global start
extern long_mode_start
section .text
bits 32
start:
mov esp, stack_top
; Move Multiboot info pointer to edi to pass it to the kernel. We must not
; modify the `edi` register until the kernel it called.
mov edi, ebx
call check_multiboot
call check_cpuid
call check_long_mode
call set_up_page_tables
call enable_paging
call set_up_SSE
; load the 64-bit GDT
lgdt [gdt64.pointer]
jmp gdt64.code:long_mode_start
set_up_page_tables:
; recursive map P4
mov eax, p4_table
or eax, 0b11 ; present + writable
mov [p4_table + 511 * 8], eax
; map first P4 entry to P3 table
mov eax, p3_table
or eax, 0b11 ; present + writable
mov [p4_table], eax
; map first P3 entry to P2 table
mov eax, p2_table
or eax, 0b11 ; present + writable
mov [p3_table], eax
; map each P2 entry to a huge 2MiB page
mov ecx, 0 ; counter variable
.map_p2_table:
; map ecx-th P2 entry to a huge page that starts at address (2MiB * ecx)
mov eax, 0x200000 ; 2MiB
mul ecx ; start address of ecx-th page
or eax, 0b10000011 ; present + writable + huge
mov [p2_table + ecx * 8], eax ; map ecx-th entry
inc ecx ; increase counter
cmp ecx, 512 ; if counter == 512, the whole P2 table is mapped
jne .map_p2_table ; else map the next entry
ret
enable_paging:
; load P4 to cr3 register (cpu uses this to access the P4 table)
mov eax, p4_table
mov cr3, eax
; enable PAE-flag in cr4 (Physical Address Extension)
mov eax, cr4
or eax, 1 << 5
mov cr4, eax
; set the long mode bit in the EFER MSR (model specific register)
mov ecx, 0xC0000080
rdmsr
or eax, 1 << 8
wrmsr
; enable paging in the cr0 register
mov eax, cr0
or eax, 1 << 31
mov cr0, eax
ret
; Prints `ERR: ` and the given error code to screen and hangs.
; parameter: error code (in ascii) in al
error:
mov dword [0xb8000], 0x4f524f45
mov dword [0xb8004], 0x4f3a4f52
mov dword [0xb8008], 0x4f204f20
mov byte [0xb800a], al
hlt
; Throw error 0 if eax doesn't contain the Multiboot 2 magic value (0x36d76289).
check_multiboot:
cmp eax, 0x36d76289
jne .no_multiboot
ret
.no_multiboot:
mov al, "0"
jmp error
; Throw error 1 if the CPU doesn't support the CPUID command.
check_cpuid:
; Check if CPUID is supported by attempting to flip the ID bit (bit 21) in
; the FLAGS register. If we can flip it, CPUID is available.
; Copy FLAGS in to EAX via stack
pushfd
pop eax
; Copy to ECX as well for comparing later on
mov ecx, eax
; Flip the ID bit
xor eax, 1 << 21
; Copy EAX to FLAGS via the stack
push eax
popfd
; Copy FLAGS back to EAX (with the flipped bit if CPUID is supported)
pushfd
pop eax
; Restore FLAGS from the old version stored in ECX (i.e. flipping the ID bit
; back if it was ever flipped).
push ecx
popfd
; Compare EAX and ECX. If they are equal then that means the bit wasn't
; flipped, and CPUID isn't supported.
cmp eax, ecx
je .no_cpuid
ret
.no_cpuid:
mov al, "1"
jmp error
; Throw error 2 if the CPU doesn't support Long Mode.
check_long_mode:
; test if extended processor info in available
mov eax, 0x80000000 ; implicit argument for cpuid
cpuid ; get highest supported argument
cmp eax, 0x80000001 ; it needs to be at least 0x80000001
jb .no_long_mode ; if it's less, the CPU is too old for long mode
; use extended info to test if long mode is available
mov eax, 0x80000001 ; argument for extended processor info
cpuid ; returns various feature bits in ecx and edx
test edx, 1 << 29 ; test if the LM-bit is set in the D-register
jz .no_long_mode ; If it's not set, there is no long mode
ret
.no_long_mode:
mov al, "2"
jmp error
; Check for SSE and enable it. If it's not supported throw error "a".
set_up_SSE:
; check for SSE
mov eax, 0x1
cpuid
test edx, 1<<25
jz .no_SSE
; enable SSE
mov eax, cr0
and ax, 0xFFFB ; clear coprocessor emulation CR0.EM
or ax, 0x2 ; set coprocessor monitoring CR0.MP
mov cr0, eax
mov eax, cr4
or ax, 3 << 9 ; set CR4.OSFXSR and CR4.OSXMMEXCPT at the same time
mov cr4, eax
ret
.no_SSE:
mov al, "a"
jmp error
section .bss
align 4096
p4_table:
resb 4096
p3_table:
resb 4096
p2_table:
resb 4096
stack_bottom:
resb 4096 * 4
stack_top:
section .rodata
gdt64:
dq 0 ; zero entry
.code: equ $ - gdt64 ; new
dq (1<<44) | (1<<47) | (1<<43) | (1<<53) ; code segment
.pointer:
dw $ - gdt64 - 1
dq gdt64