iterative-solvers 0.2.3

//! Conjugate Gradient (CG) method.
//!
//! # Copyright
//!
//! Portions of this implementation are derived from [IterativeSolvers.jl](https://github.com/JuliaLinearAlgebra/IterativeSolvers.jl).
//!
//! Copyright (c) 2013--2016 The Julia Language.
//!
//! Licensed under the MIT License.

use std::ops::Mul;

use super::MatrixOp;
#[cfg(not(feature = "ndarray"))]
use crate::utils::is_vector;
use crate::{
    IterSolverError, IterSolverResult,
    ops::Vector,
    utils::{axpy, dot, norm_l2, zeros},
};

/// Conjugate Gradient (CG) method for solving linear systems Ax = b.
///
/// The Conjugate Gradient method is an iterative algorithm for solving systems of linear
/// equations where the coefficient matrix A is symmetric and positive definite. It is
/// particularly effective for large sparse systems.
///
/// # Algorithm Overview
///
/// The CG method generates a sequence of approximations to the solution by minimizing
/// the quadratic form associated with the linear system. At each iteration, it computes
/// a search direction that is conjugate to all previous search directions with respect
/// to the matrix A.
///
/// # Convergence
///
/// For a symmetric positive definite matrix, the CG method is guaranteed to converge
/// to the exact solution in at most n iterations (where n is the size of the matrix),
/// though in practice it often converges much faster, especially for well-conditioned
/// systems.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// **With nalgebra feature:**
///
/// ```rust
/// # #[cfg(feature = "nalgebra")]
/// # {
/// use nalgebra::DVector;
/// use iterative_solvers::CG;
///
/// let n = 1024;
/// let h = 1.0 / (n as f64);
/// let a = vec![2.0 / (h * h); n - 1];
/// let b = vec![-1.0 / (h * h); n - 2];
/// let mat = symmetric_tridiagonal(&a, &b).unwrap();
/// let rhs: Vec<_> = (1..n)
///     .map(|i| PI * PI * (i as f64 * h * PI).sin())
///     .collect();
/// let rhs = DVector::from_vec(rhs);
/// let abstol = 1e-10;
/// let reltol = 1e-8;
///
/// let mut cg = CG::new(&mat, &rhs, abstol, reltol).unwrap();
/// let solution = cg.solve();
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// **With faer feature:**
///
/// ```rust
/// # #[cfg(feature = "faer")]
/// # {
/// use faer::Mat;
/// use iterative_solvers::CG;
/// use iterative_solvers::utils::dense::symmetric_tridiagonal;
/// use std::f64::consts::PI;
///
/// let n = 1024;
/// let h = 1.0 / (n as f64);
/// let a = vec![2.0 / (h * h); n - 1];
/// let b = vec![-1.0 / (h * h); n - 2];
/// let mat = symmetric_tridiagonal(&a, &b).unwrap();
/// let rhs: Vec<_> = (1..n)
///     .map(|i| PI * PI * (i as f64 * h * PI).sin())
///     .collect();
/// let rhs = Mat::from_fn(n - 1, 1, |i, _| rhs[i]);
/// let abstol = 1e-10;
/// let reltol = 1e-8;
///
/// let mut cg = CG::new(&mat, &rhs, abstol, reltol).unwrap();
/// let solution = cg.solve();
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// **With ndarray feature:**
///
/// ```rust
/// # #[cfg(feature = "ndarray")]
/// # {
/// use ndarray::arr1;
/// use iterative_solvers::CG;
/// use iterative_solvers::utils::dense::symmetric_tridiagonal;
/// use std::f64::consts::PI;
///
/// let n = 1024;
/// let h = 1.0 / (n as f64);
/// let a = vec![2.0 / (h * h); n - 1];
/// let b = vec![-1.0 / (h * h); n - 2];
/// let mat = symmetric_tridiagonal(&a, &b).unwrap();
/// let rhs: Vec<_> = (1..n)
///     .map(|i| PI * PI * (i as f64 * h * PI).sin())
///     .collect();
/// let rhs = arr1(&rhs);
/// let abstol = 1e-10;
/// let reltol = 1e-8;
///
/// let mut cg = CG::new(&mat, &rhs, abstol, reltol).unwrap();
/// let solution = cg.solve();
/// # }
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct CG<'mat, Mat: MatrixOp> {
    mat: &'mat Mat,
    solution: Vector<f64>,
    residual: f64,
    iteration: usize,
    r: Vector<f64>,
    c: Vector<f64>,
    u: Vector<f64>,
    tol: f64,
    prev_residual: f64,
}

impl<'mat, Mat: MatrixOp> CG<'mat, Mat> {
    /// Create a new `CG` solver with the given matrix, right-hand side, and tolerance.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `mat` - The coefficient matrix A.
    /// * `rhs` - The right-hand side vector b.
    /// * `abstol` - The absolute tolerance for the residual.
    /// * `reltol` - The relative tolerance for the residual.
    ///
    /// # Tolerance
    ///
    /// The tolerance is the stopping criterion for the CG method. It is the maximum of the absolute tolerance and the relative tolerance.
    ///
    /// The stopping criterion is `|r_k| ≤ max(reltol * |r_0|, abstol)`,
    /// where `r_k ≈ A x_k - b` is the residual at the `k`th iteration, and `r_0 ≈ A x_0 - b` is the initial residual.
    pub fn new(
        mat: &'mat Mat,
        rhs: &'mat Vector<f64>,
        abstol: f64,
        reltol: f64,
    ) -> IterSolverResult<Self> {
        if !mat.is_square() {
            return Err(IterSolverError::DimensionError(format!(
                "The matrix is not square, whose shape is ({}, {})",
                mat.nrows(),
                mat.ncols()
            )));
        }
        #[cfg(feature = "faer")]
        if !is_vector(rhs) {
            return Err(IterSolverError::DimensionError(format!(
                "The `rhs` should be a vector, but got a matrix with shape ({}, {}).",
                rhs.nrows(),
                rhs.ncols()
            )));
        }
        if mat.nrows() != rhs.len() {
            return Err(IterSolverError::DimensionError(format!(
                "The matrix with order {}, and the rhs with length {}, do not match",
                mat.nrows(),
                rhs.len()
            )));
        }

        let n = mat.nrows();
        let x = zeros(n);

        let r = rhs.clone();

        let c = zeros(n);

        let u = zeros(n);

        let residual = norm_l2(&r);

        let prev_residual = residual;
        let iteration = 0;
        let tol = abstol.max(reltol * residual);
        Ok(Self {
            mat,
            solution: x,
            residual,
            iteration,
            r,
            c,
            u,
            tol,
            prev_residual,
        })
    }

    /// Create a new `CG` solver with the given matrix, right-hand side, tolerance, and initial guess.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `mat` - The coefficient matrix A.
    /// * `rhs` - The right-hand side vector b.
    /// * `abstol` - The absolute tolerance for the residual.
    /// * `reltol` - The relative tolerance for the residual.
    /// * `initial_guess` - The initial guess for the solution.
    ///
    /// # Tolerance
    ///
    /// The tolerance is the stopping criterion for the CG method. It is the maximum of the absolute tolerance and the relative tolerance.
    ///
    /// The stopping criterion is `|r_k| ≤ max(reltol * |r_0|, abstol)`,
    /// where `r_k ≈ A x_k - b` is the residual at the `k`th iteration, and `r_0 ≈ A x_0 - b` is the initial residual.
    ///
    /// # Initial Guess
    ///
    /// The initial guess is the starting point for the CG method. It is used to compute the initial residual.
    pub fn new_with_initial_guess(
        mat: &'mat Mat,
        rhs: &'mat Vector<f64>,
        initial_guess: Vector<f64>,
        abstol: f64,
        reltol: f64,
    ) -> IterSolverResult<Self>
    where
        &'mat Mat: Mul<Vector<f64>, Output = Vector<f64>>,
    {
        if !mat.is_square() {
            return Err(IterSolverError::DimensionError(format!(
                "The matrix is not square, whose shape is ({}, {})",
                mat.nrows(),
                mat.ncols()
            )));
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "ndarray"))]
        if !is_vector(rhs) {
            return Err(IterSolverError::DimensionError(format!(
                "The `rhs` should be a vector, but got a matrix with shape ({}, {}).",
                rhs.nrows(),
                rhs.ncols()
            )));
        }

        if mat.nrows() != rhs.len() {
            return Err(IterSolverError::DimensionError(format!(
                "The matrix with order {}, and the rhs with length {}, do not match",
                mat.nrows(),
                rhs.len()
            )));
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "ndarray"))]
        if !is_vector(&initial_guess) {
            return Err(IterSolverError::DimensionError(format!(
                "The `initial_guess` should be a vector, but got a matrix with shape ({}, {}).",
                initial_guess.nrows(),
                initial_guess.ncols()
            )));
        }

        if initial_guess.len() != mat.nrows() {
            return Err(IterSolverError::DimensionError(format!(
                "The initial guess with length {}, and the matrix with order {}, do not match",
                initial_guess.len(),
                mat.nrows()
            )));
        }
        let n = mat.nrows();
        let r = rhs - mat * initial_guess.clone();

        let c = zeros(n);

        let u = zeros(n);

        let residual = norm_l2(&r);

        let prev_residual = residual;
        let iteration = 0;
        let tol = abstol.max(reltol * residual);
        Ok(Self {
            mat,
            solution: initial_guess,
            residual,
            iteration,
            r,
            c,
            u,
            tol,
            prev_residual,
        })
    }

    /// Check if the solver has converged.
    #[inline]
    fn converged(&self) -> bool {
        self.residual <= self.tol
    }

    /// Check if the solver has reached the maximum number of iterations.
    #[inline]
    fn done(&self) -> bool {
        (self.iteration >= self.max_iter()) || self.converged()
    }

    /// Get the maximum number of iterations.
    #[inline]
    fn max_iter(&self) -> usize {
        self.solution.len()
    }

    /// Consume the solver and return the solved result.
    pub fn solve(mut self) -> Self {
        self.by_ref().count();
        self
    }

    /// Get the solution.
    pub fn solution(&self) -> &Vector<f64> {
        &self.solution
    }

    /// Get the residual.
    pub fn residual(&self) -> f64 {
        self.residual
    }

    /// Get the iteration.
    pub fn iteration(&self) -> usize {
        self.iteration
    }

    /// Get the matrix.
    pub fn mat(&self) -> &Mat {
        self.mat
    }

    /// Get the residual vector
    pub fn residual_vector(&self) -> &Vector<f64> {
        &self.r
    }

    /// Get the conjugate direction
    pub fn conjugate_direction(&self) -> &Vector<f64> {
        &self.u
    }
}

impl<'mat, Mat: MatrixOp> Iterator for CG<'mat, Mat> {
    type Item = f64;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        if self.done() {
            return None;
        }

        // u = r + beta * u
        let beta = self.residual.powi(2) / self.prev_residual.powi(2);

        axpy(&mut self.u, 1.0, &self.r, beta);

        // c = A * u
        self.mat.gemv(1.0, &self.u, 0.0, &mut self.c);

        // update solution and residual
        // x = x + alpha * u
        // r = r - alpha * c
        let alpha = self.residual.powi(2) / dot(&self.u, &self.c).unwrap();
        axpy(&mut self.solution, alpha, &self.u, 1.0);
        axpy(&mut self.r, -alpha, &self.c, 1.0);

        self.prev_residual = self.residual;

        self.residual = norm_l2(&self.r);

        self.iteration += 1;

        Some(self.residual)
    }
}

/// Solve a linear system Ax = b using the Conjugate Gradient method.
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * `mat` - The coefficient matrix A.
/// * `rhs` - The right-hand side vector b.
/// * `abstol` - The absolute tolerance for the residual.
/// * `reltol` - The relative tolerance for the residual.
///
/// # Tolerance
///
/// The tolerance is the stopping criterion for the CG method. It is the maximum of the absolute tolerance and the relative tolerance.
///
/// The stopping criterion is `|r_k| ≤ max(reltol * |r_0|, abstol)`,
/// where `r_k ≈ A x_k - b` is the residual at the `k`th iteration, and `r_0 ≈ A x_0 - b` is the initial residual.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// **With nalgebra feature:**
///
/// ```rust
/// # #[cfg(feature = "nalgebra")]
/// # {
/// use nalgebra::DVector;
/// use iterative_solvers::cg;
///
/// let n = 1024;
/// let h = 1.0 / (n as f64);
/// let a = vec![2.0 / (h * h); n - 1];
/// let b = vec![-1.0 / (h * h); n - 2];
/// let mat = symmetric_tridiagonal(&a, &b).unwrap();
/// let rhs: Vec<_> = (1..n)
///     .map(|i| PI * PI * (i as f64 * h * PI).sin())
///     .collect();
/// let rhs = DVector::from_vec(rhs);
/// let abstol = 1e-10;
/// let reltol = 1e-8;
///
/// let solution = cg(&mat, &rhs, abstol, reltol).unwrap();
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// **With faer feature:**
///
/// ```rust
/// # #[cfg(feature = "faer")]
/// # {
/// use faer::Mat;
/// use iterative_solvers::cg;
/// use iterative_solvers::utils::dense::symmetric_tridiagonal;
/// use std::f64::consts::PI;
///
/// let n = 1024;
/// let h = 1.0 / (n as f64);
/// let a = vec![2.0 / (h * h); n - 1];
/// let b = vec![-1.0 / (h * h); n - 2];
/// let mat = symmetric_tridiagonal(&a, &b).unwrap();
/// let rhs: Vec<_> = (1..n)
///     .map(|i| PI * PI * (i as f64 * h * PI).sin())
///     .collect();
/// let rhs = Mat::from_fn(n - 1, 1, |i, _| rhs[i]);
/// let solution: Vec<_> = (1..n).map(|i| (i as f64 * h * PI).sin()).collect();
/// let solution = Mat::from_fn(n - 1, 1, |i, _| solution[i]);
/// let abstol = 1e-10;
/// let reltol = 1e-8;
///
/// let solver = cg(&mat, &rhs, abstol, reltol).unwrap();
/// let e = (solution - solver.solution()).norm_l2();
/// println!("error: {}", e);
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// **With ndarray feature:**
///
/// ```rust
/// # #[cfg(feature = "ndarray")]
/// # {
/// use ndarray::arr1;
/// use iterative_solvers::cg;
/// use iterative_solvers::utils::dense::symmetric_tridiagonal;
/// use std::f64::consts::PI;
///
/// let n = 1024;
/// let h = 1.0 / (n as f64);
/// let a = vec![2.0 / (h * h); n - 1];
/// let b = vec![-1.0 / (h * h); n - 2];
/// let mat = symmetric_tridiagonal(&a, &b).unwrap();
/// let rhs: Vec<_> = (1..n)
///     .map(|i| PI * PI * (i as f64 * h * PI).sin())
///     .collect();
/// let rhs = arr1(&rhs);
/// let solution: Vec<_> = (1..n).map(|i| (i as f64 * h * PI).sin()).collect();
/// let solution = arr1(&solution);
/// let abstol = 1e-10;
/// let reltol = 1e-8;
///
/// let solver = cg(&mat, &rhs, abstol, reltol).unwrap();
/// let e = (solution - solver.solution()).norm_l2();
/// println!("error: {}", e);
/// # }
/// ```
pub fn cg<'mat, Mat: MatrixOp>(
    mat: &'mat Mat,
    rhs: &'mat Vector<f64>,
    abstol: f64,
    reltol: f64,
) -> IterSolverResult<CG<'mat, Mat>> {
    let mut solver = CG::new(mat, rhs, abstol, reltol)?;
    solver.by_ref().count();
    Ok(solver)
}

/// Solve a linear system Ax = b using the Conjugate Gradient method.
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * `mat` - The coefficient matrix A.
/// * `rhs` - The right-hand side vector b.
/// * `abstol` - The absolute tolerance for the residual.
/// * `reltol` - The relative tolerance for the residual.
/// * `initial_guess` - The initial guess for the solution.
///
/// # Tolerance
///
/// The tolerance is the stopping criterion for the CG method. It is the maximum of the absolute tolerance and the relative tolerance.
///
/// The stopping criterion is `|r_k| ≤ max(reltol * |r_0|, abstol)`,
/// where `r_k ≈ A x_k - b` is the residual at the `k`th iteration, and `r_0 ≈ A x_0 - b` is the initial residual.
///
/// # Initial Guess
///
/// The initial guess is the starting point for the CG method. It is used to compute the initial residual.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// **With nalgebra feature:**
///
/// ```rust
/// # #[cfg(feature = "nalgebra")]
/// # {
/// use nalgebra::DVector;
/// use iterative_solvers::cg_with_initial_guess;
///
/// let n = 1024;
/// let h = 1.0 / (n as f64);
/// let a = vec![2.0 / (h * h); n - 1];
/// let b = vec![-1.0 / (h * h); n - 2];
/// let mat = symmetric_tridiagonal(&a, &b).unwrap();
/// let rhs: Vec<_> = (1..n)
///     .map(|i| PI * PI * (i as f64 * h * PI).sin())
///     .collect();
/// let rhs = DVector::from_vec(rhs);
/// let abstol = 1e-10;
/// let reltol = 1e-8;
/// let initial_guess = DVector::from_vec(vec![1.0; n-1]);
///
/// let solution = cg_with_initial_guess(&mat, &rhs, initial_guess, abstol, reltol).unwrap();
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// **With faer feature:**
///
/// ```rust
/// # #[cfg(feature = "faer")]
/// # {
/// use faer::Mat;
/// use iterative_solvers::cg_with_initial_guess;
/// use iterative_solvers::utils::dense::symmetric_tridiagonal;
/// use std::f64::consts::PI;
///
/// let n = 1024;
/// let h = 1.0 / (n as f64);
/// let a = vec![2.0 / (h * h); n - 1];
/// let b = vec![-1.0 / (h * h); n - 2];
/// let mat = symmetric_tridiagonal(&a, &b).unwrap();
/// let rhs: Vec<_> = (1..n)
///     .map(|i| PI * PI * (i as f64 * h * PI).sin())
///     .collect();
/// let rhs = Mat::from_fn(n - 1, 1, |i, _| rhs[i]);
/// let solution: Vec<_> = (1..n).map(|i| (i as f64 * h * PI).sin()).collect();
/// let solution = Mat::from_fn(n - 1, 1, |i, _| solution[i]);
/// let abstol = 1e-10;
/// let reltol = 1e-8;
/// let initial_guess = Mat::from_fn(n - 1, 1, |i, _| 1.0);
///
/// let solver = cg_with_initial_guess(&mat, &rhs, initial_guess, abstol, reltol).unwrap();
/// let e = (solution - solver.solution()).norm_l2();
/// println!("error: {}", e);
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// **With ndarray feature:**
///
/// ```rust
/// # #[cfg(feature = "ndarray")]
/// # {
/// use ndarray::arr1;
/// use iterative_solvers::cg_with_initial_guess;
/// use iterative_solvers::utils::dense::symmetric_tridiagonal;
/// use std::f64::consts::PI;
///
/// let n = 1024;
/// let h = 1.0 / (n as f64);
/// let a = vec![2.0 / (h * h); n - 1];
/// let b = vec![-1.0 / (h * h); n - 2];
/// let mat = symmetric_tridiagonal(&a, &b).unwrap();
/// let rhs: Vec<_> = (1..n)
///     .map(|i| PI * PI * (i as f64 * h * PI).sin())
///     .collect();
/// let rhs = arr1(&rhs);
/// let solution: Vec<_> = (1..n).map(|i| (i as f64 * h * PI).sin()).collect();
/// let solution = arr1(&solution);
/// let abstol = 1e-10;
/// let reltol = 1e-8;
/// let initial_guess = arr1(&vec![1.0; n-1]);
///
/// let solver = cg_with_initial_guess(&mat, &rhs, initial_guess, abstol, reltol).unwrap();
/// let e = (solution - solver.solution()).norm_l2();
/// println!("error: {}", e);
/// # }
/// ```
pub fn cg_with_initial_guess<'mat, Mat: MatrixOp>(
    mat: &'mat Mat,
    rhs: &'mat Vector<f64>,
    initial_guess: Vector<f64>,
    abstol: f64,
    reltol: f64,
) -> IterSolverResult<CG<'mat, Mat>>
where
    &'mat Mat: Mul<Vector<f64>, Output = Vector<f64>>,
{
    let mut solver = CG::new_with_initial_guess(mat, rhs, initial_guess, abstol, reltol)?;
    solver.by_ref().count();
    Ok(solver)
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use std::f64::consts::PI;

    use super::*;
    use crate::utils::{dense::symmetric_tridiagonal, sparse::symmetric_tridiagonal_csc};

    #[test]
    #[cfg(feature = "nalgebra")]
    fn test_cg_dense() {
        let n = 1024;
        let h = 1.0 / (n as f64);
        let a = vec![2.0 / (h * h); n - 1];
        let b = vec![-1.0 / (h * h); n - 2];
        let mat = symmetric_tridiagonal(&a, &b).unwrap();
        let rhs: Vec<_> = (1..n)
            .map(|i| PI * PI * (i as f64 * h * PI).sin())
            .collect();
        let solution: Vec<_> = (1..n).map(|i| (i as f64 * h * PI).sin()).collect();
        let solution = Vector::from_vec(solution);
        let rhs = Vector::from_vec(rhs);
        let solver = cg(&mat, &rhs, 1e-10, 1e-8).unwrap();
        let e = (solution - solver.solution()).norm();
        assert!(e < 1e-4);
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg(feature = "faer")]
    fn test_cg_dense() {
        let n = 1024;
        let h = 1.0 / (n as f64);
        let a = vec![2.0 / (h * h); n - 1];
        let b = vec![-1.0 / (h * h); n - 2];
        let mat = symmetric_tridiagonal(&a, &b).unwrap();
        let rhs: Vec<_> = (1..n)
            .map(|i| PI * PI * (i as f64 * h * PI).sin())
            .collect();
        let solution: Vec<_> = (1..n).map(|i| (i as f64 * h * PI).sin()).collect();
        let solution = faer::Mat::from_fn(n - 1, 1, |i, _| solution[i]);
        let rhs = faer::Mat::from_fn(n - 1, 1, |i, _| rhs[i]);
        let solver = cg(&mat, &rhs, 1e-10, 1e-8).unwrap();
        let e = (solution - solver.solution()).norm_l2();
        assert!(e < 1e-4);
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg(feature = "ndarray")]
    fn test_cg_dense() {
        use ndarray::arr1;
        use ndarray_linalg::Norm;

        let n = 1024;
        let h = 1.0 / (n as f64);
        let a = vec![2.0 / (h * h); n - 1];
        let b = vec![-1.0 / (h * h); n - 2];
        let mat = symmetric_tridiagonal(&a, &b).unwrap();
        let rhs: Vec<_> = (1..n)
            .map(|i| PI * PI * (i as f64 * h * PI).sin())
            .collect();
        let solution: Vec<_> = (1..n).map(|i| (i as f64 * h * PI).sin()).collect();
        let solution = arr1(&solution);
        let rhs = arr1(&rhs);
        let solver = cg(&mat, &rhs, 1e-10, 1e-8).unwrap();
        let e = (solution - solver.solution()).norm_l2();
        assert!(e < 1e-4);
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg(feature = "nalgebra")]
    fn test_cg_sparse() {
        let n = 1024;
        let h = 1.0 / (n as f64);
        let a = vec![2.0 / (h * h); n - 1];
        let b = vec![-1.0 / (h * h); n - 2];
        let mat = symmetric_tridiagonal_csc(&a, &b).unwrap();
        let rhs: Vec<_> = (1..n)
            .map(|i| PI * PI * (i as f64 * h * PI).sin())
            .collect();
        let solution: Vec<_> = (1..n).map(|i| (i as f64 * h * PI).sin()).collect();
        let solution = Vector::from_vec(solution);
        let rhs = Vector::from_vec(rhs);
        let solver = cg(&mat, &rhs, 1e-10, 1e-8).unwrap();
        let e = (solution - solver.solution()).norm();
        assert!(e < 1e-4);
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg(feature = "faer")]
    fn test_cg_sparse() {
        let n = 1024;
        let h = 1.0 / (n as f64);
        let a = vec![2.0 / (h * h); n - 1];
        let b = vec![-1.0 / (h * h); n - 2];
        let mat = symmetric_tridiagonal_csc(&a, &b).unwrap();
        let rhs: Vec<_> = (1..n)
            .map(|i| PI * PI * (i as f64 * h * PI).sin())
            .collect();
        let solution: Vec<_> = (1..n).map(|i| (i as f64 * h * PI).sin()).collect();
        let solution = faer::Mat::from_fn(n - 1, 1, |i, _| solution[i]);
        let rhs = faer::Mat::from_fn(n - 1, 1, |i, _| rhs[i]);
        let solver = cg(&mat, &rhs, 1e-10, 1e-8).unwrap();
        let e = (solution - solver.solution()).norm_l2();
        assert!(e < 1e-4);
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg(feature = "ndarray")]
    fn test_cg_sparse() {
        use ndarray::arr1;
        use ndarray_linalg::Norm;

        let n = 1024;
        let h = 1.0 / (n as f64);
        let a = vec![2.0 / (h * h); n - 1];
        let b = vec![-1.0 / (h * h); n - 2];
        let mat = symmetric_tridiagonal_csc(&a, &b).unwrap();
        let rhs: Vec<_> = (1..n)
            .map(|i| PI * PI * (i as f64 * h * PI).sin())
            .collect();
        let solution: Vec<_> = (1..n).map(|i| (i as f64 * h * PI).sin()).collect();
        let solution = arr1(&solution);
        let rhs = arr1(&rhs);
        let solver = cg(&mat, &rhs, 1e-10, 1e-8).unwrap();
        let e = (solution - solver.solution()).norm_l2();
        assert!(e < 1e-4);
    }
}