initium 2.1.0

Swiss-army toolbox for Kubernetes initContainers — wait-for, seed, render, fetch in a single static Rust binary
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pub trait Database: Send {
    fn ensure_tracking_table(&mut self, table_name: &str) -> Result<(), String>;
    fn is_seed_applied(&mut self, table_name: &str, seed_set: &str) -> Result<bool, String>;
    fn mark_seed_applied(&mut self, table_name: &str, seed_set: &str) -> Result<(), String>;
    fn remove_seed_mark(&mut self, table_name: &str, seed_set: &str) -> Result<(), String>;
    fn insert_row(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        columns: &[String],
        values: &[String],
        auto_id_column: Option<&str>,
    ) -> Result<Option<i64>, String>;
    fn row_exists(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        unique_columns: &[String],
        unique_values: &[String],
    ) -> Result<bool, String>;
    fn delete_rows(&mut self, table: &str) -> Result<u64, String>;
    fn begin_transaction(&mut self) -> Result<(), String>;
    fn commit_transaction(&mut self) -> Result<(), String>;
    fn rollback_transaction(&mut self) -> Result<(), String>;
    fn create_database(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<(), String>;
    fn create_schema(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<(), String>;
    fn object_exists(&mut self, obj_type: &str, name: &str) -> Result<bool, String>;
    fn driver_name(&self) -> &str;

    // --- Reconciliation support ---

    /// Add content_hash column to existing tracking table if missing.
    fn migrate_tracking_table(&mut self, table_name: &str) -> Result<(), String>;

    /// Create the per-row tracking table ({tracking_table}_rows).
    fn ensure_row_tracking_table(&mut self, table_name: &str) -> Result<(), String>;

    /// Get the stored content hash for a seed set.
    fn get_seed_hash(&mut self, table_name: &str, seed_set: &str)
        -> Result<Option<String>, String>;

    /// Update the tracking entry with a new hash (upsert).
    fn update_seed_entry(
        &mut self,
        table_name: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
        hash: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), String>;

    /// Store or update a tracked row in the row tracking table.
    fn store_tracked_row(
        &mut self,
        tracking_table: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
        table_name: &str,
        row_key: &str,
        row_values: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), String>;

    /// Get all tracked rows for a seed set + table.
    fn get_tracked_rows(
        &mut self,
        tracking_table: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
        table_name: &str,
    ) -> Result<Vec<(String, String)>, String>;

    /// Delete a specific tracked row.
    fn delete_tracked_row(
        &mut self,
        tracking_table: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
        table_name: &str,
        row_key: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), String>;

    /// Delete all tracked rows for a seed set.
    fn delete_all_tracked_rows(
        &mut self,
        tracking_table: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), String>;

    /// Update specific columns of a row identified by key columns.
    fn update_row(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        set_columns: &[String],
        set_values: &[String],
        where_columns: &[String],
        where_values: &[String],
    ) -> Result<u64, String>;

    /// Fetch specific column values from a row identified by key columns.
    fn get_row_columns(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        key_columns: &[String],
        key_values: &[String],
        fetch_columns: &[String],
    ) -> Result<Option<Vec<String>>, String>;

    /// Delete a single row identified by key columns.
    fn delete_row_by_key(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        key_columns: &[String],
        key_values: &[String],
    ) -> Result<u64, String>;
}

#[cfg(feature = "sqlite")]
pub struct SqliteDb {
    pub(crate) conn: rusqlite::Connection,
    in_transaction: bool,
}

#[cfg(feature = "sqlite")]
impl SqliteDb {
    pub fn connect(url: &str) -> Result<Self, String> {
        let conn = if url == ":memory:" {
            rusqlite::Connection::open_in_memory()
        } else {
            rusqlite::Connection::open(url)
        }
        .map_err(|e| format!("opening sqlite database '{}': {}", url, e))?;
        conn.execute_batch("PRAGMA journal_mode=WAL; PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON;")
            .map_err(|e| format!("setting sqlite pragmas: {}", e))?;
        Ok(Self {
            conn,
            in_transaction: false,
        })
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "sqlite")]
impl Database for SqliteDb {
    fn ensure_tracking_table(&mut self, table_name: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        let sql = format!(
            "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"{}\" (
                seed_set TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
                applied_at TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT (datetime('now'))
            )",
            sanitize_identifier(table_name)
        );
        self.conn
            .execute(&sql, [])
            .map_err(|e| format!("creating tracking table: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn is_seed_applied(&mut self, table_name: &str, seed_set: &str) -> Result<bool, String> {
        let sql = format!(
            "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM \"{}\" WHERE seed_set = ?1",
            sanitize_identifier(table_name)
        );
        let count: i64 = self
            .conn
            .query_row(&sql, [seed_set], |row| row.get(0))
            .map_err(|e| format!("checking seed status: {}", e))?;
        Ok(count > 0)
    }

    fn mark_seed_applied(&mut self, table_name: &str, seed_set: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        let sql = format!(
            "INSERT OR IGNORE INTO \"{}\" (seed_set) VALUES (?1)",
            sanitize_identifier(table_name)
        );
        self.conn
            .execute(&sql, [seed_set])
            .map_err(|e| format!("marking seed applied: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn remove_seed_mark(&mut self, table_name: &str, seed_set: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        let sql = format!(
            "DELETE FROM \"{}\" WHERE seed_set = ?1",
            sanitize_identifier(table_name)
        );
        self.conn
            .execute(&sql, [seed_set])
            .map_err(|e| format!("removing seed mark: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn insert_row(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        columns: &[String],
        values: &[String],
        _auto_id_column: Option<&str>,
    ) -> Result<Option<i64>, String> {
        let col_list: Vec<String> = columns
            .iter()
            .map(|c| format!("\"{}\"", sanitize_identifier(c)))
            .collect();
        let placeholders: Vec<String> = (1..=values.len()).map(|i| format!("?{}", i)).collect();
        let sql = format!(
            "INSERT INTO \"{}\" ({}) VALUES ({})",
            sanitize_identifier(table),
            col_list.join(", "),
            placeholders.join(", ")
        );
        let params: Vec<&dyn rusqlite::types::ToSql> = values
            .iter()
            .map(|v| v as &dyn rusqlite::types::ToSql)
            .collect();
        self.conn
            .execute(&sql, params.as_slice())
            .map_err(|e| format!("inserting row into '{}': {}", table, e))?;
        Ok(Some(self.conn.last_insert_rowid()))
    }

    fn row_exists(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        unique_columns: &[String],
        unique_values: &[String],
    ) -> Result<bool, String> {
        if unique_columns.is_empty() {
            return Ok(false);
        }
        let conditions: Vec<String> = unique_columns
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(i, c)| format!("\"{}\" = ?{}", sanitize_identifier(c), i + 1))
            .collect();
        let sql = format!(
            "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM \"{}\" WHERE {}",
            sanitize_identifier(table),
            conditions.join(" AND ")
        );
        let params: Vec<&dyn rusqlite::types::ToSql> = unique_values
            .iter()
            .map(|v| v as &dyn rusqlite::types::ToSql)
            .collect();
        let count: i64 = self
            .conn
            .query_row(&sql, params.as_slice(), |row| row.get(0))
            .map_err(|e| format!("checking row existence in '{}': {}", table, e))?;
        Ok(count > 0)
    }

    fn delete_rows(&mut self, table: &str) -> Result<u64, String> {
        let sql = format!("DELETE FROM \"{}\"", sanitize_identifier(table));
        let count = self
            .conn
            .execute(&sql, [])
            .map_err(|e| format!("deleting rows from '{}': {}", table, e))?;
        Ok(count as u64)
    }

    fn begin_transaction(&mut self) -> Result<(), String> {
        self.conn
            .execute("BEGIN", [])
            .map_err(|e| format!("beginning transaction: {}", e))?;
        self.in_transaction = true;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn commit_transaction(&mut self) -> Result<(), String> {
        if self.in_transaction {
            self.conn
                .execute("COMMIT", [])
                .map_err(|e| format!("committing transaction: {}", e))?;
            self.in_transaction = false;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn rollback_transaction(&mut self) -> Result<(), String> {
        if self.in_transaction {
            self.conn
                .execute("ROLLBACK", [])
                .map_err(|e| format!("rolling back transaction: {}", e))?;
            self.in_transaction = false;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn create_database(&mut self, _name: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        Err("sqlite does not support CREATE DATABASE (each file is a database)".into())
    }

    fn create_schema(&mut self, _name: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        Err("sqlite does not support schemas".into())
    }

    fn object_exists(&mut self, obj_type: &str, name: &str) -> Result<bool, String> {
        match obj_type {
            "table" => {
                let count: i64 = self
                    .conn
                    .query_row(
                        "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name=?1",
                        [name],
                        |row| row.get(0),
                    )
                    .map_err(|e| format!("checking table existence: {}", e))?;
                Ok(count > 0)
            }
            "view" => {
                let count: i64 = self
                    .conn
                    .query_row(
                        "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='view' AND name=?1",
                        [name],
                        |row| row.get(0),
                    )
                    .map_err(|e| format!("checking view existence: {}", e))?;
                Ok(count > 0)
            }
            "schema" => Err("sqlite does not support schemas".into()),
            "database" => Err("sqlite does not support checking database existence".into()),
            _ => Err(format!("unsupported object type '{}' for sqlite", obj_type)),
        }
    }

    fn driver_name(&self) -> &str {
        "sqlite"
    }

    fn migrate_tracking_table(&mut self, table_name: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(table_name);
        // Check if content_hash column exists
        let sql = format!("PRAGMA table_info(\"{}\")", safe);
        let has_hash = self
            .conn
            .prepare(&sql)
            .map_err(|e| format!("checking tracking table schema: {}", e))?
            .query_map([], |row| {
                let name: String = row.get(1)?;
                Ok(name)
            })
            .map_err(|e| format!("reading tracking table schema: {}", e))?
            .any(|r| r.map(|n| n == "content_hash").unwrap_or(false));

        if !has_hash {
            let alter = format!("ALTER TABLE \"{}\" ADD COLUMN content_hash TEXT", safe);
            self.conn
                .execute(&alter, [])
                .map_err(|e| format!("migrating tracking table: {}", e))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn ensure_row_tracking_table(&mut self, table_name: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(table_name);
        let sql = format!(
            "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"{}_rows\" (
                seed_set TEXT NOT NULL,
                table_name TEXT NOT NULL,
                row_key TEXT NOT NULL,
                row_values TEXT NOT NULL,
                applied_at TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT (datetime('now')),
                PRIMARY KEY (seed_set, table_name, row_key)
            )",
            safe
        );
        self.conn
            .execute(&sql, [])
            .map_err(|e| format!("creating row tracking table: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn get_seed_hash(
        &mut self,
        table_name: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
    ) -> Result<Option<String>, String> {
        let sql = format!(
            "SELECT content_hash FROM \"{}\" WHERE seed_set = ?1",
            sanitize_identifier(table_name)
        );
        match self
            .conn
            .query_row(&sql, [seed_set], |row| row.get::<_, Option<String>>(0))
        {
            Ok(hash) => Ok(hash),
            Err(rusqlite::Error::QueryReturnedNoRows) => Ok(None),
            Err(e) => Err(format!("getting seed hash: {}", e)),
        }
    }

    fn update_seed_entry(
        &mut self,
        table_name: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
        hash: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(table_name);
        // Upsert: update hash if exists, insert if not
        let sql = format!(
            "INSERT INTO \"{}\" (seed_set, content_hash) VALUES (?1, ?2) \
             ON CONFLICT(seed_set) DO UPDATE SET content_hash = ?2, applied_at = datetime('now')",
            safe
        );
        self.conn
            .execute(&sql, [seed_set, hash])
            .map_err(|e| format!("updating seed entry: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn store_tracked_row(
        &mut self,
        tracking_table: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
        table_name: &str,
        row_key: &str,
        row_values: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(tracking_table);
        let sql = format!(
            "INSERT INTO \"{}_rows\" (seed_set, table_name, row_key, row_values) VALUES (?1, ?2, ?3, ?4) \
             ON CONFLICT(seed_set, table_name, row_key) DO UPDATE SET row_values = ?4, applied_at = datetime('now')",
            safe
        );
        self.conn
            .execute(&sql, [seed_set, table_name, row_key, row_values])
            .map_err(|e| format!("storing tracked row: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn get_tracked_rows(
        &mut self,
        tracking_table: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
        table_name: &str,
    ) -> Result<Vec<(String, String)>, String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(tracking_table);
        let sql = format!(
            "SELECT row_key, row_values FROM \"{}_rows\" WHERE seed_set = ?1 AND table_name = ?2",
            safe
        );
        let mut stmt = self
            .conn
            .prepare(&sql)
            .map_err(|e| format!("preparing tracked rows query: {}", e))?;
        let rows = stmt
            .query_map([seed_set, table_name], |row| {
                Ok((row.get::<_, String>(0)?, row.get::<_, String>(1)?))
            })
            .map_err(|e| format!("querying tracked rows: {}", e))?
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .map_err(|e| format!("reading tracked rows: {}", e))?;
        Ok(rows)
    }

    fn delete_tracked_row(
        &mut self,
        tracking_table: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
        table_name: &str,
        row_key: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(tracking_table);
        let sql = format!(
            "DELETE FROM \"{}_rows\" WHERE seed_set = ?1 AND table_name = ?2 AND row_key = ?3",
            safe
        );
        self.conn
            .execute(&sql, [seed_set, table_name, row_key])
            .map_err(|e| format!("deleting tracked row: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn delete_all_tracked_rows(
        &mut self,
        tracking_table: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(tracking_table);
        let sql = format!("DELETE FROM \"{}_rows\" WHERE seed_set = ?1", safe);
        self.conn
            .execute(&sql, [seed_set])
            .map_err(|e| format!("deleting all tracked rows: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn update_row(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        set_columns: &[String],
        set_values: &[String],
        where_columns: &[String],
        where_values: &[String],
    ) -> Result<u64, String> {
        let set_clause: Vec<String> = set_columns
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(i, c)| format!("\"{}\" = ?{}", sanitize_identifier(c), i + 1))
            .collect();
        let where_clause: Vec<String> = where_columns
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(i, c)| {
                format!(
                    "\"{}\" = ?{}",
                    sanitize_identifier(c),
                    set_values.len() + i + 1
                )
            })
            .collect();
        let sql = format!(
            "UPDATE \"{}\" SET {} WHERE {}",
            sanitize_identifier(table),
            set_clause.join(", "),
            where_clause.join(" AND ")
        );
        let mut all_values: Vec<&dyn rusqlite::types::ToSql> = Vec::new();
        for v in set_values.iter().chain(where_values.iter()) {
            all_values.push(v as &dyn rusqlite::types::ToSql);
        }
        let count = self
            .conn
            .execute(&sql, all_values.as_slice())
            .map_err(|e| format!("updating row in '{}': {}", table, e))?;
        Ok(count as u64)
    }

    fn get_row_columns(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        key_columns: &[String],
        key_values: &[String],
        fetch_columns: &[String],
    ) -> Result<Option<Vec<String>>, String> {
        if fetch_columns.is_empty() {
            return Ok(None);
        }
        let select_cols: Vec<String> = fetch_columns
            .iter()
            .map(|c| format!("CAST(\"{}\" AS TEXT)", sanitize_identifier(c)))
            .collect();
        let where_clause: Vec<String> = key_columns
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(i, c)| format!("\"{}\" = ?{}", sanitize_identifier(c), i + 1))
            .collect();
        let sql = format!(
            "SELECT {} FROM \"{}\" WHERE {}",
            select_cols.join(", "),
            sanitize_identifier(table),
            where_clause.join(" AND ")
        );
        let params: Vec<&dyn rusqlite::types::ToSql> = key_values
            .iter()
            .map(|v| v as &dyn rusqlite::types::ToSql)
            .collect();
        match self.conn.query_row(&sql, params.as_slice(), |row| {
            let mut vals = Vec::new();
            for i in 0..fetch_columns.len() {
                let v: Option<String> = row.get(i)?;
                vals.push(v.unwrap_or_default());
            }
            Ok(vals)
        }) {
            Ok(vals) => Ok(Some(vals)),
            Err(rusqlite::Error::QueryReturnedNoRows) => Ok(None),
            Err(e) => Err(format!("getting row from '{}': {}", table, e)),
        }
    }

    fn delete_row_by_key(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        key_columns: &[String],
        key_values: &[String],
    ) -> Result<u64, String> {
        let where_clause: Vec<String> = key_columns
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(i, c)| format!("\"{}\" = ?{}", sanitize_identifier(c), i + 1))
            .collect();
        let sql = format!(
            "DELETE FROM \"{}\" WHERE {}",
            sanitize_identifier(table),
            where_clause.join(" AND ")
        );
        let params: Vec<&dyn rusqlite::types::ToSql> = key_values
            .iter()
            .map(|v| v as &dyn rusqlite::types::ToSql)
            .collect();
        let count = self
            .conn
            .execute(&sql, params.as_slice())
            .map_err(|e| format!("deleting row from '{}': {}", table, e))?;
        Ok(count as u64)
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "postgres")]
pub struct PostgresDb {
    client: postgres::Client,
    in_transaction: bool,
}

#[cfg(feature = "postgres")]
impl PostgresDb {
    pub fn connect(url: &str) -> Result<Self, String> {
        let client = postgres::Client::connect(url, postgres::NoTls)
            .map_err(|e| format!("connecting to postgres: {}", e))?;
        Ok(Self {
            client,
            in_transaction: false,
        })
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "postgres")]
impl Database for PostgresDb {
    fn ensure_tracking_table(&mut self, table_name: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        let sql = format!(
            "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"{}\" (
                seed_set TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
                applied_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW()
            )",
            sanitize_identifier(table_name)
        );
        self.client
            .execute(&sql, &[])
            .map_err(|e| format!("creating tracking table: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn is_seed_applied(&mut self, table_name: &str, seed_set: &str) -> Result<bool, String> {
        let sql = format!(
            "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM \"{}\" WHERE seed_set = $1",
            sanitize_identifier(table_name)
        );
        let row = self
            .client
            .query_one(&sql, &[&seed_set])
            .map_err(|e| format!("checking seed status: {}", e))?;
        let count: i64 = row.get(0);
        Ok(count > 0)
    }

    fn mark_seed_applied(&mut self, table_name: &str, seed_set: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        let sql = format!(
            "INSERT INTO \"{}\" (seed_set) VALUES ($1) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING",
            sanitize_identifier(table_name)
        );
        self.client
            .execute(&sql, &[&seed_set])
            .map_err(|e| format!("marking seed applied: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn remove_seed_mark(&mut self, table_name: &str, seed_set: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        let sql = format!(
            "DELETE FROM \"{}\" WHERE seed_set = $1",
            sanitize_identifier(table_name)
        );
        self.client
            .execute(&sql, &[&seed_set])
            .map_err(|e| format!("removing seed mark: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    // Seed values are untyped strings that may target columns of any type
    // (INTEGER, TEXT, etc.). Parameterized queries with $N send values as
    // TEXT, which postgres cannot implicitly cast to other types. String
    // literals have type `unknown` and auto-cast to the target column type,
    // so we use escaped literals here. Identifiers are still sanitized.
    fn insert_row(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        columns: &[String],
        values: &[String],
        auto_id_column: Option<&str>,
    ) -> Result<Option<i64>, String> {
        let col_list: Vec<String> = columns
            .iter()
            .map(|c| format!("\"{}\"", sanitize_identifier(c)))
            .collect();
        let value_list: Vec<String> = values.iter().map(|v| escape_sql_value(v)).collect();

        if let Some(auto_col) = auto_id_column {
            let returning_col = sanitize_identifier(auto_col);
            let sql = format!(
                "INSERT INTO \"{}\" ({}) VALUES ({}) RETURNING COALESCE(CAST(\"{}\" AS BIGINT), 0)",
                sanitize_identifier(table),
                col_list.join(", "),
                value_list.join(", "),
                returning_col
            );
            let row = self
                .client
                .query_one(&sql, &[])
                .map_err(|e| format!("inserting row into '{}': {}", table, e))?;
            let id: i64 = row.get(0);
            Ok(Some(id))
        } else {
            let sql = format!(
                "INSERT INTO \"{}\" ({}) VALUES ({})",
                sanitize_identifier(table),
                col_list.join(", "),
                value_list.join(", "),
            );
            self.client
                .execute(&sql, &[])
                .map_err(|e| format!("inserting row into '{}': {}", table, e))?;
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    fn row_exists(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        unique_columns: &[String],
        unique_values: &[String],
    ) -> Result<bool, String> {
        if unique_columns.is_empty() {
            return Ok(false);
        }
        let conditions: Vec<String> = unique_columns
            .iter()
            .zip(unique_values.iter())
            .map(|(c, v)| format!("\"{}\" = {}", sanitize_identifier(c), escape_sql_value(v)))
            .collect();
        let sql = format!(
            "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM \"{}\" WHERE {}",
            sanitize_identifier(table),
            conditions.join(" AND ")
        );
        let row = self
            .client
            .query_one(&sql, &[])
            .map_err(|e| format!("checking row existence in '{}': {}", table, e))?;
        let count: i64 = row.get(0);
        Ok(count > 0)
    }

    fn delete_rows(&mut self, table: &str) -> Result<u64, String> {
        let sql = format!("DELETE FROM \"{}\"", sanitize_identifier(table));
        let count = self
            .client
            .execute(&sql, &[])
            .map_err(|e| format!("deleting rows from '{}': {}", table, e))?;
        Ok(count)
    }

    fn begin_transaction(&mut self) -> Result<(), String> {
        self.client
            .execute("BEGIN", &[])
            .map_err(|e| format!("beginning transaction: {}", e))?;
        self.in_transaction = true;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn commit_transaction(&mut self) -> Result<(), String> {
        if self.in_transaction {
            self.client
                .execute("COMMIT", &[])
                .map_err(|e| format!("committing transaction: {}", e))?;
            self.in_transaction = false;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn rollback_transaction(&mut self) -> Result<(), String> {
        if self.in_transaction {
            self.client
                .execute("ROLLBACK", &[])
                .map_err(|e| format!("rolling back transaction: {}", e))?;
            self.in_transaction = false;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn create_database(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(name);
        let row = self
            .client
            .query_one(
                "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pg_database WHERE datname = $1",
                &[&safe],
            )
            .map_err(|e| format!("checking database existence: {}", e))?;
        let count: i64 = row.get(0);
        if count == 0 {
            let sql = format!("CREATE DATABASE \"{}\"", safe);
            self.client
                .execute(&sql, &[])
                .map_err(|e| format!("creating database '{}': {}", name, e))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn create_schema(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        let sql = format!(
            "CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS \"{}\"",
            sanitize_identifier(name)
        );
        self.client
            .execute(&sql, &[])
            .map_err(|e| format!("creating schema '{}': {}", name, e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn object_exists(&mut self, obj_type: &str, name: &str) -> Result<bool, String> {
        let sql = match obj_type {
            "table" => {
                "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = $1".to_string()
            }
            "view" => {
                "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.views WHERE table_name = $1".to_string()
            }
            "schema" => "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = $1"
                .to_string(),
            "database" => "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pg_database WHERE datname = $1".to_string(),
            _ => {
                return Err(format!(
                    "unsupported object type '{}' for postgres",
                    obj_type
                ))
            }
        };
        let row = self
            .client
            .query_one(&sql, &[&name])
            .map_err(|e| format!("checking {} existence: {}", obj_type, e))?;
        let count: i64 = row.get(0);
        Ok(count > 0)
    }

    fn driver_name(&self) -> &str {
        "postgres"
    }

    fn migrate_tracking_table(&mut self, table_name: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(table_name);
        let sql = format!(
            "DO $$ BEGIN \
               IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM information_schema.columns \
                 WHERE table_name='{}' AND column_name='content_hash') THEN \
                 ALTER TABLE \"{}\" ADD COLUMN content_hash TEXT; \
               END IF; \
             END $$",
            safe, safe
        );
        self.client
            .execute(&sql, &[])
            .map_err(|e| format!("migrating tracking table: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn ensure_row_tracking_table(&mut self, table_name: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(table_name);
        let sql = format!(
            "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"{}_rows\" (
                seed_set TEXT NOT NULL,
                table_name TEXT NOT NULL,
                row_key TEXT NOT NULL,
                row_values TEXT NOT NULL,
                applied_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
                PRIMARY KEY (seed_set, table_name, row_key)
            )",
            safe
        );
        self.client
            .execute(&sql, &[])
            .map_err(|e| format!("creating row tracking table: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn get_seed_hash(
        &mut self,
        table_name: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
    ) -> Result<Option<String>, String> {
        let sql = format!(
            "SELECT content_hash FROM \"{}\" WHERE seed_set = $1",
            sanitize_identifier(table_name)
        );
        let rows = self
            .client
            .query(&sql, &[&seed_set])
            .map_err(|e| format!("getting seed hash: {}", e))?;
        if rows.is_empty() {
            Ok(None)
        } else {
            Ok(rows[0].get(0))
        }
    }

    fn update_seed_entry(
        &mut self,
        table_name: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
        hash: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(table_name);
        let sql = format!(
            "INSERT INTO \"{}\" (seed_set, content_hash) VALUES ($1, $2) \
             ON CONFLICT(seed_set) DO UPDATE SET content_hash = $2, applied_at = NOW()",
            safe
        );
        self.client
            .execute(&sql, &[&seed_set, &hash])
            .map_err(|e| format!("updating seed entry: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn store_tracked_row(
        &mut self,
        tracking_table: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
        table_name: &str,
        row_key: &str,
        row_values: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(tracking_table);
        let sql = format!(
            "INSERT INTO \"{}_rows\" (seed_set, table_name, row_key, row_values) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4) \
             ON CONFLICT(seed_set, table_name, row_key) DO UPDATE SET row_values = $4, applied_at = NOW()",
            safe
        );
        self.client
            .execute(&sql, &[&seed_set, &table_name, &row_key, &row_values])
            .map_err(|e| format!("storing tracked row: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn get_tracked_rows(
        &mut self,
        tracking_table: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
        table_name: &str,
    ) -> Result<Vec<(String, String)>, String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(tracking_table);
        let sql = format!(
            "SELECT row_key, row_values FROM \"{}_rows\" WHERE seed_set = $1 AND table_name = $2",
            safe
        );
        let rows = self
            .client
            .query(&sql, &[&seed_set, &table_name])
            .map_err(|e| format!("querying tracked rows: {}", e))?;
        Ok(rows
            .iter()
            .map(|r| (r.get::<_, String>(0), r.get::<_, String>(1)))
            .collect())
    }

    fn delete_tracked_row(
        &mut self,
        tracking_table: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
        table_name: &str,
        row_key: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(tracking_table);
        let sql = format!(
            "DELETE FROM \"{}_rows\" WHERE seed_set = $1 AND table_name = $2 AND row_key = $3",
            safe
        );
        self.client
            .execute(&sql, &[&seed_set, &table_name, &row_key])
            .map_err(|e| format!("deleting tracked row: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn delete_all_tracked_rows(
        &mut self,
        tracking_table: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(tracking_table);
        let sql = format!("DELETE FROM \"{}_rows\" WHERE seed_set = $1", safe);
        self.client
            .execute(&sql, &[&seed_set])
            .map_err(|e| format!("deleting all tracked rows: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn update_row(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        set_columns: &[String],
        set_values: &[String],
        where_columns: &[String],
        where_values: &[String],
    ) -> Result<u64, String> {
        let set_clause: Vec<String> = set_columns
            .iter()
            .zip(set_values.iter())
            .map(|(c, v)| format!("\"{}\" = {}", sanitize_identifier(c), escape_sql_value(v)))
            .collect();
        let where_clause: Vec<String> = where_columns
            .iter()
            .zip(where_values.iter())
            .map(|(c, v)| format!("\"{}\" = {}", sanitize_identifier(c), escape_sql_value(v)))
            .collect();
        let sql = format!(
            "UPDATE \"{}\" SET {} WHERE {}",
            sanitize_identifier(table),
            set_clause.join(", "),
            where_clause.join(" AND ")
        );
        let count = self
            .client
            .execute(&sql, &[])
            .map_err(|e| format!("updating row in '{}': {}", table, e))?;
        Ok(count)
    }

    fn get_row_columns(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        key_columns: &[String],
        key_values: &[String],
        fetch_columns: &[String],
    ) -> Result<Option<Vec<String>>, String> {
        if fetch_columns.is_empty() {
            return Ok(None);
        }
        let select_cols: Vec<String> = fetch_columns
            .iter()
            .map(|c| format!("CAST(\"{}\" AS TEXT)", sanitize_identifier(c)))
            .collect();
        let where_clause: Vec<String> = key_columns
            .iter()
            .zip(key_values.iter())
            .map(|(c, v)| format!("\"{}\" = {}", sanitize_identifier(c), escape_sql_value(v)))
            .collect();
        let sql = format!(
            "SELECT {} FROM \"{}\" WHERE {}",
            select_cols.join(", "),
            sanitize_identifier(table),
            where_clause.join(" AND ")
        );
        let rows = self
            .client
            .query(&sql, &[])
            .map_err(|e| format!("getting row from '{}': {}", table, e))?;
        if rows.is_empty() {
            Ok(None)
        } else {
            let mut vals = Vec::new();
            for i in 0..fetch_columns.len() {
                let v: Option<String> = rows[0].get(i);
                vals.push(v.unwrap_or_default());
            }
            Ok(Some(vals))
        }
    }

    fn delete_row_by_key(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        key_columns: &[String],
        key_values: &[String],
    ) -> Result<u64, String> {
        let where_clause: Vec<String> = key_columns
            .iter()
            .zip(key_values.iter())
            .map(|(c, v)| format!("\"{}\" = {}", sanitize_identifier(c), escape_sql_value(v)))
            .collect();
        let sql = format!(
            "DELETE FROM \"{}\" WHERE {}",
            sanitize_identifier(table),
            where_clause.join(" AND ")
        );
        let count = self
            .client
            .execute(&sql, &[])
            .map_err(|e| format!("deleting row from '{}': {}", table, e))?;
        Ok(count)
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "mysql")]
pub struct MysqlDb {
    conn: mysql::PooledConn,
    in_transaction: bool,
}

#[cfg(feature = "mysql")]
impl MysqlDb {
    pub fn connect(url: &str) -> Result<Self, String> {
        let pool = mysql::Pool::new(url).map_err(|e| format!("connecting to mysql: {}", e))?;
        let conn = pool
            .get_conn()
            .map_err(|e| format!("getting mysql connection: {}", e))?;
        Ok(Self {
            conn,
            in_transaction: false,
        })
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "mysql")]
impl Database for MysqlDb {
    fn ensure_tracking_table(&mut self, table_name: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        let sql = format!(
            "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `{}` (
                seed_set VARCHAR(255) PRIMARY KEY,
                applied_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
            )",
            sanitize_identifier(table_name)
        );
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        self.conn
            .query_drop(&sql)
            .map_err(|e| format!("creating tracking table: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn is_seed_applied(&mut self, table_name: &str, seed_set: &str) -> Result<bool, String> {
        let sql = format!(
            "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `{}` WHERE seed_set = ?",
            sanitize_identifier(table_name)
        );
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        let count: Option<i64> = self
            .conn
            .exec_first(&sql, (seed_set,))
            .map_err(|e| format!("checking seed status: {}", e))?;
        Ok(count.unwrap_or(0) > 0)
    }

    fn mark_seed_applied(&mut self, table_name: &str, seed_set: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        let sql = format!(
            "INSERT IGNORE INTO `{}` (seed_set) VALUES (?)",
            sanitize_identifier(table_name)
        );
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        self.conn
            .exec_drop(&sql, (seed_set,))
            .map_err(|e| format!("marking seed applied: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn remove_seed_mark(&mut self, table_name: &str, seed_set: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        let sql = format!(
            "DELETE FROM `{}` WHERE seed_set = ?",
            sanitize_identifier(table_name)
        );
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        self.conn
            .exec_drop(&sql, (seed_set,))
            .map_err(|e| format!("removing seed mark: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn insert_row(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        columns: &[String],
        values: &[String],
        _auto_id_column: Option<&str>,
    ) -> Result<Option<i64>, String> {
        let col_list: Vec<String> = columns
            .iter()
            .map(|c| format!("`{}`", sanitize_identifier(c)))
            .collect();
        let placeholders: Vec<String> = columns.iter().map(|_| "?".into()).collect();
        let sql = format!(
            "INSERT INTO `{}` ({}) VALUES ({})",
            sanitize_identifier(table),
            col_list.join(", "),
            placeholders.join(", ")
        );
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        let params: Vec<mysql::Value> = values
            .iter()
            .map(|v| mysql::Value::from(v.as_str()))
            .collect();
        self.conn
            .exec_drop(&sql, &params)
            .map_err(|e| format!("inserting row into '{}': {}", table, e))?;
        let id: Option<i64> = self
            .conn
            .exec_first("SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID()", ())
            .map_err(|e| format!("getting last insert id: {}", e))?;
        Ok(id)
    }

    fn row_exists(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        unique_columns: &[String],
        unique_values: &[String],
    ) -> Result<bool, String> {
        if unique_columns.is_empty() {
            return Ok(false);
        }
        let conditions: Vec<String> = unique_columns
            .iter()
            .map(|c| format!("`{}` = ?", sanitize_identifier(c)))
            .collect();
        let sql = format!(
            "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `{}` WHERE {}",
            sanitize_identifier(table),
            conditions.join(" AND ")
        );
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        let params: Vec<mysql::Value> = unique_values
            .iter()
            .map(|v| mysql::Value::from(v.as_str()))
            .collect();
        let count: Option<i64> = self
            .conn
            .exec_first(&sql, &params)
            .map_err(|e| format!("checking row existence in '{}': {}", table, e))?;
        Ok(count.unwrap_or(0) > 0)
    }

    fn delete_rows(&mut self, table: &str) -> Result<u64, String> {
        let sql = format!("DELETE FROM `{}`", sanitize_identifier(table));
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        self.conn
            .query_drop(&sql)
            .map_err(|e| format!("deleting rows from '{}': {}", table, e))?;
        let affected: Option<u64> = self
            .conn
            .exec_first("SELECT ROW_COUNT()", ())
            .map_err(|e| format!("getting affected rows: {}", e))?;
        Ok(affected.unwrap_or(0))
    }

    fn begin_transaction(&mut self) -> Result<(), String> {
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        self.conn
            .query_drop("START TRANSACTION")
            .map_err(|e| format!("beginning transaction: {}", e))?;
        self.in_transaction = true;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn commit_transaction(&mut self) -> Result<(), String> {
        if self.in_transaction {
            use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
            self.conn
                .query_drop("COMMIT")
                .map_err(|e| format!("committing transaction: {}", e))?;
            self.in_transaction = false;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn rollback_transaction(&mut self) -> Result<(), String> {
        if self.in_transaction {
            use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
            self.conn
                .query_drop("ROLLBACK")
                .map_err(|e| format!("rolling back transaction: {}", e))?;
            self.in_transaction = false;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn create_database(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        let sql = format!(
            "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS `{}`",
            sanitize_identifier(name)
        );
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        self.conn
            .query_drop(&sql)
            .map_err(|e| format!("creating database '{}': {}", name, e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn create_schema(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        // In MySQL, schema and database are synonymous
        self.create_database(name)
    }

    fn object_exists(&mut self, obj_type: &str, name: &str) -> Result<bool, String> {
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        let sql = match obj_type {
            "table" => "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = DATABASE() AND table_name = ?",
            "view" => "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.views WHERE table_schema = DATABASE() AND table_name = ?",
            "schema" | "database" => "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = ?",
            _ => return Err(format!("unsupported object type '{}' for mysql", obj_type)),
        };
        let count: Option<i64> = self
            .conn
            .exec_first(sql, (name,))
            .map_err(|e| format!("checking {} existence: {}", obj_type, e))?;
        Ok(count.unwrap_or(0) > 0)
    }

    fn driver_name(&self) -> &str {
        "mysql"
    }

    fn migrate_tracking_table(&mut self, table_name: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(table_name);
        // MySQL: ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS is not supported in older versions.
        // Check information_schema first.
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        let check_sql = format!(
            "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.columns \
             WHERE table_schema = DATABASE() AND table_name = '{}' AND column_name = 'content_hash'",
            safe
        );
        let count: Option<i64> = self
            .conn
            .exec_first(&check_sql, ())
            .map_err(|e| format!("checking tracking table schema: {}", e))?;
        if count.unwrap_or(0) == 0 {
            let alter = format!("ALTER TABLE `{}` ADD COLUMN content_hash TEXT", safe);
            self.conn
                .query_drop(&alter)
                .map_err(|e| format!("migrating tracking table: {}", e))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn ensure_row_tracking_table(&mut self, table_name: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(table_name);
        let sql = format!(
            "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `{}_rows` (
                seed_set VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
                table_name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
                row_key TEXT NOT NULL,
                row_values TEXT NOT NULL,
                applied_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                row_key_hash BINARY(32) GENERATED ALWAYS AS (UNHEX(SHA2(row_key, 256))) STORED,
                PRIMARY KEY (seed_set, table_name, row_key_hash)
            )",
            safe
        );
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        self.conn
            .query_drop(&sql)
            .map_err(|e| format!("creating row tracking table: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn get_seed_hash(
        &mut self,
        table_name: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
    ) -> Result<Option<String>, String> {
        let sql = format!(
            "SELECT content_hash FROM `{}` WHERE seed_set = ?",
            sanitize_identifier(table_name)
        );
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        let result: Option<Option<String>> = self
            .conn
            .exec_first(&sql, (seed_set,))
            .map_err(|e| format!("getting seed hash: {}", e))?;
        Ok(result.flatten())
    }

    fn update_seed_entry(
        &mut self,
        table_name: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
        hash: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(table_name);
        let sql = format!(
            "INSERT INTO `{}` (seed_set, content_hash) VALUES (?, ?) \
             ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE content_hash = VALUES(content_hash), applied_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
            safe
        );
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        self.conn
            .exec_drop(&sql, (seed_set, hash))
            .map_err(|e| format!("updating seed entry: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn store_tracked_row(
        &mut self,
        tracking_table: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
        table_name: &str,
        row_key: &str,
        row_values: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(tracking_table);
        let sql = format!(
            "INSERT INTO `{}_rows` (seed_set, table_name, row_key, row_values) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?) \
             ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE row_values = VALUES(row_values), applied_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
            safe
        );
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        self.conn
            .exec_drop(&sql, (seed_set, table_name, row_key, row_values))
            .map_err(|e| format!("storing tracked row: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn get_tracked_rows(
        &mut self,
        tracking_table: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
        table_name: &str,
    ) -> Result<Vec<(String, String)>, String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(tracking_table);
        let sql = format!(
            "SELECT row_key, row_values FROM `{}_rows` WHERE seed_set = ? AND table_name = ?",
            safe
        );
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        let rows: Vec<(String, String)> = self
            .conn
            .exec(&sql, (seed_set, table_name))
            .map_err(|e| format!("querying tracked rows: {}", e))?;
        Ok(rows)
    }

    fn delete_tracked_row(
        &mut self,
        tracking_table: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
        table_name: &str,
        row_key: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(tracking_table);
        let sql = format!(
            "DELETE FROM `{}_rows` WHERE seed_set = ? AND table_name = ? AND row_key = ?",
            safe
        );
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        self.conn
            .exec_drop(&sql, (seed_set, table_name, row_key))
            .map_err(|e| format!("deleting tracked row: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn delete_all_tracked_rows(
        &mut self,
        tracking_table: &str,
        seed_set: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), String> {
        let safe = sanitize_identifier(tracking_table);
        let sql = format!("DELETE FROM `{}_rows` WHERE seed_set = ?", safe);
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        self.conn
            .exec_drop(&sql, (seed_set,))
            .map_err(|e| format!("deleting all tracked rows: {}", e))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn update_row(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        set_columns: &[String],
        set_values: &[String],
        where_columns: &[String],
        where_values: &[String],
    ) -> Result<u64, String> {
        let set_clause: Vec<String> = set_columns
            .iter()
            .map(|c| format!("`{}` = ?", sanitize_identifier(c)))
            .collect();
        let where_clause: Vec<String> = where_columns
            .iter()
            .map(|c| format!("`{}` = ?", sanitize_identifier(c)))
            .collect();
        let sql = format!(
            "UPDATE `{}` SET {} WHERE {}",
            sanitize_identifier(table),
            set_clause.join(", "),
            where_clause.join(" AND ")
        );
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        let params: Vec<mysql::Value> = set_values
            .iter()
            .chain(where_values.iter())
            .map(|v| mysql::Value::from(v.as_str()))
            .collect();
        self.conn
            .exec_drop(&sql, &params)
            .map_err(|e| format!("updating row in '{}': {}", table, e))?;
        let affected: Option<u64> = self
            .conn
            .exec_first("SELECT ROW_COUNT()", ())
            .map_err(|e| format!("getting affected rows: {}", e))?;
        Ok(affected.unwrap_or(0))
    }

    fn get_row_columns(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        key_columns: &[String],
        key_values: &[String],
        fetch_columns: &[String],
    ) -> Result<Option<Vec<String>>, String> {
        if fetch_columns.is_empty() {
            return Ok(None);
        }
        let select_cols: Vec<String> = fetch_columns
            .iter()
            .map(|c| format!("CAST(`{}` AS CHAR)", sanitize_identifier(c)))
            .collect();
        let where_clause: Vec<String> = key_columns
            .iter()
            .map(|c| format!("`{}` = ?", sanitize_identifier(c)))
            .collect();
        let sql = format!(
            "SELECT {} FROM `{}` WHERE {}",
            select_cols.join(", "),
            sanitize_identifier(table),
            where_clause.join(" AND ")
        );
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        let params: Vec<mysql::Value> = key_values
            .iter()
            .map(|v| mysql::Value::from(v.as_str()))
            .collect();
        let row: Option<mysql::Row> = self
            .conn
            .exec_first(&sql, &params)
            .map_err(|e| format!("getting row from '{}': {}", table, e))?;
        match row {
            Some(r) => {
                let mut vals = Vec::new();
                for i in 0..fetch_columns.len() {
                    let v: Option<String> = r.get(i);
                    vals.push(v.unwrap_or_default());
                }
                Ok(Some(vals))
            }
            None => Ok(None),
        }
    }

    fn delete_row_by_key(
        &mut self,
        table: &str,
        key_columns: &[String],
        key_values: &[String],
    ) -> Result<u64, String> {
        let where_clause: Vec<String> = key_columns
            .iter()
            .map(|c| format!("`{}` = ?", sanitize_identifier(c)))
            .collect();
        let sql = format!(
            "DELETE FROM `{}` WHERE {}",
            sanitize_identifier(table),
            where_clause.join(" AND ")
        );
        use mysql::prelude::Queryable;
        let params: Vec<mysql::Value> = key_values
            .iter()
            .map(|v| mysql::Value::from(v.as_str()))
            .collect();
        self.conn
            .exec_drop(&sql, &params)
            .map_err(|e| format!("deleting row from '{}': {}", table, e))?;
        let affected: Option<u64> = self
            .conn
            .exec_first("SELECT ROW_COUNT()", ())
            .map_err(|e| format!("getting affected rows: {}", e))?;
        Ok(affected.unwrap_or(0))
    }
}

pub fn connect(config: &crate::seed::schema::DatabaseConfig) -> Result<Box<dyn Database>, String> {
    let driver = config.driver.as_str();

    if config.has_structured_config() {
        return connect_structured(config);
    }

    let url = if !config.url_env.is_empty() {
        std::env::var(&config.url_env).map_err(|_| {
            format!(
                "environment variable '{}' not set for database URL",
                config.url_env
            )
        })?
    } else if !config.url.is_empty() {
        config.url.clone()
    } else {
        std::env::var("DATABASE_URL").map_err(|_| {
            "no database URL configured: set database.url, database.url_env, or DATABASE_URL env var, or use structured fields (host, port, user, password, name)".to_string()
        })?
    };

    match driver {
        #[cfg(feature = "sqlite")]
        "sqlite" => Ok(Box::new(SqliteDb::connect(&url)?)),
        #[cfg(feature = "postgres")]
        "postgres" | "postgresql" => Ok(Box::new(PostgresDb::connect(&url)?)),
        #[cfg(feature = "mysql")]
        "mysql" => Ok(Box::new(MysqlDb::connect(&url)?)),
        _ => Err(unsupported_driver_error(driver)),
    }
}

fn connect_structured(
    config: &crate::seed::schema::DatabaseConfig,
) -> Result<Box<dyn Database>, String> {
    let driver = config.driver.as_str();
    match driver {
        #[cfg(feature = "sqlite")]
        "sqlite" => {
            Err("structured database config is not supported for sqlite; use url instead".into())
        }
        #[cfg(feature = "postgres")]
        "postgres" | "postgresql" => {
            let dsn = build_postgres_dsn(config);
            Ok(Box::new(PostgresDb::connect(&dsn)?))
        }
        #[cfg(feature = "mysql")]
        "mysql" => {
            if !config.options.is_empty() {
                return Err(format!(
                    "structured database config does not support 'options' for mysql (unsupported keys: {})",
                    config.options.keys().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ")
                ));
            }
            let port = config.port.unwrap_or(3306);
            let mut opts = mysql::OptsBuilder::default()
                .ip_or_hostname(Some(&config.host))
                .tcp_port(port);
            if !config.user.is_empty() {
                opts = opts.user(Some(&config.user));
            }
            if !config.password.is_empty() {
                opts = opts.pass(Some(&config.password));
            }
            if !config.name.is_empty() {
                opts = opts.db_name(Some(&config.name));
            }
            let pool = mysql::Pool::new(opts).map_err(|e| format!("connecting to mysql: {}", e))?;
            let conn = pool
                .get_conn()
                .map_err(|e| format!("getting mysql connection: {}", e))?;
            Ok(Box::new(MysqlDb {
                conn,
                in_transaction: false,
            }))
        }
        _ => Err(unsupported_driver_error(driver)),
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "postgres")]
fn build_postgres_dsn(config: &crate::seed::schema::DatabaseConfig) -> String {
    let mut parts = Vec::new();
    parts.push(format!("host='{}'", escape_dsn_value(&config.host)));
    parts.push(format!("port='{}'", config.port.unwrap_or(5432)));
    if !config.user.is_empty() {
        parts.push(format!("user='{}'", escape_dsn_value(&config.user)));
    }
    if !config.password.is_empty() {
        parts.push(format!("password='{}'", escape_dsn_value(&config.password)));
    }
    if !config.name.is_empty() {
        parts.push(format!("dbname='{}'", escape_dsn_value(&config.name)));
    }
    let mut keys: Vec<&String> = config.options.keys().collect();
    keys.sort();
    for key in keys {
        let value = &config.options[key];
        parts.push(format!(
            "{}='{}'",
            escape_dsn_value(key),
            escape_dsn_value(value)
        ));
    }
    parts.join(" ")
}

fn escape_dsn_value(val: &str) -> String {
    val.replace('\\', "\\\\").replace('\'', "\\'")
}

fn unsupported_driver_error(driver: &str) -> String {
    let mut supported = Vec::new();
    #[cfg(feature = "sqlite")]
    supported.push("sqlite");
    #[cfg(feature = "postgres")]
    supported.push("postgres");
    #[cfg(feature = "mysql")]
    supported.push("mysql");
    format!(
        "unsupported database driver: '{}' (supported: {})",
        driver,
        supported.join(", ")
    )
}

fn sanitize_identifier(name: &str) -> String {
    name.chars()
        .filter(|c| c.is_alphanumeric() || *c == '_')
        .collect()
}

fn escape_sql_value(val: &str) -> String {
    format!("'{}'", val.replace('\'', "''"))
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_sanitize_identifier() {
        assert_eq!(sanitize_identifier("users"), "users");
        assert_eq!(sanitize_identifier("my_table"), "my_table");
        assert_eq!(sanitize_identifier("bad;drop"), "baddrop");
        assert_eq!(sanitize_identifier("table--name"), "tablename");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sqlite_tracking_table() {
        let mut db = SqliteDb::connect(":memory:").unwrap();
        db.ensure_tracking_table("initium_seed").unwrap();
        assert!(!db.is_seed_applied("initium_seed", "test_set").unwrap());
        db.mark_seed_applied("initium_seed", "test_set").unwrap();
        assert!(db.is_seed_applied("initium_seed", "test_set").unwrap());
        db.remove_seed_mark("initium_seed", "test_set").unwrap();
        assert!(!db.is_seed_applied("initium_seed", "test_set").unwrap());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sqlite_insert_and_exists() {
        let mut db = SqliteDb::connect(":memory:").unwrap();
        db.conn
            .execute(
                "CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, email TEXT UNIQUE)",
                [],
            )
            .unwrap();

        let columns = vec!["name".into(), "email".into()];
        let values = vec!["Alice".into(), "alice@example.com".into()];
        let id = db.insert_row("users", &columns, &values, None).unwrap();
        assert!(id.is_some());
        assert_eq!(id.unwrap(), 1);

        let unique_cols = vec!["email".into()];
        let unique_vals = vec!["alice@example.com".into()];
        assert!(db.row_exists("users", &unique_cols, &unique_vals).unwrap());

        let unique_vals2 = vec!["bob@example.com".into()];
        assert!(!db.row_exists("users", &unique_cols, &unique_vals2).unwrap());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sqlite_delete_rows() {
        let mut db = SqliteDb::connect(":memory:").unwrap();
        db.conn
            .execute("CREATE TABLE items (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT)", [])
            .unwrap();
        db.insert_row("items", &["name".into()], &["item1".into()], None)
            .unwrap();
        db.insert_row("items", &["name".into()], &["item2".into()], None)
            .unwrap();
        let count = db.delete_rows("items").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(count, 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sqlite_transactions() {
        let mut db = SqliteDb::connect(":memory:").unwrap();
        db.conn
            .execute("CREATE TABLE t (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, v TEXT)", [])
            .unwrap();
        db.begin_transaction().unwrap();
        db.insert_row("t", &["v".into()], &["a".into()], None)
            .unwrap();
        db.rollback_transaction().unwrap();
        let count: i64 = db
            .conn
            .query_row("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t", [], |r| r.get(0))
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(count, 0);

        db.begin_transaction().unwrap();
        db.insert_row("t", &["v".into()], &["b".into()], None)
            .unwrap();
        db.commit_transaction().unwrap();
        let count: i64 = db
            .conn
            .query_row("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t", [], |r| r.get(0))
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(count, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_row_exists_empty_unique_key() {
        let mut db = SqliteDb::connect(":memory:").unwrap();
        assert!(!db.row_exists("any", &[], &[]).unwrap());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_connect_unsupported_driver() {
        let config = crate::seed::schema::DatabaseConfig {
            driver: "oracle".into(),
            url: "localhost".into(),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let result = connect(&config);
        assert!(result.is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_connect_sqlite() {
        let config = crate::seed::schema::DatabaseConfig {
            driver: "sqlite".into(),
            url: ":memory:".into(),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let db = connect(&config);
        assert!(db.is_ok());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_connect_structured_sqlite_rejected() {
        let config = crate::seed::schema::DatabaseConfig {
            driver: "sqlite".into(),
            host: "localhost".into(),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let result = connect(&config);
        let err = result.err().expect("expected error");
        assert!(err.contains("not supported for sqlite"));
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "mysql")]
    #[test]
    fn test_connect_structured_mysql_rejects_options() {
        use std::collections::HashMap;
        let config = crate::seed::schema::DatabaseConfig {
            driver: "mysql".into(),
            host: "localhost".into(),
            user: "root".into(),
            name: "test".into(),
            options: {
                let mut m = HashMap::new();
                m.insert("charset".into(), "utf8mb4".into());
                m
            },
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let err = connect(&config).err().expect("expected error");
        assert!(err.contains("does not support 'options' for mysql"));
        assert!(err.contains("charset"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_escape_dsn_value() {
        assert_eq!(escape_dsn_value("simple"), "simple");
        assert_eq!(escape_dsn_value("it's"), "it\\'s");
        assert_eq!(escape_dsn_value("back\\slash"), "back\\\\slash");
        assert_eq!(escape_dsn_value("p@ss:word"), "p@ss:word");
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "postgres")]
    #[test]
    fn test_build_postgres_dsn() {
        use std::collections::HashMap;
        let config = crate::seed::schema::DatabaseConfig {
            driver: "postgres".into(),
            host: "pg.example.com".into(),
            port: Some(5432),
            user: "admin".into(),
            password: "s3cr't".into(),
            name: "mydb".into(),
            options: {
                let mut m = HashMap::new();
                m.insert("sslmode".into(), "disable".into());
                m
            },
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let dsn = build_postgres_dsn(&config);
        assert!(dsn.contains("host='pg.example.com'"));
        assert!(dsn.contains("port='5432'"));
        assert!(dsn.contains("user='admin'"));
        assert!(dsn.contains("password='s3cr\\'t'"));
        assert!(dsn.contains("dbname='mydb'"));
        assert!(dsn.contains("sslmode='disable'"));
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "postgres")]
    #[test]
    fn test_build_postgres_dsn_default_port() {
        let config = crate::seed::schema::DatabaseConfig {
            driver: "postgres".into(),
            host: "localhost".into(),
            user: "app".into(),
            name: "db".into(),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let dsn = build_postgres_dsn(&config);
        assert!(dsn.contains("port='5432'"));
        assert!(!dsn.contains("password="));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_connect_url_from_env() {
        std::env::set_var("TEST_CONNECT_DB_URL_39", "sqlite::memory:");
        let config = crate::seed::schema::DatabaseConfig {
            driver: "sqlite".into(),
            url_env: "TEST_CONNECT_DB_URL_39".into(),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        // Should resolve from env var - but :memory: with sqlite: prefix won't work,
        // so we just check the env resolution part by testing with a valid sqlite URL
        std::env::set_var("TEST_CONNECT_DB_URL_39", ":memory:");
        let result = connect(&config);
        assert!(result.is_ok());
        std::env::remove_var("TEST_CONNECT_DB_URL_39");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_connect_missing_url_env() {
        std::env::remove_var("TEST_MISSING_DB_URL_39");
        let config = crate::seed::schema::DatabaseConfig {
            driver: "sqlite".into(),
            url_env: "TEST_MISSING_DB_URL_39".into(),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let err = connect(&config).err().expect("expected error");
        assert!(err.contains("TEST_MISSING_DB_URL_39"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_connect_no_url_no_env_no_structured() {
        std::env::remove_var("DATABASE_URL");
        let config = crate::seed::schema::DatabaseConfig {
            driver: "sqlite".into(),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let err = connect(&config).err().expect("expected error");
        assert!(err.contains("no database URL configured"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_mark_seed_idempotent() {
        let mut db = SqliteDb::connect(":memory:").unwrap();
        db.ensure_tracking_table("initium_seed").unwrap();
        db.mark_seed_applied("initium_seed", "set1").unwrap();
        db.mark_seed_applied("initium_seed", "set1").unwrap();
        assert!(db.is_seed_applied("initium_seed", "set1").unwrap());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sqlite_object_exists_table() {
        let mut db = SqliteDb::connect(":memory:").unwrap();
        assert!(!db.object_exists("table", "users").unwrap());
        db.conn
            .execute("CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY)", [])
            .unwrap();
        assert!(db.object_exists("table", "users").unwrap());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sqlite_object_exists_view() {
        let mut db = SqliteDb::connect(":memory:").unwrap();
        db.conn
            .execute("CREATE TABLE items (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT)", [])
            .unwrap();
        assert!(!db.object_exists("view", "items_view").unwrap());
        db.conn
            .execute("CREATE VIEW items_view AS SELECT * FROM items", [])
            .unwrap();
        assert!(db.object_exists("view", "items_view").unwrap());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sqlite_object_exists_schema_unsupported() {
        let mut db = SqliteDb::connect(":memory:").unwrap();
        let result = db.object_exists("schema", "public");
        assert!(result.is_err());
        assert!(result.unwrap_err().contains("does not support schemas"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sqlite_object_exists_database_unsupported() {
        let mut db = SqliteDb::connect(":memory:").unwrap();
        let result = db.object_exists("database", "mydb");
        assert!(result.is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sqlite_create_database_unsupported() {
        let mut db = SqliteDb::connect(":memory:").unwrap();
        let result = db.create_database("mydb");
        assert!(result.is_err());
        assert!(result.unwrap_err().contains("does not support"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sqlite_create_schema_unsupported() {
        let mut db = SqliteDb::connect(":memory:").unwrap();
        let result = db.create_schema("myschema");
        assert!(result.is_err());
        assert!(result.unwrap_err().contains("does not support"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sqlite_driver_name() {
        let db = SqliteDb::connect(":memory:").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(db.driver_name(), "sqlite");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sqlite_object_exists_unknown_type() {
        let mut db = SqliteDb::connect(":memory:").unwrap();
        let result = db.object_exists("index", "my_index");
        assert!(result.is_err());
        assert!(result.unwrap_err().contains("unsupported object type"));
    }
}