lightning-containers 0.2.1

// usize lock-free, wait free paged linked list stack
use crate::align_padding;
use core::alloc::Layout;
use core::borrow::BorrowMut;
use core::cmp::min;
use core::ops::Deref;
use core::ptr;
use core::ptr::null_mut;
use core::sync::atomic::Ordering::{AcqRel, Acquire, Release};
use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicPtr, AtomicUsize};
use core::{intrinsics, mem};
use crossbeam_utils::Backoff;
#[cfg(feature = "exchange_backoff")]
use exchange::*;
use std::alloc::{GlobalAlloc, System};

const CACHE_LINE_SIZE: usize = 64;
const EMPTY_SLOT: usize = 0;
const SENTINEL_SLOT: usize = 1;

struct BufferMeta<T: Default, A: GlobalAlloc + Default> {
    head: AtomicUsize,
    next: AtomicPtr<BufferMeta<T, A>>,
    refs: AtomicUsize,
    lower_bound: usize,
    tuple_size: usize,
    total_size: usize,
}

pub struct List<T: Default + Copy, A: GlobalAlloc + Default> {
    head: AtomicPtr<BufferMeta<T, A>>,
    count: AtomicUsize,
    buffer_cap: usize,
    #[cfg(feature = "exchange_backoff")]
    exchange: ExchangeArray<T, A>,
}

pub struct ListIterator<T: Default + Copy, A: GlobalAlloc + Default> {
    buffer: BufferRef<T, A>,
    current: usize,
}

impl<T: Default + Copy, A: GlobalAlloc + Default> List<T, A> {
    pub fn new(buffer_cap: usize) -> Self {
        let first_buffer = BufferMeta::new(buffer_cap);
        Self {
            head: AtomicPtr::new(first_buffer),
            count: AtomicUsize::new(0),
            #[cfg(feature = "exchange_backoff")]
            exchange: ExchangeArray::new(),
            buffer_cap,
        }
    }

    pub fn push(&self, flag: usize, data: T) {
        self.do_push(flag, data);
        self.count.fetch_add(1, AcqRel);
    }

    fn do_push(&self, flag: usize, data: T) {
        debug_assert_ne!(flag, EMPTY_SLOT);
        debug_assert_ne!(flag, SENTINEL_SLOT);
        loop {
            let obj_size = mem::size_of::<T>();
            let head_ptr = self.head.load(Acquire);
            let page = BufferMeta::borrow(head_ptr);
            let slot_pos = page.head.load(Acquire);
            let next_pos = slot_pos + 1;
            if next_pos > self.buffer_cap {
                // buffer overflow, make new and link to last buffer
                let new_head = BufferMeta::new(self.buffer_cap);
                unsafe {
                    (*new_head).next.store(head_ptr, Release);
                    debug_assert_eq!((*new_head).total_size, page.total_size);
                }
                if self.head.compare_and_swap(head_ptr, new_head, AcqRel) != head_ptr {
                    BufferMeta::unref(new_head);
                }
            // either case, retry
            } else {
                // in this part, we will try to reason about the push on an buffer
                // It will first try to CAS the head then write the item, finally store a
                // non-zero flag (or value) to the slot.

                // Note that zero in the slot indicates not complete on pop, then pop
                // will back off and try again
                if page.head.compare_and_swap(slot_pos, next_pos, AcqRel) == slot_pos {
                    let slot_ptr = page.flag_ptr_of(slot_pos);
                    unsafe {
                        if obj_size != 0 {
                            let obj_ptr = page.object_ptr_of(slot_ptr);
                            ptr::write(obj_ptr, data);
                        }
                        let slot_flag =
                            intrinsics::atomic_cxchg_relaxed(slot_ptr, EMPTY_SLOT, flag).0;
                        assert_eq!(
                            slot_flag, EMPTY_SLOT,
                            "Cannot swap flag for push. Flag is {} expect empty",
                            slot_flag
                        );
                    }
                    return;
                }
            }
            #[cfg(feature = "exchange_backoff")]
            match self.exchange.exchange(Some((flag, data))) {
                Ok(Some(tuple)) | Err(Some(tuple)) => {
                    // exchanged a push, reset this push parameters
                    flag = tuple.0;
                    data = tuple.1;
                }
                Ok(None) | Err(None) => {
                    // pushed to other popping thread
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn exclusive_push(&self, flag: usize, data: T) {
        // user ensure the push is exclusive, thus no CAS except for header
        let obj_size = mem::size_of::<T>();
        loop {
            let head_ptr = self.head.load(Acquire);
            let page = BufferMeta::borrow(head_ptr);
            let slot_pos = page.head.load(Acquire);
            let next_pos = slot_pos + 1;
            if next_pos > self.buffer_cap {
                // buffer overflow, make new and link to last buffer
                let new_head = BufferMeta::new(self.buffer_cap);
                unsafe {
                    (*new_head).next.store(head_ptr, Release);
                }
                if self.head.compare_and_swap(head_ptr, new_head, Release) != head_ptr {
                    BufferMeta::unref(new_head);
                }
            // either case, retry
            } else {
                page.head.store(next_pos, Release);
                let slot_ptr = page.flag_ptr_of(slot_pos);
                unsafe {
                    if obj_size != 0 {
                        let obj_ptr = page.object_ptr_of(slot_ptr);
                        ptr::write(obj_ptr, data);
                    }
                    intrinsics::atomic_store_relaxed(slot_ptr, flag);
                }
                self.count.fetch_add(1, AcqRel);
                return;
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn pop(&self) -> Option<(usize, T)> {
        if self.count.load(Acquire) == 0 {
            return None;
        }
        let backoff = Backoff::new();
        loop {
            let head_ptr = self.head.load(Acquire);
            let page = BufferMeta::borrow(head_ptr);
            let slot = page.head.load(Acquire);
            let obj_size = mem::size_of::<T>();
            let next_buffer_ptr = page.next.load(Acquire);
            if slot == 0 && next_buffer_ptr == null_mut() {
                // empty buffer chain
                return None;
            }
            if slot == 0 && next_buffer_ptr != null_mut() {
                // last item, need to remove this head and swap to the next one
                // CAS page head to four times of the upper bound indicates this buffer is obsolete
                if self
                    .head
                    .compare_and_swap(head_ptr, next_buffer_ptr, AcqRel)
                    == head_ptr
                {
                    // At thia point, there may have some items in the old head.
                    // Need to check spin wait for other threads to finish working on this buffer
                    // and check head to put back remaining items into the list
                    // This approach may break ordering but we have no other choice here and
                    // the side effect is not significant to its use case
                    drop(page);
                    let dropped_next = BufferMeta::drop_out(
                        head_ptr,
                        &mut Some(|(flag, data)| {
                            if flag != EMPTY_SLOT && flag != SENTINEL_SLOT {
                                self.do_push(flag, data); // push without bump counter
                            }
                        }),
                        &mut 0,
                    );
                    debug_assert_eq!(dropped_next.unwrap_or(null_mut()), next_buffer_ptr);
                // don't need to unref here for drop out did this for us
                } else {
                    backoff.spin();
                }
                continue;
            }
            let mut res = None;
            if slot > 0 {
                unsafe {
                    let new_slot = slot - 1;
                    let new_slot_ptr = page.flag_ptr_of(new_slot);
                    let new_slot_flag = intrinsics::atomic_load_relaxed(new_slot_ptr);
                    if new_slot_flag != 0
                        // first things first, swap the slot to zero if it is not zero
                        && intrinsics::atomic_cxchg_relaxed(new_slot_ptr, new_slot_flag, EMPTY_SLOT).1
                    {
                        res = Some((new_slot_flag, T::default()));
                        if obj_size != 0 && new_slot_flag != SENTINEL_SLOT {
                            res.as_mut().map(|(_, obj)| {
                                let obj_ptr = page.object_ptr_of(new_slot_ptr) as *mut T;
                                *obj = ptr::read(obj_ptr as *mut T)
                            });
                        }
                        let swapped = page.head.compare_and_swap(slot, new_slot, AcqRel);
                        debug_assert!(
                            swapped >= slot,
                            "Exclusive pop failed, {} expect {}",
                            swapped,
                            slot
                        );
                        if swapped != slot {
                            // Swap page head failed
                            // The only possible scenario is that there was a push for
                            // pop will back off if flag is detected as zero
                            // In this case, we have a hole in the list, should indicate pop that
                            // this slot does not have any useful information, should pop again
                            intrinsics::atomic_store(new_slot_ptr, SENTINEL_SLOT);
                        }
                        if new_slot_flag != SENTINEL_SLOT {
                            self.count.fetch_sub(1, AcqRel);
                            return res;
                        }
                    }
                }
            } else {
                return res;
            }
            #[cfg(feature = "exchange_backoff")]
            match self.exchange.exchange(None) {
                Ok(Some(tuple)) | Err(Some(tuple)) => {
                    // exchanged a push, return it
                    self.count.fetch_sub(1, AcqRel);
                    return Some(tuple);
                }
                Ok(None) | Err(None) => {
                    // meet another pop
                }
            }
        }
    }
    pub fn drop_out_all<F>(&self, mut retain: Option<F>)
    where
        F: FnMut((usize, T)),
    {
        let count = self.count.load(Acquire);
        if count == 0 {
            return;
        }
        let retain = retain.borrow_mut();
        let pop_threshold = min(self.buffer_cap >> 1, 64);
        if count < pop_threshold {
            let pop_amount = pop_threshold << 1; // double of the threshold
            for _ in 0..pop_amount {
                if let Some(pair) = self.pop() {
                    if let Some(retain) = retain {
                        retain(pair);
                    }
                } else {
                    // the only stop condition is that there is no more elements to pop
                    // if it still not empty, continue to swap buffer approach
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
        let new_head_buffer = BufferMeta::new(self.buffer_cap);
        let mut buffer_ptr = self.head.swap(new_head_buffer, AcqRel);
        let null = null_mut();
        let mut counter = 0;
        while buffer_ptr != null {
            buffer_ptr = BufferMeta::drop_out(buffer_ptr, retain, &mut counter).unwrap_or(null);
        }
        self.count.fetch_sub(counter, AcqRel);
    }

    pub fn prepend_with(&self, other: &Self) {
        if other.count.load(Acquire) == 0 {
            return;
        }
        let other_head = other.head.swap(BufferMeta::new(self.buffer_cap), AcqRel);
        let other_count = other.count.swap(0, AcqRel);
        let mut other_tail = BufferMeta::borrow(other_head);
        // probe the last buffer in other link
        loop {
            while other_tail.refs.load(Acquire) > 2 {}
            let next_ptr = other_tail.next.load(Acquire);
            if next_ptr == null_mut() {
                break;
            }
            other_tail = BufferMeta::borrow(next_ptr);
        }

        // CAS this head to other head then reset other tail next buffer to this head
        loop {
            let this_head = self.head.load(Acquire);
            if self.head.compare_and_swap(this_head, other_head, AcqRel) != this_head {
                continue;
            } else {
                other_tail.next.store(this_head, Release);
                break;
            }
        }
        self.count.fetch_add(other_count, AcqRel);
    }

    pub fn count(&self) -> usize {
        self.count.load(Acquire)
    }

    pub fn iter(&self) -> ListIterator<T, A> {
        let buffer = BufferMeta::borrow(self.head.load(Acquire));
        ListIterator {
            current: buffer.head.load(Acquire),
            buffer,
        }
    }
}

impl<T: Default + Copy, A: GlobalAlloc + Default> Drop for List<T, A> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            let mut node_ptr = self.head.load(Acquire);
            while node_ptr as usize != 0 {
                let next_ptr = (&*node_ptr).next.load(Acquire);
                BufferMeta::unref(node_ptr);
                node_ptr = next_ptr;
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<T: Default + Copy, A: GlobalAlloc + Default> Default for List<T, A> {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new(32)
    }
}

impl<T: Default, A: GlobalAlloc + Default> BufferMeta<T, A> {
    pub fn new(buffer_cap: usize) -> *mut BufferMeta<T, A> {
        let self_size = mem::size_of::<Self>();
        let meta_size = self_size + align_padding(self_size, CACHE_LINE_SIZE);
        let slots_size = mem::size_of::<usize>();
        let data_size = mem::size_of::<T>();
        let tuple_size = slots_size + data_size;
        let tuple_size_aligned = if tuple_size <= 8 {
            8
        } else if tuple_size <= 16 {
            16
        } else if tuple_size <= 32 {
            32
        } else {
            tuple_size + align_padding(tuple_size, CACHE_LINE_SIZE)
        };
        let total_size = meta_size + tuple_size_aligned * buffer_cap;
        let head_page = alloc_mem::<A>(total_size) as *mut Self;
        let head_page_addr = head_page as usize;
        let slots_start = head_page_addr + meta_size;
        unsafe {
            ptr::write(
                head_page,
                Self {
                    head: AtomicUsize::new(0),
                    next: AtomicPtr::new(null_mut()),
                    refs: AtomicUsize::new(1),
                    lower_bound: slots_start,
                    tuple_size,
                    total_size,
                },
            );
        }
        head_page
    }

    pub fn unref(buffer: *mut Self) {
        let rc = {
            let buffer = unsafe { &*buffer };
            buffer.refs.fetch_sub(1, AcqRel)
        };
        if rc == 1 {
            Self::gc(buffer);
        }
    }

    fn gc(buffer: *mut Self) {
        let buffer_ref = unsafe { &*buffer };
        let total_size = buffer_ref.total_size;
        if mem::needs_drop::<T>() {
            Self::flush_buffer(buffer_ref, &mut Some(|x| drop(x)), &mut 0);
        }
        dealloc_mem::<A>(buffer as usize, total_size)
    }

    // only use when the buffer is about to be be dead
    // this require reference checking
    fn flush_buffer<F>(buffer: &Self, retain: &mut Option<F>, counter: &mut usize)
    where
        F: FnMut((usize, T)),
    {
        let size_of_obj = mem::size_of::<T>();
        let data_bound = buffer.head.load(Acquire);
        let mut slot_addr = buffer.lower_bound;
        debug_assert!(
            buffer.refs.load(Acquire) <= 2 || buffer.refs.load(Acquire) >= 256,
            "Reference counting check failed"
        );
        for _ in 0..data_bound {
            unsafe {
                let slot = intrinsics::atomic_load_relaxed(slot_addr as *const usize);
                if slot != EMPTY_SLOT && slot != SENTINEL_SLOT {
                    let mut rest = (slot, T::default());
                    if size_of_obj > 0 {
                        rest.1 = ptr::read((slot_addr + mem::size_of::<usize>()) as *const T);
                    }
                    if let Some(retain) = retain {
                        retain(rest);
                    }
                    *counter += 1;
                }
            }
            slot_addr += buffer.tuple_size;
        }
        buffer.head.store(0, Release);
    }

    fn drop_out<F>(
        buffer_ptr: *mut Self,
        retain: &mut Option<F>,
        counter: &mut usize,
    ) -> Option<*mut Self>
    where
        F: FnMut((usize, T)),
    {
        let buffer = BufferMeta::borrow(buffer_ptr);
        let next_ptr = buffer.next.load(Acquire);
        let backoff = Backoff::new();
        let word_bits = mem::size_of::<usize>() << 3;
        let flag = 1 << (word_bits - 1);
        loop {
            let rc = buffer.refs.load(Acquire);
            if rc > flag {
                // discovered other drop out, give up
                return None;
            }
            let flag_swap = buffer.refs.compare_and_swap(rc, rc | flag, AcqRel);
            if flag_swap == rc {
                break;
            } else if flag_swap > flag {
                // discovered other drop out, give up
                return None;
            } else {
                backoff.spin();
            }
        }
        loop {
            //wait until reference counter reach 2 one for not garbage one for current reference)
            let rc = buffer.refs.load(Acquire);
            debug_assert!(rc > flag, "get reference {:x}, value {}", rc, rc & !flag);
            let rc = rc & !flag;
            if rc <= 1 {
                // this buffer is marked to be gc, untouched
                buffer.refs.store(2, Release);
                return Some(next_ptr);
            } else if rc == 2 {
                // no other reference, flush and break out waiting
                buffer.refs.store(rc, Release);
                BufferMeta::flush_buffer(&*buffer, retain, counter);
                BufferMeta::unref(buffer_ptr);
                return Some(next_ptr);
            }
            backoff.spin();
        }
    }

    fn borrow(buffer: *mut Self) -> BufferRef<T, A> {
        {
            let buffer = unsafe { &*buffer };
            buffer.refs.fetch_add(1, AcqRel);
        }
        BufferRef { ptr: buffer }
    }

    fn flag_ptr_of(&self, index: usize) -> *mut usize {
        (self.lower_bound + index * self.tuple_size) as *mut usize
    }

    fn object_ptr_of(&self, flag_ptr: *mut usize) -> *mut T {
        (flag_ptr as usize + mem::size_of::<usize>()) as *mut T
    }
}

struct BufferRef<T: Default, A: GlobalAlloc + Default> {
    ptr: *mut BufferMeta<T, A>,
}

impl<T: Default, A: GlobalAlloc + Default> Drop for BufferRef<T, A> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        BufferMeta::unref(self.ptr);
    }
}

impl<T: Default, A: GlobalAlloc + Default> Deref for BufferRef<T, A> {
    type Target = BufferMeta<T, A>;

    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
        unsafe { &*self.ptr }
    }
}

impl<T: Default + Clone + Copy, A: GlobalAlloc + Default> Iterator for ListIterator<T, A> {
    type Item = (usize, T);

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        loop {
            if self.current == 0 {
                let next_buffer_ptr = self.buffer.next.load(Acquire);
                if next_buffer_ptr == null_mut() {
                    return None;
                } else {
                    self.buffer = BufferMeta::borrow(next_buffer_ptr);
                    self.current = self.buffer.head.load(Acquire);
                    continue;
                }
            }
            let current_flag_ptr = self.buffer.flag_ptr_of(self.current - 1);
            unsafe {
                let mut result = (*current_flag_ptr, T::default());
                if mem::size_of::<T>() > 0 {
                    result.1 = (*self.buffer.object_ptr_of(current_flag_ptr)).clone()
                }
                self.current -= 1;
                if result.0 != EMPTY_SLOT && result.0 != SENTINEL_SLOT {
                    return Some(result);
                }
            };
        }
    }
}

pub struct WordList<A: GlobalAlloc + Default = System> {
    inner: List<(), A>,
}

impl<A: GlobalAlloc + Default> WordList<A> {
    pub fn with_capacity(cap: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner: List::new(cap),
        }
    }
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self::with_capacity(512)
    }
    pub fn push(&self, data: usize) {
        debug_assert_ne!(data, 0);
        debug_assert_ne!(data, 1);
        self.inner.push(data, ())
    }
    pub fn exclusive_push(&self, data: usize) {
        debug_assert_ne!(data, 0);
        debug_assert_ne!(data, 1);
        self.inner.exclusive_push(data, ())
    }
    pub fn pop(&self) -> Option<usize> {
        self.inner.pop().map(|(data, _)| data)
    }

    pub fn drop_out_all<F>(&self, retain: Option<F>)
    where
        F: FnMut((usize, ())),
    {
        self.inner.drop_out_all(retain);
    }
    pub fn prepend_with(&self, other: &Self) {
        self.inner.prepend_with(&other.inner)
    }
    pub fn count(&self) -> usize {
        self.inner.count()
    }
    pub fn iter(&self) -> ListIterator<(), A> {
        self.inner.iter()
    }
}

pub struct ObjectList<T: Default + Copy, A: GlobalAlloc + Default> {
    inner: List<T, A>,
}

impl<T: Default + Copy, A: GlobalAlloc + Default> ObjectList<T, A> {
    pub fn with_capacity(cap: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner: List::new(cap),
        }
    }
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self::with_capacity(512)
    }
    pub fn push(&self, data: T) {
        self.inner.push(!0, data)
    }
    pub fn exclusive_push(&self, data: T) {
        self.inner.exclusive_push(!0, data)
    }
    pub fn pop(&self) -> Option<T> {
        self.inner.pop().map(|(_, obj)| obj)
    }

    pub fn drop_out_all<F>(&self, retain: Option<F>)
    where
        F: FnMut((usize, T)),
    {
        self.inner.drop_out_all(retain)
    }

    pub fn prepend_with(&self, other: &Self) {
        self.inner.prepend_with(&other.inner)
    }
    pub fn count(&self) -> usize {
        self.inner.count()
    }
    pub fn iter(&self) -> ListIterator<T, A> {
        self.inner.iter()
    }
}

#[inline]
pub fn dealloc_mem<A: GlobalAlloc + Default>(ptr: usize, size: usize) {
    let a = A::default();
    let align = 16;
    let layout = Layout::from_size_align(size, align).unwrap();
    unsafe { a.dealloc(ptr as *mut u8, layout) }
}

#[inline]
pub fn alloc_mem<A: GlobalAlloc + Default>(size: usize) -> usize {
    let a = A::default();
    let align = 16;
    let layout = Layout::from_size_align(size, align).unwrap();
    // must be all zeroed
    (unsafe { a.alloc_zeroed(layout) }) as usize
}

#[cfg(feature = "exchange_backoff")]
mod exchange {

    use super::*;
    use crate::rand::XorRand;
    use core::cell::UnsafeCell;
    use core::marker::PhantomData;
    use smallvec::SmallVec;
    use std::cmp::max;
    use std::sync::atomic::fence;
    use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
    use std::time::Instant;

    const EXCHANGE_EMPTY: usize = 0;
    const EXCHANGE_WAITING: usize = 1;
    const EXCHANGE_BUSY: usize = 2;
    const EXCHANGE_SPIN_WAIT_NS: usize = 150;
    const MAXIMUM_EXCHANGE_SLOTS: usize = 16;

    type ExchangeData<T> = Option<(usize, T)>;
    type ExchangeArrayVec<T> = SmallVec<[ExchangeSlot<T>; MAXIMUM_EXCHANGE_SLOTS]>;

    pub struct ExchangeSlot<T: Default + Copy> {
        state: AtomicUsize,
        data: UnsafeCell<Option<ExchangeData<T>>>,
        data_state: AtomicUsize,
    }

    pub struct ExchangeArray<T: Default + Copy, A: GlobalAlloc + Default> {
        rand: XorRand,
        shadow: PhantomData<A>,
        capacity: usize,
        slots: ExchangeArrayVec<T>,
    }

    impl<T: Default + Copy> ExchangeSlot<T> {
        fn new() -> Self {
            Self {
                state: AtomicUsize::new(EXCHANGE_EMPTY),
                data: UnsafeCell::new(None),
                data_state: AtomicUsize::new(EXCHANGE_EMPTY),
            }
        }

        fn exchange(&self, data: ExchangeData<T>) -> Result<ExchangeData<T>, ExchangeData<T>> {
            // Memory ordering is somehow important here
            let state = self.state.load(Acquire);
            let backoff = Backoff::new();
            if state == EXCHANGE_EMPTY {
                self.wait_state_data_until(state, &backoff);
                if self
                    .state
                    .compare_and_swap(EXCHANGE_EMPTY, EXCHANGE_WAITING, AcqRel)
                    == EXCHANGE_EMPTY
                {
                    self.store_state_data(Some(data));
                    let now = Instant::now();
                    loop {
                        // check if it can spin
                        if (now.elapsed().as_nanos() as usize) < EXCHANGE_SPIN_WAIT_NS
                            // if not, CAS to empty, can fail by other thread set BUSY
                            || self.state.compare_and_swap(EXCHANGE_WAITING, EXCHANGE_EMPTY, AcqRel) == EXCHANGE_BUSY
                        {
                            if self.state.load(Acquire) != EXCHANGE_BUSY {
                                continue;
                            }
                            self.wait_state_data_until(EXCHANGE_BUSY, &backoff);
                            self.state.store(EXCHANGE_EMPTY, Release);
                            let mut data_result = None;
                            self.swap_state_data(&mut data_result);
                            if let Some(res) = data_result {
                                return Ok(res);
                            } else {
                                unreachable!();
                            }
                        } else {
                            // no other thead come and take over, return input
                            assert_eq!(
                                self.state.load(Acquire),
                                EXCHANGE_EMPTY,
                                "Bad state after bail"
                            );
                            let mut returned_data_state = None;
                            self.swap_state_data(&mut returned_data_state);
                            if let Some(returned_data) = returned_data_state {
                                //                            assert_eq!(
                                //                                returned_data.as_ref().map(|(f, _)| *f), origin_data_flag,
                                //                                "return check error. Current state: {}, in state {}",
                                //                                self.state.load(Acquire), state
                                //                            );
                                return Err(returned_data);
                            } else {
                                unreachable!()
                            }
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    return Err(data);
                }
            } else if state == EXCHANGE_WAITING {
                // find a pair, get it first
                if self
                    .state
                    .compare_and_swap(EXCHANGE_WAITING, EXCHANGE_BUSY, AcqRel)
                    == EXCHANGE_WAITING
                {
                    self.wait_state_data_until(EXCHANGE_WAITING, &backoff);
                    let mut data_result = Some(data);
                    self.swap_state_data(&mut data_result);
                    if let Some(res) = data_result {
                        return Ok(res);
                    } else {
                        unreachable!()
                    }
                } else {
                    return Err(data);
                }
            } else if state == EXCHANGE_BUSY {
                return Err(data);
            } else {
                unreachable!(
                    "Got state {}, real state {}",
                    state,
                    self.state.load(Acquire)
                );
            }
        }

        fn store_state_data(&self, data: Option<ExchangeData<T>>) {
            let data_content_ptr = self.data.get();
            unsafe { ptr::write(data_content_ptr, data) }
            fence(SeqCst);
            self.data_state.store(self.state.load(Acquire), Release);
        }

        fn wait_state_data_until(&self, expecting: usize, backoff: &Backoff) {
            while self.data_state.load(Acquire) != expecting {
                backoff.spin();
            }
        }

        fn wait_state_data_sync(&self, backoff: &Backoff) {
            self.wait_state_data_until(self.state.load(Acquire), backoff);
        }

        fn swap_state_data(&self, data: &mut Option<ExchangeData<T>>) {
            let mut data_content_mut = unsafe { &mut *self.data.get() };
            mem::swap(data, data_content_mut);
            fence(SeqCst);
            self.data_state.store(self.state.load(Acquire), Release);
        }
    }

    unsafe impl<T: Default + Copy> Sync for ExchangeSlot<T> {}
    unsafe impl<T: Default + Copy> Send for ExchangeSlot<T> {}

    impl<T: Default + Copy, A: GlobalAlloc + Default> ExchangeArray<T, A> {
        pub fn new() -> Self {
            let num_cpus = num_cpus::get();
            let default_capacity = num_cpus >> 3;
            Self::with_capacity(min(
                max(default_capacity, 2) as usize,
                MAXIMUM_EXCHANGE_SLOTS,
            ))
        }

        pub fn with_capacity(cap: usize) -> Self {
            let mut slots = SmallVec::with_capacity(cap);
            for i in 0..cap {
                slots.push(ExchangeSlot::new());
            }
            Self {
                slots,
                rand: XorRand::new(cap),
                shadow: PhantomData,
                capacity: cap,
            }
        }

        pub fn exchange(&self, data: ExchangeData<T>) -> Result<ExchangeData<T>, ExchangeData<T>> {
            let slot_num = self.rand.rand_range(0, self.capacity - 1);
            let slot = &self.slots[slot_num];
            slot.exchange(data)
        }

        pub fn worth_exchange(&self, rc: usize) -> bool {
            rc >= self.slots.capacity()
        }
    }

    unsafe impl<T: Default + Copy, A: GlobalAlloc + Default> Send for ExchangeArray<T, A> {}
    unsafe impl<T: Default + Copy, A: GlobalAlloc + Default> Sync for ExchangeArray<T, A> {}

    #[cfg(test)]
    mod test {
        use super::*;
        use crate::list::*;
        use std::alloc::{Global, System};
        use std::collections::BTreeSet;
        use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
        use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed;
        use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
        use std::thread;

        #[test]
        #[ignore]
        pub fn exchange() {
            let exchg = Arc::new(ExchangeSlot::new());
            let exchg_1 = exchg.clone();
            let exchg_2 = exchg.clone();
            let attempt_cycles = 10000;
            let sum_board = Arc::new(Mutex::new(BTreeSet::new()));
            let sum_board_1 = sum_board.clone();
            let sum_board_2 = sum_board.clone();
            let hit_count = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
            let hit_count_1 = hit_count.clone();
            let hit_count_2 = hit_count.clone();
            assert_eq!(
                exchg.exchange(Some((0, ()))),
                Err(Some((0, ()))),
                "No paring exchange shall return the parameter"
            );
            let th1 = thread::spawn(move || {
                for i in 0..attempt_cycles {
                    let res = exchg_2.exchange(Some((i, ())));
                    if res.is_ok() {
                        hit_count_2.fetch_add(1, Relaxed);
                    }
                    assert!(sum_board_2
                        .lock()
                        .unwrap()
                        .insert(res.unwrap_or_else(|err| err)));
                }
            });
            let th2 = thread::spawn(move || {
                for i in attempt_cycles..attempt_cycles * 2 {
                    let res = exchg_1.exchange(Some((i, ())));
                    if res.is_ok() {
                        hit_count_1.fetch_add(1, Relaxed);
                    }
                    assert!(sum_board_1
                        .lock()
                        .unwrap()
                        .insert(res.unwrap_or_else(|err| err)));
                }
            });
            th1.join();
            th2.join();
            assert!(hit_count.load(Acquire) > 0);
            assert_eq!(sum_board.lock().unwrap().len(), attempt_cycles * 2);
            for i in 0..attempt_cycles * 2 {
                assert!(
                    sum_board.lock().unwrap().contains(&Some((i, ()))),
                    "expecting {} but not found",
                    i
                );
            }
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use crate::list::*;
    use std::alloc::{Global, System};
    use std::collections::BTreeSet;
    use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
    use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed;
    use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
    use std::thread;

    #[test]
    pub fn general() {
        let list = WordList::<System>::new();
        let page_size = page_size::get();
        for i in 2..page_size {
            list.push(i);
        }
        for i in (2..page_size).rev() {
            assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(i));
        }
        for i in 2..page_size {
            assert_eq!(list.pop(), None);
        }
        list.push(32);
        list.push(25);
        let mut iter = list.iter();
        assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap().0, 25);
        assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap().0, 32);
        assert_eq!(list.count(), 2);
        let mut dropped = vec![];
        list.drop_out_all(Some(|x| {
            dropped.push(x);
        }));
        assert_eq!(dropped, vec![(25, ()), (32, ())]);
        assert_eq!(list.count(), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    pub fn parallel_insertion() {}

    #[test]
    pub fn parallel() {
        let page_size = page_size::get();
        let list = Arc::new(ObjectList::<usize, System>::with_capacity(64));
        let mut threads = (2..page_size)
            .map(|i| {
                let list = list.clone();
                thread::spawn(move || {
                    list.push(i);
                })
            })
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        for t in threads {
            t.join();
        }

        let mut counter = 0;
        while list.pop().is_some() {
            counter += 1;
        }
        assert_eq!(counter, page_size - 2);

        // push is fine

        for i in 2..page_size {
            list.push(i);
        }
        let recev_list = Arc::new(WordList::<System>::with_capacity(64));
        threads = (page_size..(page_size * 2))
            .map(|i| {
                let list = list.clone();
                let recev_list = recev_list.clone();
                thread::spawn(move || {
                    if i % 2 == 0 {
                        list.push(i);
                    } else {
                        let pop_val = list.pop().unwrap();
                        recev_list.push(pop_val);
                    }
                })
            })
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        for t in threads {
            t.join();
        }

        let mut agg = vec![];
        while let Some(v) = list.pop() {
            agg.push(v);
        }
        while let Some(v) = recev_list.pop() {
            agg.push(v);
        }
        assert_eq!(recev_list.count(), 0, "receive counter not match");
        assert_eq!(list.count(), 0, "origin counter not match");
        let total_insertion = page_size + page_size / 2 - 2;
        assert_eq!(agg.len(), total_insertion, "unmatch before dedup");
        agg.sort();
        agg.dedup_by_key(|k| *k);
        assert_eq!(agg.len(), total_insertion, "unmatch after dedup");
    }
}