iridia-d3d9 0.3.0

Read raw Direct3D 9 ps_3_0 and vs_3_0 shader tokens and translate them to naga modules, for WGSL or SPIR-V output
Documentation
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use std::{collections::BTreeMap, num::NonZeroU32};

use iridia::{
    BufferLayout, Constant as Field, ConstantType, Conventions, D3dBinding, D3dClass, D3dModes, D3dSignature,
    Interface, InterpMode, InterpSampling, Interpolation, Label, Majorness, Program, Provenance, Resource,
    ResourceId, ResourceKind, ResourceProvenance, SampleType, ScalarType, ShaderFormat, Stage, StageFacts,
    SystemValue, TextureDim, Value, Varying, VaryingProvenance,
    build::{Builder, Kind, Val, Width},
    entry_io,
};
use naga::{
    AddressSpace, ArraySize, BinaryOperator as Bo, Expression as E, GlobalVariable, Handle, ImageClass,
    ImageDimension, LocalVariable, MathFunction as Mf, RelationalFunction, ResourceBinding, SampleLevel,
    ScalarKind, Statement, TypeInner, UnaryOperator,
};

use crate::{Destination, Instruction, LIFTER_VERSION, Opcode, Register, Result, Shader, Source, error};

const SEMANTICS: [&str; 14] = [
    "POSITION",
    "BLENDWEIGHT",
    "BLENDINDICES",
    "NORMAL",
    "PSIZE",
    "TEXCOORD",
    "TANGENT",
    "BINORMAL",
    "TESSFACTOR",
    "POSITIONT",
    "COLOR",
    "FOG",
    "DEPTH",
    "SAMPLE",
];

struct Lower<'a> {
    source: &'a Shader,
    b: Builder,
    interface: Interface,
    bindings: Vec<(ResourceId, Handle<GlobalVariable>)>,
    constants: Option<Handle<GlobalVariable>>,
    samplers: BTreeMap<u32, (Handle<GlobalVariable>, Handle<GlobalVariable>, TextureDim)>,
    locals: BTreeMap<Register, (Handle<LocalVariable>, u8)>,
    inputs: BTreeMap<u32, (Val, u8, usize)>,
    definitions: BTreeMap<u32, Val>,
    notes: Vec<String>,
    at: usize,
}

fn value(width: u8) -> Value {
    Value {
        scalar: ScalarType::Float,
        width,
    }
}
/// How many lanes a write mask names.
fn lanes_in(mask: u8) -> u8 {
    u8::try_from(mask.count_ones()).unwrap_or(4)
}
/// The semantic name of a declaration usage.
fn semantic(usage: u8, at: usize) -> Result<&'static str> {
    SEMANTICS.get(usize::from(usage)).copied().ok_or_else(|| {
        error(
            at,
            format!(
                "declaration usage {usage}, where D3DDECLUSAGE is 0 to {}",
                SEMANTICS.len().saturating_sub(1)
            ),
        )
    })
}
/// The index of an entry point argument.
fn argument(index: usize, at: usize) -> Result<u32> {
    u32::try_from(index).map_err(|_| error(at, "more than 4294967295 inputs"))
}
fn varying(name: &str, index: u32, mask: u8, register: u32, system: Option<SystemValue>) -> Varying {
    Varying {
        label: Label {
            name: name.into(),
            index,
        },
        system,
        value: value(lanes_in(mask)),
        interp: None,
        used: false,
        provenance: VaryingProvenance {
            d3d: Some(D3dSignature {
                register,
                mask,
                read_write_mask: 0,
            }),
        },
    }
}

/// The bank's register layout is exact even for an optimized partial array. CTAB's unshortened type is retained
/// by `read`; the interface describes only the allocation that the compiled shader actually binds.
fn field(c: &crate::Constant) -> Result<Field> {
    let t = &c.ty;
    if c.register_set != 2
        || t.kind != 3
        || !t.members.is_empty()
        || !(1..=4).contains(&t.rows)
        || !(1..=4).contains(&t.columns)
        || t.elements == 0
    {
        return Err(error(
            0,
            format!("CTAB {}: non-float/structured/empty type {:?}", c.name, t),
        ));
    }
    // rows and columns are 1 to 4, checked above
    let lanes = |n: u16| u8::try_from(n).map_err(|_| error(0, format!("CTAB {}: {n} lanes", c.name)));
    let element = match t.class {
        0 if t.rows == 1 && t.columns == 1 => ConstantType::Scalar(ScalarType::Float),
        1 if t.rows == 1 => ConstantType::Vector(value(lanes(t.columns)?)),
        2 | 3 => ConstantType::Matrix {
            scalar: ScalarType::Float,
            rows: lanes(t.rows)?,
            columns: lanes(t.columns)?,
            major: if t.class == 2 {
                Majorness::Row
            } else {
                Majorness::Column
            },
            stride: 16,
        },
        _ => return Err(error(0, format!("CTAB {}: parameter class {}", c.name, t.class))),
    };
    let registers = if t.class == 2 {
        t.rows
    } else if t.class == 3 {
        t.columns
    } else {
        1
    };
    let Some(count) = c
        .count
        .checked_div(registers)
        .filter(|&n| c.count.is_multiple_of(registers) && n <= t.elements)
    else {
        return Err(error(
            0,
            format!(
                "CTAB {}: an allocation of {} registers is not a whole number of the type's elements ({} registers each, at most {})",
                c.name, c.count, registers, t.elements
            ),
        ));
    };
    let ty = if t.elements > 1 {
        ConstantType::Array {
            element: Box::new(element),
            count: count.into(),
            stride: u32::from(registers).saturating_mul(16),
        }
    } else {
        element
    };
    let default_size = ty
        .size()
        .ok_or_else(|| error(0, "CTAB normalized type size overflow"))? as usize;
    let default = c
        .default
        .as_ref()
        .map(|bytes| {
            bytes.get(..default_size).map(<[u8]>::to_vec).ok_or_else(|| {
                error(
                    0,
                    format!(
                        "CTAB {}: a default of {} bytes, where its type takes {default_size}",
                        c.name,
                        bytes.len()
                    ),
                )
            })
        })
        .transpose()?;
    Ok(Field {
        name: c.name.clone(),
        offset: u32::from(c.register).saturating_mul(16),
        ty,
        default,
    })
}

pub(crate) fn lift(source: &Shader, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Program> {
    lower(source, bytes, None, false)
}

pub(crate) fn project(source: &Shader, bytes: &[u8], cut: crate::Projection, tail: bool) -> Result<Program> {
    if source.stage != Stage::Pixel {
        return Err(error(cut.after_word, "register RGB projections are pixel-only"));
    }
    if cut.lanes.iter().any(|&n| n > 3)
        || cut.lanes[0] == cut.lanes[1]
        || cut.lanes[0] == cut.lanes[2]
        || cut.lanes[1] == cut.lanes[2]
        || !source.instructions.iter().any(|i| i.word == cut.after_word)
    {
        return Err(error(
            cut.after_word,
            "invalid projection lanes or instruction boundary",
        ));
    }
    if tail && source.inputs.iter().any(|i| i.register == 31) {
        return Err(error(
            cut.after_word,
            "projection input register v31 already occupied",
        ));
    }
    let mut program = lower(source, bytes, Some((cut, tail)), false)?;
    // A derived value and its original program share the source hash, but are distinct cache artifacts.
    program.provenance.lifter = format!(
        "iridia-d3d9/{}:word={}:r{}:{:?}",
        if tail { "reencode" } else { "projection" },
        cut.after_word,
        cut.temporary,
        cut.lanes
    );
    Ok(program)
}

/// A sliced vertex output runs as an invocation program. Unselected RGBA lanes are placeholders (0,0,0,1).
pub(crate) fn vertex_output(source: &Shader, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Program> {
    lower(source, bytes, None, true)
}

fn lower(
    source: &Shader,
    bytes: &[u8],
    projection: Option<(crate::Projection, bool)>,
    pad_output: bool,
) -> Result<Program> {
    let mut l = Lower {
        source,
        b: Builder::new(),
        interface: Interface {
            stage: source.stage,
            inputs: Vec::new(),
            outputs: Vec::new(),
            resources: Vec::new(),
            facts: StageFacts::None,
        },
        bindings: Vec::new(),
        constants: None,
        samplers: BTreeMap::new(),
        locals: BTreeMap::new(),
        inputs: BTreeMap::new(),
        definitions: BTreeMap::new(),
        notes: Vec::new(),
        at: 0,
    };
    l.prepare()?;
    for i in &source.instructions {
        l.at = i.word;
        l.instruction(i)?;
        if let Some((cut, tail)) = projection
            && i.word == cut.after_word
        {
            let mask = cut.lanes.iter().fold(0, |m, n| m | (1 << n));
            let value = l.register(Register::Temporary(cut.temporary), mask)?;
            l.notes.push(format!(
                "derived register projection after word {}: r{} lanes {:?}; {}",
                cut.after_word,
                cut.temporary,
                cut.lanes,
                if tail {
                    "original tail with replacement input"
                } else {
                    "prefix only; alpha one"
                }
            ));
            if tail {
                let index = l.interface.inputs.len();
                let mut input = varying("DERIVED_RGB", 0, 7, 31, None);
                input.used = true;
                l.interface.inputs.push(input);
                let arg = Val {
                    expr: l.b.app(E::FunctionArgument(argument(index, cut.after_word)?)),
                    kind: Kind::F,
                    width: Width::Three,
                };
                let mut parts = (0..4).map(|n| l.b.lane(value, n)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
                for (n, &lane) in (0u8..).zip(&cut.lanes) {
                    let part = parts.get_mut(usize::from(lane)).ok_or_else(|| {
                        error(
                            cut.after_word,
                            format!("projection lane {lane}, where a register has lanes 0 to 3"),
                        )
                    })?;
                    *part = l.b.lane(arg, n);
                }
                let replaced = l.b.compose(&parts);
                l.write(
                    Destination {
                        register: Register::Temporary(cut.temporary),
                        mask,
                        saturate: false,
                        partial_precision: false,
                    },
                    replaced,
                );
            } else {
                let mut parts = cut.lanes.map(|n| l.b.lane(value, n)).to_vec();
                parts.push(l.b.lit_f(1.));
                let rgb = l.b.compose(&parts);
                l.locals.retain(|r, _| !matches!(r, Register::Target(_)));
                l.write(
                    Destination {
                        register: Register::Target(0),
                        mask: 15,
                        saturate: false,
                        partial_precision: false,
                    },
                    rgb,
                );
                break;
            }
        }
        l.b.check().map_err(|e| error(i.word, e))?;
    }
    if pad_output {
        let &(_, mask) = l
            .locals
            .get(&Register::Target(0))
            .ok_or_else(|| error(0, "projected output has no writes"))?;
        if mask != 15 {
            let zero = l.b.lit_f(0.);
            let one = l.b.lit_f(1.);
            let padding = l.b.compose(&[zero, zero, zero, one]);
            l.write(
                Destination {
                    register: Register::Target(0),
                    mask: 15 & !mask,
                    saturate: false,
                    partial_precision: false,
                },
                padding,
            );
        }
    }
    l.finish(bytes)
}

impl Lower<'_> {
    fn resource(
        &mut self,
        kind: ResourceKind,
        name: String,
        class: D3dClass,
        register: u32,
        global: Handle<GlobalVariable>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let id = ResourceId(
            u32::try_from(self.interface.resources.len())
                .map_err(|_| error(self.at, "more than 4294967295 resources"))?,
        );
        self.interface.resources.push(Resource {
            id,
            kind,
            count: 1,
            provenance: ResourceProvenance {
                name,
                d3d: Some(D3dBinding {
                    class,
                    register,
                    space: 0,
                }),
                counter_of: None,
                layout: None,
            },
        });
        self.bindings.push((id, global));
        Ok(())
    }
    fn global(
        &mut self,
        name: String,
        ty: Handle<naga::Type>,
        group: u32,
        binding: u32,
        space: AddressSpace,
    ) -> Handle<GlobalVariable> {
        self.b.global(GlobalVariable {
            name: Some(name),
            space,
            binding: Some(ResourceBinding { group, binding }),
            ty,
            init: None,
            memory_decorations: Default::default(),
        })
    }
    fn prepare(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        for i in &self.source.inputs {
            let mut v = varying(
                semantic(i.usage, self.at)?,
                i.index.into(),
                i.mask,
                i.register,
                None,
            );
            v.interp = (self.source.stage == Stage::Pixel).then_some(Interpolation {
                mode: InterpMode::Perspective,
                sampling: if i.centroid {
                    InterpSampling::Centroid
                } else {
                    InterpSampling::Center
                },
            });
            if i.partial_precision {
                self.notes
                    .push("partial-precision requests computed at f32".into());
            }
            let index = self.interface.inputs.len();
            let arg = Val {
                expr: self.b.app(E::FunctionArgument(argument(index, self.at)?)),
                kind: Kind::F,
                width: Width::try_from(v.value.width)
                    .map_err(|e| error(self.at, format!("an input of {e}")))?,
            };
            let zero = self.b.lit_f(0.0);
            let mut parts = [zero; 4];
            let mut lane = 0;
            for (n, p) in parts.iter_mut().enumerate() {
                if i.mask & (1 << n) != 0 {
                    *p = self.b.lane(arg, lane);
                    lane = lane.saturating_add(1);
                }
            }
            let expanded = self.b.compose(&parts);
            self.inputs.insert(i.register, (expanded, i.mask, index));
            self.interface.inputs.push(v);
        }
        for (&n, words) in &self.source.definitions {
            let parts: Vec<_> = words.iter().map(|w| self.b.lit_f(f32::from_bits(*w))).collect();
            self.definitions.insert(n, self.b.compose(&parts));
        }
        let mut rows = 0;
        for i in &self.source.instructions {
            for s in &i.sources {
                if let Register::Constant(n) = s.register
                    && !self.source.definitions.contains_key(&n)
                {
                    rows = rows.max(n.saturating_add(1));
                }
            }
        }
        let mut fields = Vec::new();
        if let Some(ctab) = &self.source.constants {
            for c in &ctab.constants {
                match c.register_set {
                    2 => {
                        rows = rows.max(u32::from(c.register).saturating_add(u32::from(c.count)));
                        fields.push(field(c)?);
                        let t = &c.ty;
                        let lines = if t.class == 2 {
                            t.rows
                        } else if t.class == 3 {
                            t.columns
                        } else {
                            1
                        };
                        if u32::from(c.count) < u32::from(t.elements).saturating_mul(u32::from(lines)) {
                            self.notes.push(format!("CTAB {} retains its declared type; its optimized allocation binds {} registers",c.name,c.count));
                        }
                    }
                    3 => {
                        if c.count != 1 || c.ty.class != 4 || !matches!(c.ty.kind, 12..=14) {
                            return Err(error(
                                0,
                                format!("CTAB {}: sampler array or type {:?}", c.name, c.ty),
                            ));
                        }
                        let expected = match c.ty.kind {
                            12 => TextureDim::D2,
                            13 => TextureDim::D3,
                            _ => TextureDim::Cube,
                        };
                        if self.source.samplers.get(&u32::from(c.register)) != Some(&expected) {
                            return Err(error(0, format!("CTAB {} sampler disagrees with DCL", c.name)));
                        }
                    }
                    _ => {
                        return Err(error(
                            0,
                            format!("CTAB {}: register set {} not lifted", c.name, c.register_set),
                        ));
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if let Some(rows) = NonZeroU32::new(rows) {
            let u4 = self.b.ty_of(Kind::U, Width::Four);
            let ty = self.b.ty(TypeInner::Array {
                base: u4,
                size: ArraySize::Constant(rows),
                stride: 16,
            });
            let g = self.global("cb0".into(), ty, 0, 0, AddressSpace::Uniform);
            self.constants = Some(g);
            self.resource(
                ResourceKind::ConstantBuffer {
                    layout: BufferLayout {
                        size: rows.get().saturating_mul(16),
                        constants: fields,
                    },
                },
                "ps_float_constants".into(),
                D3dClass::ConstantBuffer,
                0,
                g,
            )?;
        }
        for (&slot, &dim) in &self.source.samplers {
            let naga_dim = match dim {
                TextureDim::D2 => ImageDimension::D2,
                TextureDim::D3 => ImageDimension::D3,
                TextureDim::Cube => ImageDimension::Cube,
                _ => return Err(error(0, "1D sampler")),
            };
            let ty = self.b.ty(TypeInner::Image {
                dim: naga_dim,
                arrayed: false,
                class: ImageClass::Sampled {
                    kind: ScalarKind::Float,
                    multi: false,
                },
            });
            let texture = self.global(format!("t{slot}"), ty, 1, slot, AddressSpace::Handle);
            let ty = self.b.ty(TypeInner::Sampler { comparison: false });
            let sampler = self.global(format!("s{slot}"), ty, 2, slot, AddressSpace::Handle);
            let name = self
                .source
                .constants
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|c| {
                    c.constants
                        .iter()
                        .find(|c| c.register_set == 3 && u32::from(c.register) == slot)
                })
                .map_or_else(|| format!("s{slot}"), |c| c.name.clone());
            self.resource(
                ResourceKind::Texture {
                    dim,
                    arrayed: false,
                    multisampled: false,
                    sample: SampleType::Float,
                },
                name.clone(),
                D3dClass::ShaderResource,
                slot,
                texture,
            )?;
            self.resource(
                ResourceKind::Sampler { comparison: false },
                name,
                D3dClass::Sampler,
                slot,
                sampler,
            )?;
            self.samplers.insert(slot, (texture, sampler, dim));
        }
        Ok(())
    }
    fn register(&mut self, r: Register, required: u8) -> Result<Val> {
        match r {
            Register::Input(n) => {
                let &(v, mask, index) = self
                    .inputs
                    .get(&n)
                    .ok_or_else(|| error(self.at, format!("undeclared input v{n}")))?;
                if required & !mask != 0 {
                    return Err(error(
                        self.at,
                        format!("v{n}: read of undeclared lanes {required:#x}"),
                    ));
                }
                let input = self.interface.inputs.get_mut(index).ok_or_else(|| {
                    error(
                        self.at,
                        format!("input v{n} is input {index} of a list that is shorter"),
                    )
                })?;
                input.used = true;
                if let Some(d) = &mut input.provenance.d3d {
                    d.read_write_mask |= required;
                }
                Ok(v)
            }
            Register::Constant(n) => {
                if let Some(&v) = self.definitions.get(&n) {
                    return Ok(v);
                }
                let g = self
                    .constants
                    .ok_or_else(|| error(self.at, "constant bank not allocated"))?;
                let base = self.b.global_ptr(g);
                let p = self.b.app(E::AccessIndex { base, index: n });
                let v = self.b.load(p, Kind::U, Width::Four);
                Ok(self.b.bitcast(v, Kind::F))
            }
            Register::Temporary(_) => {
                let &(local, mask) = self
                    .locals
                    .get(&r)
                    .ok_or_else(|| error(self.at, format!("uninitialized {r:?}")))?;
                if required & !mask != 0 {
                    return Err(error(
                        self.at,
                        format!("{r:?}: uninitialized lanes {:#x}", required & !mask),
                    ));
                }
                let p = self.b.local_ptr(local);
                Ok(self.b.load(p, Kind::F, Width::Four))
            }
            _ => Err(error(self.at, format!("not a readable float register: {r:?}"))),
        }
    }
    fn source(&mut self, s: Source, needed: u8) -> Result<Val> {
        let required = s.read_mask(needed);
        let mut v = self.register(s.register, required)?;
        v = self.b.swizzle(v, &s.swizzle);
        if s.absolute {
            v = self.b.math(Mf::Abs, &[v]);
        }
        if s.negate {
            v = self.b.unary(UnaryOperator::Negate, v);
        }
        Ok(v)
    }
    fn write(&mut self, d: Destination, mut v: Val) {
        if d.partial_precision {
            self.notes
                .push("partial-precision requests computed at f32".into());
        }
        if d.saturate {
            v = self.b.d3d_saturate(v);
        }
        let (local, mask) = *self.locals.entry(d.register).or_insert_with(|| {
            let ty = self.b.ty_of(Kind::F, Width::Four);
            (self.b.local(&format!("{:?}", d.register), ty), 0)
        });
        let p = self.b.local_ptr(local);
        if d.mask == 15 {
            self.b.store(p, v);
        } else {
            for n in 0u8..4 {
                if d.mask & (1 << n) != 0 {
                    let ptr = self.b.app(E::AccessIndex {
                        base: p,
                        index: u32::from(n),
                    });
                    let lane = self.b.lane(v, n);
                    self.b.store(ptr, lane);
                }
            }
        }
        self.locals.insert(d.register, (local, mask | d.mask));
    }
    fn sample(&mut self, i: &Instruction) -> Result<Val> {
        let s = i.source(1)?;
        let Register::Sampler(slot) = s.register else {
            return Err(error(self.at, "TEX source 1 is not a sampler"));
        };
        if s.absolute || s.negate || s.swizzle != [0, 1, 2, 3] {
            return Err(error(self.at, "modified/swizzled TEX sampler"));
        }
        let &(texture, sampler, dim) = self
            .samplers
            .get(&slot)
            .ok_or_else(|| error(self.at, format!("undeclared sampler s{slot}")))?;
        let lanes: &[u8] = if dim == TextureDim::D2 {
            &[0, 1]
        } else {
            &[0, 1, 2]
        };
        let mut required = if dim == TextureDim::D2 { 3 } else { 7 };
        if i.control != 0 {
            required |= 8;
        }
        let coordinates = self.source(i.source(0)?, required)?;
        let mut coord = self.b.swizzle(coordinates, lanes);
        let level = match i.control {
            0 => SampleLevel::Auto,
            1 => {
                let w = self.b.lane(coordinates, 3);
                coord = self.b.binary(Bo::Divide, coord, w);
                SampleLevel::Auto
            }
            2 => SampleLevel::Bias(self.b.lane(coordinates, 3).expr),
            _ => return Err(error(self.at, "TEX control 3 (projection and bias together)")),
        };
        let image = self.b.global_ptr(texture);
        let sampler = self.b.global_ptr(sampler);
        Ok(Val {
            expr: self.b.app(E::ImageSample {
                image,
                sampler,
                gather: None,
                coordinate: coord.expr,
                array_index: None,
                offset: None,
                level,
                depth_ref: None,
                clamp_to_edge: false,
            }),
            kind: Kind::F,
            width: Width::Four,
        })
    }
    fn instruction(&mut self, i: &Instruction) -> Result<()> {
        use Opcode::*;
        if i.opcode == Nop {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let d = i
            .destination
            .ok_or_else(|| error(self.at, "missing destination"))?;
        if matches!(i.opcode, Rcp | Rsq | Exp | Log | Pow)
            && i.sources
                .iter()
                .any(|s| !s.swizzle.iter().all(|&n| n == s.swizzle[0]))
        {
            return Err(error(
                self.at,
                format!("{:?} requires replicate scalar swizzles", i.opcode),
            ));
        }
        if i.opcode == Nrm
            && (!matches!(d.register, Register::Temporary(_)) || i.source(0)?.register == d.register)
        {
            return Err(error(
                self.at,
                "NRM requires a temporary destination distinct from its source",
            ));
        }
        if i.opcode == TexKill {
            // SM2/3 use all four lanes (the SDK's early texkill page describes SM1's xyz only).
            let v = self.register(d.register, 15)?;
            let zero = self.b.lit_f(0.0);
            let negative = self.b.binary(Bo::Less, v, zero);
            let any = Val {
                expr: self.b.app(E::Relational {
                    fun: RelationalFunction::Any,
                    argument: negative.expr,
                }),
                kind: Kind::B,
                width: Width::One,
            };
            self.b.when(any, |b| b.push(Statement::Kill));
            return Ok(());
        }
        if i.opcode == Tex {
            let v = self.sample(i)?;
            self.write(d, v);
            return Ok(());
        }
        let mut args = Vec::new();
        for (n, &s) in i.sources.iter().enumerate() {
            args.push(self.source(s, i.source_mask(n))?);
        }
        let arg = |n: usize| {
            args.get(n).copied().ok_or_else(|| {
                error(
                    i.word,
                    format!("{:?} reads source {n}, where it has {}", i.opcode, args.len()),
                )
            })
        };
        let a = arg(0)?;
        let v = match i.opcode {
            Mov => a,
            Add | Sub | Mul => self.b.binary(
                match i.opcode {
                    Add => Bo::Add,
                    Sub => Bo::Subtract,
                    _ => Bo::Multiply,
                },
                a,
                arg(1)?,
            ),
            Mad => {
                let product = self.b.binary(Bo::Multiply, a, arg(1)?);
                self.b.binary(Bo::Add, product, arg(2)?)
            }
            Abs => self.b.math(Mf::Abs, &[a]),
            Min | Max => self
                .b
                .d3d_min_max(if i.opcode == Min { Mf::Min } else { Mf::Max }, a, arg(1)?),
            Frc => self.b.math(Mf::Fract, &[a]),
            Cmp => {
                let zero = self.b.lit_f(0.0);
                let cond = self.b.binary(Bo::GreaterEqual, a, zero);
                self.b.select(cond, arg(1)?, arg(2)?)
            }
            Lrp => {
                let one = self.b.lit_f(1.0);
                let inverse = self.b.binary(Bo::Subtract, one, a);
                let left = self.b.binary(Bo::Multiply, a, arg(1)?);
                let right = self.b.binary(Bo::Multiply, inverse, arg(2)?);
                self.b.binary(Bo::Add, left, right)
            }
            Dp3 | Dp4 | Dp2Add => {
                let lanes: &[u8] = if i.opcode == Dp3 {
                    &[0, 1, 2]
                } else if i.opcode == Dp4 {
                    &[0, 1, 2, 3]
                } else {
                    &[0, 1]
                };
                let x = self.b.swizzle(a, lanes);
                let y = self.b.swizzle(arg(1)?, lanes);
                let mut dot = self.b.math(Mf::Dot, &[x, y]);
                if i.opcode == Dp2Add {
                    let z = self.b.lane(arg(2)?, 0);
                    dot = self.b.binary(Bo::Add, dot, z);
                }
                self.b.splat(dot, Width::Four)
            }
            Nrm => {
                let xyz = self.b.swizzle(a, &[0, 1, 2]);
                let squared = self.b.math(Mf::Dot, &[xyz, xyz]);
                let zero = self.b.lit_f(0.0);
                let empty = self.b.binary(Bo::Equal, squared, zero);
                let reciprocal = self.b.math(Mf::InverseSqrt, &[squared]);
                let largest = self.b.lit_f(f32::MAX);
                let scale = self.b.select(empty, largest, reciprocal);
                self.b.binary(Bo::Multiply, a, scale)
            }
            Rcp | Rsq | Exp | Log | Pow => {
                let mut x = self.b.lane(a, 0);
                if matches!(i.opcode, Rsq | Log | Pow) {
                    x = self.b.math(Mf::Abs, &[x]);
                }
                let scalar = match i.opcode {
                    Rcp => {
                        let one = self.b.lit_f(1.0);
                        self.b.binary(Bo::Divide, one, x)
                    }
                    Rsq => self.b.math(Mf::InverseSqrt, &[x]),
                    Exp => self.b.math(Mf::Exp2, &[x]),
                    Log => self.b.math(Mf::Log2, &[x]),
                    _ => {
                        let y = self.b.lane(arg(1)?, 0);
                        self.b.math(Mf::Pow, &[x, y])
                    }
                };
                self.b.splat(scalar, Width::Four)
            }
            _ => {
                return Err(error(
                    self.at,
                    format!("operation {:?} has no lowering", i.opcode),
                ));
            }
        };
        self.write(d, v);
        Ok(())
    }
    fn finish(mut self, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Program> {
        let mut outputs = Vec::new();
        let outgoing: Vec<_> = if self.source.stage == Stage::Vertex {
            self.source
                .outputs
                .iter()
                .map(|o| {
                    let system = (o.usage == 0 && o.index == 0).then_some(SystemValue::ClipPosition);
                    Ok((
                        Register::Output(o.register),
                        varying(
                            semantic(o.usage, self.at)?,
                            o.index.into(),
                            o.mask,
                            o.register,
                            system,
                        ),
                    ))
                })
                .collect::<Result<_>>()?
        } else {
            self.locals
                .iter()
                .filter_map(|(&r, &(_, mask))| {
                    if let Register::Target(n) = r {
                        Some((r, varying("SV_Target", n, mask, n, Some(SystemValue::Target(n)))))
                    } else {
                        None
                    }
                })
                .collect()
        };
        if self.source.stage == Stage::Vertex
            && !outgoing
                .iter()
                .any(|(_, v)| v.system == Some(SystemValue::ClipPosition))
        {
            return Err(error(0, "vertex program has no declared POSITION0 clip output"));
        }
        for (r, mut v) in outgoing {
            let mask = v
                .provenance
                .d3d
                .as_ref()
                .ok_or_else(|| error(self.at, "output signature missing"))?
                .mask;
            let &(local, written) = self
                .locals
                .get(&r)
                .ok_or_else(|| error(self.at, format!("uninitialized output {r:?}")))?;
            if mask & !written != 0 {
                return Err(error(
                    self.at,
                    format!("{r:?}: uninitialized output lanes {:#x}", mask & !written),
                ));
            }
            v.used = true;
            self.interface.outputs.push(v);
            let ptr = self.b.local_ptr(local);
            let v = self.b.load(ptr, Kind::F, Width::Four);
            let lanes: Vec<_> = (0..4).filter(|n| mask & (1 << n) != 0).collect();
            outputs.push(self.b.swizzle(v, &lanes).expr);
        }
        let io = entry_io(&self.interface).map_err(|e| error(0, e))?;
        let decl = self.b.declare_entry(&io).map_err(|e| error(0, e))?;
        let result = decl.result.map(|ty| {
            self.b.app(E::Compose {
                ty,
                components: outputs,
            })
        });
        self.b.push(Statement::Return { value: result });
        self.b.check().map_err(|e| error(self.at, e))?;
        let at = self.at;
        let module = self
            .b
            .finish(
                "main",
                if self.source.stage == Stage::Vertex {
                    naga::ShaderStage::Vertex
                } else {
                    naga::ShaderStage::Fragment
                },
                decl.arguments,
                decl.result,
                false,
            )
            .map_err(|e| error(at, e))?;
        self.notes.extend(iridia::interface_notes(&self.interface));
        self.notes.sort();
        self.notes.dedup();
        let program = Program {
            module,
            stage: self.source.stage,
            entry: "main".into(),
            interface: self.interface,
            bindings: self.bindings,
            conventions: Conventions::D3D,
            modes: D3dModes {
                min_max_nan: true,
                saturate_nan: true,
                ..Default::default()
            },
            provenance: Provenance {
                format: ShaderFormat::D3d9,
                target: if self.source.stage == Stage::Vertex {
                    "vs_3_0"
                } else {
                    "ps_3_0"
                }
                .into(),
                lifter: "iridia-d3d9".into(),
                lifter_version: LIFTER_VERSION,
                source_hash: Some(iridia::source_hash(bytes)),
                instruction_count: None,
            },
            notes: self.notes,
        };
        program.validate().map_err(|problems| {
            error(
                0,
                problems
                    .iter()
                    .map(ToString::to_string)
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    .join("; "),
            )
        })?;
        Ok(program)
    }
}