just_getopt/

lib.rs

//! # Introduction
//!
//! This library crate implements a Posix `getopt`-like command-line
//! option parser with simple programming interface. More specifically
//! the parser is like `getopt`'s GNU extension called `getopt_long`
//! which is familiar command-line option format for users of
//! Linux-based operating systems.
//!
//! The name is `just_getopt` because this is *just a getopt parser* and
//! (almost) nothing more. The intent is to provide the parsed output
//! and basic methods for examining the output. There will not be
//! anything for interpreting the output or for printing messages to
//! program's user. The responsibility of interpretation is left to your
//! program.
//!
//! In getopt logic there are two types of command-line options:
//!
//!  1. short options with a single letter name (`-f`)
//!  2. long options with more than one letter as their name (`--file`).
//!
//! Both option types may accept an optional value or they may require a
//! value. Values are given after the option. See the section **Parsing
//! Rules** below for more information.
//!
//! Programming examples are in the **Examples** section below and in
//! the source code repository's "examples" directory.
//!
//! # Parsing Rules
//!
//! By default, all options are expected to come first in the command
//! line. Other arguments (non-options) come after options. Therefore
//! the first argument that does not look like an option stops option
//! parsing and the rest of the command line is parsed as non-options.
//! This default can be changed, so that options and non-options can be
//! mixed in their order in the command line. See [`OptSpecs::flag`]
//! method for more information.
//!
//! In command line the "pseudo option" `--` (two dashes) always stops
//! the option parser. Then the rest of the command line is parsed as
//! regular arguments (non-options).
//!
//! ## Short Options
//!
//! Short options in the command line start with the `-` character which
//! is followed by option's name character (`-c`), usually a letter.
//!
//! If option requires a value the value must be entered either directly
//! after the option character (`-cVALUE`) or as the next command-line
//! argument (`-c VALUE`). In the latter case anything that follows `-c`
//! will be parsed as option's value.
//!
//! If option accepts an optional value the value must always be entered
//! directly after the option character (`-cVALUE`). Otherwise there is
//! no value for this option.
//!
//! Several short options can be entered together after one `-`
//! character (`-abc`) but then only the last option in the series may
//! have required or optional value.
//!
//! ## Long Options
//!
//! Long options start with `--` characters and the option name comes
//! directly after it (`--foo`). The name must be at least two
//! characters long.
//!
//! If option requires a value the value must be entered either directly
//! after the option name and `=` character (`--foo=VALUE`) or as the
//! next command-line argument (`--foo VALUE`). In the latter case
//! anything that follows `--foo` will be parsed as option's value.
//!
//! If option accepts an optional value the value must always be entered
//! directly after the option name and `=` character (`--foo=VALUE`).
//! Otherwise there is no value for this option.
//!
//! Option `--foo=` is valid format when the option requires a value or
//! accepts an optional value. It means that the value is empty string.
//! It is not valid format when the option does not accept a value.
//!
//! # Examples
//!
//! Following examples will guide through a typical use of this library
//! crate and command-line parsing.
//!
//! ## Prepare
//!
//! First we bring some important paths into the scope of our program.
//!
//! ```
//! use just_getopt::{OptFlags, OptSpecs, OptValue};
//! ```
//!
//! Then we define which command-line options are valid for the program.
//! We do this by creating an instance of [`OptSpecs`] struct by calling
//! function [`OptSpecs::new`]. Then we modify the struct instance with
//! [`option`](OptSpecs::option) and [`flag`](OptSpecs::flag) methods.
//!
//! ```
//! # use just_getopt::{OptFlags, OptSpecs, OptValue};
//! let specs = OptSpecs::new()
//!     .option("help", "h", OptValue::None) // Arguments: (id, name, value_type)
//!     .option("help", "help", OptValue::None)
//!     .option("file", "f", OptValue::RequiredNonEmpty)
//!     .option("file", "file", OptValue::RequiredNonEmpty)
//!     .option("verbose", "v", OptValue::OptionalNonEmpty)
//!     .option("verbose", "verbose", OptValue::OptionalNonEmpty)
//!     .flag(OptFlags::OptionsEverywhere);
//! ```
//!
//! Each [`option`](OptSpecs::option) method above adds a single option
//! information to the option specification. Method's arguments are:
//!
//!  1. `id`: Programmer's identifier string for the option. The same
//!     identifier is used later to check if this particular option was
//!     present in the command line. Several options may have the same
//!     `id`. This makes sense when short option and long option have
//!     the same meaning, like `-h` and `--help` for printing help.
//!
//!  2. `name`: Option's name string in the command line, without
//!     prefix. A single-character name (like `h`) defines a short
//!     option which is entered like `-h` in the command line. Longer
//!     name defines a long option which is entered like `--help` in the
//!     command line.
//!
//!  3. `value_type`: Whether or not this option accepts a value and if
//!     the value is optional or required. The argument is a variant of
//!     enum [`OptValue`].
//!
//! The [`flag`](OptSpecs::flag) method above adds a configuration flag
//! for the command-line parser. It is a variant of enum [`OptFlags`].
//! This variant [`OptionsEverywhere`](OptFlags::OptionsEverywhere)
//! changes the command-line parser to accept options and other
//! arguments in mixed order in the command line. That is, options can
//! come after non-option arguments.
//!
//! For better explanation see the documentation of [`OptSpecs`] struct
//! and its methods [`option`](OptSpecs::option) and
//! [`flag`](OptSpecs::flag). Also see methods
//! [`limit_options`](OptSpecs::limit_options),
//! [`limit_other_args`](OptSpecs::limit_other_args) and
//! [`limit_unknown_options`](OptSpecs::limit_unknown_options).
//!
//! ## Parse the Command Line
//!
//! We are ready to parse program's command-line arguments. We do this
//! with [`OptSpecs::getopt`] method. Arguments we get from
//! [`std::env::args`] function which returns an iterator.
//!
//! ```
//! # use just_getopt::{OptFlags, OptSpecs, OptValue};
//! # let specs = OptSpecs::new();
//! // Get arguments iterator from operating system and skip the first item
//! let args = std::env::args().skip(1); // which is this program's file path.
//! let parsed = specs.getopt(args); // Getopt! Use the "specs" variable defined above.
//! ```
//!
//! If you want to try [`getopt`](OptSpecs::getopt) method without
//! program's real command-line arguments you can also run it with other
//! iterator argument or with a vector or an array as an argument. Like
//! this:
//!
//! ```
//! # use just_getopt::{OptFlags, OptSpecs, OptValue};
//! # let specs = OptSpecs::new();
//! let parsed = specs.getopt(["--file=123", "-f456", "foo", "-av", "bar"]);
//! ```
//!
//! ## Examine the Parsed Output
//!
//! The command line is now parsed and the variable `parsed` (see above)
//! owns an [`Args`] struct which represents the parsed output in
//! organized form. It is a public struct and it can be examined
//! manually. There are some methods for convenience, and some of them
//! are shown in the following examples.
//!
//! At this stage it is useful to see the returned [`Args`] struct. One
//! of its fields may contain some [`Opt`] structs too if the parser
//! found valid command-line options. Let's print it:
//!
//! ```
//! # use just_getopt::{OptFlags, OptSpecs, OptValue};
//! # let specs = OptSpecs::new();
//! # let parsed = specs.getopt(["--file=123", "-f456", "foo", "-av", "bar"]);
//! eprintln!("{:#?}", parsed);
//! ```
//!
//! That could print something like this:
//!
//! ```text
//! Args {
//!     options: [
//!         Opt {
//!             id: "file",
//!             name: "file",
//!             value_required: true,
//!             value: Some(
//!                 "123",
//!             ),
//!         },
//!         Opt {
//!             id: "file",
//!             name: "f",
//!             value_required: true,
//!             value: Some(
//!                 "456",
//!             ),
//!         },
//!         Opt {
//!             id: "verbose",
//!             name: "v",
//!             value_required: false,
//!             value: None,
//!         },
//!     ],
//!     other: [
//!         "foo",
//!         "bar",
//!     ],
//!     unknown: [
//!         "a",
//!     ],
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ### Check for Bad Options
//!
//! Usually we want to check if there were bad options, and if so, exit
//! the program with friendly help messages. We create a flag variable
//! to hold the condition if we need to exit.
//!
//! ```
//! let mut error_exit = false;
//! ```
//!
//! Print error messages about possible unknown options.
//!
//! ```
//! # use just_getopt::{OptFlags, OptSpecs, OptValue};
//! # let specs = OptSpecs::new();
//! # let parsed = specs.getopt(["--file=123", "-f456", "foo", "-av", "bar"]);
//! # let mut error_exit = false;
//! for u in parsed.unknown_options() {
//!     eprintln!("Unknown option: {u}");
//!     error_exit = true;
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! Print error message about possible missing values for options which
//! require a value.
//!
//! ```
//! # use just_getopt::{OptFlags, OptSpecs, OptValue};
//! # let specs = OptSpecs::new();
//! # let parsed = specs.getopt(["--file=123", "-f456", "foo", "-av", "bar"]);
//! # let mut error_exit = false;
//! for o in parsed.required_value_missing() {
//!     eprintln!("Value is required for option '{}'.", o.name);
//!     error_exit = true;
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! Exit the program if there were bad options (see above).
//!
//! ```no_run
//! # let mut error_exit = false;
//! if error_exit {
//!     eprintln!("Use '-h' for help.");
//!     std::process::exit(1);
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ### Print Help Message
//!
//! Command-line programs always have `-h` or `--help` option for
//! printing a friendly help message. The following example shows how to
//! detect that option.
//!
//! ```no_run
//! # use just_getopt::{OptFlags, OptSpecs, OptValue};
//! # let specs = OptSpecs::new();
//! # let parsed = specs.getopt(["--file=123", "-f456", "foo", "-av", "bar"]);
//! if parsed.option_exists("help") {
//!     println!("Print friendly help about program's usage.");
//!     std::process::exit(0);
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! The `"help"` string in the first line above is the identifier string
//! (`id`) for the option. It was defined with [`OptSpecs::option`]
//! method in the example code earlier. Identifier strings are used to
//! find if a specific option was given in the command line.
//!
//! ### Collect Values and Other Arguments
//!
//! The rest depends very much on individual program's needs. Probably
//! often we would collect what values were given to options. In our
//! example program there are `-f` and `--file` options that require a
//! value. We could collect all those values next.
//!
//! ```
//! # use just_getopt::{OptFlags, OptSpecs, OptValue};
//! # let specs = OptSpecs::new();
//! # let parsed = specs.getopt(["--file=123", "-f456", "foo", "-av", "bar"]);
//! for f in parsed.options_value_all("file") {
//!     println!("File name: {:?}", f);
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! Notice if `-v` or `--verbose` was given, even without a value. Then
//! collect all (optional) values for the option.
//!
//! ```
//! # use just_getopt::{OptFlags, OptSpecs, OptValue};
//! # let specs = OptSpecs::new();
//! # let parsed = specs.getopt(["--file=123", "-f456", "foo", "-av", "bar"]);
//! if parsed.option_exists("verbose") {
//!     println!("Option 'verbose' was given.");
//!     for v in parsed.options_value_all("verbose") {
//!         println!("Verbose level: {:?}", v);
//!     }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! Finally, our example program will handle all other arguments, that
//! is, non-option arguments.
//!
//! ```
//! # use just_getopt::{OptFlags, OptSpecs, OptValue};
//! # let specs = OptSpecs::new();
//! # let parsed = specs.getopt(["--file=123", "-f456", "foo", "-av", "bar"]);
//! for o in &parsed.other {
//!     println!("Other argument: {:?}", o);
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! # More Help
//!
//! A complete working example code -- very similar to previous examples
//! -- is in the source code repository's "examples" directory. It can
//! be run with command `cargo run --example basic -- your arguments`.
//! Try it with different command-line arguments.
//!
//! Further reading:
//!
//!   - [`OptSpecs`] struct and its methods.
//!   - [`Args`] struct and its methods.

#![warn(missing_docs)]
#![cfg_attr(not(doc), no_std)]

mod parser;

extern crate alloc;
use alloc::{
    format,
    string::{String, ToString},
    vec::Vec,
};

/// Specification for program's valid command-line options.
///
/// An instance of this struct is needed before command-line options can
/// be parsed. Instances are created with function [`OptSpecs::new`] and
/// they are modified with [`option`](OptSpecs::option) and other
/// methods
///
/// The struct instance is used when parsing the command line given by
/// program's user. The parser methods is [`getopt`](OptSpecs::getopt).

#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
pub struct OptSpecs {
    options: Vec<OptSpec>,
    flags: Vec<OptFlags>,
    option_limit: u32,
    other_limit: u32,
    unknown_limit: u32,
}

const COUNTER_LIMIT: u32 = u32::MAX;

#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
struct OptSpec {
    id: String,
    name: String,
    value_type: OptValue,
}

/// Option's value type.
///
/// Usually used with [`OptSpecs::option`] method. Variants of this enum
/// define if and how an option accepts a value.

#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum OptValue {
    /// Option does not accept a value.
    None,
    /// Option accepts an optional value.
    Optional,
    /// Option accepts an optional value but empty string is not
    /// considered a value.
    OptionalNonEmpty,
    /// Option requires a value.
    Required,
    /// Option requires a value but empty string is not considered a
    /// value.
    RequiredNonEmpty,
}

/// Flags for changing command-line parser's behavior.
///
/// Usually used with [`OptSpecs::flag`] method. Variants of this enum
/// are general configuration flags that change command-line parser's
/// behavior.

#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum OptFlags {
    /// Accept command-line options and other arguments in mixed order
    /// in the command line. That is, options can come after non-option
    /// arguments.
    ///
    /// This is not the default behavior. By default the first
    /// non-option argument in the command line stops option parsing and
    /// the rest of the command line is parsed as non-options (other
    /// arguments), even if they look like options.
    OptionsEverywhere,

    /// Long options don't need to be written in full in the command
    /// line. They can be shortened as long as there are enough
    /// characters to find a unique prefix match. If there are more than
    /// one match the option given in the command line is classified as
    /// unknown.
    PrefixMatchLongOptions,
}

impl OptSpecs {
    /// Create and return a new instance of [`OptSpecs`] struct.
    ///
    /// The created instance is "empty" and does not contain any
    /// specifications for command-line options. Apply
    /// [`option`](OptSpecs::option) or other methods to make it useful
    /// for parsing command-line.
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            options: Vec::with_capacity(5),
            flags: Vec::with_capacity(2),
            option_limit: COUNTER_LIMIT,
            other_limit: COUNTER_LIMIT,
            unknown_limit: COUNTER_LIMIT,
        }
    }

    /// Add an option specification for [`OptSpecs`].
    ///
    /// The method requires three arguments:
    ///
    ///  1. `id`: Programmer's identifier string for the option. Later,
    ///     after parsing the command line, the identifier is used to
    ///     match if this particular option was present in the
    ///     command-line.
    ///
    ///     Several options may have the same identifier string. This
    ///     makes sense when different option names in the command line
    ///     represent the same meaning, like `-h` and `--help` for
    ///     printing program's help message.
    ///
    ///  2. `name`: Option's name string in the command line (without
    ///     prefix). If the string is a single character (like `h`) it
    ///     defines a short option which is entered as `-h` in the
    ///     command line. If there are more than one character in the
    ///     string it defines a long option name (like `help`) which is
    ///     entered as `--help` in the command line.
    ///
    ///     All options must have a unique `name` string. This method
    ///     will panic if the same `name` is added twice. The method
    ///     will also panic if the `name` string contains illegal
    ///     characters. Space characters are not accepted. A short
    ///     option name can't be `-` and long option names can't have
    ///     any `=` characters nor `-` as their first character.
    ///
    ///  3. `value_type`: The argument is a variant of enum [`OptValue`]
    ///     and it defines if and how this option accepts a value. See
    ///     the enum's documentation for more information.
    ///
    /// The return value is the same struct instance which was modified.
    pub fn option(mut self, id: &str, name: &str, value_type: OptValue) -> Self {
        assert!(
            id.chars().count() > 0,
            "Option's \"id\" must be at least 1 character long."
        );

        match name.chars().count() {
            0 => panic!("Option's \"name\" must be at least 1 character long."),
            1 => assert!(
                parser::is_valid_short_option_name(name),
                "Not a valid short option name."
            ),
            _ => assert!(
                parser::is_valid_long_option_name(name),
                "Not a valid long option name."
            ),
        }

        if self.options.iter().any(|o| o.name == name) {
            panic!("No duplicates allowed for option's \"name\".")
        }

        self.options.push(OptSpec {
            id: id.to_string(),
            name: name.to_string(),
            value_type,
        });
        self
    }

    /// Add a flag that changes parser's behavior.
    ///
    /// Method's only argument `flag` is a variant of enum [`OptFlags`]
    /// and it is a configuration flag that changes parser's general
    /// behavior. See the enum's documentation for more information.
    ///
    /// The return value is the same struct instance which was modified.
    pub fn flag(mut self, flag: OptFlags) -> Self {
        if !self.flags.contains(&flag) {
            self.flags.push(flag);
        }
        self
    }

    fn is_flag(&self, flag: OptFlags) -> bool {
        self.flags.contains(&flag)
    }

    /// Maximum number of valid options.
    ///
    /// Method's argument `limit` sets the maximum number of valid
    /// options to collect from the command line. The rest is ignored.
    /// This doesn't include unknown options (see
    /// [`limit_unknown_options`](OptSpecs::limit_unknown_options)).
    ///
    /// The return value is the same struct instance which was modified.
    pub fn limit_options(mut self, limit: u32) -> Self {
        self.option_limit = limit;
        self
    }

    /// Maximum number of other command-line arguments.
    ///
    /// Method's argument `limit` sets the maximum number of other
    /// (non-option) arguments to collect from the command line. The
    /// rest is ignored.
    ///
    /// Note: If your program accepts *n* number of command-line
    /// argument (apart from options) you could set this limit to *n +
    /// 1*. This way you know if there were more arguments than needed
    /// and can inform program's user about that. There is no need to
    /// collect more arguments.
    ///
    /// The return value is the same struct instance which was modified.
    pub fn limit_other_args(mut self, limit: u32) -> Self {
        self.other_limit = limit;
        self
    }

    /// Maximum number of unknown options.
    ///
    /// Method's argument `limit` sets the maximum number of unique
    /// unknown options to collect from the command line. Duplicates are
    /// not collected.
    ///
    /// Note: If you want to stop your program if it notices just one
    /// unknown option you can set this limit to 1. There is probably no
    /// need to collect more of them.
    ///
    /// The return value is the same struct instance which was modified.
    pub fn limit_unknown_options(mut self, limit: u32) -> Self {
        self.unknown_limit = limit;
        self
    }

    /// Getopt-parse an iterable item as command line arguments.
    ///
    /// This method's argument `args` is of any type that implements
    /// trait [`IntoIterator`] and that has items of type that
    /// implements trait [`ToString`]. For example, argument `args` can
    /// be a vector or an iterator such as command-line arguments
    /// returned by [`std::env::args`].
    ///
    /// The return value is an [`Args`] struct which represents the
    /// command-line information in organized form.
    pub fn getopt<I, S>(&self, args: I) -> Args
    where
        I: IntoIterator<Item = S>,
        S: ToString,
    {
        parser::parse(self, args.into_iter().map(|i| i.to_string()))
    }

    fn get_short_option_match(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&OptSpec> {
        if name.chars().count() != 1 {
            return None;
        }
        self.options.iter().find(|e| e.name == name)
    }

    fn get_long_option_match(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&OptSpec> {
        if name.chars().count() < 2 {
            return None;
        }
        self.options.iter().find(|e| e.name == name)
    }

    fn get_long_option_prefix_match(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&OptSpec> {
        if name.chars().count() < 2 {
            return None;
        }

        if let Some(exact) = self.get_long_option_match(name) {
            return Some(exact);
        }

        let mut result = None;

        for e in &self.options {
            if e.name.starts_with(name) {
                if result.is_none() {
                    result = Some(e);
                } else {
                    return None;
                }
            }
        }
        result
    }
}

impl Default for OptSpecs {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

/// Parsed command line in organized form.
///
/// Instances of this struct are usually created with
/// [`OptSpecs::getopt`] method and an instance represents the parsed
/// output in organized form. See each field's documentation for more
/// information.
///
/// Programmers can use the parsed output ([`Args`] struct) any way they
/// like. There are some methods for convenience.

#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
pub struct Args {
    /// A vector of valid command-line options.
    ///
    /// Elements of this vector are [`Opt`] structs which each
    /// represents a single command-line option. Elements are in the
    /// same order as given (by program's user) in the command line. The
    /// vector is empty if the parser didn't find any valid command-line
    /// options.
    pub options: Vec<Opt>,

    /// A vector of other arguments (non-options).
    ///
    /// Each element of the vector is a single non-option argument
    /// string in the same order as given (by program's user) in the
    /// command line. The vector is empty if the parser didn't find any
    /// non-option arguments.
    pub other: Vec<String>,

    /// Unknown options.
    ///
    /// Command-line arguments that look like options but were not part
    /// of [`OptSpecs`] specification are classified as unknown. They
    /// are listed in this vector. Possible duplicate unknown options
    /// have been filtered out.
    ///
    /// Each element is the name string for the option (without `-` or
    /// `--` prefix). For unknown short options the element is a
    /// single-character string. For unknown long options the string has
    /// more than one character. The whole vector is empty if there were
    /// no unknown options.
    ///
    /// If a long option does not accept a value (that is, its value
    /// type is [`OptValue::None`]) but user gives it a value with
    /// equal sign notation (`--foo=`), that option is classified as
    /// unknown and it will be in this field's vector with name `foo=`.
    pub unknown: Vec<String>,
}

impl Args {
    fn new() -> Self {
        Args {
            options: Vec::new(),
            other: Vec::new(),
            unknown: Vec::new(),
        }
    }

    /// Find options with missing required value.
    ///
    /// This method finds all (otherwise valid) options which require a
    /// value but the value is missing. That is, [`OptSpecs`] struct
    /// specification defined that an option requires a value but
    /// program's user didn't give one in the command line. Such thing
    /// can happen if an option like `--file` is the last argument in
    /// the command line and that option requires a value.
    ///
    /// If option's value type is [`OptValue::Required`] the empty
    /// string `""` is not classified as missing value because it can be
    /// valid user input in many situations. If option's value type is
    /// [`OptValue::RequiredNonEmpty`] the empty string that was given
    /// in the command line will be classified as missing value.
    ///
    /// The return value implements the [`DoubleEndedIterator`] trait
    /// (possibly empty, if no matches) and each item is a reference to
    /// [`Opt`] struct in the original [`Args::options`] field. Items
    /// are in the same order as in the parsed command line. You can
    /// collect the iterator to a vector by applying method
    /// [`collect`](core::iter::Iterator::collect)`::<Vec<&Opt>>()`.
    pub fn required_value_missing(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &Opt> {
        self.options
            .iter()
            .filter(|opt| opt.value_required && opt.value.is_none())
    }

    /// Return boolean whether option with the given `id` exists.
    ///
    /// This is functionally the same as
    /// [`options_first`](Args::options_first)`(id).is_some()`.
    pub fn option_exists(&self, id: &str) -> bool {
        self.options.iter().any(|opt| opt.id == id)
    }

    /// Find all options with the given `id`.
    ///
    /// Find all options which have the identifier `id`. (Option
    /// identifiers have been defined in [`OptSpecs`] struct before
    /// parsing.)
    ///
    /// The return value implements the [`DoubleEndedIterator`] trait
    /// (possibly empty, if no matches) and each item is a reference to
    /// [`Opt`] struct in the original [`Args::options`] field. Items
    /// are in the same order as in the parsed command line. You can
    /// collect the iterator to a vector by applying method
    /// [`collect`](core::iter::Iterator::collect)`::<Vec<&Opt>>()`.
    pub fn options_all<'a>(&'a self, id: &'a str) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &'a Opt> {
        self.options.iter().filter(move |opt| opt.id == id)
    }

    /// Find the first option with the given `id`.
    ///
    /// Find and return the first match for option `id` in command-line
    /// arguments' order. (Options' identifiers have been defined in
    /// [`OptSpecs`] struct before parsing.)
    ///
    /// The return value is a variant of enum [`Option`]. Their
    /// meanings:
    ///
    ///   - `None`: No options found with the given `id`.
    ///
    ///   - `Some(&Opt)`: An option was found with the given `id` and a
    ///     reference is provided to its [`Opt`] struct in the original
    ///     [`Args::options`] field.
    pub fn options_first(&self, id: &str) -> Option<&Opt> {
        self.options.iter().find(|opt| opt.id == id)
    }

    /// Find the last option with the given `id`.
    ///
    /// This is similar to [`options_first`](Args::options_first) method
    /// but this returns the last match in command-line arguments'
    /// order.
    pub fn options_last(&self, id: &str) -> Option<&Opt> {
        self.options.iter().rev().find(|opt| opt.id == id)
    }

    /// Find all values for options with the given `id`.
    ///
    /// Find all options which match the identifier `id` and which also
    /// have a value assigned. (Options' identifiers have been defined
    /// in [`OptSpecs`] struct before parsing.)
    ///
    /// The return value implements the [`DoubleEndedIterator`] trait
    /// (possibly empty, if no matches) and each item is a reference to
    /// string in [`Opt::value`] field in the original [`Args::options`]
    /// field. Items are in the same order as in the parsed command
    /// line. You can collect the iterator to a vector by applying
    /// method
    /// [`collect`](core::iter::Iterator::collect)`::<Vec<&String>>()`.
    pub fn options_value_all<'a>(
        &'a self,
        id: &'a str,
    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &'a String> {
        self.options.iter().filter_map(move |opt| {
            if opt.id == id {
                opt.value.as_ref()
            } else {
                None
            }
        })
    }

    /// Find the first option with a value for given option `id`.
    ///
    /// Find the first option with the identifier `id` and which has a
    /// value assigned. (Options' identifiers have been defined in
    /// [`OptSpecs`] struct before parsing.) Method's return value is a
    /// variant of enum [`Option`] which are:
    ///
    ///   - `None`: No options found with the given `id` and a value
    ///     assigned. Note that there could be options for the same `id`
    ///     but they don't have a value.
    ///
    ///   - `Some(&String)`: An option was found with the given `id` and
    ///     the option has a value assigned. A reference is provided to
    ///     the string value in the [`Opt::value`] field in the original
    ///     [`Args::options`] field.
    pub fn options_value_first(&self, id: &str) -> Option<&String> {
        match self
            .options
            .iter()
            .find(|opt| opt.id == id && opt.value.is_some())
        {
            Some(o) => o.value.as_ref(),
            None => None,
        }
    }

    /// Find the last option with a value for given option `id`.
    ///
    /// This is similar to
    /// [`options_value_first`](Args::options_value_first) method but
    /// this method finds and returns the last option's value.
    ///
    /// Note: Program's user may give the same option several times in
    /// the command line. If the option accepts a value it may be
    /// suitable to consider only the last value relevant. (Or the
    /// first, or maybe print an error message for providing several,
    /// possibly conflicting, values.)
    pub fn options_value_last(&self, id: &str) -> Option<&String> {
        match self
            .options
            .iter()
            .rev()
            .find(|opt| opt.id == id && opt.value.is_some())
        {
            Some(o) => o.value.as_ref(),
            None => None,
        }
    }

    /// List unknown options with prefix.
    ///
    /// Command-line arguments that look like options but were not part
    /// of [`OptSpecs`] specification are classified as unknown. They
    /// can be listed with this method which iterates over
    /// [`Args::unknown`] field and outputs options with their prefix
    /// (`-` or `--`). Possible duplicate unknown options have been
    /// filtered out.
    ///
    /// The return value implements the [`DoubleEndedIterator`] trait
    /// (possibly empty, if no matches). Iterator's each item creates a
    /// new `String` which has the short or long option prefix (`-` or
    /// `--`) followed by the option name string. You can collect the
    /// iterator to a vector by applying method
    /// [`collect`](core::iter::Iterator::collect)`::<Vec<String>>()`.
    pub fn unknown_options(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = String> + '_ {
        self.unknown.iter().map(|o| match o.chars().count() {
            0 => panic!("zero-length string in Args::unknown"),
            1 => format!("-{}", o),
            _ => format!("--{}", o),
        })
    }
}

/// Structured option information.
///
/// This [`Opt`] struct represents organized information about single
/// command-line option. Instances of this struct are usually created by
/// [`OptSpecs::getopt`] method which returns an [`Args`] struct which
/// have these [`Opt`] structs inside.
///
/// A programmer may need these when examining parsed command-line
/// options. See the documentation of individual fields for more
/// information. Also see [`Args`] struct and its methods.

#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
pub struct Opt {
    /// Identifier for the option.
    ///
    /// Identifiers are defined with [`OptSpecs::option`] method before
    /// parsing command-line arguments. After [`OptSpecs::getopt`]
    /// parsing the same identifier is copied here and it confirms that
    /// the option was indeed given in the command line.
    pub id: String,

    /// Option's name in the parsed command line.
    ///
    /// Option's name that was used in the command line. For short
    /// options this is a single-character string. For long options the
    /// name has more than one characters.
    pub name: String,

    /// The option requires a value.
    ///
    /// `true` means that the option was defined with value type
    /// [`OptValue::Required`]. See [`OptSpecs::flag`] method for
    /// more information. This field does not guarantee that there
    /// actually was a value for the option in the command line.
    pub value_required: bool,

    /// Option's value.
    ///
    /// The value is a variant of enum [`Option`]. Value `None` means
    /// that there is no value for the option. Value `Some(String)`
    /// provides a value.
    pub value: Option<String>,
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use alloc::vec;

    #[test]
    fn create_optspecs_010() {
        let mut spec;
        let mut expect;

        spec = OptSpecs::new().option("help", "help", OptValue::None);
        expect = OptSpec {
            id: String::from("help"),
            name: String::from("help"),
            value_type: OptValue::None,
        };
        assert_eq!(1, spec.options.len());
        assert_eq!(&expect, &spec.options[0]);
        assert_eq!(COUNTER_LIMIT, spec.option_limit);
        assert_eq!(COUNTER_LIMIT, spec.other_limit);
        assert_eq!(COUNTER_LIMIT, spec.unknown_limit);

        spec = spec.option("file", "f", OptValue::Optional);
        expect = OptSpec {
            id: String::from("file"),
            name: String::from("f"),
            value_type: OptValue::Optional,
        };
        assert_eq!(2, spec.options.len());
        assert_eq!(&expect, &spec.options[1]);

        spec = spec.option("file", "file", OptValue::Required);
        expect = OptSpec {
            id: String::from("file"),
            name: String::from("file"),
            value_type: OptValue::Required,
        };
        assert_eq!(3, spec.options.len());
        assert_eq!(&expect, &spec.options[2]);

        spec = spec.flag(OptFlags::OptionsEverywhere);
        assert_eq!(1, spec.flags.len()); // Length 1
        assert!(spec.is_flag(OptFlags::OptionsEverywhere));
        spec = spec.flag(OptFlags::PrefixMatchLongOptions);
        assert_eq!(2, spec.flags.len()); // Length 2
        assert!(spec.is_flag(OptFlags::PrefixMatchLongOptions));
        spec = spec.flag(OptFlags::OptionsEverywhere);
        spec = spec.flag(OptFlags::PrefixMatchLongOptions);
        assert_eq!(2, spec.flags.len()); // Length still 2

        spec = spec.limit_options(9);
        spec = spec.limit_other_args(10);
        spec = spec.limit_unknown_options(3);
        assert_eq!(9, spec.option_limit);
        assert_eq!(10, spec.other_limit);
        assert_eq!(3, spec.unknown_limit);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic]
    fn create_optspecs_020() {
        OptSpecs::new().option("", "h", OptValue::None);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic]
    fn create_optspecs_030() {
        OptSpecs::new()
            .option("h", "h", OptValue::None)
            .option("h", "h", OptValue::None);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic]
    fn create_optspecs_040() {
        OptSpecs::new().option("h", "", OptValue::None);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic]
    fn create_optspecs_050() {
        OptSpecs::new().option("h", "-", OptValue::None);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic]
    fn create_optspecs_060() {
        OptSpecs::new().option("h", " ", OptValue::None);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic]
    fn create_optspecs_070() {
        OptSpecs::new().option("h", "hh ", OptValue::None);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic]
    fn create_optspecs_080() {
        OptSpecs::new().option("h", "hh=hh", OptValue::None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn is_flag() {
        let mut spec = OptSpecs::new().flag(OptFlags::OptionsEverywhere);
        assert!(spec.is_flag(OptFlags::OptionsEverywhere));

        spec = spec.flag(OptFlags::PrefixMatchLongOptions);
        assert!(spec.is_flag(OptFlags::PrefixMatchLongOptions));
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_010() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("help", "h", OptValue::None)
            .option("help", "help", OptValue::None)
            .option("file", "f", OptValue::Required)
            .option("file", "file", OptValue::Required)
            .getopt(["-h", "--help", "-f123", "-f", "456", "foo", "bar"]);

        assert!(parsed.option_exists("help"));
        assert!(parsed.option_exists("file"));
        assert!(!parsed.option_exists("x"));

        assert_eq!("h", parsed.options_first("help").unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!("help", parsed.options_last("help").unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!("help", parsed.options_first("help").unwrap().id);
        assert_eq!("help", parsed.options_last("help").unwrap().id);
        assert_eq!(false, parsed.options_first("help").unwrap().value_required);
        assert_eq!(false, parsed.options_last("help").unwrap().value_required);

        assert_eq!("f", parsed.options_first("file").unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!(
            "123",
            parsed.options_first("file").unwrap().value.clone().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            "456",
            parsed.options_last("file").unwrap().value.clone().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(true, parsed.options_first("file").unwrap().value_required);

        assert_eq!("foo", parsed.other[0]);
        assert_eq!("bar", parsed.other[1]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_020() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .limit_options(1)
            .limit_other_args(2)
            .option("help", "h", OptValue::None)
            .getopt(["-h", "foo", "-h"]);

        assert_eq!("h", parsed.options_first("help").unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!(2, parsed.other.len());
        assert_eq!("foo", parsed.other[0]);
        assert_eq!("-h", parsed.other[1]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_030() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .flag(OptFlags::OptionsEverywhere)
            .option("help", "h", OptValue::None)
            .option("help", "help", OptValue::None)
            .option("file", "f", OptValue::Required)
            .option("file", "file", OptValue::Required)
            .getopt(["-h", "foo", "--help", "--file=123", "bar", "--file", "456"]);

        assert_eq!("h", parsed.options_first("help").unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!("help", parsed.options_last("help").unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!(
            "123",
            parsed.options_first("file").unwrap().value.clone().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            "456",
            parsed.options_last("file").unwrap().value.clone().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!("foo", parsed.other[0]);
        assert_eq!("bar", parsed.other[1]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_040() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("debug", "d", OptValue::Optional)
            .option("verbose", "verbose", OptValue::Optional)
            .getopt(["-d1", "-d", "--verbose", "--verbose=123"]);

        assert_eq!(
            "1",
            parsed
                .options_first("debug")
                .unwrap()
                .value
                .clone()
                .unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(None, parsed.options_last("debug").unwrap().value);
        assert_eq!(false, parsed.options_last("debug").unwrap().value_required);

        assert_eq!(None, parsed.options_first("verbose").unwrap().value);
        assert_eq!(
            "123",
            parsed
                .options_last("verbose")
                .unwrap()
                .value
                .clone()
                .unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            false,
            parsed.options_last("verbose").unwrap().value_required
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_050() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("debug", "d", OptValue::Optional)
            .getopt(["-abcd", "-adbc"]);

        assert_eq!(None, parsed.options_first("debug").unwrap().value);
        assert_eq!(
            "bc",
            parsed.options_last("debug").unwrap().value.clone().unwrap()
        );

        assert_eq!(3, parsed.unknown.len());
        assert_eq!("a", parsed.unknown[0]);
        assert_eq!("b", parsed.unknown[1]);
        assert_eq!("c", parsed.unknown[2]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_060() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("aaa", "bbb", OptValue::None)
            .option("aaa", "c", OptValue::None)
            .option("aaa", "d", OptValue::None)
            .option("aaa", "eee", OptValue::None)
            .getopt(["--bbb", "-cd", "--eee"]);

        let m: Vec<&Opt> = parsed.options_all("aaa").collect();
        assert_eq!("bbb", m[0].name);
        assert_eq!("c", m[1].name);
        assert_eq!("d", m[2].name);
        assert_eq!("eee", m[3].name);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_070() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .flag(OptFlags::PrefixMatchLongOptions)
            .option("version", "version", OptValue::None)
            .option("verbose", "verbose", OptValue::None)
            .getopt(["--ver", "--verb", "--versi", "--verbose"]);

        assert_eq!("ver", parsed.unknown[0]);
        assert_eq!("verb", parsed.options_first("verbose").unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!("verbose", parsed.options_last("verbose").unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!("version", parsed.options_first("version").unwrap().id);
        assert_eq!("versi", parsed.options_first("version").unwrap().name);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_080() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            // .flag(OptFlags::PrefixMatchLongOptions) Must be commented!
            .option("version", "version", OptValue::None)
            .option("verbose", "verbose", OptValue::None)
            .getopt(["--version", "--ver", "--verb", "--versi", "--verbose"]);

        assert_eq!("ver", parsed.unknown[0]);
        assert_eq!("verb", parsed.unknown[1]);
        assert_eq!("versi", parsed.unknown[2]);
        assert_eq!("version", parsed.options_first("version").unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!("verbose", parsed.options_first("verbose").unwrap().name);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_085() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .flag(OptFlags::PrefixMatchLongOptions)
            .option("foo1", "foo", OptValue::None)
            .option("foo2", "foo-longer", OptValue::None)
            .getopt(["--fo", "--foo", "--foo-", "--foo-longer"]);

        assert_eq!("fo", parsed.unknown[0]);
        assert_eq!("foo", parsed.options_first("foo1").unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!("foo", parsed.options_last("foo1").unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!("foo-", parsed.options_first("foo2").unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!("foo-longer", parsed.options_last("foo2").unwrap().name);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_090() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .flag(OptFlags::OptionsEverywhere)
            .option("help", "h", OptValue::None)
            .option("file", "file", OptValue::Required)
            .getopt(["-h", "foo", "--file=123", "--", "bar", "--file", "456"]);

        assert_eq!("h", parsed.options_first("help").unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!("file", parsed.options_first("file").unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!(
            "123",
            parsed.options_first("file").unwrap().value.clone().unwrap()
        );

        assert_eq!(4, parsed.other.len());
        assert_eq!("foo", parsed.other[0]);
        assert_eq!("bar", parsed.other[1]);
        assert_eq!("--file", parsed.other[2]);
        assert_eq!("456", parsed.other[3]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_100() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("file", "file", OptValue::Required)
            .getopt(["--file=", "--file"]);

        assert_eq!(true, parsed.options_first("file").unwrap().value_required);
        assert_eq!(
            "",
            parsed.options_first("file").unwrap().value.clone().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(None, parsed.options_last("file").unwrap().value);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_110() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("file", "f", OptValue::Required)
            .option("debug", "d", OptValue::Required)
            .getopt(["-fx", "-d", "", "-f"]);

        assert_eq!(true, parsed.options_first("file").unwrap().value_required);
        assert_eq!(
            "x",
            parsed.options_first("file").unwrap().value.clone().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(None, parsed.options_last("file").unwrap().value);
        assert_eq!(
            "",
            parsed
                .options_first("debug")
                .unwrap()
                .value
                .clone()
                .unwrap()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_120() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("file", "f", OptValue::Required)
            .option("debug", "d", OptValue::Required)
            .getopt(["-f123", "-d", "", "-f", "456", "-f"]);

        let f: Vec<&String> = parsed.options_value_all("file").collect();
        assert_eq!(2, f.len());
        assert_eq!("123", f[0]);
        assert_eq!("456", f[1]);

        let d: Vec<&String> = parsed.options_value_all("debug").collect();
        assert_eq!(1, d.len());
        assert_eq!("", d[0]);

        assert_eq!(None, parsed.options_last("file").unwrap().value);
        let m: Vec<&Opt> = parsed.required_value_missing().collect();
        assert_eq!(1, m.len());
        assert_eq!("f", m[0].name);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_125() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("file", "f", OptValue::Required)
            .option("debug", "d", OptValue::RequiredNonEmpty)
            .getopt(["-f123", "-d", "", "-f", "456", "-f"]);

        let f: Vec<&String> = parsed.options_value_all("file").collect();
        assert_eq!(2, f.len());
        assert_eq!("123", f[0]);
        assert_eq!("456", f[1]);

        let d: Vec<&String> = parsed.options_value_all("debug").collect();
        assert_eq!(0, d.len());

        assert_eq!(None, parsed.options_last("file").unwrap().value);
        let m: Vec<&Opt> = parsed.required_value_missing().collect();
        assert_eq!(2, m.len());
        assert_eq!("d", m[0].name);
        assert_eq!("f", m[1].name);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_130() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("file", "file", OptValue::Required)
            .option("debug", "debug", OptValue::Required)
            .getopt(["--file=123", "--debug", "", "--file", "456", "--file"]);

        let f: Vec<&String> = parsed.options_value_all("file").collect();
        assert_eq!(2, f.len());
        assert_eq!("123", f[0]);
        assert_eq!("456", f[1]);

        let d: Vec<&String> = parsed.options_value_all("debug").collect();
        assert_eq!(1, d.len());
        assert_eq!("", d[0]);

        assert_eq!(None, parsed.options_last("file").unwrap().value);
        let m: Vec<&Opt> = parsed.required_value_missing().collect();
        assert_eq!(1, m.len());
        assert_eq!("file", m[0].name);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_135() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("file", "file", OptValue::RequiredNonEmpty)
            .option("debug", "debug", OptValue::RequiredNonEmpty)
            .getopt(["--file=123", "--debug", "", "--file", "456", "--file="]);

        let f: Vec<&String> = parsed.options_value_all("file").collect();
        assert_eq!(2, f.len());
        assert_eq!("123", f[0]);
        assert_eq!("456", f[1]);

        let d: Vec<&String> = parsed.options_value_all("debug").collect();
        assert_eq!(0, d.len());

        assert_eq!(None, parsed.options_last("file").unwrap().value);
        let m: Vec<&Opt> = parsed.required_value_missing().collect();
        assert_eq!(2, m.len());
        assert_eq!("debug", m[0].name);
        assert_eq!("file", m[1].name);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_137() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("debug", "d", OptValue::OptionalNonEmpty)
            .option("debug", "debug", OptValue::OptionalNonEmpty)
            .getopt([
                "-d",
                "-d123",
                "--debug",
                "--debug=",
                "--debug=456",
                "--debug=",
            ]);

        let d: Vec<&String> = parsed.options_value_all("debug").collect();
        assert_eq!(2, d.len());
        assert_eq!("123", d[0]);
        assert_eq!("456", d[1]);
        assert_eq!("123", parsed.options_value_first("debug").unwrap());
        assert_eq!("456", parsed.options_value_last("debug").unwrap());
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_140() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .flag(OptFlags::OptionsEverywhere)
            .option("debug", "d", OptValue::Optional)
            .option("debug", "debug", OptValue::Optional)
            .getopt([
                "-d",
                "-d123",
                "-d",
                "--debug",
                "--debug=",
                "foo",
                "--debug=456",
                "-d",
            ]);

        let d: Vec<&Opt> = parsed.options_all("debug").collect();
        assert_eq!(7, d.len());

        let d: Vec<&String> = parsed.options_value_all("debug").collect();
        assert_eq!(3, d.len());
        assert_eq!("123", d[0]);
        assert_eq!("", d[1]);
        assert_eq!("456", d[2]);
        assert_eq!("123", parsed.options_value_first("debug").unwrap());
        assert_eq!("456", parsed.options_value_last("debug").unwrap());

        assert_eq!(None, parsed.options_value_first("not-at-all"));
        assert_eq!(None, parsed.options_value_last("not-at-all"));

        assert_eq!("foo", parsed.other[0]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_150() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new().limit_unknown_options(6).getopt([
            "-abcd",
            "-e",
            "--debug",
            "-x", // Won't be listed in unknown because of limit.
            "--",
            "--debug=",
            "foo",
            "--debug=456",
        ]);

        assert_eq!(0, parsed.options.len());
        assert_eq!(3, parsed.other.len());
        assert_eq!(6, parsed.unknown.len());
        assert_eq!(vec!["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "debug"], parsed.unknown);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_160() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("file", "file", OptValue::Required)
            .getopt(["--file", "--", "--", "--"]);

        assert_eq!(
            "--",
            parsed.options_first("file").unwrap().value.clone().unwrap()
        );
        assert_eq!(1, parsed.other.len());
        assert_eq!("--", parsed.other[0]);

        assert_eq!(0, parsed.required_value_missing().count());
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_170() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new().getopt(["foo", "bar"]);

        assert_eq!(None, parsed.options_first("not-at-all"));
        assert_eq!(None, parsed.options_last("not-at-all"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_180() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .limit_unknown_options(3)
            .option("bar", "bar", OptValue::None)
            .getopt(["-aaa", "--foo", "--foo", "--bar=", "--bar=", "-x"]);

        assert_eq!(3, parsed.unknown.len());
        assert_eq!("a", parsed.unknown[0]);
        assert_eq!("foo", parsed.unknown[1]);
        assert_eq!("bar=", parsed.unknown[2]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_190() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("äiti", "äiti", OptValue::Required)
            .option("€uro", "€uro", OptValue::Required)
            .getopt(["--äiti=ööö", "--€uro", "€€€", "--äiti", "ää", "--äiti"]);

        let a: Vec<&String> = parsed.options_value_all("äiti").collect();
        assert_eq!(2, a.len());
        assert_eq!("ööö", a[0]);
        assert_eq!("ää", a[1]);
        assert_eq!("ööö", parsed.options_value_first("äiti").unwrap());
        assert_eq!("ää", parsed.options_value_last("äiti").unwrap());

        let e: Vec<&String> = parsed.options_value_all("€uro").collect();
        assert_eq!(1, e.len());
        assert_eq!("€€€", e[0]);
        assert_eq!("€€€", parsed.options_value_first("€uro").unwrap());
        assert_eq!("€€€", parsed.options_value_last("€uro").unwrap());

        assert_eq!(None, parsed.options_last("äiti").unwrap().value);

        let m: Vec<&Opt> = parsed.required_value_missing().collect();
        assert_eq!(1, m.len());
        assert_eq!("äiti", m[0].name);
        assert_eq!(None, m[0].value);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_195() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new().getopt(["-ä€", "--€uro", "äää", "€€€"]);

        assert_eq!(2, parsed.other.len());
        assert_eq!("äää", parsed.other[0]);
        assert_eq!("€€€", parsed.other[1]);

        assert_eq!(3, parsed.unknown.len());
        assert_eq!("ä", parsed.unknown[0]);
        assert_eq!("€", parsed.unknown[1]);
        assert_eq!("€uro", parsed.unknown[2]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_200() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new().limit_other_args(5).getopt(1..10);
        assert_eq!(5, parsed.other.len());
        assert_eq!(vec!["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], parsed.other);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_210() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new().limit_other_args(0).getopt(1..10);
        assert_eq!(0, parsed.other.len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_220() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("file", "f", OptValue::Required)
            .option("file", "file", OptValue::Required)
            .option("help", "help", OptValue::None)
            .limit_options(3)
            .limit_other_args(1)
            .limit_unknown_options(3)
            .getopt([
                "--unknown",
                "--help=",
                "-ab",
                "-f",
                "one",
                "-ftwo",
                "--file",
                "three",
                "--file",
                "four",
                "other1",
                "other2",
            ]);

        assert_eq!(3, parsed.options.len());
        assert_eq!(
            vec!["one", "two", "three"],
            parsed.options_value_all("file").collect::<Vec<&String>>()
        );

        assert_eq!(1, parsed.other.len());
        assert_eq!("other1", parsed.other[0]);

        assert_eq!(3, parsed.unknown.len());
        assert_eq!(vec!["unknown", "help=", "a"], parsed.unknown);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_230() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("file", "f", OptValue::Required)
            .option("file", "file", OptValue::Required)
            .limit_options(3)
            .getopt(["-f", "one", "-ftwo", "--file=three", "--unknown"]);

        assert_eq!(
            vec!["one", "two", "three"],
            parsed.options_value_all("file").collect::<Vec<&String>>()
        );
        assert_eq!(1, parsed.unknown.len());
        assert_eq!("unknown", parsed.unknown[0]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_240() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("help", "h", OptValue::None)
            .limit_options(3)
            .getopt(["-xhhhh"]);

        assert_eq!(3, parsed.options.len());
        assert!(parsed.options_first("help").is_some());
        assert_eq!(1, parsed.unknown.len());
        assert_eq!("x", parsed.unknown[0]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_250() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("help", "h", OptValue::None)
            .limit_options(3)
            .getopt(["-x", "-h", "-h", "-h", "-h"]);

        assert_eq!(3, parsed.options.len());
        assert!(parsed.options_first("help").is_some());
        assert_eq!(1, parsed.unknown.len());
        assert_eq!("x", parsed.unknown[0]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_260() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("help", "h", OptValue::None)
            .limit_options(3)
            .getopt(["-x", "-h", "-h", "--", "-h", "-h"]);

        assert_eq!(2, parsed.options.len());
        assert!(parsed.options_first("help").is_some());
        assert_eq!(2, parsed.other.len());
        assert_eq!(vec!["-h", "-h"], parsed.other);
        assert_eq!(1, parsed.unknown.len());
        assert_eq!("x", parsed.unknown[0]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_270() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .flag(OptFlags::OptionsEverywhere)
            .option("help", "h", OptValue::None)
            .option("file", "f", OptValue::Required)
            .limit_options(1)
            .limit_other_args(2)
            .limit_unknown_options(1)
            .getopt(["bar", "-habf", "123", "foo"]);

        // "123" must be parsed as "f" option's value even though it is
        // beyond limit_options.
        assert!(parsed.options_first("help").is_some());
        assert!(parsed.options_first("file").is_none());
        assert_eq!(2, parsed.other.len());
        assert_eq!("bar", parsed.other[0]);
        assert_eq!("foo", parsed.other[1]);
        assert_eq!(1, parsed.unknown.len());
        assert_eq!("a", parsed.unknown[0]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_280() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .flag(OptFlags::OptionsEverywhere)
            .option("help", "help", OptValue::None)
            .option("file", "file", OptValue::Required)
            .limit_options(1)
            .limit_other_args(2)
            .limit_unknown_options(1)
            .getopt(["bar", "--help", "-ab", "--file", "123", "foo"]);

        // "123" must be parsed as "--file" option's value even though
        // it is beyond limit_options.
        assert!(parsed.options_first("help").is_some());
        assert!(parsed.options_first("file").is_none());
        assert_eq!(2, parsed.other.len());
        assert_eq!("bar", parsed.other[0]);
        assert_eq!("foo", parsed.other[1]);
        assert_eq!(1, parsed.unknown.len());
        assert_eq!("a", parsed.unknown[0]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_290() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("file", "f", OptValue::RequiredNonEmpty)
            .option("debug", "d", OptValue::RequiredNonEmpty)
            .getopt(["-f1", "-d", "", "-f", "", "-f", "2", "-f"]);

        let mut i = parsed.options_all("file").rev();
        assert_eq!("f", i.next().unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!("f", i.next().unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!("f", i.next().unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!("f", i.next().unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!(None, i.next());

        let mut i = parsed.options_all("debug").rev();
        assert_eq!("d", i.next().unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!(None, i.next());

        let mut i = parsed.options_value_all("file").rev();
        assert_eq!("2", i.next().unwrap());
        assert_eq!("1", i.next().unwrap());
        assert_eq!(None, i.next());

        let mut i = parsed.required_value_missing().rev();
        assert_eq!("f", i.next().unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!("f", i.next().unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!("d", i.next().unwrap().name);
        assert_eq!(None, i.next());
    }

    #[test]
    fn parsed_output_300() {
        let parsed = OptSpecs::new()
            .option("debug", "d", OptValue::None)
            .getopt(["-aä€d", "--föo"]);

        assert_eq!(4, parsed.unknown.len());

        let mut u = parsed.unknown_options();
        assert_eq!("-a", u.next().unwrap());
        assert_eq!("-ä", u.next().unwrap());
        assert_eq!("-€", u.next().unwrap());
        assert_eq!("--föo", u.next().unwrap());
        assert_eq!(None, u.next());

        let u = parsed.unknown_options().collect::<Vec<String>>();
        assert_eq!(vec!["-a", "-ä", "-€", "--föo"], u);
    }
}