);
    }
    for e in &src.edges {
        dst.edge(e[0] + base, e[1] + base);
    }
}

fn box_between(x0: f32, x1: f32, y0: f32, y1: f32, z0: f32, z1: f32) -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let p = [
        m.v(x0, y0, z0),
        m.v(x1, y0, z0),
        m.v(x1, y1, z0),
        m.v(x0, y1, z0),
        m.v(x0, y0, z1),
        m.v(x1, y0, z1),
        m.v(x1, y1, z1),
        m.v(x0, y1, z1),
    ];
    m.face(&[p[0], p[1], p[2], p[3]]);
    m.face(&[p[5], p[4], p[7], p[6]]);
    m.face(&[p[4], p[0], p[3], p[7]]);
    m.face(&[p[1], p[5], p[6], p[2]]);
    m.face(&[p[4], p[5], p[1], p[0]]);
    m.face(&[p[3], p[2], p[6], p[7]]);
    m
}

/// Tube swept along a helix around the Y axis (height −1..1).
fn helix(turns: i32, tube: f32, sides: i32) -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let turns = turns.clamp(1, 24);
    let sides = sides.clamp(3, 32);
    let tube = tube.clamp(0.02, 0.5);
    let seg_per = 24;
    let total = turns * seg_per;
    for i in 0..=total {
        let ang = (i as f32 / seg_per as f32) * 2.0 * PI;
        let y = -1.0 + 2.0 * (i as f32 / total as f32);
        let cen = [ang.cos(), y, ang.sin()];
        let radial = [ang.cos(), 0.0, ang.sin()];
        let up = [0.0, 1.0, 0.0];
        for j in 0..sides {
            let v = j as f32 / sides as f32 * 2.0 * PI;
            let (sv, cv) = v.sin_cos();
            m.v(
                cen[0] + tube * (cv * radial[0] + sv * up[0]),
                cen[1] + tube * (cv * radial[1] + sv * up[1]),
                cen[2] + tube * (cv * radial[2] + sv * up[2]),
            );
        }
    }
    let s = sides;
    for i in 0..total {
        for j in 0..sides {
            let a = (i * s + j) as u32;
            let b = (i * s + (j + 1) % s) as u32;
            let c = ((i + 1) * s + j) as u32;
            let d = ((i + 1) * s + (j + 1) % s) as u32;
            m.tri(a, c, b);
            m.tri(b, c, d);
        }
    }
    m.edges_from_tris();
    m
}

/// Semicircular archway — circular tube swept over a 180° arc in the XY plane.
fn arch(segs: i32, tube: f32) -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let segs = segs.clamp(6, 128);
    let sides = 10i32;
    let tube = tube.clamp(0.05, 0.4);
    for i in 0..=segs {
        let a = PI * (i as f32 / segs as f32); // 0..π
        let cen = [a.cos(), a.sin(), 0.0];
        let radial = [a.cos(), a.sin(), 0.0];
        let binorm = [0.0, 0.0, 1.0];
        for j in 0..sides {
            let v = j as f32 / sides as f32 * 2.0 * PI;
            let (sv, cv) = v.sin_cos();
            m.v(
                cen[0] + tube * (cv * radial[0] + sv * binorm[0]),
                cen[1] + tube * (cv * radial[1] + sv * binorm[1]),
                cen[2] + tube * (cv * radial[2] + sv * binorm[2]),
            );
        }
    }
    for i in 0..segs {
        for j in 0..sides {
            let a = (i * sides + j) as u32;
            let b = (i * sides + (j + 1) % sides) as u32;
            let c = ((i + 1) * sides + j) as u32;
            let d = ((i + 1) * sides + (j + 1) % sides) as u32;
            m.tri(a, c, b);
            m.tri(b, c, d);
        }
    }
    m.edges_from_tris();
    m
}

/// Staircase of `steps` cuboid steps rising along +Y and +Z.
fn stairs(steps: i32) -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let steps = steps.clamp(2, 40);
    let sh = 2.0 / steps as f32;
    let sd = 2.0 / steps as f32;
    for i in 0..steps {
        let y0 = -1.0 + i as f32 * sh;
        let y1 = y0 + sh;
        let z0 = -1.0 + i as f32 * sd;
        let zf = z0 + sd;
        let blk = box_between(-1.0, 1.0, y0, y1, z0, zf);
        append_mesh(&mut m, &blk);
    }
    m
}

/// Star-shaped prism: an N-point star cross-section extruded along Y.
fn star_prism(points: i32, inner: f32) -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let points = points.clamp(3, 32);
    let inner = inner.clamp(0.1, 0.95);
    let n = (points * 2) as usize;
    let mut bot = Vec::new();
    let mut top = Vec::new();
    for k in 0..n {
        let ang = k as f32 / n as f32 * 2.0 * PI;
        let r = if k % 2 == 0 { 1.0 } else { inner };
        let (s, c) = ang.sin_cos();
        bot.push(m.v(c * r, -1.0, s * r));
        top.push(m.v(c * r, 1.0, s * r));
    }
    for k in 0..n {
        let b0 = bot[k];
        let b1 = bot[(k + 1) % n];
        let t0 = top[k];
        let t1 = top[(k + 1) % n];
        m.tri(b0, t0, b1);
        m.tri(b1, t0, t1);
        m.edge(b0, b1);
        m.edge(t0, t1);
        m.edge(b0, t0);
    }
    for k in 1..n - 1 {
        m.tri(top[0], top[k], top[k + 1]);
    }
    let mut rb = bot.clone();
    rb.reverse();
    for k in 1..rb.len() - 1 {
        m.tri(rb[0], rb[k], rb[k + 1]);
    }
    m
}

/// A row of `count` capsule "beads" along X — a chain / caterpillar.
fn capsule_chain(count: i32) -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let count = count.clamp(1, 12);
    let step = 2.0 / count as f32;
    for i in 0..count {
        let mut c = capsule(12, 4);
        let cx = -1.0 + (i as f32 + 0.5) * step;
        c.transform([
            cx,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            step * 0.5,
            step * 0.5,
            step * 0.5,
            0.0,
            0.0,
            PI / 2.0,
        ]);
        append_mesh(&mut m, &c);
    }
    m
}

/// Möbius strip — a half-twisted band looped once.
fn mobius(segs: i32, width: f32) -> Mesh {
    let mut m = Mesh::default();
    let segs = segs.clamp(8, 240);
    let w = width.clamp(0.05, 0.6);
    for i in 0..=segs {
        let u = i as f32 / segs as f32 * 2.0 * PI;
        for &vv in &[-1.0f32, 1.0] {
            let v = vv * w;
            let x = (1.0 + v / 2.0 * (u / 2.0).cos()) * u.cos();
            let y = v / 2.0 * (u / 2.0).sin();
            let z = (1.0 + v / 2.0 * (u / 2.0).cos()) * u.sin();
            m.v(x, y, z);
        }
    }
    for i in 0..segs {
        let a = (2 * i) as u32;
        let b = (2 * i + 1) as u32;
        let c = (2 * (i + 1)) as u32;
        let d = (2 * (i + 1) + 1) as u32;
        m.tri(a, c, b);
        m.tri(b, c, d);
    }
    m.edges_from_tris();
    m
}

/// Resolve a builtin call name (in any supported language) to a canonical
/// shape kind. Returns `None` if the name is not a 3-D primitive.
pub fn canon(name: &str) -> Option<&'static str> {
    Some(match name {
        // cube / box
        "cube" | "box" | "立方体" | "方块" | "箱" | "정육면체" | "상자" | "ลูกบาศก์" | "กล่อง" => {
            "cube"
        },
        // sphere
        "sphere" | "球体" | "球" | "구" | "ทรงกลม" => "sphere",
        // icosphere
        "icosphere" | "二十面球" | "アイコ球" | "아이코구체" | "ทรงกลมเหลี่ยม" => {
            "icosphere"
        },
        // dome (hemisphere)
        "dome" | "穹顶" | "ドーム" | "돔" | "โดม" => "dome",
        // cylinder
        "cylinder" | "圆柱" | "円柱" | "원기둥" | "ทรงกระบอก" => {
            "cylinder"
        },
        // cone
        "cone" | "圆锥" | "円錐" | "원뿔" | "กรวย" => "cone",
        // capsule
        "capsule" | "胶囊" | "カプセル" | "캡슐" | "แคปซูล" => "capsule",
        // torus / ring
        "torus" | "ring" | "圆环" | "トーラス" | "토러스" | "ทอรัส" => "torus",
        // pyramid
        "pyramid" | "金字塔" | "ピラミッド" | "피라미드" | "พีระมิด" => {
            "pyramid"
        },
        // prism
        "prism" | "棱柱" | "角柱" | "각기둥" | "ปริซึม" => "prism",
        // frustum
        "frustum" | "棱台" | "錐台" | "원뿔대" | "กรวยตัด" => "frustum",
        // tetrahedron / d4
        "tetrahedron" | "d4" | "四面体" | "정사면체" | "ทรงสี่หน้า" => {
            "tetrahedron"
        },
        // octahedron / d8
        "octahedron" | "d8" | "八面体" | "정팔면체" | "ทรงแปดหน้า" => {
            "octahedron"
        },
        // dodecahedron / d12
        "dodecahedron" | "d12" | "十二面体" | "정십이면체" | "ทรงสิบสองหน้า" => {
            "dodecahedron"
        },
        // icosahedron / d20
        "icosahedron" | "d20" | "二十面体" | "정이십면체" | "ทรงยี่สิบหน้า" => {
            "icosahedron"
        },
        // gear / cog
        "gear" | "cog" | "齿轮" | "歯車" | "톱니바퀴" | "เฟือง" => "gear",
        // gyro
        "gyro" | "陀螺" | "ジャイロ" | "자이로" | "ไจโร" => "gyro",
        // helix
        "helix" | "螺旋线" | "らせん" | "나선" | "เกลียว" => "helix",
        // spring
        "spring" | "弹簧" | "ばね" | "스프링" | "สปริง" => "spring",
        // arch
        "arch" | "拱门" | "アーチ" | "아치" | "ซุ้มโค้ง" => "arch",
        // stairs
        "stairs" | "楼梯" | "階段" | "계단" | "บันได" => "stairs",
        // star prism
        "star_prism" | "star" | "星柱" | "星型柱" | "별기둥" | "แท่งดาว" => {
            "star_prism"
        },
        // capsule chain
        "capsule_chain" | "chain" | "胶囊链" | "カプセル鎖" | "캡슐체인" | "โซ่แคปซูล" => {
            "capsule_chain"
        },
        // mobius
        "mobius" | "莫比乌斯" | "メビウス" | "뫼비우스" | "เมอบีอุส" => {
            "mobius"
        },
        _ => return None,
    })
}

/// Build a transformed, world-space mesh for `kind`.
/// `c` = [cx,cy,cz, sx,sy,sz, rx,ry,rz]; `e0..e2` = shape-specific extras.
pub fn build(kind: &str, c: [f32; 9], e0: f32, e1: f32, e2: f32) -> Option<Mesh> {
    let mut m = match kind {
        "cube" | "box" => cube(),
        "sphere" => uv_sphere(iarg(e0, 16), iarg(e1, 12)),
        "icosphere" => icosphere(iarg(e0, 1)),
        "dome" => dome(iarg(e0, 24), iarg(e1, 8)),
        "cylinder" => cylinder(iarg(e0, 24)),
        "cone" => cone(iarg(e0, 24)),
        "capsule" => capsule(iarg(e0, 16), iarg(e1, 6)),
        "torus" | "ring" => torus(iarg(e0, 32), iarg(e1, 12), farg(e2, 0.35)),
        "pyramid" => pyramid(iarg(e0, 4)),
        "prism" => prism(iarg(e0, 6)),
        "frustum" => frustum(iarg(e0, 24), farg(e1, 0.5)),
        "tetrahedron" | "d4" => {
            let mut t = tetrahedron();
            t.edges = vec![];
            t.edges_from_tris();
            t
        },
        "octahedron" | "d8" => {
            let mut t = octahedron();
            t.edges = vec![];
            t.edges_from_tris();
            t
        },
        "dodecahedron" | "d12" => dodecahedron(),
        "icosahedron" | "d20" => icosahedron(),
        "gear" | "cog" => gear(iarg(e0, 12), farg(e1, 0.25)),
        "gyro" => gyro(iarg(e0, 3)),
        "helix" => helix(iarg(e0, 3), farg(e1, 0.15), iarg(e2, 8)),
        "spring" => helix(iarg(e0, 6), farg(e1, 0.12), iarg(e2, 8)),
        "arch" => arch(iarg(e0, 24), farg(e1, 0.18)),
        "stairs" => stairs(iarg(e0, 5)),
        "star_prism" => star_prism(iarg(e0, 5), farg(e1, 0.5)),
        "capsule_chain" => capsule_chain(iarg(e0, 3)),
        "mobius" => mobius(iarg(e0, 60), farg(e1, 0.3)),
        _ => return None,
    };
    m.transform(c);
    m.compute_smooth_normals();
    Some(m)
}

/// A flat-shaded, per-triangle-coloured mesh (triangle soup) for fast native-res
/// model rendering. `pos` holds 3 verts per triangle; `col` one RGB per triangle.
/// `height` is the model's Y-extent (feet→head), used to weight the deformation.
#[derive(Default, Clone)]
pub struct ColorMesh {
    pub pos: Vec<[f32; 3]>, // 3 * ntri  (triangle soup)
    pub col: Vec<[u8; 3]>,  // ntri      (one flat colour per triangle)
    pub height: f32,
}

impl GfxState {
    /// Draw a per-triangle-coloured mesh **unlit** (colours used as-is → ignored by
    /// the lighting pass, and fast), with the model transform (translate · uniform
    /// scale · yaw about Y) and a baked procedural deformation: `sway` leans the
    /// upper body (∝ |y|) and `arm` swings the arms fore/aft in antiphase with an
    /// elbow-compound bend. Verts are flipped models (feet y≈0, head y≈-height).
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub fn draw_color_mesh(
        &mut self,
        m: &ColorMesh,
        cx: f32,
        cy: f32,
        cz: f32,
        sc: f32,
        yaw: f32,
        sway: f32,
        arm: f32,
        lean: f32,
        leg: f32,
        tuck: f32,
    ) {
        let near = -self.camera.zdist + 0.05;
        let cs = yaw.cos();
        let sn = yaw.sin();
        let h = m.height.max(1e-4);
        let yc = -0.68 * h; // shoulder band centre
        let torso = 0.13 * h;
        let elbow = torso + 0.16 * h;
        let nt = m.col.len();
        let mut ti = 0usize;
        while ti < nt {
            let base = ti * 3;
            let mut wv = [[0.0f32; 3]; 3];
            let mut k = 0;
            while k < 3 {
                let p = m.pos[base + k];
                let ax = p[0].abs();
                let yb = (1.0 - (p[1] - yc).abs() / (0.30 * h)).clamp(0.0, 1.0); // upper-body band
                let aw = (((ax - torso) / (0.40 * h)).clamp(0.0, 1.0)) * yb; // arm weight
                let ew = (((ax - elbow) / (0.28 * h)).clamp(0.0, 1.0)) * yb; // elbow/forearm weight
                let side = if p[0] >= 0.0 { 1.0 } else { -1.0 };
                // forward bend (running): upper body pitches forward (+z) above the waist,
                // arms pulled back/tucked relative to the leaning torso.
                let bw = (((p[1].abs() / h) - 0.40) / 0.60).clamp(0.0, 1.0); // 0 below waist → 1 head
                let zlean = lean * bw * bw * h - lean * aw * 0.6 * h;
                // legs (lower body, not arms): swing fore/aft antiphase L/R; the forward
                // foot lifts (knee bend). `tuck` raises both knees toward the chest (jump).
                let lw = (((0.45 * h - p[1].abs()) / (0.45 * h)).clamp(0.0, 1.0)) * (1.0 - aw);
                let fw = (((0.16 * h - p[1].abs()) / (0.16 * h)).clamp(0.0, 1.0)) * (1.0 - aw);
                let legswing = leg * side * lw;
                let mut ylift = 0.0f32;
                if legswing > 0.0 {
                    ylift -= legswing * fw * 0.45 * h;
                } // forward foot lifts (up = -Y)
                ylift -= tuck * lw * 0.22 * h; // jump tuck: knees up
                let xs = p[0] + sway * p[1].abs();
                let zs =
                    p[2] + arm * side * (aw + ew * 0.7) + zlean + legswing + tuck * lw * 0.16 * h;
                wv[k] = [
                    cx + (xs * cs + zs * sn) * sc,
                    cy + (p[1] + ylift) * sc,
                    cz + (zs * cs - xs * sn) * sc,
                ];
                k += 1;
            }
            let a = wv[0];
            let b = wv[1];
            let c = wv[2];
            let da = self.camera.depth(a[0], a[1], a[2]);
            let db = self.camera.depth(b[0], b[1], b[2]);
            let dc = self.camera.depth(c[0], c[1], c[2]);
            if !(da <= near && db <= near && dc <= near) {
                let poly = near_clip_poly(
                    &[(a, [0.0; 3], da), (b, [0.0; 3], db), (c, [0.0; 3], dc)],
                    near,
                );
                if poly.len() >= 3 {
                    let col = m.col[ti];
                    let packed = ((col[0] as u32) << 16) | ((col[1] as u32) << 8) | (col[2] as u32);
                    let proj: Vec<(f32, f32, f32)> = poly
                        .iter()
                        .map(|(p, _)| self.camera.project(p[0], p[1], p[2]))
                        .collect();
                    let depth = proj.iter().map(|v| v.2).sum::<f32>() / proj.len() as f32;
                    let mut j = 1;
                    while j + 1 < proj.len() {
                        self.depth_queue.push_triangle(
                            depth,
                            packed,
                            proj[0].0,
                            proj[0].1,
                            proj[j].0,
                            proj[j].1,
                            proj[j + 1].0,
                            proj[j + 1].1,
                        );
                        j += 1;
                    }
                }
            }
            ti += 1;
        }
    }

    /// Viscous screen-space distortion of the current framebuffer: warps/puckers/
    /// bloats in shifting regions and **wraps** at all four edges (toroidal sample).
    /// Separable (per-row + per-column displacement) so it stays cheap full-screen.
    /// `amount` = max displacement in pixels; `t` = time (animate the goo).
    pub fn distort(&mut self, amount: f32, t: f32) {
        let w = self.width;
        let h = self.height;
        if w < 2 || h < 2 || amount <= 0.0 {
            return;
        }
        let src = self.buffer.clone();
        let a = amount;
        // per-row horizontal shift + a vertical cross term
        let mut rdx = vec![0i32; h];
        let mut rdy = vec![0i32; h];
        for y in 0..h {
            let fy = y as f32;
            rdx[y] =
                ((fy * 0.018 + t * 0.8).sin() * a + (fy * 0.005 - t * 0.5).sin() * a * 0.6) as i32;
            rdy[y] = ((fy * 0.040 + t * 1.1).sin() * a * 0.4) as i32;
        }
        // per-column vertical shift + a horizontal cross term  (the two cross terms
        // make the warp swirl in 2-D; multi-frequency sines give pucker/bloat zones)
        let mut cdy = vec![0i32; w];
        let mut cdx = vec![0i32; w];
        for x in 0..w {
            let fx = x as f32;
            cdy[x] =
                ((fx * 0.020 + t * 0.7).sin() * a + (fx * 0.006 + t * 0.45).sin() * a * 0.6) as i32;
            cdx[x] = ((fx * 0.050 + t * 0.9).sin() * a * 0.4) as i32;
        }
        let wi = w as i32;
        let hi = h as i32;
        for y in 0..h {
            let row = y * w;
            let ry = rdy[y];
            for x in 0..w {
                // branchless small-shift wrap (displacements are a few px → one add wraps)
                let mut sxi = x as i32 + rdx[y] + cdx[x];
                if sxi < 0 {
                    sxi += wi;
                } else if sxi >= wi {
                    sxi -= wi;
                }
                let mut syi = y as i32 + cdy[x] + ry;
                if syi < 0 {
                    syi += hi;
                } else if syi >= hi {
                    syi -= hi;
                }
                self.buffer[row + x] = src[syi as usize * w + sxi as usize];
            }
        }
    }

    /// Render a world-space mesh through the depth queue.
    /// mode: 0 filled, 1 wireframe, 2 both.
    pub fn emit_mesh(&mut self, m: &Mesh, mode: i32) {
        let near = -self.camera.zdist + 0.05;

        let want_fill = mode == 0 || mode == 2;
        if want_fill {
            let have_normals = m.normals.len() == m.verts.len() && self.shade_mode != 0;
            if have_normals {
                // ── smooth cel / holographic path ─────────────────────────────
                // Per-vertex coloured lighting (smooth normals) → Gouraud
                // interpolation → per-pixel posterise. No faceted edges.
                let base = ling_graphics::shading::unpack(self.color);
                let eye = [self.camera.tx, self.camera.ty, self.camera.tz];
                let lights: Vec<ling_graphics::shading::LightS> = self
                    .lights
                    .iter()
                    .map(|l| ling_graphics::shading::LightS {
                        pos: [l.x, l.y, l.z],
                        color: [l.r, l.g, l.b],
                        intensity: l.intensity,
                        radius: l.radius,
                    })
                    .collect();
                let mut sp = self.shade;
                sp.ambient = self.ambient; // scene ambient drives fill
                if self.shade_mode == 1 {
                    sp.holo = false;
                    sp.rim *= 0.4;
                }
                let bands = sp.bands;
                for t in &m.tris {
                    let ia = t[0] as usize;
                    let ib = t[1] as usize;
                    let ic = t[2] as usize;
                    let a = m.verts[ia];
                    let b = m.verts[ib];
                    let c = m.verts[ic];
                    let da = self.camera.depth(a[0], a[1], a[2]);
                    let db = self.camera.depth(b[0], b[1], b[2]);
                    let dc = self.camera.depth(c[0], c[1], c[2]);
                    if da <= near && db <= near && dc <= near {
                        continue;
                    } // all behind → drop
                      // Lit colours per vertex (kept unpacked so clipping can lerp them).
                    let la = ling_graphics::shading::lit_vertex(
                        base,
                        m.normals[ia],
                        a,
                        eye,
                        &lights,
                        &sp,
                    );
                    let lb = ling_graphics::shading::lit_vertex(
                        base,
                        m.normals[ib],
                        b,
                        eye,
                        &lights,
                        &sp,
                    );
                    let lc = ling_graphics::shading::lit_vertex(
                        base,
                        m.normals[ic],
                        c,
                        eye,
                        &lights,
                        &sp,
                    );
                    // Near-plane clip (keeps large straddling tiles instead of dropping them).
                    let poly = near_clip_poly(&[(a, la, da), (b, lb, db), (c, lc, dc)], near);
                    if poly.len() < 3 {
                        continue;
                    }
                    let proj: Vec<(f32, f32, f32, u32)> = poly
                        .iter()
                        .map(|(p, col)| {
                            let (sx, sy, pz) = self.camera.project(p[0], p[1], p[2]);
                            (sx, sy, pz, ling_graphics::shading::pack(*col))
                        })
                        .collect();
                    let mut k = 1;
                    while k + 1 < proj.len() {
                        self.depth_queue.push_triangle_g_zv(
                            proj[0].0,
                            proj[0].1,
                            proj[0].2,
                            proj[0].3,
                            proj[k].0,
                            proj[k].1,
                            proj[k].2,
                            proj[k].3,
                            proj[k + 1].0,
                            proj[k + 1].1,
                            proj[k + 1].2,
                            proj[k + 1].3,
                            bands,
                        );
                        k += 1;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                // ── flat per-face path (shade_mode 0) ─────────────────────────
                for t in &m.tris {
                    let a = m.verts[t[0] as usize];
                    let b = m.verts[t[1] as usize];
                    let c = m.verts[t[2] as usize];
                    let ux = b[0] - a[0];
                    let uy = b[1] - a[1];
                    let uz = b[2] - a[2];
                    let vx = c[0] - a[0];
                    let vy = c[1] - a[1];
                    let vz = c[2] - a[2];
                    let normal = [uy * vz - uz * vy, uz * vx - ux * vz, ux * vy - uy * vx];
                    let centroid = [
                        (a[0] + b[0] + c[0]) / 3.0,
                        (a[1] + b[1] + c[1]) / 3.0,
                        (a[2] + b[2] + c[2]) / 3.0,
                    ];
                    let lit = crate::gfx::light::compute_lit_color(
                        self.color,
                        normal,
                        centroid,
                        &self.lights,
                        self.ambient,
                    );
                    let da = self.camera.depth(a[0], a[1], a[2]);
                    let db = self.camera.depth(b[0], b[1], b[2]);
                    let dc = self.camera.depth(c[0], c[1], c[2]);
                    if da <= near && db <= near && dc <= near {
                        continue;
                    } // all behind → drop
                      // Near-plane clip (flat colour, so vertex colour is irrelevant here).
                    let poly = near_clip_poly(
                        &[(a, [0.0; 3], da), (b, [0.0; 3], db), (c, [0.0; 3], dc)],
                        near,
                    );
                    if poly.len() < 3 {
                        continue;
                    }
                    let proj: Vec<(f32, f32, f32)> = poly
                        .iter()
                        .map(|(p, _)| self.camera.project(p[0], p[1], p[2]))
                        .collect();
                    let mut k = 1;
                    while k + 1 < proj.len() {
                        self.depth_queue.push_triangle_zv(
                            lit,
                            proj[0].0,
                            proj[0].1,
                            proj[0].2,
                            proj[k].0,
                            proj[k].1,
                            proj[k].2,
                            proj[k + 1].0,
                            proj[k + 1].1,
                            proj[k + 1].2,
                        );
                        k += 1;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if mode == 1 || mode == 2 {
            let color = self.color;
            // small bias so wireframe paints on top of fills in "both" mode
            let bias = if mode == 2 { 0.03 } else { 0.0 };
            for e in &m.edges {
                let mut a = m.verts[e[0] as usize];
                let mut b = m.verts[e[1] as usize];
                let da = self.camera.depth(a[0], a[1], a[2]);
                let db = self.camera.depth(b[0], b[1], b[2]);
                if da <= near && db <= near {
                    continue;
                }
                if da <= near {
                    let t = (near - da) / (db - da);
                    a = [
                        a[0] + t * (b[0] - a[0]),
                        a[1] + t * (b[1] - a[1]),
                        a[2] + t * (b[2] - a[2]),
                    ];
                } else if db <= near {
                    let t = (near - da) / (db - da);
                    b = [
                        a[0] + t * (b[0] - a[0]),
                        a[1] + t * (b[1] - a[1]),
                        a[2] + t * (b[2] - a[2]),
                    ];
                }
                let (sax, say, pa) = self.camera.project(a[0], a[1], a[2]);
                let (sbx, sby, pb) = self.camera.project(b[0], b[1], b[2]);
                let depth = (pa + pb) / 2.0 - bias;
                self.depth_queue.push_line(depth, color, sax, say, sbx, sby);
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Near-plane clip of a convex polygon (Sutherland–Hodgman). Each input vertex is
/// `(world_pos, colour_rgb, camera_depth)`; a vertex is kept when `depth > near`.
/// Vertices created on crossing edges interpolate both position and colour, so a
/// large floor/wall tile straddling the near plane is trimmed to its in-front
/// portion rather than dropped wholesale (which made tiles pop out when close).
fn near_clip_poly(vin: &[([f32; 3], [f32; 3], f32)], near: f32) -> Vec<([f32; 3], [f32; 3])> {
    let n = vin.len();
    let mut out: Vec<([f32; 3], [f32; 3])> = Vec::with_capacity(n + 1);
    for i in 0..n {
        let a = &vin[i];
        let b = &vin[(i + 1) % n];
        let ain = a.2 > near;
        let bin = b.2 > near;
        if ain {
            out.push((a.0, a.1));
        }
        if ain != bin {
            let t = (near - a.2) / (b.2 - a.2);
            let lerp3 = |p: [f32; 3], q: [f32; 3]| {
                [
                    p[0] + (q[0] - p[0]) * t,
                    p[1] + (q[1] - p[1]) * t,
                    p[2] + (q[2] - p[2]) * t,
                ]
            };
            out.push((lerp3(a.0, b.0), lerp3(a.1, b.1)));
        }
    }
    out
}