javy-codegen 4.0.0

//! WebAssembly Code Generation for JavaScript
//!
//! This module provides functionality to emit Wasm modules which will run
//! JavaScript source code with the QuickJS interpreter.
//!
//! Javy supports two main code generation paths:
//!
//! 1. Static code generation
//! 2. Dynamic code generation
//!
//! ## Static code generation
//!
//! A single unit of code is generated, which is a Wasm module consisting of the
//! bytecode representation of a given JavaScript program and the code for
//! a particular version of the QuickJS engine compiled to Wasm.
//!
//! The generated Wasm module is self contained and the bytecode version matches
//! the exact requirements of the embedded QuickJs engine. Use
//! [`Generator::deterministic`] for reproducible builds (e.g., for verification
//! or caching).
//!
//! ## Dynamic code generation
//!
//! A single unit of code is generated, which is a Wasm module consisting of the
//! bytecode representation of a given JavaScript program. The JavaScript
//! bytecode is stored as part of the data section of the module which also
//! contains instructions to execute that bytecode through dynamic linking
//! at runtime.
//!
//! Dynamic code generation requires a plugin module to be used and linked
//! against at runtime in order to execute the JavaScript bytecode. This
//! operation involves carefully ensuring that a given plugin version matches
//! the plugin version of the imports requested by the generated Wasm module
//! as well as ensuring that any features available in the plugin match the
//! features requsted by the JavaScript bytecode.
//!
//! ## Examples
//!
//! Simple Wasm module generation:
//!
//! ```no_run
//! use std::path::Path;
//! use javy_codegen::{Generator, LinkingKind, Plugin, JS};
//!
//! #[tokio::main]
//! async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
//!     // Load your target Javascript.
//!     let js = JS::from_file(Path::new("example.js"))?;
//!
//!     // Load existing pre-initialized Javy plugin.
//!     let plugin = Plugin::new_from_path(Path::new("example-plugin.wasm"))?;
//!
//!     // Configure code generator.
//!     let mut generator = Generator::new(plugin);
//!     generator.linking(LinkingKind::Static);
//!
//!     // Generate your Wasm module.
//!     let wasm = generator.generate(&js).await?;
//!
//!     Ok(())
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ## Core concepts
//! * [`Generator`] - The main entry point for generating Wasm modules.
//! * [`Plugin`] - An initialized Javy plugin.
//! * [`JS`] - JavaScript source code.
//!
//! ## Features
//!
//! * `plugin_internal` - Enables additional code generation options for
//!   internal use. Please note that this flag enables an unstable feature. The
//!   unstable API's exposed by this future may break in the future without
//!   notice.

use std::fs;

pub(crate) mod bytecode;
pub(crate) mod exports;
pub(crate) mod transform;

pub(crate) mod js;
pub(crate) mod plugin;
pub(crate) mod wit;

use crate::exports::Exports;
pub use crate::js::JS;
pub use crate::plugin::Plugin;
pub use crate::wit::WitOptions;

use transform::SourceCodeSection;
use walrus::{
    DataId, DataKind, ExportItem, FunctionBuilder, FunctionId, LocalId, MemoryId, Module, ValType,
};
use wasm_opt::{OptimizationOptions, ShrinkLevel};
use wasmtime::{Engine, Linker, Store};
use wasmtime_wasi::{WasiCtxBuilder, p2::pipe::MemoryInputPipe};

use anyhow::Result;
use wasmtime_wizer::Wizer;

/// The kind of linking to use.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub enum LinkingKind {
    #[default]
    /// Static linking
    Static,
    /// Dynamic linking
    Dynamic,
}

/// Source code embedding options for the generated Wasm module.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub enum SourceEmbedding {
    #[default]
    /// Embed the source code without compression.
    Uncompressed,
    /// Embed the source code with compression.
    Compressed,
    /// Don't embed the source code.
    Omitted,
}

/// Identifiers used by the generated module.
// This is an internal detail of this module.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub(crate) struct Identifiers {
    cabi_realloc: FunctionId,
    invoke: FunctionId,
    memory: MemoryId,
}

impl Identifiers {
    fn new(cabi_realloc: FunctionId, invoke: FunctionId, memory: MemoryId) -> Self {
        Self {
            cabi_realloc,
            invoke,
            memory,
        }
    }
}

/// Helper struct to keep track of bytecode metadata.
// This is an internal detail of this module.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub(crate) struct BytecodeMetadata {
    ptr: LocalId,
    len: i32,
    data_section: DataId,
}

impl BytecodeMetadata {
    fn new(ptr: LocalId, len: i32, data_section: DataId) -> Self {
        Self {
            ptr,
            len,
            data_section,
        }
    }
}

/// Generator used to produce Wasm binaries from JS source code.
#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
pub struct Generator {
    /// Plugin to use.
    pub(crate) plugin: Plugin,
    /// What kind of linking to use when generating a module.
    pub(crate) linking: LinkingKind,
    /// Source code embedding option for the generated module.
    pub(crate) source_embedding: SourceEmbedding,
    /// WIT options for code generation.
    pub(crate) wit_opts: WitOptions,
    /// JavaScript function exports.
    pub(crate) function_exports: Exports,
    /// An optional JS runtime config provided as JSON bytes.
    js_runtime_config: Vec<u8>,
    /// The version string to include in the producers custom section.
    producer_version: Option<String>,
    /// Whether to use fixed clocks for deterministic builds.
    deterministic: bool,
}

impl Generator {
    /// Create a new [`Generator`].
    pub fn new(plugin: Plugin) -> Self {
        Self {
            plugin,
            ..Self::default()
        }
    }

    /// Set the kind of linking (default: [`LinkingKind::Static`])
    pub fn linking(&mut self, linking: LinkingKind) -> &mut Self {
        self.linking = linking;
        self
    }

    /// Set the source embedding option (default: [`SourceEmbedding::Compressed`])
    pub fn source_embedding(&mut self, source_embedding: SourceEmbedding) -> &mut Self {
        self.source_embedding = source_embedding;
        self
    }

    /// Set the wit options. (default: Empty [`WitOptions`])
    pub fn wit_opts(&mut self, wit_opts: wit::WitOptions) -> &mut Self {
        self.wit_opts = wit_opts;
        self
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "plugin_internal")]
    /// Set the JS runtime configuration options to pass to the module.
    pub fn js_runtime_config(&mut self, js_runtime_config: Vec<u8>) -> &mut Self {
        self.js_runtime_config = js_runtime_config;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the version string to use in the producers custom section.
    pub fn producer_version(&mut self, producer_version: String) -> &mut Self {
        self.producer_version = Some(producer_version);
        self
    }

    /// Enable deterministic builds by using fixed clocks during Wizer
    /// pre-initialization, ensuring identical output for identical input.
    pub fn deterministic(&mut self, deterministic: bool) -> &mut Self {
        self.deterministic = deterministic;
        self
    }
}

impl Generator {
    /// Generate the starting module.
    async fn generate_initial_module(&self) -> Result<Module> {
        let config = transform::module_config();
        let module = match &self.linking {
            LinkingKind::Static => {
                let engine = Engine::default();
                let mut builder = WasiCtxBuilder::new();
                builder
                    .stdin(MemoryInputPipe::new(self.js_runtime_config.clone()))
                    .inherit_stdout()
                    .inherit_stderr();
                if self.deterministic {
                    deterministic_wasi_ctx::add_determinism_to_wasi_ctx_builder(&mut builder);
                }
                let wasi = builder.build_p1();
                let mut store = Store::new(&engine, wasi);
                let wasm = Wizer::new()
                    .init_func("initialize-runtime")
                    .run(&mut store, self.plugin.as_bytes(), async |store, module| {
                        let engine = store.engine();
                        let mut linker = Linker::new(engine);
                        wasmtime_wasi::p1::add_to_linker_async(&mut linker, |cx| cx)?;
                        linker.define_unknown_imports_as_traps(module)?;
                        let instance = linker.instantiate_async(store, module).await?;
                        Ok(instance)
                    })
                    .await?;
                config.parse(&wasm)?
            }
            LinkingKind::Dynamic => Module::with_config(config),
        };
        Ok(module)
    }

    /// Resolve identifiers for functions and memory.
    pub(crate) fn resolve_identifiers(&self, module: &mut Module) -> Result<Identifiers> {
        match self.linking {
            LinkingKind::Static => {
                let cabi_realloc = module.exports.get_func("cabi_realloc")?;
                let invoke = module.exports.get_func("invoke")?;
                let ExportItem::Memory(memory) = module
                    .exports
                    .iter()
                    .find(|e| e.name == "memory")
                    .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Missing memory export"))?
                    .item
                else {
                    anyhow::bail!("Export with name memory must be of type memory")
                };
                Ok(Identifiers::new(cabi_realloc, invoke, memory))
            }
            LinkingKind::Dynamic => {
                // All code by default is assumed to be linking against a default
                // or a user provided plugin.
                let import_namespace = self.plugin.import_namespace()?;

                let cabi_realloc_type = module.types.add(
                    &[ValType::I32, ValType::I32, ValType::I32, ValType::I32],
                    &[ValType::I32],
                );
                let (cabi_realloc_fn_id, _) =
                    module.add_import_func(&import_namespace, "cabi_realloc", cabi_realloc_type);

                let invoke_params = [
                    ValType::I32,
                    ValType::I32,
                    ValType::I32,
                    ValType::I32,
                    ValType::I32,
                ]
                .as_slice();
                let invoke_type = module.types.add(invoke_params, &[]);
                let (invoke_fn_id, _) =
                    module.add_import_func(&import_namespace, "invoke", invoke_type);

                let (memory_id, _) = module.add_import_memory(
                    &import_namespace,
                    "memory",
                    false,
                    false,
                    0,
                    None,
                    None,
                );

                Ok(Identifiers::new(
                    cabi_realloc_fn_id,
                    invoke_fn_id,
                    memory_id,
                ))
            }
        }
    }

    /// Generate the main function.
    fn generate_main(
        &self,
        module: &mut Module,
        js: &js::JS,
        imports: &Identifiers,
    ) -> Result<BytecodeMetadata> {
        let bytecode = bytecode::compile_source(&self.plugin, js.as_bytes())?;
        let bytecode_len: i32 = bytecode.len().try_into()?;
        let bytecode_data = module.data.add(DataKind::Passive, bytecode);

        let mut main = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut module.types, &[], &[]);
        let bytecode_ptr_local = module.locals.add(ValType::I32);
        let mut instructions = main.func_body();
        instructions
            // Allocate memory in plugin instance for bytecode array.
            .i32_const(0) // orig ptr
            .i32_const(0) // orig size
            .i32_const(1) // alignment
            .i32_const(bytecode_len) // new size
            .call(imports.cabi_realloc)
            // Copy bytecode array into allocated memory.
            .local_tee(bytecode_ptr_local) // save returned address to local and set as dest addr for mem.init
            .i32_const(0) // offset into data segment for mem.init
            .i32_const(bytecode_len) // size to copy from data segment
            // top-2: dest addr, top-1: offset into source, top-0: size of memory region in bytes.
            .memory_init(imports.memory, bytecode_data);
        // Evaluate top level scope.
        instructions
            .local_get(bytecode_ptr_local) // ptr to bytecode
            .i32_const(bytecode_len)
            .i32_const(0) // set option discriminator to none
            .i32_const(0) // set function name ptr to null
            .i32_const(0) // set function name len to 0
            .call(imports.invoke);
        let main = main.finish(vec![], &mut module.funcs);

        module.exports.add("_start", main);
        Ok(BytecodeMetadata::new(
            bytecode_ptr_local,
            bytecode_len,
            bytecode_data,
        ))
    }

    /// Generate function exports.
    fn generate_exports(
        &self,
        module: &mut Module,
        identifiers: &Identifiers,
        bc_metadata: &BytecodeMetadata,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        if !self.function_exports.is_empty() {
            let fn_name_ptr_local = module.locals.add(ValType::I32);
            for export in &self.function_exports {
                // For each JS function export, add an export that copies the name of the function into memory and invokes it.
                let js_export_bytes = export.js.as_bytes();
                let js_export_len: i32 = js_export_bytes.len().try_into().unwrap();
                let fn_name_data = module.data.add(DataKind::Passive, js_export_bytes.to_vec());

                let mut export_fn = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut module.types, &[], &[]);
                export_fn
                    .func_body()
                    // Copy bytecode.
                    .i32_const(0) // orig ptr
                    .i32_const(0) // orig len
                    .i32_const(1) // alignment
                    .i32_const(bc_metadata.len) // size to copy
                    .call(identifiers.cabi_realloc)
                    .local_tee(bc_metadata.ptr)
                    .i32_const(0) // offset into data segment
                    .i32_const(bc_metadata.len) // size to copy
                    .memory_init(identifiers.memory, bc_metadata.data_section) // copy bytecode into allocated memory
                    .data_drop(bc_metadata.data_section)
                    // Copy function name.
                    .i32_const(0) // orig ptr
                    .i32_const(0) // orig len
                    .i32_const(1) // alignment
                    .i32_const(js_export_len) // new size
                    .call(identifiers.cabi_realloc)
                    .local_tee(fn_name_ptr_local)
                    .i32_const(0) // offset into data segment
                    .i32_const(js_export_len) // size to copy
                    .memory_init(identifiers.memory, fn_name_data) // copy fn name into allocated memory
                    .data_drop(fn_name_data)
                    // Call invoke.
                    .local_get(bc_metadata.ptr)
                    .i32_const(bc_metadata.len)
                    .i32_const(1) // set function name option discriminator to some
                    .local_get(fn_name_ptr_local)
                    .i32_const(js_export_len)
                    .call(identifiers.invoke);
                let export_fn = export_fn.finish(vec![], &mut module.funcs);
                module.exports.add(&export.wit, export_fn);
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Clean-up the generated Wasm.
    fn postprocess(&self, module: &mut Module) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
        match self.linking {
            LinkingKind::Static => {
                // Remove no longer necessary exports.
                module.exports.remove("invoke")?;
                module.exports.remove("compile-src")?;

                // Run wasm-opt to optimize.
                let tempdir = tempfile::tempdir()?;
                let tempfile_path = tempdir.path().join("temp.wasm");

                module.emit_wasm_file(&tempfile_path)?;

                OptimizationOptions::new_opt_level_3() // Aggressively optimize for speed.
                    .shrink_level(ShrinkLevel::Level0) // Don't optimize for size at the expense of performance.
                    .debug_info(false)
                    .run(&tempfile_path, &tempfile_path)?;

                Ok(fs::read(&tempfile_path)?)
            }
            LinkingKind::Dynamic => Ok(module.emit_wasm()),
        }
    }

    /// Generate a Wasm module which will run the provided JS source code.
    pub async fn generate(&mut self, js: &js::JS) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
        if self.wit_opts.defined() {
            self.function_exports = exports::process_exports(
                js,
                self.wit_opts.unwrap_path(),
                self.wit_opts.unwrap_world(),
            )?;
        }

        let mut module = self.generate_initial_module().await?;
        let identifiers = self.resolve_identifiers(&mut module)?;
        let bc_metadata = self.generate_main(&mut module, js, &identifiers)?;
        self.generate_exports(&mut module, &identifiers, &bc_metadata)?;

        transform::add_producers_section(
            &mut module.producers,
            self.producer_version
                .as_deref()
                .unwrap_or(env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")),
        );
        match self.source_embedding {
            SourceEmbedding::Omitted => {}
            SourceEmbedding::Uncompressed => {
                module.customs.add(SourceCodeSection::uncompressed(js)?);
            }
            SourceEmbedding::Compressed => {
                module.customs.add(SourceCodeSection::compressed(js)?);
            }
        }

        let wasm = self.postprocess(&mut module)?;
        Ok(wasm)
    }
}