jj-cli 0.41.0

// Copyright 2020-2023 The Jujutsu Authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

use std::cmp::Ordering;
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::io;
use std::iter;

use bstr::BString;
use bstr::ByteSlice as _;
use itertools::Itertools as _;
use jj_lib::backend::Signature;
use jj_lib::backend::Timestamp;
use jj_lib::config::ConfigGetResultExt as _;
use jj_lib::config::ConfigNamePathBuf;
use jj_lib::config::ConfigValue;
use jj_lib::content_hash::blake2b_hash;
use jj_lib::hex_util;
use jj_lib::op_store::TimestampRange;
use jj_lib::settings::UserSettings;
use jj_lib::str_util::StringPattern;
use jj_lib::time_util::DatePattern;
use serde::Deserialize;
use serde::de::IntoDeserializer as _;

use crate::config;
use crate::formatter::FormatRecorder;
use crate::formatter::Formatter;
use crate::template_parser;
use crate::template_parser::BinaryOp;
use crate::template_parser::ExpressionKind;
use crate::template_parser::ExpressionNode;
use crate::template_parser::FunctionCallNode;
use crate::template_parser::LambdaNode;
use crate::template_parser::TemplateAliasesMap;
use crate::template_parser::TemplateDiagnostics;
use crate::template_parser::TemplateParseError;
use crate::template_parser::TemplateParseErrorKind;
use crate::template_parser::TemplateParseResult;
use crate::template_parser::UnaryOp;
use crate::templater::AnyTemplateProperty;
use crate::templater::BoxedAnyProperty;
use crate::templater::BoxedSerializeProperty;
use crate::templater::BoxedTemplateProperty;
use crate::templater::CoalesceTemplate;
use crate::templater::ConcatTemplate;
use crate::templater::ConditionalProperty;
use crate::templater::Email;
use crate::templater::HyperlinkTemplate;
use crate::templater::JoinTemplate;
use crate::templater::LabelTemplate;
use crate::templater::ListMapProperty;
use crate::templater::ListPropertyTemplate;
use crate::templater::Literal;
use crate::templater::PlainTextFormattedProperty;
use crate::templater::PropertyPlaceholder;
use crate::templater::RawEscapeSequenceTemplate;
use crate::templater::ReformatTemplate;
use crate::templater::RegexCaptures;
use crate::templater::SeparateTemplate;
use crate::templater::SizeHint;
use crate::templater::Template;
use crate::templater::TemplateFormatter;
use crate::templater::TemplateProperty;
use crate::templater::TemplatePropertyError;
use crate::templater::TemplatePropertyExt as _;
use crate::templater::TemplateRenderer;
use crate::templater::WrapTemplateProperty;
use crate::text_util;
use crate::text_util::write_replaced;
use crate::time_util;

/// Callbacks to build usage-context-specific evaluation objects from AST nodes.
///
/// This is used to implement different meanings of `self` or different
/// globally available functions in the template language depending on the
/// context in which it is invoked.
pub trait TemplateLanguage<'a> {
    type Property: CoreTemplatePropertyVar<'a> + 'a;

    fn settings(&self) -> &UserSettings;

    /// Translates the given global `function` call to a property.
    ///
    /// This should be delegated to
    /// `CoreTemplateBuildFnTable::build_function()`.
    fn build_function(
        &self,
        diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
        build_ctx: &BuildContext<Self::Property>,
        function: &FunctionCallNode,
    ) -> TemplateParseResult<Self::Property>;

    /// Creates a method call thunk for the given `function` of the given
    /// `property`.
    fn build_method(
        &self,
        diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
        build_ctx: &BuildContext<Self::Property>,
        property: Self::Property,
        function: &FunctionCallNode,
    ) -> TemplateParseResult<Self::Property>;
}

/// Implements [`WrapTemplateProperty<'a, O>`] for property types.
///
/// - `impl_property_wrappers!(Kind { Foo(Foo), FooList(Vec<Foo>), .. });` to
///   implement conversion from types `Foo`, `Vec<Foo>`, ...
/// - `impl_property_wrappers!(<'a> Kind<'a> { .. });` for types with lifetime.
/// - `impl_property_wrappers!(Kind => Core { .. });` to forward conversion to
///   `Kind::Core(_)`.
macro_rules! impl_property_wrappers {
    ($kind:path $(=> $var:ident)? { $($body:tt)* }) => {
        $crate::template_builder::_impl_property_wrappers_many!(
            [], 'static, $kind $(=> $var)?, { $($body)* });
    };
    // capture the first lifetime as the lifetime of template objects.
    (<$a:lifetime $(, $p:lifetime)* $(, $q:ident)*>
     $kind:path $(=> $var:ident)? { $($body:tt)* }) => {
        $crate::template_builder::_impl_property_wrappers_many!(
            [$a, $($p,)* $($q,)*], $a, $kind $(=> $var)?, { $($body)* });
    };
}

macro_rules! _impl_property_wrappers_many {
    // lifetime/type parameters are packed in order to disable zipping.
    // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/96184#issuecomment-1294999418
    ($ps:tt, $a:lifetime, $kind:path, { $( $var:ident($ty:ty), )* }) => {
        $(
            $crate::template_builder::_impl_property_wrappers_one!(
                $ps, $a, $kind, $var, $ty, std::convert::identity);
        )*
    };
    // variant part in body is ignored so the same body can be reused for
    // implementing forwarding conversion.
    ($ps:tt, $a:lifetime, $kind:path => $var:ident, { $( $ignored_var:ident($ty:ty), )* }) => {
        $(
            $crate::template_builder::_impl_property_wrappers_one!(
                $ps, $a, $kind, $var, $ty, $crate::templater::WrapTemplateProperty::wrap_property);
        )*
    };
}

macro_rules! _impl_property_wrappers_one {
    ([$($p:tt)*], $a:lifetime, $kind:path, $var:ident, $ty:ty, $inner:path) => {
        impl<$($p)*> $crate::templater::WrapTemplateProperty<$a, $ty> for $kind {
            fn wrap_property(property: $crate::templater::BoxedTemplateProperty<$a, $ty>) -> Self {
                Self::$var($inner(property))
            }
        }
    };
}

pub(crate) use _impl_property_wrappers_many;
pub(crate) use _impl_property_wrappers_one;
pub(crate) use impl_property_wrappers;

/// Wrapper for the core template property types.
pub trait CoreTemplatePropertyVar<'a>
where
    Self: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, BString>,
    Self: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, Vec<BString>>,
    Self: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, String>,
    Self: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, Vec<String>>,
    Self: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, bool>,
    Self: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, i64>,
    Self: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, Option<i64>>,
    Self: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, ConfigValue>,
    Self: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, Option<ConfigValue>>,
    Self: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, Signature>,
    Self: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, Email>,
    Self: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, SizeHint>,
    Self: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, RegexCaptures>,
    Self: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, Timestamp>,
    Self: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, TimestampRange>,
{
    fn wrap_template(template: Box<dyn Template + 'a>) -> Self;
    fn wrap_any(property: BoxedAnyProperty<'a>) -> Self;
    fn wrap_any_list(property: BoxedAnyProperty<'a>) -> Self;

    /// Type name of the property output.
    fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str;

    /// Extracts property of `ByteString` type or newtype.
    fn try_into_byte_string(self) -> Result<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, BString>, Self>;
    /// Extracts property of `String` type or newtype.
    fn try_into_string(self) -> Result<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, String>, Self>;
    // TODO: rename try_into_boolean() because it isn't a pure extraction fn?
    fn try_into_boolean(self) -> Result<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, bool>, Self>;
    fn try_into_integer(self) -> Result<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, i64>, Self>;
    fn try_into_timestamp(self) -> Result<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, Timestamp>, Self>;

    fn try_into_serialize(self) -> Option<BoxedSerializeProperty<'a>>;
    fn try_into_template(self) -> Option<Box<dyn Template + 'a>>;

    /// Transforms into a property that will evaluate to `self == other`.
    fn try_into_eq(self, other: Self) -> Option<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, bool>>;

    /// Transforms into a property that will evaluate to an [`Ordering`].
    fn try_into_cmp(self, other: Self) -> Option<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, Ordering>>;
}

pub enum CoreTemplatePropertyKind<'a> {
    ByteString(BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, BString>),
    ByteStringList(BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, Vec<BString>>),
    String(BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, String>),
    StringList(BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, Vec<String>>),
    Boolean(BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, bool>),
    Integer(BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, i64>),
    IntegerOpt(BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, Option<i64>>),
    ConfigValue(BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, ConfigValue>),
    ConfigValueOpt(BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, Option<ConfigValue>>),
    Signature(BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, Signature>),
    Email(BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, Email>),
    SizeHint(BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, SizeHint>),
    RegexCaptures(BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, RegexCaptures>),
    Timestamp(BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, Timestamp>),
    TimestampRange(BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, TimestampRange>),

    // Both TemplateProperty and Template can represent a value to be evaluated
    // dynamically, which suggests that `Box<dyn Template + 'a>` could be
    // composed as `Box<dyn TemplateProperty<Output = Box<dyn Template ..`.
    // However, there's a subtle difference: TemplateProperty is strict on
    // error, whereas Template is usually lax and prints an error inline. If
    // `concat(x, y)` were a property returning Template, and if `y` failed to
    // evaluate, the whole expression would fail. In this example, a partial
    // evaluation output is more useful. That's one reason why Template isn't
    // wrapped in a TemplateProperty. Another reason is that the outermost
    // caller expects a Template, not a TemplateProperty of Template output.
    Template(Box<dyn Template + 'a>),
    Any(BoxedAnyProperty<'a>),
    AnyList(BoxedAnyProperty<'a>),
}

/// Implements `WrapTemplateProperty<type>` for core property types.
///
/// Use `impl_core_property_wrappers!(<'a> Kind<'a> => Core);` to implement
/// forwarding conversion.
macro_rules! impl_core_property_wrappers {
    ($($head:tt)+) => {
        $crate::template_builder::impl_property_wrappers!($($head)+ {
            ByteString(bstr::BString),
            ByteStringList(Vec<bstr::BString>),
            String(String),
            StringList(Vec<String>),
            Boolean(bool),
            Integer(i64),
            IntegerOpt(Option<i64>),
            ConfigValue(jj_lib::config::ConfigValue),
            ConfigValueOpt(Option<jj_lib::config::ConfigValue>),
            Signature(jj_lib::backend::Signature),
            Email($crate::templater::Email),
            SizeHint($crate::templater::SizeHint),
            RegexCaptures($crate::templater::RegexCaptures),
            Timestamp(jj_lib::backend::Timestamp),
            TimestampRange(jj_lib::op_store::TimestampRange),
        });
    };
}

pub(crate) use impl_core_property_wrappers;

impl_core_property_wrappers!(<'a> CoreTemplatePropertyKind<'a>);

impl<'a> CoreTemplatePropertyVar<'a> for CoreTemplatePropertyKind<'a> {
    fn wrap_template(template: Box<dyn Template + 'a>) -> Self {
        Self::Template(template)
    }

    fn wrap_any(property: BoxedAnyProperty<'a>) -> Self {
        Self::Any(property)
    }

    fn wrap_any_list(property: BoxedAnyProperty<'a>) -> Self {
        Self::AnyList(property)
    }

    fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
        match self {
            Self::ByteString(_) => "ByteString",
            Self::ByteStringList(_) => "List<ByteString>",
            Self::String(_) => "String",
            Self::StringList(_) => "List<String>",
            Self::Boolean(_) => "Boolean",
            Self::Integer(_) => "Integer",
            Self::IntegerOpt(_) => "Option<Integer>",
            Self::ConfigValue(_) => "ConfigValue",
            Self::ConfigValueOpt(_) => "Option<ConfigValue>",
            Self::Signature(_) => "Signature",
            Self::Email(_) => "Email",
            Self::SizeHint(_) => "SizeHint",
            Self::RegexCaptures(_) => "RegexCaptures",
            Self::Timestamp(_) => "Timestamp",
            Self::TimestampRange(_) => "TimestampRange",
            Self::Template(_) => "Template",
            Self::Any(_) => "Any",
            Self::AnyList(_) => "AnyList",
        }
    }

    fn try_into_byte_string(self) -> Result<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, BString>, Self> {
        match self {
            Self::ByteString(property) => Ok(property),
            _ => Err(self),
        }
    }

    fn try_into_string(self) -> Result<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, String>, Self> {
        match self {
            Self::String(property) => Ok(property),
            _ => Err(self),
        }
    }

    fn try_into_boolean(self) -> Result<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, bool>, Self> {
        match self {
            Self::ByteString(property) => Ok(property.map(|s| !s.is_empty()).into_dyn()),
            Self::ByteStringList(property) => Ok(property.map(|l| !l.is_empty()).into_dyn()),
            Self::String(property) => Ok(property.map(|s| !s.is_empty()).into_dyn()),
            Self::StringList(property) => Ok(property.map(|l| !l.is_empty()).into_dyn()),
            Self::Boolean(property) => Ok(property),
            Self::Integer(_) => Err(self),
            Self::IntegerOpt(property) => Ok(property.map(|opt| opt.is_some()).into_dyn()),
            Self::ConfigValue(_) => Err(self),
            Self::ConfigValueOpt(property) => Ok(property.map(|opt| opt.is_some()).into_dyn()),
            Self::Signature(_) => Err(self),
            Self::Email(property) => Ok(property.map(|e| !e.0.is_empty()).into_dyn()),
            Self::SizeHint(_) => Err(self),
            Self::RegexCaptures(_) => Err(self),
            Self::Timestamp(_) => Err(self),
            Self::TimestampRange(_) => Err(self),
            // Template and AnyList types could also be evaluated to boolean,
            // but it's less likely to apply label() or .map() and use the
            // result as conditional.
            Self::Template(_) => Err(self),
            Self::Any(_) => Err(self),
            Self::AnyList(_) => Err(self),
        }
    }

    fn try_into_integer(self) -> Result<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, i64>, Self> {
        match self {
            Self::Integer(property) => Ok(property),
            Self::IntegerOpt(property) => Ok(property.try_unwrap("Integer").into_dyn()),
            _ => Err(self),
        }
    }

    fn try_into_timestamp(self) -> Result<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, Timestamp>, Self> {
        match self {
            Self::Timestamp(property) => Ok(property),
            _ => Err(self),
        }
    }

    fn try_into_serialize(self) -> Option<BoxedSerializeProperty<'a>> {
        match self {
            Self::ByteString(property) => Some(property.into_serialize()),
            Self::ByteStringList(property) => Some(property.into_serialize()),
            Self::String(property) => Some(property.into_serialize()),
            Self::StringList(property) => Some(property.into_serialize()),
            Self::Boolean(property) => Some(property.into_serialize()),
            Self::Integer(property) => Some(property.into_serialize()),
            Self::IntegerOpt(property) => Some(property.into_serialize()),
            Self::ConfigValue(property) => {
                Some(property.map(config::to_serializable_value).into_serialize())
            }
            Self::ConfigValueOpt(property) => Some(
                property
                    .map(|opt| opt.map(config::to_serializable_value))
                    .into_serialize(),
            ),
            Self::Signature(property) => Some(property.into_serialize()),
            Self::Email(property) => Some(property.into_serialize()),
            Self::SizeHint(property) => Some(property.into_serialize()),
            Self::RegexCaptures(_) => None,
            Self::Timestamp(property) => Some(property.into_serialize()),
            Self::TimestampRange(property) => Some(property.into_serialize()),
            Self::Template(_) => None,
            Self::Any(property) => property.try_into_serialize(),
            Self::AnyList(property) => property.try_into_serialize(),
        }
    }

    fn try_into_template(self) -> Option<Box<dyn Template + 'a>> {
        match self {
            Self::ByteString(property) => Some(property.into_template()),
            Self::ByteStringList(property) => Some(property.into_template()),
            Self::String(property) => Some(property.into_template()),
            Self::StringList(property) => Some(property.into_template()),
            Self::Boolean(property) => Some(property.into_template()),
            Self::Integer(property) => Some(property.into_template()),
            Self::IntegerOpt(property) => Some(property.into_template()),
            Self::ConfigValue(property) => Some(property.into_template()),
            Self::ConfigValueOpt(property) => Some(property.into_template()),
            Self::Signature(property) => Some(property.into_template()),
            Self::Email(property) => Some(property.into_template()),
            Self::SizeHint(_) => None,
            Self::RegexCaptures(_) => None,
            Self::Timestamp(property) => Some(property.into_template()),
            Self::TimestampRange(property) => Some(property.into_template()),
            Self::Template(template) => Some(template),
            Self::Any(property) => property.try_into_template(),
            Self::AnyList(property) => property.try_into_template(),
        }
    }

    fn try_into_eq(self, other: Self) -> Option<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, bool>> {
        match (self, other) {
            (Self::ByteString(lhs), Self::ByteString(rhs)) => {
                Some((lhs, rhs).map(|(l, r)| l == r).into_dyn())
            }
            (Self::ByteString(lhs), Self::String(rhs)) => {
                Some((lhs, rhs).map(|(l, r)| l == r).into_dyn())
            }
            (Self::String(lhs), Self::ByteString(rhs)) => {
                Some((lhs, rhs).map(|(l, r)| l == r).into_dyn())
            }
            (Self::String(lhs), Self::String(rhs)) => {
                Some((lhs, rhs).map(|(l, r)| l == r).into_dyn())
            }
            (Self::String(lhs), Self::Email(rhs)) => {
                Some((lhs, rhs).map(|(l, r)| l == r.0).into_dyn())
            }
            (Self::Boolean(lhs), Self::Boolean(rhs)) => {
                Some((lhs, rhs).map(|(l, r)| l == r).into_dyn())
            }
            (Self::Integer(lhs), Self::Integer(rhs)) => {
                Some((lhs, rhs).map(|(l, r)| l == r).into_dyn())
            }
            (Self::Integer(lhs), Self::IntegerOpt(rhs)) => {
                Some((lhs, rhs).map(|(l, r)| Some(l) == r).into_dyn())
            }
            (Self::IntegerOpt(lhs), Self::Integer(rhs)) => {
                Some((lhs, rhs).map(|(l, r)| l == Some(r)).into_dyn())
            }
            (Self::IntegerOpt(lhs), Self::IntegerOpt(rhs)) => {
                Some((lhs, rhs).map(|(l, r)| l == r).into_dyn())
            }
            (Self::Email(lhs), Self::Email(rhs)) => {
                Some((lhs, rhs).map(|(l, r)| l == r).into_dyn())
            }
            (Self::Email(lhs), Self::String(rhs)) => {
                Some((lhs, rhs).map(|(l, r)| l.0 == r).into_dyn())
            }
            (Self::ByteString(_), _) => None,
            (Self::ByteStringList(_), _) => None,
            (Self::String(_), _) => None,
            (Self::StringList(_), _) => None,
            (Self::Boolean(_), _) => None,
            (Self::Integer(_), _) => None,
            (Self::IntegerOpt(_), _) => None,
            (Self::ConfigValue(_), _) => None,
            (Self::ConfigValueOpt(_), _) => None,
            (Self::Signature(_), _) => None,
            (Self::Email(_), _) => None,
            (Self::SizeHint(_), _) => None,
            (Self::RegexCaptures(_), _) => None,
            (Self::Timestamp(_), _) => None,
            (Self::TimestampRange(_), _) => None,
            (Self::Template(_), _) => None,
            (Self::Any(_), _) => None,
            (Self::AnyList(_), _) => None,
        }
    }

    fn try_into_cmp(self, other: Self) -> Option<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, Ordering>> {
        match (self, other) {
            (Self::Integer(lhs), Self::Integer(rhs)) => {
                Some((lhs, rhs).map(|(l, r)| l.cmp(&r)).into_dyn())
            }
            (Self::Integer(lhs), Self::IntegerOpt(rhs)) => {
                Some((lhs, rhs).map(|(l, r)| Some(l).cmp(&r)).into_dyn())
            }
            (Self::IntegerOpt(lhs), Self::Integer(rhs)) => {
                Some((lhs, rhs).map(|(l, r)| l.cmp(&Some(r))).into_dyn())
            }
            (Self::IntegerOpt(lhs), Self::IntegerOpt(rhs)) => {
                Some((lhs, rhs).map(|(l, r)| l.cmp(&r)).into_dyn())
            }
            (Self::ByteString(_), _) => None,
            (Self::ByteStringList(_), _) => None,
            (Self::String(_), _) => None,
            (Self::StringList(_), _) => None,
            (Self::Boolean(_), _) => None,
            (Self::Integer(_), _) => None,
            (Self::IntegerOpt(_), _) => None,
            (Self::ConfigValue(_), _) => None,
            (Self::ConfigValueOpt(_), _) => None,
            (Self::Signature(_), _) => None,
            (Self::Email(_), _) => None,
            (Self::SizeHint(_), _) => None,
            (Self::RegexCaptures(_), _) => None,
            (Self::Timestamp(_), _) => None,
            (Self::TimestampRange(_), _) => None,
            (Self::Template(_), _) => None,
            (Self::Any(_), _) => None,
            (Self::AnyList(_), _) => None,
        }
    }
}

/// Function that translates global function call node.
// The lifetime parameter 'a could be replaced with for<'a> to keep the method
// table away from a certain lifetime. That's technically more correct, but I
// couldn't find an easy way to expand that to the core template methods, which
// are defined for L: TemplateLanguage<'a>. That's why the build fn table is
// bound to a named lifetime, and therefore can't be cached statically.
pub type TemplateBuildFunctionFn<'a, L, P> =
    fn(&L, &mut TemplateDiagnostics, &BuildContext<P>, &FunctionCallNode) -> TemplateParseResult<P>;

type BuildMethodFn<'a, L, T, P> = fn(
    &L,
    &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    &BuildContext<P>,
    T,
    &FunctionCallNode,
) -> TemplateParseResult<P>;

/// Function that translates method call node of self type `T`.
pub type TemplateBuildMethodFn<'a, L, T, P> = BuildMethodFn<'a, L, BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, T>, P>;

/// Function that translates method call node of `Template`.
pub type BuildTemplateMethodFn<'a, L, P> = BuildMethodFn<'a, L, Box<dyn Template + 'a>, P>;

/// Function that translates method call node of `Any*`.
pub type BuildAnyMethodFn<'a, L, P> = BuildMethodFn<'a, L, BoxedAnyProperty<'a>, P>;

/// Table of functions that translate global function call node.
pub type TemplateBuildFunctionFnMap<'a, L, P = <L as TemplateLanguage<'a>>::Property> =
    HashMap<&'static str, TemplateBuildFunctionFn<'a, L, P>>;

/// Table of functions that translate method call node of self type `T`.
pub type TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, T, P = <L as TemplateLanguage<'a>>::Property> =
    HashMap<&'static str, TemplateBuildMethodFn<'a, L, T, P>>;

/// Table of functions that translate method call node of `Template`.
pub type BuildTemplateMethodFnMap<'a, L, P = <L as TemplateLanguage<'a>>::Property> =
    HashMap<&'static str, BuildTemplateMethodFn<'a, L, P>>;

/// Table of functions that translate method call node of `Any*`.
pub type BuildAnyMethodFnMap<'a, L, P = <L as TemplateLanguage<'a>>::Property> =
    HashMap<&'static str, BuildAnyMethodFn<'a, L, P>>;

/// Symbol table of functions and methods available in the core template.
pub struct CoreTemplateBuildFnTable<'a, L: ?Sized, P = <L as TemplateLanguage<'a>>::Property> {
    pub functions: TemplateBuildFunctionFnMap<'a, L, P>,
    pub byte_string_methods: TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, BString, P>,
    pub byte_string_list_methods: TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, Vec<BString>, P>,
    pub string_methods: TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, String, P>,
    pub string_list_methods: TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, Vec<String>, P>,
    pub boolean_methods: TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, bool, P>,
    pub integer_methods: TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, i64, P>,
    pub config_value_methods: TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, ConfigValue, P>,
    pub email_methods: TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, Email, P>,
    pub signature_methods: TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, Signature, P>,
    pub size_hint_methods: TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, SizeHint, P>,
    pub regex_captures_methods: TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, RegexCaptures, P>,
    pub timestamp_methods: TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, Timestamp, P>,
    pub timestamp_range_methods: TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, TimestampRange, P>,
    pub template_methods: BuildTemplateMethodFnMap<'a, L, P>,
    pub any_methods: BuildAnyMethodFnMap<'a, L, P>,
    pub any_list_methods: BuildAnyMethodFnMap<'a, L, P>,
}

pub fn merge_fn_map<'s, F>(base: &mut HashMap<&'s str, F>, extension: HashMap<&'s str, F>) {
    for (name, function) in extension {
        if base.insert(name, function).is_some() {
            panic!("Conflicting template definitions for '{name}' function");
        }
    }
}

impl<L: ?Sized, P> CoreTemplateBuildFnTable<'_, L, P> {
    pub fn empty() -> Self {
        Self {
            functions: HashMap::new(),
            byte_string_methods: HashMap::new(),
            byte_string_list_methods: HashMap::new(),
            string_methods: HashMap::new(),
            string_list_methods: HashMap::new(),
            boolean_methods: HashMap::new(),
            integer_methods: HashMap::new(),
            config_value_methods: HashMap::new(),
            signature_methods: HashMap::new(),
            email_methods: HashMap::new(),
            size_hint_methods: HashMap::new(),
            regex_captures_methods: HashMap::new(),
            timestamp_methods: HashMap::new(),
            timestamp_range_methods: HashMap::new(),
            template_methods: HashMap::new(),
            any_methods: HashMap::new(),
            any_list_methods: HashMap::new(),
        }
    }

    pub fn merge(&mut self, other: Self) {
        let Self {
            functions,
            byte_string_methods,
            byte_string_list_methods,
            string_methods,
            string_list_methods,
            boolean_methods,
            integer_methods,
            config_value_methods,
            signature_methods,
            email_methods,
            size_hint_methods,
            regex_captures_methods,
            timestamp_methods,
            timestamp_range_methods,
            template_methods,
            any_methods,
            any_list_methods,
        } = other;

        merge_fn_map(&mut self.functions, functions);
        merge_fn_map(&mut self.byte_string_methods, byte_string_methods);
        merge_fn_map(&mut self.byte_string_list_methods, byte_string_list_methods);
        merge_fn_map(&mut self.string_methods, string_methods);
        merge_fn_map(&mut self.string_list_methods, string_list_methods);
        merge_fn_map(&mut self.boolean_methods, boolean_methods);
        merge_fn_map(&mut self.integer_methods, integer_methods);
        merge_fn_map(&mut self.config_value_methods, config_value_methods);
        merge_fn_map(&mut self.signature_methods, signature_methods);
        merge_fn_map(&mut self.email_methods, email_methods);
        merge_fn_map(&mut self.size_hint_methods, size_hint_methods);
        merge_fn_map(&mut self.regex_captures_methods, regex_captures_methods);
        merge_fn_map(&mut self.timestamp_methods, timestamp_methods);
        merge_fn_map(&mut self.timestamp_range_methods, timestamp_range_methods);
        merge_fn_map(&mut self.template_methods, template_methods);
        merge_fn_map(&mut self.any_methods, any_methods);
        merge_fn_map(&mut self.any_list_methods, any_list_methods);
    }
}

impl<'a, L> CoreTemplateBuildFnTable<'a, L, L::Property>
where
    L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized,
{
    /// Creates new symbol table containing the builtin functions and methods.
    pub fn builtin() -> Self {
        Self {
            functions: builtin_functions(),
            byte_string_methods: builtin_byte_string_methods(),
            byte_string_list_methods: builtin_formattable_list_methods(),
            string_methods: builtin_string_methods(),
            string_list_methods: builtin_formattable_list_methods(),
            boolean_methods: HashMap::new(),
            integer_methods: HashMap::new(),
            config_value_methods: builtin_config_value_methods(),
            signature_methods: builtin_signature_methods(),
            email_methods: builtin_email_methods(),
            size_hint_methods: builtin_size_hint_methods(),
            regex_captures_methods: builtin_regex_captures_methods(),
            timestamp_methods: builtin_timestamp_methods(),
            timestamp_range_methods: builtin_timestamp_range_methods(),
            template_methods: HashMap::new(),
            any_methods: HashMap::new(),
            any_list_methods: builtin_any_list_methods(),
        }
    }

    /// Translates the function call node `function` by using this symbol table.
    pub fn build_function(
        &self,
        language: &L,
        diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
        build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
        function: &FunctionCallNode,
    ) -> TemplateParseResult<L::Property> {
        let table = &self.functions;
        let build = template_parser::lookup_function(table, function)?;
        build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function)
    }

    /// Applies the method call node `function` to the given `property` by using
    /// this symbol table.
    pub fn build_method(
        &self,
        language: &L,
        diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
        build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
        property: CoreTemplatePropertyKind<'a>,
        function: &FunctionCallNode,
    ) -> TemplateParseResult<L::Property> {
        let type_name = property.type_name();
        match property {
            CoreTemplatePropertyKind::ByteString(property) => {
                let table = &self.byte_string_methods;
                let build = template_parser::lookup_method(type_name, table, function)?;
                build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, property, function)
            }
            CoreTemplatePropertyKind::ByteStringList(property) => {
                let table = &self.byte_string_list_methods;
                let build = template_parser::lookup_method(type_name, table, function)?;
                build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, property, function)
            }
            CoreTemplatePropertyKind::String(property) => {
                let table = &self.string_methods;
                let build = template_parser::lookup_method(type_name, table, function)?;
                build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, property, function)
            }
            CoreTemplatePropertyKind::StringList(property) => {
                let table = &self.string_list_methods;
                let build = template_parser::lookup_method(type_name, table, function)?;
                build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, property, function)
            }
            CoreTemplatePropertyKind::Boolean(property) => {
                let table = &self.boolean_methods;
                let build = template_parser::lookup_method(type_name, table, function)?;
                build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, property, function)
            }
            CoreTemplatePropertyKind::Integer(property) => {
                let table = &self.integer_methods;
                let build = template_parser::lookup_method(type_name, table, function)?;
                build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, property, function)
            }
            CoreTemplatePropertyKind::IntegerOpt(property) => {
                let type_name = "Integer";
                let table = &self.integer_methods;
                let build = template_parser::lookup_method(type_name, table, function)?;
                let inner_property = property.try_unwrap(type_name).into_dyn();
                build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, inner_property, function)
            }
            CoreTemplatePropertyKind::ConfigValue(property) => {
                let table = &self.config_value_methods;
                let build = template_parser::lookup_method(type_name, table, function)?;
                build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, property, function)
            }
            CoreTemplatePropertyKind::ConfigValueOpt(property) => {
                let type_name = "ConfigValue";
                let table = &self.config_value_methods;
                let build = template_parser::lookup_method(type_name, table, function)?;
                let inner_property = property.try_unwrap(type_name).into_dyn();
                build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, inner_property, function)
            }
            CoreTemplatePropertyKind::Signature(property) => {
                let table = &self.signature_methods;
                let build = template_parser::lookup_method(type_name, table, function)?;
                build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, property, function)
            }
            CoreTemplatePropertyKind::Email(property) => {
                let table = &self.email_methods;
                let build = template_parser::lookup_method(type_name, table, function)?;
                build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, property, function)
            }
            CoreTemplatePropertyKind::SizeHint(property) => {
                let table = &self.size_hint_methods;
                let build = template_parser::lookup_method(type_name, table, function)?;
                build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, property, function)
            }
            CoreTemplatePropertyKind::RegexCaptures(property) => {
                let table = &self.regex_captures_methods;
                let build = template_parser::lookup_method(type_name, table, function)?;
                build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, property, function)
            }
            CoreTemplatePropertyKind::Timestamp(property) => {
                let table = &self.timestamp_methods;
                let build = template_parser::lookup_method(type_name, table, function)?;
                build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, property, function)
            }
            CoreTemplatePropertyKind::TimestampRange(property) => {
                let table = &self.timestamp_range_methods;
                let build = template_parser::lookup_method(type_name, table, function)?;
                build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, property, function)
            }
            CoreTemplatePropertyKind::Template(template) => {
                let table = &self.template_methods;
                let build = template_parser::lookup_method(type_name, table, function)?;
                build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, template, function)
            }
            CoreTemplatePropertyKind::Any(property) => {
                let table = &self.any_methods;
                let build = template_parser::lookup_method(type_name, table, function)?;
                build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, property, function)
            }
            CoreTemplatePropertyKind::AnyList(property) => {
                let table = &self.any_list_methods;
                let build = template_parser::lookup_method(type_name, table, function)?;
                build(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, property, function)
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Opaque struct that represents a template value.
pub struct Expression<P> {
    property: P,
    labels: Vec<String>,
}

impl<P> Expression<P> {
    fn unlabeled(property: P) -> Self {
        let labels = vec![];
        Self { property, labels }
    }

    fn with_label(property: P, label: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        let labels = vec![label.into()];
        Self { property, labels }
    }
}

impl<'a, P: CoreTemplatePropertyVar<'a>> Expression<P> {
    pub fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
        self.property.type_name()
    }

    pub fn try_into_boolean(self) -> Option<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, bool>> {
        self.property.try_into_boolean().ok()
    }

    pub fn try_into_integer(self) -> Option<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, i64>> {
        self.property.try_into_integer().ok()
    }

    pub fn try_into_timestamp(self) -> Option<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, Timestamp>> {
        self.property.try_into_timestamp().ok()
    }

    /// Transforms into a byte string property by formatting the value if
    /// needed.
    pub fn try_into_byte_stringify(self) -> Option<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, BString>> {
        let property = match self.property.try_into_byte_string() {
            Ok(bytes_property) => return Some(bytes_property),
            Err(property) => property,
        };
        let property = match property.try_into_string() {
            Ok(string_property) => return Some(string_property.map(BString::from).into_dyn()),
            Err(property) => property,
        };
        let template = property.try_into_template()?;
        Some(PlainTextFormattedProperty::new(template).into_dyn())
    }

    /// Transforms into a string property by formatting the value if needed.
    pub fn try_into_stringify(self) -> Option<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, String>> {
        let from_bytes =
            |s: BString| Ok(String::from_utf8(s.into()).map_err(|err| err.utf8_error())?);
        let property = match self.property.try_into_string() {
            Ok(string_property) => return Some(string_property),
            Err(property) => property,
        };
        let property = match property.try_into_byte_string() {
            Ok(bytes_property) => return Some(bytes_property.and_then(from_bytes).into_dyn()),
            Err(property) => property,
        };
        let template = property.try_into_template()?;
        Some(
            PlainTextFormattedProperty::new(template)
                .and_then(from_bytes)
                .into_dyn(),
        )
    }

    pub fn try_into_serialize(self) -> Option<BoxedSerializeProperty<'a>> {
        self.property.try_into_serialize()
    }

    pub fn try_into_template(self) -> Option<Box<dyn Template + 'a>> {
        let template = self.property.try_into_template()?;
        if self.labels.is_empty() {
            Some(template)
        } else {
            Some(Box::new(LabelTemplate::new(template, Literal(self.labels))))
        }
    }

    pub fn try_into_eq(self, other: Self) -> Option<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, bool>> {
        self.property.try_into_eq(other.property)
    }

    pub fn try_into_cmp(self, other: Self) -> Option<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, Ordering>> {
        self.property.try_into_cmp(other.property)
    }
}

impl<'a, P: CoreTemplatePropertyVar<'a>> AnyTemplateProperty<'a> for Expression<P> {
    fn try_into_serialize(self: Box<Self>) -> Option<BoxedSerializeProperty<'a>> {
        (*self).try_into_serialize()
    }

    fn try_into_template(self: Box<Self>) -> Option<Box<dyn Template + 'a>> {
        (*self).try_into_template()
    }

    fn try_join(self: Box<Self>, _: Box<dyn Template + 'a>) -> Option<Box<dyn Template + 'a>> {
        None
    }
}

/// Environment (locals and self) in a stack frame.
pub struct BuildContext<'i, P> {
    /// Map of functions to create `L::Property`.
    local_variables: HashMap<&'i str, &'i dyn Fn() -> P>,
    /// Function to create `L::Property` representing `self`.
    ///
    /// This could be `local_variables["self"]`, but keyword lookup shouldn't be
    /// overridden by a user-defined `self` variable.
    self_variable: &'i dyn Fn() -> P,
}

fn build_keyword<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    name: &str,
    name_span: pest::Span<'_>,
) -> TemplateParseResult<L::Property> {
    // Keyword is a 0-ary method on the "self" property
    let self_property = (build_ctx.self_variable)();
    let function = FunctionCallNode {
        name,
        name_span,
        args: vec![],
        keyword_args: vec![],
        args_span: name_span.end_pos().span(&name_span.end_pos()),
    };
    language
        .build_method(diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, &function)
        .map_err(|err| match err.kind() {
            TemplateParseErrorKind::NoSuchMethod { candidates, .. } => {
                let kind = TemplateParseErrorKind::NoSuchKeyword {
                    name: name.to_owned(),
                    // TODO: filter methods by arity?
                    candidates: candidates.clone(),
                };
                TemplateParseError::with_span(kind, name_span)
            }
            // Since keyword is a 0-ary method, any argument errors mean there's
            // no such keyword.
            TemplateParseErrorKind::InvalidArguments { .. } => {
                let kind = TemplateParseErrorKind::NoSuchKeyword {
                    name: name.to_owned(),
                    // TODO: might be better to phrase the error differently
                    candidates: vec![format!("self.{name}(..)")],
                };
                TemplateParseError::with_span(kind, name_span)
            }
            // The keyword function may fail with the other reasons.
            _ => err,
        })
}

fn build_unary_operation<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    op: UnaryOp,
    arg_node: &ExpressionNode,
) -> TemplateParseResult<L::Property> {
    match op {
        UnaryOp::LogicalNot => {
            let arg = expect_boolean_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, arg_node)?;
            Ok(arg.map(|v| !v).into_dyn_wrapped())
        }
        UnaryOp::Negate => {
            let arg = expect_integer_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, arg_node)?;
            let out = arg.and_then(|v| {
                v.checked_neg()
                    .ok_or_else(|| TemplatePropertyError("Attempt to negate with overflow".into()))
            });
            Ok(out.into_dyn_wrapped())
        }
    }
}

fn build_binary_operation<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    op: BinaryOp,
    lhs_node: &ExpressionNode,
    rhs_node: &ExpressionNode,
    span: pest::Span<'_>,
) -> TemplateParseResult<L::Property> {
    match op {
        BinaryOp::LogicalOr => {
            let lhs = expect_boolean_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, lhs_node)?;
            let rhs = expect_boolean_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, rhs_node)?;
            let out = lhs.and_then(move |l| Ok(l || rhs.extract()?));
            Ok(out.into_dyn_wrapped())
        }
        BinaryOp::LogicalAnd => {
            let lhs = expect_boolean_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, lhs_node)?;
            let rhs = expect_boolean_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, rhs_node)?;
            let out = lhs.and_then(move |l| Ok(l && rhs.extract()?));
            Ok(out.into_dyn_wrapped())
        }
        BinaryOp::Eq | BinaryOp::Ne => {
            let lhs = build_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, lhs_node)?;
            let rhs = build_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, rhs_node)?;
            let lty = lhs.type_name();
            let rty = rhs.type_name();
            let eq = lhs.try_into_eq(rhs).ok_or_else(|| {
                let message = format!("Cannot compare expressions of type `{lty}` and `{rty}`");
                TemplateParseError::expression(message, span)
            })?;
            let out = match op {
                BinaryOp::Eq => eq.into_dyn(),
                BinaryOp::Ne => eq.map(|eq| !eq).into_dyn(),
                _ => unreachable!(),
            };
            Ok(L::Property::wrap_property(out))
        }
        BinaryOp::Ge | BinaryOp::Gt | BinaryOp::Le | BinaryOp::Lt => {
            let lhs = build_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, lhs_node)?;
            let rhs = build_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, rhs_node)?;
            let lty = lhs.type_name();
            let rty = rhs.type_name();
            let cmp = lhs.try_into_cmp(rhs).ok_or_else(|| {
                let message = format!("Cannot compare expressions of type `{lty}` and `{rty}`");
                TemplateParseError::expression(message, span)
            })?;
            let out = match op {
                BinaryOp::Ge => cmp.map(|ordering| ordering.is_ge()).into_dyn(),
                BinaryOp::Gt => cmp.map(|ordering| ordering.is_gt()).into_dyn(),
                BinaryOp::Le => cmp.map(|ordering| ordering.is_le()).into_dyn(),
                BinaryOp::Lt => cmp.map(|ordering| ordering.is_lt()).into_dyn(),
                _ => unreachable!(),
            };
            Ok(L::Property::wrap_property(out))
        }
        BinaryOp::Add | BinaryOp::Sub | BinaryOp::Mul | BinaryOp::Div | BinaryOp::Rem => {
            let lhs = expect_integer_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, lhs_node)?;
            let rhs = expect_integer_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, rhs_node)?;
            let build = |op: fn(i64, i64) -> Option<i64>, msg: fn(i64) -> &'static str| {
                (lhs, rhs).and_then(move |(l, r)| {
                    op(l, r).ok_or_else(|| TemplatePropertyError(msg(r).into()))
                })
            };
            let out = match op {
                BinaryOp::Add => build(i64::checked_add, |_| "Attempt to add with overflow"),
                BinaryOp::Sub => build(i64::checked_sub, |_| "Attempt to subtract with overflow"),
                BinaryOp::Mul => build(i64::checked_mul, |_| "Attempt to multiply with overflow"),
                BinaryOp::Div => build(i64::checked_div, |r| {
                    if r == 0 {
                        "Attempt to divide by zero"
                    } else {
                        "Attempt to divide with overflow"
                    }
                }),
                BinaryOp::Rem => build(i64::checked_rem, |r| {
                    if r == 0 {
                        "Attempt to divide by zero"
                    } else {
                        "Attempt to divide with overflow"
                    }
                }),
                _ => unreachable!(),
            };
            Ok(out.into_dyn_wrapped())
        }
    }
}

fn builtin_byte_string_methods<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>()
-> TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, BString> {
    // Not using maplit::hashmap!{} or custom declarative macro here because
    // code completion inside macro is quite restricted.
    let mut map = TemplateBuildMethodFnMap::<L, BString>::new();
    map.insert(
        "len",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.and_then(|s| Ok(i64::try_from(s.len())?));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "contains",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [needle_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            // TODO: or .try_into_byte_string() to disable implicit type cast?
            let needle_property =
                expect_byte_stringify_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, needle_node)?;
            let out_property = (self_property, needle_property)
                .map(|(haystack, needle)| haystack.contains_str(&needle));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "match",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [needle_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let needle = template_parser::expect_string_pattern(needle_node)?;
            let out_property = match_string_like(self_property, needle);
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "starts_with",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [needle_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let needle_property =
                expect_byte_stringify_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, needle_node)?;
            let out_property = (self_property, needle_property)
                .map(|(haystack, needle)| haystack.starts_with(&needle));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "ends_with",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [needle_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let needle_property =
                expect_byte_stringify_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, needle_node)?;
            let out_property = (self_property, needle_property)
                .map(|(haystack, needle)| haystack.ends_with(&needle));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "remove_prefix",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [needle_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let needle_property =
                expect_byte_stringify_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, needle_node)?;
            let out_property = (self_property, needle_property).map(|(haystack, needle)| {
                haystack
                    .strip_prefix(&**needle)
                    .map(BString::from)
                    .unwrap_or(haystack)
            });
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "remove_suffix",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [needle_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let needle_property =
                expect_byte_stringify_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, needle_node)?;
            let out_property = (self_property, needle_property).map(|(haystack, needle)| {
                haystack
                    .strip_suffix(&**needle)
                    .map(BString::from)
                    .unwrap_or(haystack)
            });
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "trim",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|s| BString::from(s.trim_ascii()));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "trim_start",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|s| BString::from(s.trim_ascii_start()));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "trim_end",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|s| BString::from(s.trim_ascii_end()));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "substr",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let ([start_idx_node], [end_idx_node]) = function.expect_arguments()?;
            let start_idx_property =
                expect_isize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, start_idx_node)?;
            let end_idx_property = end_idx_node
                .map(|node| expect_isize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, node))
                .transpose()?;
            let out_property = (self_property, start_idx_property, end_idx_property).map(
                |(s, start_idx, end_idx)| {
                    let start_idx = clamp_signed_bytes_index(&s, start_idx);
                    let end_idx = end_idx.map_or(s.len(), |idx| clamp_signed_bytes_index(&s, idx));
                    BString::from(s.get(start_idx..end_idx).unwrap_or_default())
                },
            );
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "first_line",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property =
                self_property.map(|s| s.lines().next().map(BString::from).unwrap_or_default());
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "lines",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|s| s.lines().map(BString::from).collect_vec());
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "split",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let ([separator_node], [limit_node]) = function.expect_arguments()?;
            let pattern = template_parser::expect_string_pattern(separator_node)?;
            if let Some(limit_node) = limit_node {
                let limit_property =
                    expect_usize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, limit_node)?;
                let out_property = splitn_string_like(self_property, pattern, limit_property);
                Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
            } else {
                let out_property = split_string_like(self_property, pattern);
                Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
            }
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "replace",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let ([pattern_node, replacement_node], [limit_node]) = function.expect_arguments()?;
            let pattern = template_parser::expect_string_pattern(pattern_node)?;
            let replacement_property = expect_byte_stringify_expression(
                language,
                diagnostics,
                build_ctx,
                replacement_node,
            )?;
            if let Some(limit_node) = limit_node {
                let limit_property =
                    expect_usize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, limit_node)?;
                let out_property = replacen_string_like(
                    self_property,
                    pattern,
                    replacement_property,
                    limit_property,
                );
                Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
            } else {
                let out_property =
                    replace_all_string_like(self_property, pattern, replacement_property);
                Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
            }
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "upper",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|s| BString::from(s.to_ascii_uppercase()));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "lower",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|s| BString::from(s.to_ascii_lowercase()));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map
}

fn builtin_string_methods<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>()
-> TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, String> {
    // Not using maplit::hashmap!{} or custom declarative macro here because
    // code completion inside macro is quite restricted.
    let mut map = TemplateBuildMethodFnMap::<L, String>::new();
    map.insert(
        "len",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.and_then(|s| Ok(i64::try_from(s.len())?));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "contains",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [needle_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            // TODO: or .try_into_string() to disable implicit type cast?
            let needle_property =
                expect_stringify_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, needle_node)?;
            let out_property = (self_property, needle_property)
                .map(|(haystack, needle)| haystack.contains(&needle));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "match",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [needle_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let needle = template_parser::expect_string_pattern(needle_node)?;
            let out_property = match_string_like(self_property, needle);
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "starts_with",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [needle_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let needle_property =
                expect_stringify_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, needle_node)?;
            let out_property = (self_property, needle_property)
                .map(|(haystack, needle)| haystack.starts_with(&needle));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "ends_with",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [needle_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let needle_property =
                expect_stringify_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, needle_node)?;
            let out_property = (self_property, needle_property)
                .map(|(haystack, needle)| haystack.ends_with(&needle));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "remove_prefix",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [needle_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let needle_property =
                expect_stringify_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, needle_node)?;
            let out_property = (self_property, needle_property).map(|(haystack, needle)| {
                haystack
                    .strip_prefix(&needle)
                    .map(ToOwned::to_owned)
                    .unwrap_or(haystack)
            });
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "remove_suffix",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [needle_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let needle_property =
                expect_stringify_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, needle_node)?;
            let out_property = (self_property, needle_property).map(|(haystack, needle)| {
                haystack
                    .strip_suffix(&needle)
                    .map(ToOwned::to_owned)
                    .unwrap_or(haystack)
            });
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "trim",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|s| s.trim().to_owned());
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "trim_start",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|s| s.trim_start().to_owned());
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "trim_end",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|s| s.trim_end().to_owned());
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "substr",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let ([start_idx_node], [end_idx_node]) = function.expect_arguments()?;
            let start_idx_property =
                expect_isize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, start_idx_node)?;
            let end_idx_property = end_idx_node
                .map(|node| expect_isize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, node))
                .transpose()?;
            let out_property = (self_property, start_idx_property, end_idx_property).map(
                |(s, start_idx, end_idx)| {
                    let start_idx = string_index_to_char_boundary(&s, start_idx);
                    let end_idx =
                        end_idx.map_or(s.len(), |idx| string_index_to_char_boundary(&s, idx));
                    s.get(start_idx..end_idx).unwrap_or_default().to_owned()
                },
            );
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "first_line",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property =
                self_property.map(|s| s.lines().next().unwrap_or_default().to_string());
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "lines",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|s| s.lines().map(|l| l.to_owned()).collect_vec());
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "split",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let ([separator_node], [limit_node]) = function.expect_arguments()?;
            let pattern = template_parser::expect_string_pattern(separator_node)?;
            if let Some(limit_node) = limit_node {
                let limit_property =
                    expect_usize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, limit_node)?;
                let out_property = splitn_string_like(self_property, pattern, limit_property);
                Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
            } else {
                let out_property = split_string_like(self_property, pattern);
                Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
            }
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "replace",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let ([pattern_node, replacement_node], [limit_node]) = function.expect_arguments()?;
            let pattern = template_parser::expect_string_pattern(pattern_node)?;
            let replacement_property =
                expect_stringify_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, replacement_node)?;
            if let Some(limit_node) = limit_node {
                let limit_property =
                    expect_usize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, limit_node)?;
                let out_property = replacen_string_like(
                    self_property,
                    pattern,
                    replacement_property,
                    limit_property,
                );
                Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
            } else {
                let out_property =
                    replace_all_string_like(self_property, pattern, replacement_property);
                Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
            }
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "upper",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|s| s.to_uppercase());
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "lower",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|s| s.to_lowercase());
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "escape_json",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|s| serde_json::to_string(&s).unwrap());
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map
}

trait StringLike: AsRef<[u8]> + Sized {
    fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, TemplatePropertyError>;
}

impl StringLike for BString {
    fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, TemplatePropertyError> {
        Ok(bytes.into())
    }
}

impl StringLike for String {
    fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, TemplatePropertyError> {
        Ok(str::from_utf8(bytes)?.to_owned())
    }
}

fn match_string_like<S: StringLike>(
    self_property: impl TemplateProperty<Output = S>,
    needle: StringPattern,
) -> impl TemplateProperty<Output = S> {
    let regex = needle.to_regex();
    self_property.and_then(move |haystack| {
        // We don't have optional strings, so "" is the right null value.
        S::from_bytes(regex.find(haystack.as_ref()).map_or(b"", |m| m.as_bytes()))
    })
}

fn split_string_like<S: StringLike>(
    self_property: impl TemplateProperty<Output = S>,
    pattern: StringPattern,
) -> impl TemplateProperty<Output = Vec<S>> {
    let regex = pattern.to_regex();
    self_property
        .and_then(move |haystack| regex.split(haystack.as_ref()).map(S::from_bytes).collect())
}

fn splitn_string_like<S: StringLike>(
    self_property: impl TemplateProperty<Output = S>,
    pattern: StringPattern,
    limit_property: impl TemplateProperty<Output = usize>,
) -> impl TemplateProperty<Output = Vec<S>> {
    let regex = pattern.to_regex();
    (self_property, limit_property).and_then(move |(haystack, limit)| {
        regex
            .splitn(haystack.as_ref(), limit)
            .map(S::from_bytes)
            .collect()
    })
}

fn replace_all_string_like<S: StringLike>(
    self_property: impl TemplateProperty<Output = S>,
    pattern: StringPattern,
    replacement_property: impl TemplateProperty<Output = S>,
) -> impl TemplateProperty<Output = S> {
    let regex = pattern.to_regex();
    (self_property, replacement_property).and_then(move |(haystack, replacement)| {
        S::from_bytes(&regex.replace_all(haystack.as_ref(), replacement.as_ref()))
    })
}

fn replacen_string_like<S: StringLike>(
    self_property: impl TemplateProperty<Output = S>,
    pattern: StringPattern,
    replacement_property: impl TemplateProperty<Output = S>,
    limit_property: impl TemplateProperty<Output = usize>,
) -> impl TemplateProperty<Output = S> {
    let regex = pattern.to_regex();
    (self_property, replacement_property, limit_property).and_then(
        move |(haystack, replacement, limit)| {
            if limit == 0 {
                // We need to special-case zero because regex.replacen(_, 0, _)
                // replaces all occurrences, and we want zero to mean no
                // occurrences are replaced.
                Ok(haystack)
            } else {
                S::from_bytes(&regex.replacen(haystack.as_ref(), limit, replacement.as_ref()))
            }
        },
    )
}

/// Clamps the given index. Negative index counts from the end.
fn clamp_signed_bytes_index(s: &[u8], i: isize) -> usize {
    let magnitude = i.unsigned_abs();
    if i < 0 {
        s.len().saturating_sub(magnitude)
    } else {
        magnitude.min(s.len())
    }
}

/// Clamps and aligns the given index `i` to char boundary.
///
/// Negative index counts from the end. If the index isn't at a char boundary,
/// it will be rounded towards 0 (left or right depending on the sign.)
fn string_index_to_char_boundary(s: &str, i: isize) -> usize {
    // TODO: use floor/ceil_char_boundary() if get stabilized
    let p = clamp_signed_bytes_index(s.as_bytes(), i);
    if i < 0 {
        (p..=s.len()).find(|&p| s.is_char_boundary(p)).unwrap()
    } else {
        (0..=p).rev().find(|&p| s.is_char_boundary(p)).unwrap()
    }
}

fn builtin_config_value_methods<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>()
-> TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, ConfigValue> {
    fn extract<'de, T: Deserialize<'de>>(value: ConfigValue) -> Result<T, TemplatePropertyError> {
        T::deserialize(value.into_deserializer())
            // map to err.message() because TomlError appends newline to it
            .map_err(|err| TemplatePropertyError(err.message().into()))
    }

    // Not using maplit::hashmap!{} or custom declarative macro here because
    // code completion inside macro is quite restricted.
    let mut map = TemplateBuildMethodFnMap::<L, ConfigValue>::new();
    // These methods are called "as_<type>", not "to_<type>" to clarify that
    // they'll never convert types (e.g. integer to string.) Since templater
    // doesn't provide binding syntax, there's no need to distinguish between
    // reference and consuming access.
    map.insert(
        "as_boolean",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.and_then(extract::<bool>);
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "as_integer",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.and_then(extract::<i64>);
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "as_string",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.and_then(extract::<String>);
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "as_string_list",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.and_then(extract::<Vec<String>>);
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    // TODO: add is_<type>() -> Boolean?
    // TODO: add .get(key) -> ConfigValue or Option<ConfigValue>?
    map
}

fn builtin_signature_methods<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>()
-> TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, Signature> {
    // Not using maplit::hashmap!{} or custom declarative macro here because
    // code completion inside macro is quite restricted.
    let mut map = TemplateBuildMethodFnMap::<L, Signature>::new();
    map.insert(
        "name",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|signature| signature.name);
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "email",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|signature| Email(signature.email));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "timestamp",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|signature| signature.timestamp);
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map
}

fn builtin_email_methods<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>()
-> TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, Email> {
    // Not using maplit::hashmap!{} or custom declarative macro here because
    // code completion inside macro is quite restricted.
    let mut map = TemplateBuildMethodFnMap::<L, Email>::new();
    map.insert(
        "local",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|email| {
                let (local, _) = text_util::split_email(&email.0);
                local.to_owned()
            });
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "domain",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|email| {
                let (_, domain) = text_util::split_email(&email.0);
                domain.unwrap_or_default().to_owned()
            });
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map
}

fn builtin_size_hint_methods<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>()
-> TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, SizeHint> {
    // Not using maplit::hashmap!{} or custom declarative macro here because
    // code completion inside macro is quite restricted.
    let mut map = TemplateBuildMethodFnMap::<L, SizeHint>::new();
    map.insert(
        "lower",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.and_then(|(lower, _)| Ok(i64::try_from(lower)?));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "upper",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property =
                self_property.and_then(|(_, upper)| Ok(upper.map(i64::try_from).transpose()?));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "exact",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.and_then(|(lower, upper)| {
                let exact = (Some(lower) == upper).then_some(lower);
                Ok(exact.map(i64::try_from).transpose()?)
            });
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "zero",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|(_, upper)| upper == Some(0));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map
}

fn builtin_regex_captures_methods<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>()
-> TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, RegexCaptures> {
    // Not using maplit::hashmap!{} or custom declarative macro here because
    // code completion inside macro is quite restricted.
    let mut map = TemplateBuildMethodFnMap::<L, RegexCaptures>::new();
    map.insert(
        "len",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property =
                self_property.and_then(|captures| Ok(i64::try_from(captures.len())?));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "get",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [index_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let index = expect_usize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, index_node)?;
            let out_property = (self_property, index).and_then(|(captures, index)| {
                captures.get(index).ok_or_else(|| {
                    TemplatePropertyError(
                        format!("Could not get capture group with index {index}").into(),
                    )
                })
            });
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "name",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [name_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let name = expect_stringify_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, name_node)?;
            let out_property = (self_property, name).and_then(move |(c, name)| {
                c.name(&name).ok_or_else(|| {
                    TemplatePropertyError(
                        format!("Could not get capture group with name {name}").into(),
                    )
                })
            });
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map
}

fn builtin_timestamp_methods<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>()
-> TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, Timestamp> {
    // Not using maplit::hashmap!{} or custom declarative macro here because
    // code completion inside macro is quite restricted.
    let mut map = TemplateBuildMethodFnMap::<L, Timestamp>::new();
    map.insert(
        "ago",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let now = Timestamp::now();
            let format = timeago::Formatter::new();
            let out_property = self_property.and_then(move |timestamp| {
                Ok(time_util::format_duration(&timestamp, &now, &format)?)
            });
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "format",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [format_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let format_property =
                expect_stringify_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, format_node)?;
            if let Ok(format) = format_property.extract() {
                let format = template_parser::catch_aliases(
                    diagnostics,
                    format_node,
                    |_diagnostics, node| {
                        time_util::FormattingItems::parse(&format).ok_or_else(|| {
                            TemplateParseError::expression("Invalid time format", node.span)
                        })
                    },
                )?
                .into_owned();
                let out_property = self_property.and_then(move |timestamp| {
                    Ok(time_util::format_absolute_timestamp_with(
                        &timestamp, &format,
                    )?)
                });
                Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
            } else {
                let out_property =
                    (self_property, format_property).and_then(move |(timestamp, format)| {
                        let format =
                            time_util::FormattingItems::parse(&format).ok_or_else(|| {
                                let message = format!("Invalid time format: {format}");
                                TemplatePropertyError(message.into())
                            })?;
                        Ok(time_util::format_absolute_timestamp_with(
                            &timestamp, &format,
                        )?)
                    });
                Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
            }
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "utc",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|mut timestamp| {
                timestamp.tz_offset = 0;
                timestamp
            });
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "local",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let tz_offset = std::env::var("JJ_TZ_OFFSET_MINS")
                .ok()
                .and_then(|tz_string| tz_string.parse::<i32>().ok())
                .unwrap_or_else(|| chrono::Local::now().offset().local_minus_utc() / 60);
            let out_property = self_property.map(move |mut timestamp| {
                timestamp.tz_offset = tz_offset;
                timestamp
            });
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "after",
        |_language, diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [date_pattern_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let now = chrono::Local::now();
            let date_pattern = template_parser::catch_aliases(
                diagnostics,
                date_pattern_node,
                |_diagnostics, node| {
                    let date_pattern = template_parser::expect_string_literal(node)?;
                    DatePattern::from_str_kind(date_pattern, function.name, now).map_err(|err| {
                        TemplateParseError::expression("Invalid date pattern", node.span)
                            .with_source(err)
                    })
                },
            )?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(move |timestamp| date_pattern.matches(&timestamp));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert("before", map["after"]);
    map.insert(
        "since",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [date_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let date_property =
                expect_timestamp_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, date_node)?;
            let out_property =
                (self_property, date_property).and_then(move |(self_timestamp, arg_timestamp)| {
                    Ok(TimestampRange {
                        start: arg_timestamp,
                        end: self_timestamp,
                    })
                });
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map
}

fn builtin_timestamp_range_methods<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>()
-> TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, TimestampRange> {
    // Not using maplit::hashmap!{} or custom declarative macro here because
    // code completion inside macro is quite restricted.
    let mut map = TemplateBuildMethodFnMap::<L, TimestampRange>::new();
    map.insert(
        "start",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|time_range| time_range.start);
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "end",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|time_range| time_range.end);
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "duration",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            // TODO: Introduce duration type, and move formatting to it.
            let out_property = self_property.and_then(|time_range| {
                let mut f = timeago::Formatter::new();
                f.min_unit(timeago::TimeUnit::Microseconds).ago("");
                let duration = time_util::format_duration(&time_range.start, &time_range.end, &f)?;
                if duration == "now" {
                    Ok("less than a microsecond".to_owned())
                } else {
                    Ok(duration)
                }
            });
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map
}

fn builtin_any_list_methods<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>() -> BuildAnyMethodFnMap<'a, L> {
    // Not using maplit::hashmap!{} or custom declarative macro here because
    // code completion inside macro is quite restricted.
    let mut map = BuildAnyMethodFnMap::<L>::new();
    map.insert(
        "join",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_template, function| {
            let [separator_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let separator =
                expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, separator_node)?;
            Ok(L::Property::wrap_template(
                self_template.try_join(separator).ok_or_else(|| {
                    // FIXME: This error should probably be reported on the type
                    // within the AnyListTemplateProperty.
                    TemplateParseError::expected_type("Template", "AnyList", function.name_span)
                })?,
            ))
        },
    );
    map
}

/// Creates new symbol table for printable list property.
pub fn builtin_formattable_list_methods<'a, L, O>() -> TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, Vec<O>>
where
    L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized,
    L::Property: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, O> + WrapTemplateProperty<'a, Vec<O>>,
    O: Template + Clone + 'a,
{
    let mut map = builtin_unformattable_list_methods::<L, O>();
    map.insert(
        "join",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [separator_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let separator =
                expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, separator_node)?;
            let template =
                ListPropertyTemplate::new(self_property, separator, |formatter, item| {
                    item.format(formatter)
                });
            Ok(L::Property::wrap_template(Box::new(template)))
        },
    );
    map
}

/// Creates new symbol table for unprintable list property.
pub fn builtin_unformattable_list_methods<'a, L, O>() -> TemplateBuildMethodFnMap<'a, L, Vec<O>>
where
    L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized,
    L::Property: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, O> + WrapTemplateProperty<'a, Vec<O>>,
    O: Clone + 'a,
{
    // Not using maplit::hashmap!{} or custom declarative macro here because
    // code completion inside macro is quite restricted.
    let mut map = TemplateBuildMethodFnMap::<L, Vec<O>>::new();
    map.insert(
        "len",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.and_then(|items| Ok(i64::try_from(items.len())?));
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "filter",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let out_property: BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, Vec<O>> =
                build_filter_operation(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function)?;
            Ok(L::Property::wrap_property(out_property))
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "map",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let map_result =
                build_map_operation(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function)?;
            Ok(L::Property::wrap_any_list(map_result))
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "any",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let out_property =
                build_any_operation(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function)?;
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "all",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let out_property =
                build_all_operation(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function)?;
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "first",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            // TODO: Return `Option<T>` instead of erroring out.
            let out_property = self_property.and_then(|items| {
                items
                    .into_iter()
                    .next()
                    .ok_or_else(|| TemplatePropertyError("List is empty".into()))
            });
            Ok(L::Property::wrap_property(out_property.into_dyn()))
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "last",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            // TODO: Return `Option<T>` instead of erroring out.
            let out_property = self_property.and_then(|mut items| {
                items
                    .pop()
                    .ok_or_else(|| TemplatePropertyError("List is empty".into()))
            });
            Ok(L::Property::wrap_property(out_property.into_dyn()))
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "get",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [index_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let index = expect_usize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, index_node)?;
            // TODO: Return `Option<T>` instead of erroring out.
            let out_property = (self_property, index).and_then(|(mut items, index)| {
                if index < items.len() {
                    Ok(items.remove(index))
                } else {
                    Err(TemplatePropertyError(
                        format!("Index {index} out of bounds").into(),
                    ))
                }
            });
            Ok(L::Property::wrap_property(out_property.into_dyn()))
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "reverse",
        |_language, _diagnostics, _build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            function.expect_no_arguments()?;
            let out_property = self_property.map(|mut items| {
                items.reverse();
                items
            });
            Ok(L::Property::wrap_property(out_property.into_dyn()))
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "skip",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [count_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let count = expect_usize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, count_node)?;
            let out_property = (self_property, count)
                .map(|(items, count)| items.into_iter().skip(count).collect_vec());
            Ok(L::Property::wrap_property(out_property.into_dyn()))
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "take",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, self_property, function| {
            let [count_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let count = expect_usize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, count_node)?;
            let out_property = (self_property, count)
                .map(|(items, count)| items.into_iter().take(count).collect_vec());
            Ok(L::Property::wrap_property(out_property.into_dyn()))
        },
    );
    map
}

/// Builds expression that extracts iterable property and filters its items.
fn build_filter_operation<'a, L, O, P, B>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    self_property: P,
    function: &FunctionCallNode,
) -> TemplateParseResult<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, B>>
where
    L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized,
    L::Property: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, O>,
    P: TemplateProperty + 'a,
    P::Output: IntoIterator<Item = O>,
    O: Clone + 'a,
    B: FromIterator<O>,
{
    let [lambda_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
    let item_placeholder = PropertyPlaceholder::new();
    let item_predicate =
        template_parser::catch_aliases(diagnostics, lambda_node, |diagnostics, node| {
            let lambda = template_parser::expect_lambda(node)?;
            build_lambda_expression(
                build_ctx,
                lambda,
                &[&|| item_placeholder.clone().into_dyn_wrapped()],
                |build_ctx, body| expect_boolean_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, body),
            )
        })?;
    let out_property = self_property.and_then(move |items| {
        items
            .into_iter()
            .filter_map(|item| {
                // Evaluate predicate with the current item
                item_placeholder.set(item);
                let result = item_predicate.extract();
                let item = item_placeholder.take().unwrap();
                result.map(|pred| pred.then_some(item)).transpose()
            })
            .collect()
    });
    Ok(out_property.into_dyn())
}

/// Builds expression that extracts iterable property and applies template to
/// each item.
fn build_map_operation<'a, L, O, P>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    self_property: P,
    function: &FunctionCallNode,
) -> TemplateParseResult<BoxedAnyProperty<'a>>
where
    L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized,
    L::Property: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, O>,
    P: TemplateProperty + 'a,
    P::Output: IntoIterator<Item = O>,
    O: Clone + 'a,
{
    let [lambda_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
    let item_placeholder = PropertyPlaceholder::new();
    let mapped_item =
        template_parser::catch_aliases(diagnostics, lambda_node, |diagnostics, node| {
            let lambda = template_parser::expect_lambda(node)?;
            build_lambda_expression(
                build_ctx,
                lambda,
                &[&|| item_placeholder.clone().into_dyn_wrapped()],
                |build_ctx, body| expect_any_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, body),
            )
        })?;
    let mapped_list = ListMapProperty::new(self_property, item_placeholder, mapped_item);
    Ok(Box::new(mapped_list))
}

/// Builds expression that checks if any item in the list satisfies the
/// predicate.
fn build_any_operation<'a, L, O, P>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    self_property: P,
    function: &FunctionCallNode,
) -> TemplateParseResult<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, bool>>
where
    L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized,
    L::Property: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, O>,
    P: TemplateProperty + 'a,
    P::Output: IntoIterator<Item = O>,
    O: Clone + 'a,
{
    let [lambda_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
    let item_placeholder = PropertyPlaceholder::new();
    let item_predicate =
        template_parser::catch_aliases(diagnostics, lambda_node, |diagnostics, node| {
            let lambda = template_parser::expect_lambda(node)?;
            build_lambda_expression(
                build_ctx,
                lambda,
                &[&|| item_placeholder.clone().into_dyn_wrapped()],
                |build_ctx, body| expect_boolean_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, body),
            )
        })?;

    let out_property = self_property.and_then(move |items| {
        items
            .into_iter()
            .map(|item| item_placeholder.with_value(item, || item_predicate.extract()))
            .process_results(|mut predicates| predicates.any(|p| p))
    });
    Ok(out_property.into_dyn())
}

/// Builds expression that checks if all items in the list satisfy the
/// predicate.
fn build_all_operation<'a, L, O, P>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    self_property: P,
    function: &FunctionCallNode,
) -> TemplateParseResult<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, bool>>
where
    L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized,
    L::Property: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, O>,
    P: TemplateProperty + 'a,
    P::Output: IntoIterator<Item = O>,
    O: Clone + 'a,
{
    let [lambda_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
    let item_placeholder = PropertyPlaceholder::new();
    let item_predicate =
        template_parser::catch_aliases(diagnostics, lambda_node, |diagnostics, node| {
            let lambda = template_parser::expect_lambda(node)?;
            build_lambda_expression(
                build_ctx,
                lambda,
                &[&|| item_placeholder.clone().into_dyn_wrapped()],
                |build_ctx, body| expect_boolean_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, body),
            )
        })?;

    let out_property = self_property.and_then(move |items| {
        items
            .into_iter()
            .map(|item| item_placeholder.with_value(item, || item_predicate.extract()))
            .process_results(|mut predicates| predicates.all(|p| p))
    });
    Ok(out_property.into_dyn())
}

/// Builds lambda expression to be evaluated with the provided arguments.
/// `arg_fns` is usually an array of wrapped [`PropertyPlaceholder`]s.
fn build_lambda_expression<'i, P, T>(
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<'i, P>,
    lambda: &LambdaNode<'i>,
    arg_fns: &[&'i dyn Fn() -> P],
    build_body: impl FnOnce(&BuildContext<'i, P>, &ExpressionNode<'i>) -> TemplateParseResult<T>,
) -> TemplateParseResult<T> {
    if lambda.params.len() != arg_fns.len() {
        return Err(TemplateParseError::expression(
            format!("Expected {} lambda parameters", arg_fns.len()),
            lambda.params_span,
        ));
    }
    let mut local_variables = build_ctx.local_variables.clone();
    local_variables.extend(iter::zip(&lambda.params, arg_fns));
    let inner_build_ctx = BuildContext {
        local_variables,
        self_variable: build_ctx.self_variable,
    };
    build_body(&inner_build_ctx, &lambda.body)
}

fn builtin_functions<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>() -> TemplateBuildFunctionFnMap<'a, L> {
    // Not using maplit::hashmap!{} or custom declarative macro here because
    // code completion inside macro is quite restricted.
    let mut map = TemplateBuildFunctionFnMap::<L>::new();
    map.insert("fill", |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
        let [width_node, content_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
        let width = expect_usize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, width_node)?;
        let content = expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, content_node)?;
        let template =
            ReformatTemplate::new(content, move |formatter, recorded| match width.extract() {
                Ok(width) => text_util::write_wrapped(formatter.as_mut(), recorded, width),
                Err(err) => formatter.handle_error(err),
            });
        Ok(L::Property::wrap_template(Box::new(template)))
    });
    map.insert("indent", |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
        let [prefix_node, content_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
        let prefix = expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, prefix_node)?;
        let content = expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, content_node)?;
        let template = ReformatTemplate::new(content, move |formatter, recorded| {
            let rewrap = formatter.rewrap_fn();
            text_util::write_indented(formatter.as_mut(), recorded, |formatter| {
                prefix.format(&mut rewrap(formatter))
            })
        });
        Ok(L::Property::wrap_template(Box::new(template)))
    });
    map.insert("pad_start", |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
        let ([width_node, content_node], [fill_char_node]) =
            function.expect_named_arguments(&["", "", "fill_char"])?;
        let width = expect_usize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, width_node)?;
        let content = expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, content_node)?;
        let fill_char = fill_char_node
            .map(|node| expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, node))
            .transpose()?;
        let template = new_pad_template(content, fill_char, width, text_util::write_padded_start);
        Ok(L::Property::wrap_template(template))
    });
    map.insert("pad_end", |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
        let ([width_node, content_node], [fill_char_node]) =
            function.expect_named_arguments(&["", "", "fill_char"])?;
        let width = expect_usize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, width_node)?;
        let content = expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, content_node)?;
        let fill_char = fill_char_node
            .map(|node| expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, node))
            .transpose()?;
        let template = new_pad_template(content, fill_char, width, text_util::write_padded_end);
        Ok(L::Property::wrap_template(template))
    });
    map.insert(
        "pad_centered",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
            let ([width_node, content_node], [fill_char_node]) =
                function.expect_named_arguments(&["", "", "fill_char"])?;
            let width = expect_usize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, width_node)?;
            let content =
                expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, content_node)?;
            let fill_char = fill_char_node
                .map(|node| expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, node))
                .transpose()?;
            let template =
                new_pad_template(content, fill_char, width, text_util::write_padded_centered);
            Ok(L::Property::wrap_template(template))
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "truncate_start",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
            let ([width_node, content_node], [ellipsis_node]) =
                function.expect_named_arguments(&["", "", "ellipsis"])?;
            let width = expect_usize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, width_node)?;
            let content =
                expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, content_node)?;
            let ellipsis = ellipsis_node
                .map(|node| expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, node))
                .transpose()?;
            let template =
                new_truncate_template(content, ellipsis, width, text_util::write_truncated_start);
            Ok(L::Property::wrap_template(template))
        },
    );
    map.insert(
        "truncate_end",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
            let ([width_node, content_node], [ellipsis_node]) =
                function.expect_named_arguments(&["", "", "ellipsis"])?;
            let width = expect_usize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, width_node)?;
            let content =
                expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, content_node)?;
            let ellipsis = ellipsis_node
                .map(|node| expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, node))
                .transpose()?;
            let template =
                new_truncate_template(content, ellipsis, width, text_util::write_truncated_end);
            Ok(L::Property::wrap_template(template))
        },
    );
    map.insert("hash", |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
        let [content_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
        let content = expect_stringify_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, content_node)?;
        let result = content.map(|c| hex_util::encode_hex(blake2b_hash(&c).as_ref()));
        Ok(result.into_dyn_wrapped())
    });
    map.insert("label", |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
        let [label_node, content_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
        let label_property =
            expect_stringify_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, label_node)?;
        let content = expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, content_node)?;
        let labels =
            label_property.map(|s| s.split_whitespace().map(ToString::to_string).collect());
        Ok(L::Property::wrap_template(Box::new(LabelTemplate::new(
            content, labels,
        ))))
    });
    map.insert(
        "raw_escape_sequence",
        |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
            let [content_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
            let content =
                expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, content_node)?;
            Ok(L::Property::wrap_template(Box::new(
                RawEscapeSequenceTemplate(content),
            )))
        },
    );
    map.insert("hyperlink", |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
        let ([url_node, text_node], [fallback_node]) = function.expect_arguments()?;
        let url = expect_stringify_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, url_node)?;
        let text = expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, text_node)?;
        let fallback = fallback_node
            .map(|node| expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, node))
            .transpose()?;
        Ok(L::Property::wrap_template(Box::new(
            HyperlinkTemplate::new(url, text, fallback),
        )))
    });
    map.insert("replace", |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
        let ([pattern_node, content_node, replacement_lambda_node], []) =
            function.expect_arguments()?;
        let content = expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, content_node)?;
        let pattern = template_parser::expect_string_pattern(pattern_node)?;

        let regex = pattern.to_regex();

        let captures_placeholder = PropertyPlaceholder::new();
        let replacement_template = template_parser::catch_aliases(
            diagnostics,
            replacement_lambda_node,
            |diagnostics, node| {
                let lambda = template_parser::expect_lambda(node)?;
                build_lambda_expression(
                    build_ctx,
                    lambda,
                    &[&|| captures_placeholder.clone().into_dyn_wrapped()],
                    |build_ctx, body| {
                        expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, body)
                    },
                )
            },
        )?;

        let template = new_replace_template(
            content,
            regex.clone(),
            captures_placeholder.clone(),
            move |formatter| replacement_template.format(formatter),
        );
        Ok(L::Property::wrap_template(template))
    });
    map.insert("stringify", |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
        let [content_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
        let content = expect_stringify_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, content_node)?;
        Ok(L::Property::wrap_property(content))
    });
    map.insert("json", |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
        // TODO: Add pretty=true|false? or json(key=value, ..)? The latter might
        // be implemented as a map constructor/literal if we add support for
        // heterogeneous list/map types.
        let [value_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
        let value = expect_serialize_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, value_node)?;
        let out_property = value.and_then(|v| Ok(serde_json::to_string(&v)?));
        Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
    });
    map.insert("if", |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
        let ([condition_node, true_node], [false_node]) = function.expect_arguments()?;
        let condition =
            expect_boolean_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, condition_node)?;
        let true_any = expect_any_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, true_node)?;
        let false_any = false_node
            .map(|node| expect_any_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, node))
            .transpose()?;
        let property = ConditionalProperty::new(condition, true_any, false_any);
        Ok(L::Property::wrap_any(Box::new(property)))
    });
    map.insert("coalesce", |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
        let ([], content_nodes) = function.expect_some_arguments()?;
        let contents = content_nodes
            .iter()
            .map(|node| expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, node))
            .try_collect()?;
        Ok(L::Property::wrap_template(Box::new(CoalesceTemplate(
            contents,
        ))))
    });
    map.insert("concat", |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
        let ([], content_nodes) = function.expect_some_arguments()?;
        let contents = content_nodes
            .iter()
            .map(|node| expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, node))
            .try_collect()?;
        Ok(L::Property::wrap_template(Box::new(ConcatTemplate(
            contents,
        ))))
    });
    map.insert("join", |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
        let ([separator_node], content_nodes) = function.expect_some_arguments()?;
        let separator =
            expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, separator_node)?;
        let contents = content_nodes
            .iter()
            .map(|node| expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, node))
            .try_collect()?;
        Ok(L::Property::wrap_template(Box::new(JoinTemplate::new(
            separator, contents,
        ))))
    });
    map.insert("separate", |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
        let ([separator_node], content_nodes) = function.expect_some_arguments()?;
        let separator =
            expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, separator_node)?;
        let contents = content_nodes
            .iter()
            .map(|node| expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, node))
            .try_collect()?;
        Ok(L::Property::wrap_template(Box::new(SeparateTemplate::new(
            separator, contents,
        ))))
    });
    map.insert("surround", |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
        let [prefix_node, suffix_node, content_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
        let prefix = expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, prefix_node)?;
        let suffix = expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, suffix_node)?;
        let content = expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, content_node)?;
        let template = ReformatTemplate::new(content, move |formatter, recorded| {
            if recorded.data().is_empty() {
                return Ok(());
            }
            prefix.format(formatter)?;
            recorded.replay(formatter.as_mut())?;
            suffix.format(formatter)?;
            Ok(())
        });
        Ok(L::Property::wrap_template(Box::new(template)))
    });
    map.insert("config", |language, diagnostics, build_ctx, function| {
        let [name_node] = function.expect_exact_arguments()?;
        let name_expression =
            expect_stringify_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, name_node)?;
        if let Ok(name) = name_expression.extract() {
            let config_path: ConfigNamePathBuf =
                template_parser::catch_aliases(diagnostics, name_node, |_diagnostics, node| {
                    name.parse().map_err(|err| {
                        TemplateParseError::expression("Failed to parse config name", node.span)
                            .with_source(err)
                    })
                })?;
            let value = language
                .settings()
                .get_value(config_path)
                .optional()
                .map_err(|err| {
                    TemplateParseError::expression("Failed to get config value", function.name_span)
                        .with_source(err)
                })?;
            // .decorated("", "") to trim leading/trailing whitespace
            Ok(Literal(value.map(|v| v.decorated("", ""))).into_dyn_wrapped())
        } else {
            let settings = language.settings().clone();
            let out_property = name_expression.and_then(move |name| {
                let config_path: ConfigNamePathBuf = name.parse()?;
                let value = settings.get_value(config_path).optional()?;
                Ok(value.map(|v| v.decorated("", "")))
            });
            Ok(out_property.into_dyn_wrapped())
        }
    });
    map
}

fn new_pad_template<'a, W>(
    content: Box<dyn Template + 'a>,
    fill_char: Option<Box<dyn Template + 'a>>,
    width: BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, usize>,
    write_padded: W,
) -> Box<dyn Template + 'a>
where
    W: Fn(&mut dyn Formatter, &FormatRecorder, &FormatRecorder, usize) -> io::Result<()> + 'a,
{
    let default_fill_char = FormatRecorder::with_data(" ");
    let template = ReformatTemplate::new(content, move |formatter, recorded| {
        let width = match width.extract() {
            Ok(width) => width,
            Err(err) => return formatter.handle_error(err),
        };
        let mut fill_char_recorder;
        let recorded_fill_char = if let Some(fill_char) = &fill_char {
            let rewrap = formatter.rewrap_fn();
            fill_char_recorder = FormatRecorder::new(formatter.maybe_color());
            fill_char.format(&mut rewrap(&mut fill_char_recorder))?;
            &fill_char_recorder
        } else {
            &default_fill_char
        };
        write_padded(formatter.as_mut(), recorded, recorded_fill_char, width)
    });
    Box::new(template)
}

fn new_truncate_template<'a, W>(
    content: Box<dyn Template + 'a>,
    ellipsis: Option<Box<dyn Template + 'a>>,
    width: BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, usize>,
    write_truncated: W,
) -> Box<dyn Template + 'a>
where
    W: Fn(&mut dyn Formatter, &FormatRecorder, &FormatRecorder, usize) -> io::Result<usize> + 'a,
{
    let default_ellipsis = FormatRecorder::with_data("");
    let template = ReformatTemplate::new(content, move |formatter, recorded| {
        let width = match width.extract() {
            Ok(width) => width,
            Err(err) => return formatter.handle_error(err),
        };
        let mut ellipsis_recorder;
        let recorded_ellipsis = if let Some(ellipsis) = &ellipsis {
            let rewrap = formatter.rewrap_fn();
            ellipsis_recorder = FormatRecorder::new(formatter.maybe_color());
            ellipsis.format(&mut rewrap(&mut ellipsis_recorder))?;
            &ellipsis_recorder
        } else {
            &default_ellipsis
        };
        write_truncated(formatter.as_mut(), recorded, recorded_ellipsis, width)?;
        Ok(())
    });
    Box::new(template)
}

fn new_replace_template<'a, W>(
    content: Box<dyn Template + 'a>,
    regex: regex::bytes::Regex,
    captures_placeholder: PropertyPlaceholder<RegexCaptures>,
    write_replacement_content: W,
) -> Box<dyn Template + 'a>
where
    W: Fn(&mut TemplateFormatter) -> io::Result<()> + 'a,
{
    // Build named capture group map once from the regex.
    let names_map: HashMap<String, usize> = regex
        .capture_names()
        .enumerate()
        .filter_map(|(i, name)| name.map(|n| (n.to_string(), i)))
        .collect();

    let template = ReformatTemplate::new(content, move |formatter, recorded| {
        let data = recorded.data();

        let mut recorded_replacements = vec![];
        let mut content_ranges = vec![];

        for captures in regex.captures_iter(data) {
            let full_match = captures.get(0).expect("capture group 0 is always present");
            content_ranges.push(full_match.range());

            let capture_ranges = captures
                .iter()
                .map(|m| m.map(|m| m.range()).unwrap_or_default())
                .collect_vec();

            captures_placeholder.with_value(
                RegexCaptures::new(data.to_vec(), capture_ranges, names_map.clone()),
                || -> io::Result<()> {
                    let mut recorder = FormatRecorder::new(formatter.maybe_color());
                    let rewrap = formatter.rewrap_fn();
                    write_replacement_content(&mut rewrap(&mut recorder))?;
                    recorded_replacements.push(recorder);
                    Ok(())
                },
            )?;
        }

        write_replaced(
            formatter.as_mut(),
            recorded,
            &content_ranges,
            |formatter, index| recorded_replacements[index].replay(formatter),
        )
    });

    Box::new(template)
}

/// Builds intermediate expression tree from AST nodes.
pub fn build_expression<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    node: &ExpressionNode,
) -> TemplateParseResult<Expression<L::Property>> {
    template_parser::catch_aliases(diagnostics, node, |diagnostics, node| match &node.kind {
        ExpressionKind::Identifier(name) => {
            if let Some(make) = build_ctx.local_variables.get(name) {
                // Don't label a local variable with its name
                Ok(Expression::unlabeled(make()))
            } else if *name == "self" {
                // "self" is a special variable, so don't label it
                let make = build_ctx.self_variable;
                Ok(Expression::unlabeled(make()))
            } else {
                let property = build_keyword(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, name, node.span)
                    .map_err(|err| {
                        err.extend_keyword_candidates(itertools::chain(
                            build_ctx.local_variables.keys().copied(),
                            ["self"],
                        ))
                    })?;
                Ok(Expression::with_label(property, *name))
            }
        }
        ExpressionKind::Boolean(value) => {
            let property = Literal(*value).into_dyn_wrapped();
            Ok(Expression::unlabeled(property))
        }
        ExpressionKind::Integer(value) => {
            let property = Literal(*value).into_dyn_wrapped();
            Ok(Expression::unlabeled(property))
        }
        ExpressionKind::String(value) => {
            let property = Literal(value.clone()).into_dyn_wrapped();
            Ok(Expression::unlabeled(property))
        }
        ExpressionKind::Pattern(_) => Err(TemplateParseError::expression(
            "String patterns may not be used as expression values",
            node.span,
        )),
        ExpressionKind::Unary(op, arg_node) => {
            let property = build_unary_operation(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, *op, arg_node)?;
            Ok(Expression::unlabeled(property))
        }
        ExpressionKind::Binary(op, lhs_node, rhs_node) => {
            let property = build_binary_operation(
                language,
                diagnostics,
                build_ctx,
                *op,
                lhs_node,
                rhs_node,
                node.span,
            )?;
            Ok(Expression::unlabeled(property))
        }
        ExpressionKind::Concat(nodes) => {
            let templates = nodes
                .iter()
                .map(|node| expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, node))
                .try_collect()?;
            let property = L::Property::wrap_template(Box::new(ConcatTemplate(templates)));
            Ok(Expression::unlabeled(property))
        }
        ExpressionKind::FunctionCall(function) => {
            let property = language.build_function(diagnostics, build_ctx, function)?;
            Ok(Expression::unlabeled(property))
        }
        ExpressionKind::MethodCall(method) => {
            let mut expression =
                build_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, &method.object)?;
            expression.property = language.build_method(
                diagnostics,
                build_ctx,
                expression.property,
                &method.function,
            )?;
            expression.labels.push(method.function.name.to_owned());
            Ok(expression)
        }
        ExpressionKind::Lambda(_) => Err(TemplateParseError::expression(
            "Lambda cannot be defined here",
            node.span,
        )),
        ExpressionKind::AliasExpanded(..) => unreachable!(),
    })
}

/// Builds template evaluation tree from AST nodes, with fresh build context.
pub fn build<'a, C, L>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    node: &ExpressionNode,
) -> TemplateParseResult<TemplateRenderer<'a, C>>
where
    C: Clone + 'a,
    L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized,
    L::Property: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, C>,
{
    let self_placeholder = PropertyPlaceholder::new();
    let build_ctx = BuildContext {
        local_variables: HashMap::new(),
        self_variable: &|| self_placeholder.clone().into_dyn_wrapped(),
    };
    let template = expect_template_expression(language, diagnostics, &build_ctx, node)?;
    Ok(TemplateRenderer::new(template, self_placeholder))
}

/// Parses text, expands aliases, then builds template evaluation tree.
pub fn parse<'a, C, L>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    template_text: &str,
    aliases_map: &TemplateAliasesMap,
) -> TemplateParseResult<TemplateRenderer<'a, C>>
where
    C: Clone + 'a,
    L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized,
    L::Property: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, C>,
{
    let node = template_parser::parse(template_text, aliases_map)?;
    build(language, diagnostics, &node).map_err(|err| err.extend_alias_candidates(aliases_map))
}

pub fn expect_boolean_expression<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    node: &ExpressionNode,
) -> TemplateParseResult<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, bool>> {
    expect_expression_of_type(
        language,
        diagnostics,
        build_ctx,
        node,
        "Boolean",
        |expression| expression.try_into_boolean(),
    )
}

pub fn expect_integer_expression<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    node: &ExpressionNode,
) -> TemplateParseResult<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, i64>> {
    expect_expression_of_type(
        language,
        diagnostics,
        build_ctx,
        node,
        "Integer",
        |expression| expression.try_into_integer(),
    )
}

/// If the given expression `node` is of `Integer` type, converts it to `isize`.
pub fn expect_isize_expression<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    node: &ExpressionNode,
) -> TemplateParseResult<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, isize>> {
    let i64_property = expect_integer_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, node)?;
    let isize_property = i64_property.and_then(|v| Ok(isize::try_from(v)?));
    Ok(isize_property.into_dyn())
}

/// If the given expression `node` is of `Integer` type, converts it to `usize`.
pub fn expect_usize_expression<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    node: &ExpressionNode,
) -> TemplateParseResult<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, usize>> {
    let i64_property = expect_integer_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, node)?;
    let usize_property = i64_property.and_then(|v| Ok(usize::try_from(v)?));
    Ok(usize_property.into_dyn())
}

pub fn expect_byte_stringify_expression<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    node: &ExpressionNode,
) -> TemplateParseResult<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, BString>> {
    // Since any formattable type can be converted to a string property, the
    // expected type is not a ByteString.
    expect_expression_of_type(
        language,
        diagnostics,
        build_ctx,
        node,
        "ByteStringify",
        |expression| expression.try_into_byte_stringify(),
    )
}

pub fn expect_stringify_expression<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    node: &ExpressionNode,
) -> TemplateParseResult<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, String>> {
    // Since any formattable type can be converted to a string property, the
    // expected type is not a String.
    expect_expression_of_type(
        language,
        diagnostics,
        build_ctx,
        node,
        "Stringify",
        |expression| expression.try_into_stringify(),
    )
}

pub fn expect_timestamp_expression<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    node: &ExpressionNode,
) -> TemplateParseResult<BoxedTemplateProperty<'a, Timestamp>> {
    expect_expression_of_type(
        language,
        diagnostics,
        build_ctx,
        node,
        "Timestamp",
        |expression| expression.try_into_timestamp(),
    )
}

pub fn expect_serialize_expression<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    node: &ExpressionNode,
) -> TemplateParseResult<BoxedSerializeProperty<'a>> {
    expect_expression_of_type(
        language,
        diagnostics,
        build_ctx,
        node,
        "Serialize",
        |expression| expression.try_into_serialize(),
    )
}

pub fn expect_template_expression<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    node: &ExpressionNode,
) -> TemplateParseResult<Box<dyn Template + 'a>> {
    expect_expression_of_type(
        language,
        diagnostics,
        build_ctx,
        node,
        "Template",
        |expression| expression.try_into_template(),
    )
}

pub fn expect_any_expression<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    node: &ExpressionNode,
) -> TemplateParseResult<BoxedAnyProperty<'a>> {
    template_parser::catch_aliases(diagnostics, node, |diagnostics, node| {
        Ok(
            Box::new(build_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, node)?)
                as BoxedAnyProperty<'a>,
        )
    })
}

fn expect_expression_of_type<'a, L: TemplateLanguage<'a> + ?Sized, T>(
    language: &L,
    diagnostics: &mut TemplateDiagnostics,
    build_ctx: &BuildContext<L::Property>,
    node: &ExpressionNode,
    expected_type: &str,
    f: impl FnOnce(Expression<L::Property>) -> Option<T>,
) -> TemplateParseResult<T> {
    template_parser::catch_aliases(diagnostics, node, |diagnostics, node| {
        let expression = build_expression(language, diagnostics, build_ctx, node)?;
        let actual_type = expression.type_name();
        f(expression)
            .ok_or_else(|| TemplateParseError::expected_type(expected_type, actual_type, node.span))
    })
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use assert_matches::assert_matches;
    use jj_lib::backend::MillisSinceEpoch;
    use jj_lib::config::StackedConfig;

    use super::*;
    use crate::formatter;
    use crate::formatter::ColorFormatter;
    use crate::generic_templater;
    use crate::generic_templater::GenericTemplateLanguage;

    #[derive(Clone, Debug, serde::Serialize)]
    struct Context;

    type TestTemplateLanguage = GenericTemplateLanguage<'static, Context>;
    type TestTemplatePropertyKind = <TestTemplateLanguage as TemplateLanguage<'static>>::Property;

    generic_templater::impl_self_property_wrapper!(Context);

    /// Helper to set up template evaluation environment.
    struct TestTemplateEnv {
        language: TestTemplateLanguage,
        aliases_map: TemplateAliasesMap,
        color_rules: Vec<(Vec<String>, formatter::Style)>,
    }

    impl TestTemplateEnv {
        fn new() -> Self {
            Self::with_config(StackedConfig::with_defaults())
        }

        fn with_config(config: StackedConfig) -> Self {
            let settings = UserSettings::from_config(config).unwrap();
            Self {
                language: TestTemplateLanguage::new(&settings),
                aliases_map: TemplateAliasesMap::new(),
                color_rules: Vec::new(),
            }
        }
    }

    impl TestTemplateEnv {
        fn add_keyword<F>(&mut self, name: &'static str, build: F)
        where
            F: Fn() -> TestTemplatePropertyKind + 'static,
        {
            self.language.add_keyword(name, move |_| Ok(build()));
        }

        /// Like `add_keyword`, but the value depends on the `self` context
        /// property, making it not statically extractable.
        fn add_dynamic_keyword<O, F>(&mut self, name: &'static str, build: F)
        where
            O: 'static,
            F: Fn() -> O + Clone + 'static,
            TestTemplatePropertyKind: WrapTemplateProperty<'static, O>,
        {
            self.language.add_keyword(name, move |self_property| {
                let build = build.clone();
                Ok(self_property.map(move |_| build()).into_dyn_wrapped())
            });
        }

        fn add_alias(&mut self, decl: impl AsRef<str>, defn: impl Into<String>) {
            self.aliases_map.insert(decl, defn).unwrap();
        }

        fn add_color(&mut self, label: &str, fg: crossterm::style::Color) {
            let labels = label.split_whitespace().map(|s| s.to_owned()).collect();
            let style = formatter::Style {
                fg: Some(fg),
                ..Default::default()
            };
            self.color_rules.push((labels, style));
        }

        fn parse(&self, template: &str) -> TemplateParseResult<TemplateRenderer<'static, Context>> {
            parse(
                &self.language,
                &mut TemplateDiagnostics::new(),
                template,
                &self.aliases_map,
            )
        }

        fn parse_err(&self, template: &str) -> String {
            let err = self
                .parse(template)
                .err()
                .expect("Got unexpected successful template rendering");

            iter::successors(Some(&err as &dyn std::error::Error), |e| e.source()).join("\n")
        }

        fn parse_err_kind(&self, template: &str) -> TemplateParseErrorKind {
            self.parse(template)
                .err()
                .expect("Got unexpected successful template rendering")
                .kind()
                .clone()
        }

        fn render_ok(&self, template: &str) -> BString {
            let template = self.parse(template).unwrap();
            let mut output = Vec::new();
            let mut formatter =
                ColorFormatter::new(&mut output, self.color_rules.clone().into(), false);
            template.format(&Context, &mut formatter).unwrap();
            drop(formatter);
            output.into()
        }

        fn render_plain(&self, template: &str) -> BString {
            let template = self.parse(template).unwrap();
            template.format_plain_text(&Context).into()
        }
    }

    fn literal<'a, O>(value: O) -> TestTemplatePropertyKind
    where
        O: Clone + 'a,
        TestTemplatePropertyKind: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, O>,
    {
        Literal(value).into_dyn_wrapped()
    }

    fn new_error_property<'a, O>(message: &'a str) -> TestTemplatePropertyKind
    where
        TestTemplatePropertyKind: WrapTemplateProperty<'a, O>,
    {
        Literal(())
            .and_then(|()| Err(TemplatePropertyError(message.into())))
            .into_dyn_wrapped()
    }

    fn new_signature(name: &str, email: &str) -> Signature {
        Signature {
            name: name.to_owned(),
            email: email.to_owned(),
            timestamp: new_timestamp(0, 0),
        }
    }

    fn new_timestamp(msec: i64, tz_offset: i32) -> Timestamp {
        Timestamp {
            timestamp: MillisSinceEpoch(msec),
            tz_offset,
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parsed_tree() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("divergent", || literal(false));
        env.add_keyword("empty", || literal(true));
        env.add_keyword("hello", || literal("Hello".to_owned()));

        // Empty
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"  "#), @"");

        // Single term with whitespace
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"  hello.upper()  "#), @"HELLO");

        // Multiple terms
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"  hello.upper()  ++ true "#), @"HELLOtrue");

        // Parenthesized single term
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"(hello.upper())"#), @"HELLO");

        // Parenthesized multiple terms and concatenation
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"(hello.upper() ++ " ") ++ empty"#), @"HELLO true");

        // Parenthesized "if" condition
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"if((divergent), "t", "f")"#), @"f");

        // Parenthesized method chaining
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"(hello).upper()"#), @"HELLO");

        // Multi-line method chaining
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("hello\n  .upper()"), @"HELLO");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_error() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("description", || literal("".to_owned()));
        env.add_keyword("empty", || literal(true));

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"foo bar"#), @"
         --> 1:5
          |
        1 | foo bar
          |     ^---
          |
          = expected <EOI>, `++`, `||`, `&&`, `==`, `!=`, `>=`, `>`, `<=`, `<`, `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, or `%`
        ");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err("1 +"), @"
         --> 1:4
          |
        1 | 1 +
          |    ^---
          |
          = expected `!`, `-`, or <primary>
        ");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err("self.timestamp"), @"
         --> 1:6
          |
        1 | self.timestamp
          |      ^---
          |
          = expected <function>
        ");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"foo"#), @"
         --> 1:1
          |
        1 | foo
          | ^-^
          |
          = Keyword `foo` doesn't exist
        ");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"foo()"#), @"
         --> 1:1
          |
        1 | foo()
          | ^-^
          |
          = Function `foo` doesn't exist
        ");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"false()"#), @"
         --> 1:1
          |
        1 | false()
          | ^---^
          |
          = Expected identifier
        ");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"!foo"#), @"
         --> 1:2
          |
        1 | !foo
          |  ^-^
          |
          = Keyword `foo` doesn't exist
        ");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"true && 123"#), @"
         --> 1:9
          |
        1 | true && 123
          |         ^-^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Boolean`, but actual type is `Integer`
        ");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"true == 1"#), @"
         --> 1:1
          |
        1 | true == 1
          | ^-------^
          |
          = Cannot compare expressions of type `Boolean` and `Integer`
        ");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"true != 'a'"#), @"
         --> 1:1
          |
        1 | true != 'a'
          | ^---------^
          |
          = Cannot compare expressions of type `Boolean` and `String`
        ");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"1 == true"#), @"
         --> 1:1
          |
        1 | 1 == true
          | ^-------^
          |
          = Cannot compare expressions of type `Integer` and `Boolean`
        ");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"1 != 'a'"#), @"
         --> 1:1
          |
        1 | 1 != 'a'
          | ^------^
          |
          = Cannot compare expressions of type `Integer` and `String`
        ");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"'a' == true"#), @"
         --> 1:1
          |
        1 | 'a' == true
          | ^---------^
          |
          = Cannot compare expressions of type `String` and `Boolean`
        ");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"'a' != 1"#), @"
         --> 1:1
          |
        1 | 'a' != 1
          | ^------^
          |
          = Cannot compare expressions of type `String` and `Integer`
        ");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"'a' == label("", "")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:1
          |
        1 | 'a' == label("", "")
          | ^------------------^
          |
          = Cannot compare expressions of type `String` and `Template`
        "#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"'a' > 1"#), @"
         --> 1:1
          |
        1 | 'a' > 1
          | ^-----^
          |
          = Cannot compare expressions of type `String` and `Integer`
        ");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"description.first_line().foo()"#), @"
         --> 1:26
          |
        1 | description.first_line().foo()
          |                          ^-^
          |
          = Method `foo` doesn't exist for type `String`
        ");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"10000000000000000000"#), @"
         --> 1:1
          |
        1 | 10000000000000000000
          | ^------------------^
          |
          = Invalid integer literal
        number too large to fit in target type
        ");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"42.foo()"#), @"
         --> 1:4
          |
        1 | 42.foo()
          |    ^-^
          |
          = Method `foo` doesn't exist for type `Integer`
        ");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"(-empty)"#), @"
         --> 1:3
          |
        1 | (-empty)
          |   ^---^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Integer`, but actual type is `Boolean`
        ");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"("foo" ++ "bar").baz()"#), @r#"
         --> 1:18
          |
        1 | ("foo" ++ "bar").baz()
          |                  ^-^
          |
          = Method `baz` doesn't exist for type `Template`
        "#);

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"description.contains()"#), @"
         --> 1:22
          |
        1 | description.contains()
          |                      ^
          |
          = Function `contains`: Expected 1 arguments
        ");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"description.first_line("foo")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:24
          |
        1 | description.first_line("foo")
          |                        ^---^
          |
          = Function `first_line`: Expected 0 arguments
        "#);

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"label()"#), @"
         --> 1:7
          |
        1 | label()
          |       ^
          |
          = Function `label`: Expected 2 arguments
        ");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"label("foo", "bar", "baz")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:7
          |
        1 | label("foo", "bar", "baz")
          |       ^-----------------^
          |
          = Function `label`: Expected 2 arguments
        "#);

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"if()"#), @"
         --> 1:4
          |
        1 | if()
          |    ^
          |
          = Function `if`: Expected 2 to 3 arguments
        ");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"if("foo", "bar", "baz", "quux")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:4
          |
        1 | if("foo", "bar", "baz", "quux")
          |    ^-------------------------^
          |
          = Function `if`: Expected 2 to 3 arguments
        "#);

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"pad_start("foo", fill_char = "bar", "baz")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:37
          |
        1 | pad_start("foo", fill_char = "bar", "baz")
          |                                     ^---^
          |
          = Function `pad_start`: Positional argument follows keyword argument
        "#);

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"if(label("foo", "bar"), "baz")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:4
          |
        1 | if(label("foo", "bar"), "baz")
          |    ^-----------------^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Boolean`, but actual type is `Template`
        "#);

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"|x| description"#), @"
         --> 1:1
          |
        1 | |x| description
          | ^-------------^
          |
          = Lambda cannot be defined here
        ");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_self_keyword() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("say_hello", || literal("Hello".to_owned()));

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"self.say_hello()"#), @"Hello");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"self"#), @"
         --> 1:1
          |
        1 | self
          | ^--^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Template`, but actual type is `Self`
        ");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_boolean_cast() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();

        env.add_keyword("empty_bstr", || literal(BString::from("")));
        env.add_keyword("nonempty_bstr", || literal(BString::from("a")));
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("if(empty_bstr, true, false)"), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("if(nonempty_bstr, true, false)"), @"true");

        env.add_keyword("empty_bstr_list", || literal::<Vec<BString>>(vec![]));
        env.add_keyword("nonempty_bstr_list", || literal(vec![BString::from("")]));
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("if(empty_bstr_list, true, false)"), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("if(nonempty_bstr_list, true, false)"), @"true");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"if("", true, false)"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"if("a", true, false)"#), @"true");

        env.add_keyword("sl0", || literal::<Vec<String>>(vec![]));
        env.add_keyword("sl1", || literal(vec!["".to_owned()]));
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"if(sl0, true, false)"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"if(sl1, true, false)"#), @"true");

        // No implicit cast of integer
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"if(0, true, false)"#), @"
         --> 1:4
          |
        1 | if(0, true, false)
          |    ^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Boolean`, but actual type is `Integer`
        ");

        // Optional integer can be converted to boolean, and Some(0) is truthy.
        env.add_keyword("none_i64", || literal(None::<i64>));
        env.add_keyword("some_i64", || literal(Some(0)));
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"if(none_i64, true, false)"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"if(some_i64, true, false)"#), @"true");

        // Property errors do not evaluate
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("if(-none_i64 == 1, true, false)"),
            @"<Error: No Integer available>"
        );

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"if(label("", ""), true, false)"#), @r#"
         --> 1:4
          |
        1 | if(label("", ""), true, false)
          |    ^-----------^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Boolean`, but actual type is `Template`
        "#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"if(sl0.map(|x| x), true, false)"#), @"
         --> 1:4
          |
        1 | if(sl0.map(|x| x), true, false)
          |    ^------------^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Boolean`, but actual type is `AnyList`
        ");

        env.add_keyword("empty_email", || literal(Email("".to_owned())));
        env.add_keyword("nonempty_email", || {
            literal(Email("local@domain".to_owned()))
        });
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"if(empty_email, true, false)"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"if(nonempty_email, true, false)"#), @"true");

        // even boolean config values must be extracted
        env.add_keyword("config_bool", || literal(ConfigValue::from(true)));
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err("if(config_bool, true, false)"), @"
         --> 1:4
          |
        1 | if(config_bool, true, false)
          |    ^---------^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Boolean`, but actual type is `ConfigValue`
        ");

        // misc uncastable types
        env.add_keyword("signature", || {
            literal(new_signature("Test User", "test.user@example.com"))
        });
        env.add_keyword("size_hint", || literal((5, None)));
        env.add_keyword("timestamp", || literal(new_timestamp(0, 0)));
        env.add_keyword("timestamp_range", || {
            literal(TimestampRange {
                start: new_timestamp(0, 0),
                end: new_timestamp(0, 0),
            })
        });
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("if(signature, true, false)"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("if(size_hint, true, false)"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("if(timestamp, true, false)"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("if(timestamp_range, true, false)"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("if(if(true, true), true, false)"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("if(sl0.map(|s| s), true, false)"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_arithmetic_operation() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("none_i64", || literal(None::<i64>));
        env.add_keyword("some_i64", || literal(Some(1)));
        env.add_keyword("i64_min", || literal(i64::MIN));
        env.add_keyword("i64_max", || literal(i64::MAX));

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"-1"#), @"-1");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"--2"#), @"2");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"-(3)"#), @"-3");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"1 + 2"#), @"3");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"2 * 3"#), @"6");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"1 + 2 * 3"#), @"7");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"4 / 2"#), @"2");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"5 / 2"#), @"2");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"5 % 2"#), @"1");

        // Since methods of the contained value can be invoked, it makes sense
        // to apply operators to optional integers as well.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"-none_i64"#), @"<Error: No Integer available>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"-some_i64"#), @"-1");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"some_i64 + some_i64"#), @"2");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"some_i64 + none_i64"#), @"<Error: No Integer available>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"none_i64 + some_i64"#), @"<Error: No Integer available>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"none_i64 + none_i64"#), @"<Error: No Integer available>");

        // No panic on integer overflow.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"-i64_min"#),
            @"<Error: Attempt to negate with overflow>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"i64_max + 1"#),
            @"<Error: Attempt to add with overflow>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"i64_min - 1"#),
            @"<Error: Attempt to subtract with overflow>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"i64_max * 2"#),
            @"<Error: Attempt to multiply with overflow>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"i64_min / -1"#),
            @"<Error: Attempt to divide with overflow>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"1 / 0"#),
            @"<Error: Attempt to divide by zero>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("i64_min % -1"),
            @"<Error: Attempt to divide with overflow>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"1 % 0"#),
            @"<Error: Attempt to divide by zero>");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_relational_operation() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("none_i64", || literal(None::<i64>));
        env.add_keyword("some_i64_0", || literal(Some(0_i64)));
        env.add_keyword("some_i64_1", || literal(Some(1_i64)));

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"1 >= 1"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"0 >= 1"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"2 > 1"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"1 > 1"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"1 <= 1"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"2 <= 1"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"0 < 1"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"1 < 1"#), @"false");

        // none < some
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"none_i64 < some_i64_0"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"some_i64_0 > some_i64_1"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"none_i64 < 0"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"1 > some_i64_0"#), @"true");

        // invalid comparisons
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("42 >= true"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("none_i64 >= true"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );

        // un-comparable types
        env.add_keyword("str_list", || {
            literal(vec!["foo".to_owned(), "bar".to_owned()])
        });
        env.add_keyword("cfg_val", || {
            literal(ConfigValue::from_iter([("foo", "bar")]))
        });
        env.add_keyword("some_cfg", || literal(Some(ConfigValue::from(1))));
        env.add_keyword("signature", || {
            literal(new_signature("User", "user@example.com"))
        });
        env.add_keyword("email", || literal(Email("me@example.com".to_owned())));
        env.add_keyword("size_hint", || literal((10, None)));
        env.add_keyword("timestamp", || literal(new_timestamp(0, 0)));
        env.add_keyword("timestamp_range", || {
            literal(TimestampRange {
                start: new_timestamp(0, 0),
                end: new_timestamp(0, 0),
            })
        });
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("'a' >= 'a'"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("str_list >= str_list"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("true >= true"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("cfg_val >= cfg_val"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("some_cfg >= some_cfg"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("signature >= signature"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("email >= email"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("size_hint >= size_hint"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("timestamp >= timestamp"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("timestamp_range >= timestamp_range"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("label('', '') >= label('', '')"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("if(true, true) >= if(true, true)"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("str_list.map(|s| s) >= str_list.map(|s| s)"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_logical_operation() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("none_i64", || literal::<Option<i64>>(None));
        env.add_keyword("some_i64_0", || literal(Some(0_i64)));
        env.add_keyword("some_i64_1", || literal(Some(1_i64)));
        env.add_keyword("bstr1", || literal(BString::from("1")));
        env.add_keyword("bstr2", || literal(BString::from("2")));
        env.add_keyword("email1", || literal(Email("local-1@domain".to_owned())));
        env.add_keyword("email2", || literal(Email("local-2@domain".to_owned())));

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"!false"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"false || !false"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"false && true"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"true == true"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"true == false"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"true != true"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"true != false"#), @"true");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"1 == 1"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"1 == 2"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"1 != 1"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"1 != 2"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"none_i64 == none_i64"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"some_i64_0 != some_i64_0"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"none_i64 == 0"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"some_i64_0 != 0"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"1 == some_i64_1"#), @"true");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("bstr1 == bstr1"), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("bstr1 == bstr2"), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("bstr1 == '1'"), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("'2' != bstr2"), @"false");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"'a' == 'a'"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"'a' == 'b'"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"'a' != 'a'"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"'a' != 'b'"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"email1 == email1"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"email1 == email2"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"email1 == 'local-1@domain'"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"email1 != 'local-2@domain'"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"'local-1@domain' == email1"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"'local-2@domain' != email1"#), @"true");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#" !"" "#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#" "" || "a".lines() "#), @"true");

        // Short-circuiting
        env.add_keyword("bad_bool", || new_error_property::<bool>("Bad"));
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"false && bad_bool"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"true && bad_bool"#), @"<Error: Bad>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"false || bad_bool"#), @"<Error: Bad>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"true || bad_bool"#), @"true");

        // Invalid comparisons
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("some_i64_0 == '0'"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("email1 == 42"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );

        // Un-comparable types
        env.add_keyword("str_list", || {
            literal(vec!["foo".to_owned(), "bar".to_owned()])
        });
        env.add_keyword("cfg_val", || {
            literal(ConfigValue::from_iter([("foo", "bar")]))
        });
        env.add_keyword("some_cfg", || literal(Some(ConfigValue::from(true))));
        env.add_keyword("signature", || {
            literal(new_signature("User", "user@example.com"))
        });
        env.add_keyword("size_hint", || literal((10, None)));
        env.add_keyword("timestamp", || literal(new_timestamp(0, 0)));
        env.add_keyword("timestamp_range", || {
            literal(TimestampRange {
                start: new_timestamp(0, 0),
                end: new_timestamp(0, 0),
            })
        });
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("str_list == str_list"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("cfg_val == cfg_val"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("some_cfg == some_cfg"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("signature == signature"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("size_hint == size_hint"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("timestamp == timestamp"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("timestamp_range == timestamp_range"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("label('', '') == label('', '')"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("if(true, true) == if(true, true)"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("str_list.map(|s| s) == str_list.map(|s| s)"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_list_method() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("empty", || literal(true));
        env.add_keyword("sep", || literal("sep".to_owned()));

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""".lines().len()"#), @"0");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().len()"#), @"3");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""".lines().join("|")"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().join("|")"#), @"a|b|c");
        // Null separator
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().join("\0")"#), @"a\0b\0c");
        // Keyword as separator
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().join(sep.upper())"#),
            @"aSEPbSEPc");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""a\nbb\nc".lines().filter(|s| s.len() == 1)"#),
            @"a c");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().map(|s| s ++ s)"#),
            @"aa bb cc");

        // Test any() method
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().any(|s| s == "b")"#),
            @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().any(|s| s == "d")"#),
            @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""".lines().any(|s| s == "a")"#),
            @"false");
        // any() with more complex predicate
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""ax\nbb\nc".lines().any(|s| s.contains("x"))"#),
            @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""a\nbb\nc".lines().any(|s| s.len() > 1)"#),
            @"true");

        // Test all() method
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().all(|s| s.len() == 1)"#),
            @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""a\nbb\nc".lines().all(|s| s.len() == 1)"#),
            @"false");
        // Empty list returns true for all()
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""".lines().all(|s| s == "a")"#),
            @"true");
        // all() with more complex predicate
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""ax\nbx\ncx".lines().all(|s| s.ends_with("x"))"#),
            @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""a\nbb\nc".lines().all(|s| s.len() < 3)"#),
            @"true");

        // Combining any/all with filter
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""a\nbb\nccc".lines().filter(|s| s.len() > 1).any(|s| s == "bb")"#),
            @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""a\nbb\nccc".lines().filter(|s| s.len() > 1).all(|s| s.len() >= 2)"#),
            @"true");

        // Nested any/all operations
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"if("a\nb".lines().any(|s| s == "a"), "found", "not found")"#),
            @"found");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"if("a\nb".lines().all(|s| s.len() == 1), "all single", "not all")"#),
            @"all single");

        // Global keyword in item template
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().map(|s| s ++ empty)"#),
            @"atrue btrue ctrue");
        // Global keyword in item template shadowing 'self'
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().map(|self| self ++ empty)"#),
            @"atrue btrue ctrue");
        // Override global keyword 'empty'
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().map(|empty| empty)"#),
            @"a b c");
        // Nested map operations
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().map(|s| "x\ny".lines().map(|t| s ++ t))"#),
            @"ax ay bx by cx cy");
        // Nested map/join operations
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().map(|s| "x\ny".lines().map(|t| s ++ t).join(",")).join(";")"#),
            @"ax,ay;bx,by;cx,cy");
        // Nested string operations
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""!  a\n!b\nc\n   end".remove_suffix("end").trim_end().lines().map(|s| s.remove_prefix("!").trim_start())"#),
            @"a b c");

        // Lambda expression in alias
        env.add_alias("identity", "|x| x");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().map(identity)"#), @"a b c");

        // Not a lambda expression
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#""a".lines().map(empty)"#), @r#"
         --> 1:17
          |
        1 | "a".lines().map(empty)
          |                 ^---^
          |
          = Expected lambda expression
        "#);
        // Bad lambda parameter count
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#""a".lines().map(|| "")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:18
          |
        1 | "a".lines().map(|| "")
          |                  ^
          |
          = Expected 1 lambda parameters
        "#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#""a".lines().map(|a, b| "")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:18
          |
        1 | "a".lines().map(|a, b| "")
          |                  ^--^
          |
          = Expected 1 lambda parameters
        "#);
        // Bad lambda output
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#""a".lines().filter(|s| s ++ "\n")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:24
          |
        1 | "a".lines().filter(|s| s ++ "\n")
          |                        ^-------^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Boolean`, but actual type is `Template`
        "#);

        // Error in any() and all()
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#""a".lines().any(|s| s.len())"#), @r#"
         --> 1:21
          |
        1 | "a".lines().any(|s| s.len())
          |                     ^-----^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Boolean`, but actual type is `Integer`
        "#);
        // Bad lambda output for all()
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#""a".lines().all(|s| s ++ "x")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:21
          |
        1 | "a".lines().all(|s| s ++ "x")
          |                     ^------^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Boolean`, but actual type is `Template`
        "#);
        // Wrong parameter count for any()
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#""a".lines().any(|| true)"#), @r#"
         --> 1:18
          |
        1 | "a".lines().any(|| true)
          |                  ^
          |
          = Expected 1 lambda parameters
        "#);
        // Wrong parameter count for all()
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#""a".lines().all(|a, b| true)"#), @r#"
         --> 1:18
          |
        1 | "a".lines().all(|a, b| true)
          |                  ^--^
          |
          = Expected 1 lambda parameters
        "#);
        // Error in lambda expression
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#""a".lines().map(|s| s.unknown())"#), @r#"
         --> 1:23
          |
        1 | "a".lines().map(|s| s.unknown())
          |                       ^-----^
          |
          = Method `unknown` doesn't exist for type `String`
        "#);
        // Error in lambda alias
        env.add_alias("too_many_params", "|x, y| x");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#""a".lines().map(too_many_params)"#), @r#"
         --> 1:17
          |
        1 | "a".lines().map(too_many_params)
          |                 ^-------------^
          |
          = In alias `too_many_params`
         --> 1:2
          |
        1 | |x, y| x
          |  ^--^
          |
          = Expected 1 lambda parameters
        "#);

        // List.first()
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().first()"#), @"a");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""".lines().first()"#), @"<Error: List is empty>");

        // List.last()
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().last()"#), @"c");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""".lines().last()"#), @"<Error: List is empty>");

        // List.get(index)
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().get(0)"#), @"a");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().get(1)"#), @"b");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().get(2)"#), @"c");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().get(3)"#), @"<Error: Index 3 out of bounds>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""".lines().get(0)"#), @"<Error: Index 0 out of bounds>");

        // List.reverse()
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().reverse().join("|")"#), @"c|b|a");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""".lines().reverse().join("|")"#), @"");

        // List.skip(count)
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().skip(0).join("|")"#), @"a|b|c");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().skip(1).join("|")"#), @"b|c");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().skip(2).join("|")"#), @"c");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().skip(3).join("|")"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().skip(10).join("|")"#), @"");

        // List.take(count)
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().take(0).join("|")"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().take(1).join("|")"#), @"a");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().take(2).join("|")"#), @"a|b");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().take(3).join("|")"#), @"a|b|c");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc".lines().take(10).join("|")"#), @"a|b|c");

        // Combining skip and take
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc\nd".lines().skip(1).take(2).join("|")"#), @"b|c");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_byte_string_method() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("empty", || literal(BString::from("")));
        env.add_keyword("foo", || literal(BString::from("foo")));
        env.add_keyword("bar", || literal(BString::from("bar")));
        env.add_keyword("foobar", || literal(BString::from("foobar")));
        env.add_keyword("foo_ws", || literal(BString::from(" \n \r foo \t \r ")));
        env.add_keyword("foo_bar_nl", || literal(BString::from("foo\nbar\n")));
        env.add_keyword("foo_bar_case", || literal(BString::from("foo BAR")));
        env.add_keyword("odd", || literal(BString::from(b"\x80")));
        env.add_keyword("odd_ws", || literal(BString::from(b" \x80 ")));
        env.add_keyword("odd_case", || literal(BString::from(b"A\x80z")));

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("empty.len()"), @"0");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foo.len()"), @"3");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("odd.len()"), @"1");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foobar.contains(foo)"), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foo.contains(foobar)"), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foo.contains('foo')"), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("odd_case.contains(odd)"), @"true");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foobar.match(regex:'[a-f]o+')"), @"foo");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foobar.match(regex:'^$')"), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(odd.match(regex:'(?-u:.)'))"), @"[128]");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foobar.starts_with(foo)"), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foobar.starts_with(bar)"), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foobar.starts_with('foo')"), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foobar.ends_with(foo)"), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foobar.ends_with(bar)"), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foobar.ends_with('foo')"), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("odd_case.starts_with('A' ++ odd)"), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("odd_case.ends_with(odd ++ 'z')"), @"true");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foobar.remove_prefix(foo)"), @"bar");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foobar.remove_prefix(bar)"), @"foobar");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foobar.remove_prefix('foo')"), @"bar");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foobar.remove_suffix(foo)"), @"foobar");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foobar.remove_suffix(bar)"), @"foo");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foobar.remove_suffix('foo')"), @"foobar");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(odd_case.remove_prefix('A'))"), @"[128,122]");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(odd_case.remove_prefix('A' ++ odd))"), @"[122]");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(odd_case.remove_suffix('z'))"), @"[65,128]");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(odd_case.remove_suffix(odd ++ 'z'))"), @"[65]");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("'|' ++ foo_ws.trim() ++ '|'"), @"|foo|");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("'|' ++ foo_ws.trim_start() ++ '|'"), @"|foo \t \r |");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("'|' ++ foo_ws.trim_end() ++ '|'"), @"| \n \r foo|");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(odd_ws.trim())"), @"[128]");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(odd_ws.trim_start())"), @"[128,32]");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(odd_ws.trim_end())"), @"[32,128]");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("bar.substr(0)"), @"bar");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("bar.substr(1)"), @"ar");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("bar.substr(2)"), @"r");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("bar.substr(3)"), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("bar.substr(4)"), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("bar.substr(-1)"), @"r");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("bar.substr(-2)"), @"ar");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("bar.substr(-3)"), @"bar");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("bar.substr(-4)"), @"bar");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("bar.substr(1, 0)"), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("bar.substr(1, 2)"), @"a");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("bar.substr(1, -1)"), @"a");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("bar.substr(2, -1)"), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("bar.substr(4, -4)"), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(odd_case.substr(1, 2))"), @"[128]");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("'|' ++ empty.first_line() ++ '|'"), @"||");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("'|' ++ foo_bar_nl.first_line() ++ '|'"), @"|foo|");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("empty.lines().len()"), @"0");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foo_bar_nl.lines()"), @"foo bar");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(odd.first_line())"), @"[128]");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(odd.lines())"), @"[[128]]");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("empty.split(' ').join(',')"), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foo_bar_case.split(' ').join(',')"), @"foo,BAR");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foo_bar_case.split(' ', 0).join(',')"), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foo_bar_case.split(' ', 1).join(',')"), @"foo BAR");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foo_bar_case.split(' ', 2).join(',')"), @"foo,BAR");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("json(odd_case.split(regex:'(?-u)[^Az]'))"), @"[[65],[122]]");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(odd_case.split(regex:'A'))"), @"[[],[128,122]]");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foo.replace('o', '*')"), @"f**");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foo.replace('o', '*', 0)"), @"foo");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foo.replace('o', '*', 1)"), @"f*o");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foo.replace('o', '*', 2)"), @"f**");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("bar.replace(regex:'b(a)', '$0$1')"), @"baar");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(foo.replace('o', odd))"), @"[102,128,128]");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("json(odd_case.replace(regex:'(?-u)[^Az]', ' '))"), @"[65,32,122]");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("json(odd_case.replace(regex:'A', ' '))"), @"[32,128,122]");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foo_bar_case.upper()"), @"FOO BAR");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("foo_bar_case.lower()"), @"foo bar");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(odd_case.upper())"), @"[65,128,90]");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(odd_case.lower())"), @"[97,128,122]");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_method() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("description", || literal("description 1".to_owned()));
        env.add_keyword("bad_string", || new_error_property::<String>("Bad"));

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""".len()"#), @"0");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foo".len()"#), @"3");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""💩".len()"#), @"4");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""fooo".contains("foo")"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foo".contains("fooo")"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"description.contains("description")"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""description 123".contains(description.first_line())"#),
            @"true");

        // String patterns are not stringifiable
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#""fa".starts_with(regex:'[a-f]o+')"#), @r#"
         --> 1:18
          |
        1 | "fa".starts_with(regex:'[a-f]o+')
          |                  ^-------------^
          |
          = String patterns may not be used as expression values
        "#);

        // inner template error should propagate
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foo".contains(bad_string)"#), @"<Error: Bad>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""foo".contains("f" ++ bad_string) ++ "bar""#), @"<Error: Bad>bar");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""foo".contains(separate("o", "f", bad_string))"#), @"<Error: Bad>");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""fooo".match(regex:'[a-f]o+')"#), @"fooo");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""fa".match(regex:'[a-f]o+')"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""hello".match(regex:"h(ell)o")"#), @"hello");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""HEllo".match(regex-i:"h(ell)o")"#), @"HEllo");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""hEllo".match(glob:"h*o")"#), @"hEllo");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""Hello".match(glob:"h*o")"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""HEllo".match(glob-i:"h*o")"#), @"HEllo");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""hello".match("he")"#), @"he");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""hello".match(substring:"he")"#), @"he");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""hello".match(exact:"he")"#), @"");

        // Evil regexes can cause invalid UTF-8 output, which nothing can
        // really be done about given we're matching against non-UTF-8 stuff a
        // lot as well.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""🥺".match(regex:'(?-u)^(?:.)')"#), @"<Error: incomplete utf-8 byte sequence from index 0>");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#""hello".match(false)"#), @r#"
         --> 1:15
          |
        1 | "hello".match(false)
          |               ^---^
          |
          = Expected string pattern
        "#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#""🥺".match(not-a-pattern:"abc")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:11
          |
        1 | "🥺".match(not-a-pattern:"abc")
          |           ^-----------------^
          |
          = Bad string pattern
        Invalid string pattern kind `not-a-pattern:`
        "#);

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""".first_line()"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foo\nbar".first_line()"#), @"foo");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""".lines()"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a\nb\nc\n".lines()"#), @"a b c");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""".split(",")"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a,b,c".split(",")"#), @"a b c");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a::b::c::d".split("::")"#), @"a b c d");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a,b,c,d".split(",", 0)"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a,b,c,d".split(",", 2)"#), @"a b,c,d");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a,b,c,d".split(",", 3)"#), @"a b c,d");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a,b,c,d".split(",", 10)"#), @"a b c d");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc".split(",", -1)"#), @"<Error: out of range integral type conversion attempted>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"json("a1b2c3".split(regex:'\d+'))"#), @r#"["a","b","c",""]"#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foo  bar   baz".split(regex:'\s+')"#), @"foo bar baz");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""a1b2c3d4".split(regex:'\d+', 3)"#), @"a b c3d4");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"json("hello world".split(regex-i:"WORLD"))"#), @r#"["hello ",""]"#);

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("''.upper()"), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("'ABCabc 123!@#'.upper()"), @"ABCABC 123!@#");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("''.lower()"), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("'ABCabc 123!@#'.lower()"), @"abcabc 123!@#");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""".starts_with("")"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""everything".starts_with("")"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""".starts_with("foo")"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foo".starts_with("foo")"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foobar".starts_with("foo")"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foobar".starts_with("bar")"#), @"false");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""".ends_with("")"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""everything".ends_with("")"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""".ends_with("foo")"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foo".ends_with("foo")"#), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foobar".ends_with("foo")"#), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foobar".ends_with("bar")"#), @"true");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""".remove_prefix("wip: ")"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""wip: testing".remove_prefix("wip: ")"#),
            @"testing");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""bar@my.example.com".remove_suffix("@other.example.com")"#),
            @"bar@my.example.com");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""bar@other.example.com".remove_suffix("@other.example.com")"#),
            @"bar");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"" \n \r    \t \r ".trim()"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"" \n \r foo  bar \t \r ".trim()"#), @"foo  bar");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"" \n \r    \t \r ".trim_start()"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"" \n \r foo  bar \t \r ".trim_start()"#), @"foo  bar");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"" \n \r    \t \r ".trim_end()"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"" \n \r foo  bar \t \r ".trim_end()"#), @"\n\r foo  bar");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foo".substr(0, 0)"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foo".substr(0, 1)"#), @"f");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foo".substr(0, 3)"#), @"foo");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foo".substr(0, 4)"#), @"foo");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foo".substr(1, 3)"#), @"oo");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foo".substr(1)"#), @"oo");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foo".substr(0)"#), @"foo");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abcdef".substr(2, -1)"#), @"cde");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abcdef".substr(-3, 99)"#), @"def");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abcdef".substr(-3)"#), @"def");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abcdef".substr(-6, 99)"#), @"abcdef");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abcdef".substr(-7, 1)"#), @"a");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abcdef".substr(-100)"#), @"abcdef");

        // non-ascii characters
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(2, -1)"#), @"c💩");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(3, -3)"#), @"💩");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(3, -4)"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(6, -3)"#), @"💩");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(7, -3)"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(3, 4)"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(3, 6)"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(3, 7)"#), @"💩");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(-1, 7)"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(-3, 7)"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(-4, 7)"#), @"💩");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(0)"#), @"abc💩");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(1)"#), @"bc💩");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(3)"#), @"💩");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(4)"#), @"💩");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(-5)"#), @"c💩");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(-4)"#), @"💩");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(-3)"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(-2)"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc💩".substr(-1)"#), @"");

        // ranges with end > start are empty
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abcdef".substr(4, 2)"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abcdef".substr(-2, -4)"#), @"");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""hello".escape_json()"#), @r#""hello""#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""he \n ll \n \" o".escape_json()"#), @r#""he \n ll \n \" o""#);

        // simple substring replacement
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""hello world".replace("world", "jj")"#), @"hello jj");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""hello world world".replace("world", "jj")"#), @"hello jj jj");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""hello".replace("missing", "jj")"#), @"hello");

        // replace with limit >=0
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""hello world world".replace("world", "jj", 0)"#), @"hello world world");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""hello world world".replace("world", "jj", 1)"#), @"hello jj world");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""hello world world world".replace("world", "jj", 2)"#), @"hello jj jj world");

        // replace with limit <0 (error due to negative limit)
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""hello world world".replace("world", "jj", -1)"#), @"<Error: out of range integral type conversion attempted>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""hello world world".replace("world", "jj", -5)"#), @"<Error: out of range integral type conversion attempted>");

        // replace with regex patterns
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""hello123world456".replace(regex:'\d+', "X")"#), @"helloXworldX");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""hello123world456".replace(regex:'\d+', "X", 1)"#), @"helloXworld456");

        // replace with regex patterns (capture groups)
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""HELLO    WORLD".replace(regex-i:"(hello) +(world)", "$2 $1")"#), @"WORLD HELLO");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""abc123".replace(regex:"([a-z]+)([0-9]+)", "$2-$1")"#), @"123-abc");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""foo123bar".replace(regex:'\d+', "[$0]")"#), @"foo[123]bar");

        // replace with regex patterns (case insensitive)
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""Hello World".replace(regex-i:"hello", "hi")"#), @"hi World");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""Hello World Hello".replace(regex-i:"hello", "hi")"#), @"hi World hi");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""Hello World Hello".replace(regex-i:"hello", "hi", 1)"#), @"hi World Hello");

        // replace with strings that look regex-y ($n patterns are always expanded)
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"'hello\d+world'.replace('\d+', "X")"#), @"helloXworld");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""(foo)($1)bar".replace("$1", "$2")"#), @"(foo)()bar");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""test(abc)end".replace("(abc)", "X")"#), @"testXend");

        // replace with templates
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""hello world".replace("world", description.first_line())"#), @"hello description 1");

        // replace with error
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""hello world".replace("world", bad_string)"#), @"<Error: Bad>");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_config_value_method() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("boolean", || literal(ConfigValue::from(true)));
        env.add_keyword("integer", || literal(ConfigValue::from(42)));
        env.add_keyword("string", || literal(ConfigValue::from("foo")));
        env.add_keyword("string_list", || {
            literal(ConfigValue::from_iter(["foo", "bar"]))
        });

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("boolean"), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("integer"), @"42");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("string"), @r#""foo""#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("string_list"), @r#"["foo", "bar"]"#);

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("boolean.as_boolean()"), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("integer.as_integer()"), @"42");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("string.as_string()"), @"foo");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("string_list.as_string_list()"), @"foo bar");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("boolean.as_integer()"),
            @"<Error: invalid type: boolean `true`, expected i64>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("integer.as_string()"),
            @"<Error: invalid type: integer `42`, expected a string>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("string.as_string_list()"),
            @r#"<Error: invalid type: string "foo", expected a sequence>"#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("string_list.as_boolean()"),
            @"<Error: invalid type: sequence, expected a boolean>");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_signature_and_email_methods() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();

        env.add_keyword("author", || {
            literal(new_signature("Test User", "test.user@example.com"))
        });
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author"#), @"Test User <test.user@example.com>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author.name()"#), @"Test User");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author.email()"#), @"test.user@example.com");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("author.email().local()"), @"test.user");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("author.email().domain()"), @"example.com");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("author.timestamp()"), @"1970-01-01 00:00:00.000 +00:00");

        env.add_keyword("author", || {
            literal(new_signature("Another Test User", "test.user@example.com"))
        });
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author"#), @"Another Test User <test.user@example.com>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author.name()"#), @"Another Test User");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author.email()"#), @"test.user@example.com");

        env.add_keyword("author", || {
            literal(new_signature("Test User", "test.user@invalid@example.com"))
        });
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author"#), @"Test User <test.user@invalid@example.com>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author.name()"#), @"Test User");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author.email()"#), @"test.user@invalid@example.com");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("author.email().local()"), @"test.user");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("author.email().domain()"), @"invalid@example.com");

        env.add_keyword("author", || {
            literal(new_signature("Test User", "test.user"))
        });
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author"#), @"Test User <test.user>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author.email()"#), @"test.user");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("author.email().local()"), @"test.user");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("author.email().domain()"), @"");

        env.add_keyword("author", || {
            literal(new_signature("Test User", "test.user+tag@example.com"))
        });
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author"#), @"Test User <test.user+tag@example.com>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author.email()"#), @"test.user+tag@example.com");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("author.email().local()"), @"test.user+tag");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("author.email().domain()"), @"example.com");

        env.add_keyword("author", || literal(new_signature("Test User", "x@y")));
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author"#), @"Test User <x@y>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author.email()"#), @"x@y");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("author.email().local()"), @"x");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("author.email().domain()"), @"y");

        env.add_keyword("author", || {
            literal(new_signature("", "test.user@example.com"))
        });
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author"#), @"<test.user@example.com>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author.name()"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author.email()"#), @"test.user@example.com");

        env.add_keyword("author", || literal(new_signature("Test User", "")));
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author"#), @"Test User");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author.name()"#), @"Test User");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author.email()"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("author.email().local()"), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("author.email().domain()"), @"");

        env.add_keyword("author", || literal(new_signature("", "")));
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author.name()"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"author.email()"#), @"");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_size_hint_method() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();

        env.add_keyword("unbounded", || literal((5, None)));
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"unbounded.lower()"#), @"5");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"unbounded.upper()"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"unbounded.exact()"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"unbounded.zero()"#), @"false");

        env.add_keyword("bounded", || literal((0, Some(10))));
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"bounded.lower()"#), @"0");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"bounded.upper()"#), @"10");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"bounded.exact()"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"bounded.zero()"#), @"false");

        env.add_keyword("zero", || literal((0, Some(0))));
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"zero.lower()"#), @"0");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"zero.upper()"#), @"0");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"zero.exact()"#), @"0");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"zero.zero()"#), @"true");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_timestamp_method() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("now", || literal(Timestamp::now()));
        env.add_keyword("t0", || literal(new_timestamp(0, 0)));
        env.add_keyword("t0_plus1", || literal(new_timestamp(0, 60)));
        env.add_keyword("tmax", || literal(new_timestamp(i64::MAX, 0)));

        // Unformattable timestamp
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("tmax"),
            @"<Error: Out-of-range date>");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"t0.format("%Y%m%d %H:%M:%S")"#),
            @"19700101 00:00:00");

        // Invalid format string
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"t0.format("%_")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:11
          |
        1 | t0.format("%_")
          |           ^--^
          |
          = Invalid time format
        "#);

        // Dynamic format string
        env.add_dynamic_keyword("good_dyn_format", || "%Y%m".to_owned());
        env.add_dynamic_keyword("bad_dyn_format", || "%_".to_owned());
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("t0.format(good_dyn_format)"), @"197001");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("t0.format(bad_dyn_format)"),
            @"<Error: Invalid time format: %_>");

        // Literal alias expansion
        env.add_alias("time_format", r#""%Y-%m-%d""#);
        env.add_alias("bad_time_format", r#""%_""#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"t0.format(time_format)"#), @"1970-01-01");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"t0.format(bad_time_format)"#), @r#"
         --> 1:11
          |
        1 | t0.format(bad_time_format)
          |           ^-------------^
          |
          = In alias `bad_time_format`
         --> 1:1
          |
        1 | "%_"
          | ^--^
          |
          = Invalid time format
        "#);

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("t0_plus1.utc()"), @"1970-01-01 00:00:00.000 +00:00");

        // TODO: exercise ago() and local() deterministically
        // Just make sure these methods work for now
        assert!(!env.render_ok("now.ago()").is_empty());
        assert!(!env.render_ok("now.local()").is_empty());

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("t0.after('1969')"), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("t0.before('1969')"), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("t0.after('now')"), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("t0.before('now')"), @"true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err("t0.before('invalid')"), @"
         --> 1:11
          |
        1 | t0.before('invalid')
          |           ^-------^
          |
          = Invalid date pattern
        expected unsupported identifier as position 0..7
        ");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err("t0.before('invalid')"), @"
         --> 1:11
          |
        1 | t0.before('invalid')
          |           ^-------^
          |
          = Invalid date pattern
        expected unsupported identifier as position 0..7
        ");

        // Can only compare timestamps against string literals
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err("t0.after(t0)"), @"
         --> 1:10
          |
        1 | t0.after(t0)
          |          ^^
          |
          = Expected string literal
        ");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err("t0.before(t0)"), @"
         --> 1:11
          |
        1 | t0.before(t0)
          |           ^^
          |
          = Expected string literal
        ");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("t0.since(t0_plus1)"), @"1970-01-01 01:00:00.000 +01:00 - 1970-01-01 00:00:00.000 +00:00");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("t0_plus1.since(t0)"), @"1970-01-01 00:00:00.000 +00:00 - 1970-01-01 01:00:00.000 +01:00");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err("t0.since(false)"), @"
         --> 1:10
          |
        1 | t0.since(false)
          |          ^---^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Timestamp`, but actual type is `Boolean`
        ");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_timestamp_range_method() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("instant", || {
            literal(TimestampRange {
                start: new_timestamp(0, 0),
                end: new_timestamp(0, 0),
            })
        });
        env.add_keyword("one_msec", || {
            literal(TimestampRange {
                start: new_timestamp(0, 0),
                end: new_timestamp(1, -60),
            })
        });

        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("instant.start().format('%Y%m%d %H:%M:%S %Z')"),
            @"19700101 00:00:00 +00:00");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("one_msec.end().format('%Y%m%d %H:%M:%S %Z')"),
            @"19691231 23:00:00 -01:00");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("instant.duration()"), @"less than a microsecond");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("one_msec.duration()"), @"1 millisecond");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_fill_function() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_color("error", crossterm::style::Color::DarkRed);

        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"fill(20, "The quick fox jumps over the " ++
                                  label("error", "lazy") ++ " dog\n")"#),
            @"
        The quick fox jumps
        over the lazy dog
        ");

        // A low value will not chop words, but can chop a label by words
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"fill(9, "Longlonglongword an some short words " ++
                                  label("error", "longlonglongword and short words") ++
                                  " back out\n")"#),
            @"
        Longlonglongword
        an some
        short
        words
        longlonglongword
        and short
        words
        back out
        ");

        // Filling to 0 means breaking at every word
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"fill(0, "The quick fox jumps over the " ++
                                  label("error", "lazy") ++ " dog\n")"#),
            @"
        The
        quick
        fox
        jumps
        over
        the
        lazy
        dog
        ");

        // Filling to -0 is the same as 0
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"fill(-0, "The quick fox jumps over the " ++
                                  label("error", "lazy") ++ " dog\n")"#),
            @"
        The
        quick
        fox
        jumps
        over
        the
        lazy
        dog
        ");

        // Filling to negative width is an error
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"fill(-10, "The quick fox jumps over the " ++
                                  label("error", "lazy") ++ " dog\n")"#),
            @"<Error: out of range integral type conversion attempted>");

        // Word-wrap, then indent
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""START marker to help insta\n" ++
                             indent("    ", fill(20, "The quick fox jumps over the " ++
                                                 label("error", "lazy") ++ " dog\n"))"#),
            @"
        START marker to help insta
            The quick fox jumps
            over the lazy dog
        ");

        // Word-wrap indented (no special handling for leading spaces)
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""START marker to help insta\n" ++
                             fill(20, indent("    ", "The quick fox jumps over the " ++
                                             label("error", "lazy") ++ " dog\n"))"#),
            @"
        START marker to help insta
            The quick fox
        jumps over the lazy
        dog
        ");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_replace_function() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_color("error", crossterm::style::Color::DarkRed);
        env.add_color("warning", crossterm::style::Color::DarkYellow);

        // Can replace a single match.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"replace("Hi", label("error", "Hi world"), |_| "Hello")"#),
            @"Hello world");

        // Can replace multiple matches.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"replace("Hi", label("error", "Hi Hi world"), |_| "Hello")"#),
            @"Hello Hello world");

        // Text passed to the replacement function does not have its formatting
        // preserved.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"replace("ello w",
                                     label("error", "Hello") ++ " " ++ label("warning", "world"),
                                     |c| c.get(0).upper())"#),
            @"HELLO World");

        // Access capture groups by index.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"replace(regex-i:"(ello) (w)",
                                     label("error", "HELLO") ++ " " ++ label("warning", "world"),
                                     |c| c.get(1).lower() ++ " " ++ c.get(2).upper())"#),
            @"Hello World");

        // Access capture groups by name.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"replace(regex-i:'(?P<h>ello) (?P<w>w)',
                                     label("error", "HELLO") ++ " " ++ label("warning", "world"),
                                     |c| c.name("h").lower() ++ " " ++ c.name("w").upper())"#),
            @"Hello World");

        // Access optional capture groups by index.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"replace(regex-i:"(hello) (b)?",
                                     label("error", "HELLO") ++ " " ++ label("warning", "world"),
                                     |c| c.get(1).lower() ++ " " ++ c.get(2).upper())"#),
            @"hello world");

        // Access optional capture groups by name.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"replace(regex-i:'(?P<h>ello) (?P<b>b)',
                                     label("error", "HELLO") ++ " " ++ label("warning", "world"),
                                     |c| c.name("h").lower() ++ " " ++ c.name("b").upper())"#),
            @"HELLO world");

        // .len() indicates number of capture groups (including full match).
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"replace(regex:"(a)(b)", "ab", |c| c.len())"#),
            @"3");

        // Out-of-bounds index throws an error.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"replace("Hi", "Hi world", |c| c.get(99))"#),
            @"<Error: Could not get capture group with index 99> world");

        // Unknown named group throws an error.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"replace("Hi", "Hi world", |c| c.name("no_such_group"))"#),
            @"<Error: Could not get capture group with name no_such_group> world");

        // Invalid UTF-8 in a capture group isn't an error.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"replace(regex:'(?-u)^(.{3})(.)$', "🥺", |c| json(c.get(1)))"#),
            @"[240,159,165]");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_indent_function() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_color("error", crossterm::style::Color::DarkRed);
        env.add_color("warning", crossterm::style::Color::DarkYellow);
        env.add_color("hint", crossterm::style::Color::DarkCyan);

        // Empty line shouldn't be indented. Not using insta here because we test
        // whitespace existence.
        assert_eq!(env.render_ok(r#"indent("__", "")"#), "");
        assert_eq!(env.render_ok(r#"indent("__", "\n")"#), "\n");
        assert_eq!(env.render_ok(r#"indent("__", "a\n\nb")"#), "__a\n\n__b");

        // "\n" at end of labeled text
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"indent("__", label("error", "a\n") ++ label("warning", "b\n"))"#),
            @"
        __a
        __b
        ");

        // "\n" in labeled text
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"indent("__", label("error", "a") ++ label("warning", "b\nc"))"#),
            @"
        __ab
        __c
        ");

        // Labeled prefix + unlabeled content
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"indent(label("error", "XX"), "a\nb\n")"#),
            @"
        XXa
        XXb
        ");

        // Nested indent, silly but works
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"indent(label("hint", "A"),
                                    label("warning", indent(label("hint", "B"),
                                                            label("error", "x\n") ++ "y")))"#),
            @"
        ABx
        ABy
        ");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pad_function() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("bad_string", || new_error_property::<String>("Bad"));
        env.add_color("red", crossterm::style::Color::Red);
        env.add_color("cyan", crossterm::style::Color::DarkCyan);

        // Default fill_char is ' '
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r"'{' ++ pad_start(5, label('red', 'foo')) ++ '}'"),
            @"{  foo}");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r"'{' ++ pad_end(5, label('red', 'foo')) ++ '}'"),
            @"{foo  }");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r"'{' ++ pad_centered(5, label('red', 'foo')) ++ '}'"),
            @"{ foo }");

        // Labeled fill char
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r"pad_start(5, label('red', 'foo'), fill_char=label('cyan', '='))"),
            @"==foo");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r"pad_end(5, label('red', 'foo'), fill_char=label('cyan', '='))"),
            @"foo==");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r"pad_centered(5, label('red', 'foo'), fill_char=label('cyan', '='))"),
            @"=foo=");

        // Error in fill char: the output looks odd (because the error message
        // isn't 1-width character), but is still readable.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r"pad_start(3, 'foo', fill_char=bad_string)"),
            @"foo");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r"pad_end(5, 'foo', fill_char=bad_string)"),
            @"foo<<Error: Error: Bad>Bad>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r"pad_centered(5, 'foo', fill_char=bad_string)"),
            @"<Error: Bad>foo<Error: Bad>");

        // Invalid pad width is not a parse error
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("pad_start(-1, 'foo')"),
            @"<Error: out of range integral type conversion attempted>");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hash_function() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_color("red", crossterm::style::Color::Red);

        // hash is currently of stringified content
        // NOTE: hash algo and per-type behavior are not codified requirements
        assert_eq!(env.render_ok("hash(false)"), env.render_ok("hash('false')"));
        assert_eq!(env.render_ok("hash(0)"), env.render_ok("hash('0')"));
        assert_eq!(
            env.render_ok("hash(0)"),
            env.render_ok("hash(label('red', '0'))")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_truncate_function() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_color("red", crossterm::style::Color::Red);

        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r"truncate_start(2, label('red', 'foobar')) ++ 'baz'"),
            @"arbaz");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("truncate_start(5, 'foo', 'bar')"), @"foo");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("truncate_start(9, 'foobarbazquux', 'dotdot')"), @"dotdotuux");

        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r"truncate_end(2, label('red', 'foobar')) ++ 'baz'"),
            @"fobaz");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("truncate_end(5, 'foo', 'bar')"), @"foo");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("truncate_end(9, 'foobarbazquux', 'dotdot')"), @"foodotdot");

        // invalid truncate width is not a parse error
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("truncate_end(-1, 'foo')"),
            @"<Error: out of range integral type conversion attempted>");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_label_function() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("empty", || literal(true));
        env.add_color("error", crossterm::style::Color::DarkRed);
        env.add_color("warning", crossterm::style::Color::DarkYellow);

        // Literal
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"label("error", "text")"#),
            @"text");

        // Evaluated property
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"label("error".first_line(), "text")"#),
            @"text");

        // Property evaluation error
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("label(fill(-1, 'foo'), 'text')"),
            @"<Error: out of range integral type conversion attempted>");

        // Template
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"label(if(empty, "error", "warning"), "text")"#),
            @"text");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_raw_escape_sequence_function_strip_labels() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_color("error", crossterm::style::Color::DarkRed);
        env.add_color("warning", crossterm::style::Color::DarkYellow);

        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"raw_escape_sequence(label("error warning", "text"))"#),
            @"text",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_raw_escape_sequence_function_ansi_escape() {
        let env = TestTemplateEnv::new();

        // Sanitize ANSI escape without raw_escape_sequence
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""\e""#), @"␛");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""\x1b""#), @"␛");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#""\x1B""#), @"␛");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#""]8;;"
                ++ "http://example.com"
                ++ "\e\\"
                ++ "Example"
                ++ "\x1b]8;;\x1B\\""#),
            @r"␛]8;;http://example.com␛\Example␛]8;;␛\");

        // Don't sanitize ANSI escape with raw_escape_sequence
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"raw_escape_sequence("\e")"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"raw_escape_sequence("\x1b")"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"raw_escape_sequence("\x1B")"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"raw_escape_sequence("]8;;"
                ++ "http://example.com"
                ++ "\e\\"
                ++ "Example"
                ++ "\x1b]8;;\x1B\\")"#),
            @r"]8;;http://example.com\Example]8;;\");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hyperlink_function_with_color() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("bad_string", || new_error_property::<String>("Bad"));
        // With ColorFormatter, hyperlink emits OSC 8 escape sequences
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"hyperlink("http://example.com", "Example")"#),
            @r"]8;;http://example.com\Example]8;;\");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"hyperlink(bad_string, "Example")"#),
            @"<Error: Bad>");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hyperlink_function_without_color() {
        let env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        // With PlainTextFormatter, hyperlink shows just the text
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_plain(r#"hyperlink("http://example.com", "Example")"#),
            @"Example");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hyperlink_function_custom_fallback() {
        let env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        // Custom fallback is used when not outputting to color terminal
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_plain(r#"hyperlink("http://example.com", "Example", "URL: http://example.com")"#),
            @"URL: http://example.com");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hyperlink_function_stringify() {
        let env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        // stringify() strips hyperlink to just text
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"stringify(hyperlink("http://example.com", "Example"))"#),
            @"Example");
        // stringify then can be manipulated as plain text
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"stringify(hyperlink("http://example.com", "Example")).upper()"#),
            @"EXAMPLE");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hyperlink_function_with_separate() {
        let env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        // separate() uses FormatRecorder internally; hyperlinks are preserved
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"separate(" | ", hyperlink("http://a.com", "A"), hyperlink("http://b.com", "B"))"#),
            @r"]8;;http://a.com\A]8;;\ | ]8;;http://b.com\B]8;;\");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hyperlink_function_with_coalesce() {
        let env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        // coalesce() uses FormatRecorder; hyperlinks are preserved
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"coalesce(hyperlink("http://example.com", "Link"), "fallback")"#),
            @r"]8;;http://example.com\Link]8;;\");
        // Falls back to second when hyperlink text is empty
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"coalesce(hyperlink("http://example.com", ""), "fallback")"#),
            @"fallback");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hyperlink_function_with_if() {
        let env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        // if() does not use FormatRecorder; hyperlinks work directly
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"if(true, hyperlink("http://example.com", "Yes"), "No")"#),
            @r"]8;;http://example.com\Yes]8;;\");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"if(false, "Yes", hyperlink("http://example.com", "No"))"#),
            @r"]8;;http://example.com\No]8;;\");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hyperlink_function_plain_with_separate() {
        let env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        // When rendering plain, hyperlinks should fall back to text
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_plain(r#"separate(" | ", hyperlink("http://a.com", "A"), hyperlink("http://b.com", "B"))"#),
            @"A | B");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_stringify_function() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("none_i64", || literal(None::<i64>));
        env.add_keyword("ascii_bstr", || literal(BString::from("foo")));
        env.add_keyword("odd_bstr", || literal(BString::from(b"\x80")));
        env.add_color("error", crossterm::style::Color::DarkRed);

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("stringify(false)"), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("stringify(42).len()"), @"2");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("stringify(none_i64)"), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("stringify(ascii_bstr)"), @"foo");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("stringify(odd_bstr)"),
            @"<Error: invalid utf-8 sequence of 1 bytes from index 0>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("stringify(label('error', 'text'))"), @"text");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_json_function() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("none_i64", || literal(None::<i64>));
        env.add_keyword("ascii_bstr", || literal(BString::from("foo")));
        env.add_keyword("string_list", || {
            literal(vec!["foo".to_owned(), "bar".to_owned()])
        });
        env.add_keyword("config_value_table", || {
            literal(ConfigValue::from_iter([("foo", "bar")]))
        });
        env.add_keyword("some_cfgval", || literal(Some(ConfigValue::from(1))));
        env.add_keyword("none_cfgval", || literal(None::<ConfigValue>));
        env.add_keyword("signature", || {
            literal(Signature {
                name: "Test User".to_owned(),
                email: "test.user@example.com".to_owned(),
                timestamp: Timestamp {
                    timestamp: MillisSinceEpoch(0),
                    tz_offset: 0,
                },
            })
        });
        env.add_keyword("email", || literal(Email("foo@bar".to_owned())));
        env.add_keyword("size_hint", || literal((5, None)));
        env.add_keyword("timestamp", || {
            literal(Timestamp {
                timestamp: MillisSinceEpoch(0),
                tz_offset: 0,
            })
        });
        env.add_keyword("timestamp_range", || {
            literal(TimestampRange {
                start: Timestamp {
                    timestamp: MillisSinceEpoch(0),
                    tz_offset: 0,
                },
                end: Timestamp {
                    timestamp: MillisSinceEpoch(86_400_000),
                    tz_offset: -60,
                },
            })
        });

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"json(ascii_bstr)"#), @"[102,111,111]");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"json('"quoted"')"#), @r#""\"quoted\"""#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"json(string_list)"#), @r#"["foo","bar"]"#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(false)"), @"false");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(42)"), @"42");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(none_i64)"), @"null");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"json(config_value_table)"#), @r#"{"foo":"bar"}"#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r"json(some_cfgval)"), @"1");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r"json(none_cfgval)"), @"null");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(email)"), @r#""foo@bar""#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("json(signature)"),
            @r#"{"name":"Test User","email":"test.user@example.com","timestamp":"1970-01-01T00:00:00Z"}"#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(size_hint)"), @"[5,null]");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok("json(timestamp)"), @r#""1970-01-01T00:00:00Z""#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("json(timestamp_range)"),
            @r#"{"start":"1970-01-01T00:00:00Z","end":"1970-01-01T23:00:00-01:00"}"#);

        // AnyList is serializable if the inner type is.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"json(string_list.map(|s| s))"#), @r#"["foo","bar"]"#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"json(string_list.map(|s| size_hint))"#), @"[[5,null],[5,null]]");

        // Any is serializable if the inner types are.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"json(if(true, email, timestamp))"#), @r#""foo@bar""#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"json(if(true, size_hint, config_value_table))"#), @"[5,null]");

        // The else case missing does prevents the resulting Any expression
        // from being serializable.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"json(if(true, email))"#), @r###"
         --> 1:6
          |
        1 | json(if(true, email))
          |      ^-------------^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Serialize`, but actual type is `Any`
        "###);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"json(if(false, email))"#), @r###"
         --> 1:6
          |
        1 | json(if(false, email))
          |      ^--------------^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Serialize`, but actual type is `Any`
        "###);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_coalesce_function() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("bad_string", || new_error_property::<String>("Bad"));
        env.add_keyword("empty_string", || literal("".to_owned()));
        env.add_keyword("non_empty_string", || literal("a".to_owned()));

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"coalesce()"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"coalesce("")"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"coalesce("", "a", "", "b")"#), @"a");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"coalesce(empty_string, "", non_empty_string)"#), @"a");

        // "false" is not empty
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"coalesce(false, true)"#), @"false");

        // Error is not empty
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"coalesce(bad_string, "a")"#), @"<Error: Bad>");
        // but can be short-circuited
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"coalesce("a", bad_string)"#), @"a");

        // Keyword arguments are rejected.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"coalesce("a", value2="b")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:15
          |
        1 | coalesce("a", value2="b")
          |               ^--------^
          |
          = Function `coalesce`: Unexpected keyword arguments
        "#);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_concat_function() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("empty", || literal(true));
        env.add_keyword("hidden", || literal(false));
        env.add_color("empty", crossterm::style::Color::DarkGreen);
        env.add_color("error", crossterm::style::Color::DarkRed);
        env.add_color("warning", crossterm::style::Color::DarkYellow);

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"concat()"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"concat(hidden, empty)"#),
            @"falsetrue");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"concat(label("error", ""), label("warning", "a"), "b")"#),
            @"ab");

        // Keyword arguments are rejected.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"concat("a", value2="b")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:13
          |
        1 | concat("a", value2="b")
          |             ^--------^
          |
          = Function `concat`: Unexpected keyword arguments
        "#);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_join_function() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("description", || literal("".to_owned()));
        env.add_keyword("empty", || literal(true));
        env.add_keyword("hidden", || literal(false));
        env.add_color("empty", crossterm::style::Color::DarkGreen);
        env.add_color("error", crossterm::style::Color::DarkRed);
        env.add_color("warning", crossterm::style::Color::DarkYellow);

        // Template literals.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"join(",")"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"join(",", "")"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"join(",", "a")"#), @"a");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"join(",", "a", "b")"#), @"a,b");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"join(",", "a", "", "b")"#), @"a,,b");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"join(",", "a", "b", "")"#), @"a,b,");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"join(",", "", "a", "b")"#), @",a,b");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"join("--", 1, "", true, "test", "")"#),
            @"1----true--test--");

        // Separator is required.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"join()"#), @"
         --> 1:6
          |
        1 | join()
          |      ^
          |
          = Function `join`: Expected at least 1 arguments
        ");

        // Labeled.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"join(",", label("error", ""), label("warning", "a"), "b")"#),
            @",a,b");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(
                r#"join(label("empty", "<>"), label("error", "a"), label("warning", ""), "b")"#),
            @"a<><>b");

        // List template.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"join(",", "a", ("" ++ ""))"#), @"a,");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"join(",", "a", ("" ++ "b"))"#), @"a,b");

        // Nested.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"join(",", "a", join("|", "", ""))"#), @"a,|");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"join(",", "a", join("|", "b", ""))"#), @"a,b|");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"join(",", "a", join("|", "b", "c"))"#), @"a,b|c");

        // Keywords.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"join(",", hidden, description, empty)"#),
            @"false,,true");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"join(hidden, "X", "Y", "Z")"#),
            @"XfalseYfalseZ");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"join(hidden, empty)"#),
            @"true");

        // Keyword arguments are rejected.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"join(",", "a", arg="b")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:16
          |
        1 | join(",", "a", arg="b")
          |                ^-----^
          |
          = Function `join`: Unexpected keyword arguments
        "#);

        // only size hints cannot be templated / joined
        env.add_keyword("str_list", || {
            literal(vec!["foo".to_owned(), "bar".to_owned()])
        });
        env.add_keyword("none_int", || literal(None::<i64>));
        env.add_keyword("some_int", || literal(Some(67)));
        env.add_keyword("cfg_val", || {
            literal(ConfigValue::from_iter([("foo", "bar")]))
        });
        env.add_keyword("email", || literal(Email("me@example.com".to_owned())));
        env.add_keyword("signature", || {
            literal(new_signature("User", "user@example.com"))
        });
        env.add_keyword("size_hint", || literal((10, None)));
        env.add_keyword("timestamp", || literal(new_timestamp(0, 0)));
        env.add_keyword("timestamp_range", || {
            literal(TimestampRange {
                start: new_timestamp(0, 0),
                end: new_timestamp(0, 0),
            })
        });
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("join('|', str_list, 42, none_int, some_int)"),
            @"foo bar|42||67");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("join('|', cfg_val, email, signature, if(true, 42), if(false, 42))"),
            @r#"{ foo = "bar" }|me@example.com|User <user@example.com>|42|"#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok("join('|', timestamp, timestamp_range, str_list.map(|x| x))"),
            @"1970-01-01 00:00:00.000 +00:00|1970-01-01 00:00:00.000 +00:00 - 1970-01-01 00:00:00.000 +00:00|foo bar");
        assert_matches!(
            env.parse_err_kind("join('|', size_hint)"),
            TemplateParseErrorKind::Expression(_)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_separate_function() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("description", || literal("".to_owned()));
        env.add_keyword("empty", || literal(true));
        env.add_keyword("hidden", || literal(false));
        env.add_color("empty", crossterm::style::Color::DarkGreen);
        env.add_color("error", crossterm::style::Color::DarkRed);
        env.add_color("warning", crossterm::style::Color::DarkYellow);

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ")"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ", "")"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ", "a")"#), @"a");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ", "a", "b")"#), @"a b");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ", "a", "", "b")"#), @"a b");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ", "a", "b", "")"#), @"a b");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ", "", "a", "b")"#), @"a b");

        // Labeled
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ", label("error", ""), label("warning", "a"), "b")"#),
            @"a b");

        // List template
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ", "a", ("" ++ ""))"#), @"a");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ", "a", ("" ++ "b"))"#), @"a b");

        // Nested separate
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ", "a", separate("|", "", ""))"#), @"a");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ", "a", separate("|", "b", ""))"#), @"a b");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ", "a", separate("|", "b", "c"))"#), @"a b|c");

        // Conditional template
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ", "a", if(true, ""))"#), @"a");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ", "a", if(true, "", "f"))"#), @"a");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ", "a", if(false, "t"))"#), @"a");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ", "a", if(false, "t", ""))"#), @"a");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ", "a", if(true, "t", "f"))"#), @"a t");

        // Separate keywords
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"separate(" ", hidden, description, empty)"#),
            @"false true");

        // Keyword as separator
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"separate(hidden, "X", "Y", "Z")"#),
            @"XfalseYfalseZ");

        // Keyword arguments are rejected.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"separate(" ", "a", value2="b")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:20
          |
        1 | separate(" ", "a", value2="b")
          |                    ^--------^
          |
          = Function `separate`: Unexpected keyword arguments
        "#);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_surround_function() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("lt", || literal("<".to_owned()));
        env.add_keyword("gt", || literal(">".to_owned()));
        env.add_keyword("content", || literal("content".to_owned()));
        env.add_keyword("empty_content", || literal("".to_owned()));
        env.add_color("error", crossterm::style::Color::DarkRed);
        env.add_color("paren", crossterm::style::Color::Cyan);

        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"surround("{", "}", "")"#), @"");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"surround("{", "}", "a")"#), @"{a}");

        // Labeled
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(
                r#"surround(label("paren", "("), label("paren", ")"), label("error", "a"))"#),
            @"(a)");

        // Keyword
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"surround(lt, gt, content)"#),
            @"<content>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"surround(lt, gt, empty_content)"#),
            @"");

        // Conditional template as content
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"surround(lt, gt, if(empty_content, "", "empty"))"#),
            @"<empty>");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"surround(lt, gt, if(empty_content, "not empty", ""))"#),
            @"");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_config_function() {
        use jj_lib::config::ConfigLayer;
        use jj_lib::config::ConfigSource;

        let mut config = StackedConfig::with_defaults();
        config
            .add_layer(ConfigLayer::parse(ConfigSource::User, "user.name = 'Test User'").unwrap());
        config.add_layer(
            ConfigLayer::parse(ConfigSource::User, "user.email = 'test@example.com'").unwrap(),
        );

        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::with_config(config);

        // valid config path
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"config("user.name")"#), @"'Test User'");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"config("user.email")"#), @"'test@example.com'");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"config("user")"#), @"{ email = 'test@example.com', name = 'Test User' }");

        // nonexistent config path
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"config("non.existent")"#), @"");

        // conditional on config path existence
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"if(config("user.name"), "yes", "no")"#), @"yes");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"if(config("non.existent"), "yes", "no")"#), @"no");

        // malformed config path
        env.add_alias("bad_config_name", "'user|name'");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err("config(bad_config_name)"), @"
         --> 1:8
          |
        1 | config(bad_config_name)
          |        ^-------------^
          |
          = In alias `bad_config_name`
         --> 1:1
          |
        1 | 'user|name'
          | ^---------^
          |
          = Failed to parse config name
        TOML parse error at line 1, column 5
          |
        1 | user|name
          |     ^
        invalid unquoted key, expected letters, numbers, `-`, `_`
        ");

        // lookup at parse time
        env.add_alias("config_key", r#""name""#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"config("user." ++ "name")"#), @"'Test User'");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"config("us" ++ "er")"#), @"{ email = 'test@example.com', name = 'Test User' }");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"config("user." ++ config_key)"#), @"'Test User'");

        // invalid expression
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"config("user." ++)"#), @r#"
         --> 1:18
          |
        1 | config("user." ++)
          |                  ^---
          |
          = expected <expression>
        "#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"config("user|" ++ "name")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:8
          |
        1 | config("user|" ++ "name")
          |        ^---------------^
          |
          = Failed to parse config name
        TOML parse error at line 1, column 5
          |
        1 | user|name
          |     ^
        invalid unquoted key, expected letters, numbers, `-`, `_`
        "#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"config(invalid)"#), @"
         --> 1:8
          |
        1 | config(invalid)
          |        ^-----^
          |
          = Keyword `invalid` doesn't exist
        ");

        // dynamic lookup using a keyword that depends on runtime context
        env.add_dynamic_keyword("dyn_config_name", || "user.name".to_owned());
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            env.render_ok(r#"config(dyn_config_name)"#), @"'Test User'"
        );

        // dynamic lookup with nonexistent path
        env.add_dynamic_keyword("dyn_missing", || "non.existent".to_owned());
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"config(dyn_missing)"#), @"");

        // dynamic lookup with invalid config path at runtime
        env.add_dynamic_keyword("dyn_bad_path", || "user|name".to_owned());
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"config(dyn_bad_path)"#), @r"
        <Error: TOML parse error at line 1, column 5
          |
        1 | user|name
          |     ^
        invalid unquoted key, expected letters, numbers, `-`, `_`
        >
        ");

        // dynamic lookup where name expression itself fails at runtime
        env.add_keyword("bad_string", || new_error_property::<String>("Bad"));
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"config(bad_string)"#), @"<Error: Bad>");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_any_type() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("size_hint", || literal((5, None)));
        env.add_keyword("size_hint_2", || literal((10, None)));
        env.add_keyword("words", || {
            literal(vec!["foo".to_owned(), "bar".to_owned()])
        });
        env.add_color("red", crossterm::style::Color::Red);

        // If requires both halves of the statement to support the trait.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"if(true, label("red", "a"), "b")"#), @"a");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"if(false, label("red", "a"), "b")"#), @"b");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"json(if(true, size_hint, size_hint_2))"#), @"[5,null]");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(r#"json(if(false, size_hint, size_hint_2))"#), @"[10,null]");

        // If one of the cases does not support Template/Serialize, fail even if
        // that case isn't selected.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"if(true, label("red", "a"), size_hint)"#), @r#"
         --> 1:1
          |
        1 | if(true, label("red", "a"), size_hint)
          | ^------------------------------------^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Template`, but actual type is `Any`
        "#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"json(if(true, size_hint, label("red", "a")))"#), @r#"
         --> 1:6
          |
        1 | json(if(true, size_hint, label("red", "a")))
          |      ^------------------------------------^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Serialize`, but actual type is `Any`
        "#);

        // The `join` method should not be available on `Any`.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"if(true,words,words).join(", ")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:22
          |
        1 | if(true,words,words).join(", ")
          |                      ^--^
          |
          = Method `join` doesn't exist for type `Any`
        "#);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_any_list_type() {
        let mut env = TestTemplateEnv::new();
        env.add_keyword("words", || {
            literal(vec!["foo".to_owned(), "bar".to_owned()])
        });
        env.add_keyword("size_hint", || literal((10, None)));
        env.add_color("red", crossterm::style::Color::Red);

        // Map items are not required to implement both Template and Serialize.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(
            r#"words.map(|x| label("red", x))"#),
            @"foo bar");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(
            r#"words.map(|x| label("red", x)).join(",")"#),
            @"foo,bar");
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.render_ok(
            r#"json(words.map(|x| size_hint))"#),
            @"[[10,null],[10,null]]");

        // You cannot use the result if when the trait is not implemented.
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"words.map(|x| size_hint)"#), @r#"
         --> 1:1
          |
        1 | words.map(|x| size_hint)
          | ^----------------------^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Template`, but actual type is `AnyList`
        "#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"words.map(|x| size_hint).join(",")"#), @r#"
         --> 1:26
          |
        1 | words.map(|x| size_hint).join(",")
          |                          ^--^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Template`, but actual type is `AnyList`
        "#);
        insta::assert_snapshot!(env.parse_err(r#"json(words.map(|x| label("red", x)))"#), @r#"
         --> 1:6
          |
        1 | json(words.map(|x| label("red", x)))
          |      ^----------------------------^
          |
          = Expected expression of type `Serialize`, but actual type is `AnyList`
        "#);
    }
}