[](https://asciinema.org/a/637475)
# `httm`
*The dream of a CLI Time Machine is still alive with `httm`.*
`httm` prints the size, date and corresponding locations of available unique versions (deduplicated by modify time and size) of files residing on snapshots, but can also be used *interactively* to select and restore files, even snapshot mounts by file! `httm` might change the way you use snapshots (because ZFS/BTRFS/NILFS2 aren't designed to find unique file versions) or the Time Machine concept (because `httm` is very fast!).
`httm` boasts an array of seductive features, like:
* Search for versions of multiple files on distinct datasets simultaneously
* Search for and recursively list deleted files. *Even browse files hidden behind deleted directories*.
* List file snapshots from *all* local pools (detect local snapshot versions *as well as* locally replicated snapshot versions)!
* List file snapshots from remote backup pools (even overlay replicated remote snapshot directories over live directories).
* For use with `rsync`-ed non-ZFS/BTRFS/NILFS2/APFS local datasets (like ext4, XFS, or NTFS), not just ZFS/BTRFS/NILFS2 snapshots and TM backups.
* Optionally preview snapshot file versions with a custom command (default is a `diff` compare to the live version)
* List or even snapshot the mounts for a file directly
* Roll *forward* to a previous snapshots, instead of rolling back (avoids destroying interstitial snapshots)
* Guard any restore actions with precautionary snapshots
* List snapshot names, even prune snapshots, which include a file name
* Shortcut features: only display last snapshot, omit duplicates of the live file, etc.
* Verification level: Like `rsync`, `httm` can determine whether file is unique based solely on metadata, or use checksums
* 4 native interactive modes: browse, select, prune and restore
* ANSI `ls` colors from your environment
* Detect and display categories of unique file versions available (`multiple`, `single`, `single-with-snap`,..., etc.)
* Select from several formatting styles (newline, null, tab delimited, JSON, CSV, etc.). Parseable ... or not ... oh my!
* Packaged scripts which help you, and show you how to, use `httm`: [ounce](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/blob/master/scripts/ounce.bash), [bowie](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/blob/master/scripts/bowie.bash), [equine](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/blob/master/scripts/equine.bash), and [nicotine](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/blob/master/scripts/nicotine.bash)
* Supports ZFS/BTRFS/NILFS2 snapshots, and Restic and Time Machine backups!
Use in combination with you favorite shell's hot keys for even more fun.
Inspired by the [findoid](https://github.com/jimsalterjrs/sanoid) script, [fzf](https://github.com/junegunn/fzf), [skim](https://github.com/lotabout/skim) and many [zsh](https://www.zsh.org) key bindings.
## Install via Native Packages
For Debian-based distributions (like Ubuntu), I maintain an (unsupported) personal package archive, or PPA. See the [linked repository](https://github.com/kimono-koans/ppa).
For Debian-based and Redhat-based Linux distributions (like Ubuntu or Fedora, etc.), also check the [tagged releases](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/tags) for native packages for your distribution. For Redhat-based Linux distributions, you may need to use the `--replacefiles` option when installing via `rpm -i`, see the linked [issue](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/issues/51).
You may also create and install your own native package from the latest sources, for Debian-based and Redhat-based Linux distributions, like so:
```bash
#!/bin/bash
git clone https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm.git
cd ./httm/; cargo deb
# to install on a Debian/Ubuntu-based system
dpkg -i ./target/debian/httm_*.deb
# or convert to RPM
alien -r ./target/debian/httm_*.deb
# and install on a Redhat-based system
rpm -i --replacefiles ./httm_*.rpm
```
For Arch-based Linux distributions, you can create and install your own native package from the latest sources, like so:
```bash
#!/bin/bash
# warning: this is only an example PKGBUILD
# you may need to edit the example, as needed, to conform to the latest release
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kimono-koans/httm/master/packaging/arch/example/PKGBUILD
makepkg -si
```
For MacOS users, a user from the community (very exciting) has posted a [formulae](https://formulae.brew.sh/formula/httm) for [Homebrew](https://brew.sh).
## Install via Source
Installation via a package is suggested for support purposes, but, those *wild childs*, who perhaps can't stop (or won't stop), they can install by piping a script to `bash`:
```bash
bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kimono-koans/httm/master/packaging/install-from-source.bash)"
```
For those who simply wish to build `httm` incrementally themselves, the project contains only a few components:
1. The `httm` executable. To build and install:
```bash
curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
latest="(wget -nv -O - "https://api.github.com/repos/kimono-koans/httm/releases/latest" 2>/dev/null | grep tag_name | cut -d: -f2 | cut -d'"' -f2)"
# cargo-install places a release binary in your $HOME/.cargo/bin, however,
# you may wish to: cp $HOME/.cargo/bin/httm /usr/local/bin/httm; cargo uninstall httm
cargo install --locked --git https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm.git --tag "$latest"
```
2. The optional `zsh` hot-key bindings: Use `ESC+s` to select snapshots filenames to be dropped to your command line (for instance after the `cat` command), or use `ESC+m` to browse for all of a file's snapshots. After you install the `httm` binary, to copy the hot key script to your home directory, and source that script within your `.zshrc`:
```bash
➜ httm --install-zsh-hot-keys
```
3. The optional `man` page: `cargo` has no native facilities for man page installation (though it may in the future!). You can use `manpath` to see the various directories your system uses and decide which directory works best for you. To install, just copy it to a directory in your `man` path, like so:
```bash
➜ cp ./httm/httm.1 /usr/local/share/man/man1/
```
4. The optional scripts. See script usage below, in the Example Usage section, or follow the links ([ounce](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/blob/master/scripts/ounce.bash), [bowie](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/blob/master/scripts/bowie.bash), [equine](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/blob/master/scripts/equine.bash), and [nicotine](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/blob/master/scripts/nicotine.bash)), for more information. To install, just copy it to a directory in your path, like so:
```bash
cp ./httm/scripts/ounce.bash /usr/local/bin/ounce
cp ./httm/scripts/bowie.bash /usr/local/bin/bowie
cp ./httm/scripts/equine.bash /usr/local/bin/equine
cp ./httm/scripts/nicotine.bash /usr/local/bin/nicotine
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/bowie /usr/local/bin/ounce /usr/local/bin/equine /usr/local/bin/nicotine
```
### Caveats
Right now, you will probably need to use a Unix-ish-y Rust-supported platform to build and install (that is: only Linux, FreeBSD, and MacOS are *known* to work). Note, your platform *does not* need to support ZFS/BTRFS/NILFS2 snapshots or TM backups to use `httm`. And there is no fundamental reason a non-interactive Windows version of `httm` could not be built, as it once did build, but Windows platform support is not a priority for me right now. Contributions from users are, of course, very welcome.
On FreeBSD, after a fresh minimal install, the interactive modes may not render properly, see the linked [issue](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/issues/20) for the fix.
On some Linux distributions, which include old versions of `libc`, `cargo` may require building with `musl` instead, see the linked [issue](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/issues/17).
## Example Usage
Note: Users may need to use `sudo` (or equivalent) to view versions on BTRFS or NILFS2 datasets, or Restic repositories, as BTRFS or NILFS2 snapshots or Restic repositories may require root permissions in order to be visible. Restic and Time Machine backups also require an additional flag, see further discussion of Restic `--alt-store` in the below.
Like other UNIX utilities (such as `cat`, `uniq`, `sort`), if you include no path/s as arguments, then `httm` will pause waiting for input on stdin:
```bash
# Press CTRL+C to send a SIGINT and quit the program
➜ httm
# Pipe output of find command to httm
Print all unique versions of your history file:
```bash
➜ httm ~/.histfile
```
Print all unique versions of your history file, as formatted JSON:
```bash
➜ httm --json ~/.histfile
```
Browse all files in your home directory, recursively, and view unique versions on local snapshots:
```bash
➜ httm -b -R ~
```
Print all files on snapshots deleted from your home directory, recursive:
```bash
➜ httm -d -R ~
```
Browse all files deleted from your home directory, recursively, and view unique versions on all local and alternative replicated dataset snapshots:
```bash
➜ httm -d=only -b -a -R ~
```
Print all files on snapshots deleted from your home directory, recursive, newline delimited, piped to a text file:
```bash
# pseudo live file versions
➜ httm -d -n -R --no-snap ~ > pseudo-live-versions.txt
# unique snapshot versions
➜ httm -d -n -R --no-live ~ > deleted-unique-versions.txt
```
Browse all files in your home directory, recursively, and view unique versions on local snapshots, to select and ultimately restore to its original location, in overwrite mode:
```bash
➜ httm -r=overwrite -R ~
```
Browse all files in your home directory, recursively, and view unique versions on local snapshots, to select and ultimately restore to your working directory, in "guard" mode, which overwrites and guards any restore action with a pre-recovery ZFS snapshot:
```bash
➜ printf "
# export a default httm restore mode
export HTTM_RESTORE_MODE=\"guard\"" >> ~/.zshenv
➜ httm -r -R ~
```
View unique versions of a file for recovery (shortcut, no need to browse a directory):
```bash
➜ httm -r /var/log/samba/log.smbd
```
`httm` is also a good Unix citizen, which means -- you *should* use the other Unix utilities to organize your queries how you like them. `find` and `awk` are especially useful here:
```bash
# search for the text "pattern" among snapshots of httm manpage
# similarly, print the directory sizes of each unique snapshot
# print all unique versions of your `/var/log/syslog` file,
# newline delimited piped to `find` to print only versions
# with modify times of less than 1 day from right now.
# httm usually sorts snapshot versions in chronological order,
# oldest to newest, but since these are just paths/strings
# you may choose to sort them differently.
#
# here, print all unique versions of your `/var/log/syslog` file,
# then print each snapshot version's size in bytes first,
# then reverse sort by its size, then remove the number of bytes,
# leaving only the paths in their new sorted order
```
View [bowie](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/blob/master/scripts/bowie.bash)-formatted `diff` of each unique snapshot of `~/.zshrc` against the live file version (requires the `bowie` script be installed):
```bash
➜ httm --preview -s ~/.zshrc
```
View `cat` output of each unique snapshot of `~/.zshrc`:
```bash
➜ httm --preview="cat {snap_file}" -s ~/.zshrc
```
Recover the last-in-time unique file version (shortcut, no need to browse a directory or select from among other unique versions):
```bash
➜ httm -l -r /var/log/samba/log.smbd
```
Snapshot the dataset upon which `/etc/samba/smb.conf` is located:
```bash
➜ sudo httm -S /etc/samba/smb.conf
```
Browse all files, recursively, in a folder backed up via `rsync` to a remote share, and view unique versions on remote snapshots directly (only available for BTRFS Snapper and ZFS datasets). (Note: Remember to make ZFS snapshots visible in your `smb.conf` with `zfsacl:expose_snapdir=True`).
```bash
# mount the share
➜ open smb://<your name>@<your remote share>.local/Home
# execute httm
➜ httm -b -R /Volumes/Home
```
Browse all files, recursively, in your MacOS home directory backed up via `rsync` to a ZFS or BTRFS Snapper remote share, shared via `smbd`, and view unique versions on remote snapshots. Note: The difference from above is, here, you're browsing files from a "live" directory:
```bash
# mount the share
➜ open smb://<your name>@<your remote share>.local/Home
# execute httm
➜ httm -b -R --map-aliases /Users/<your name>:/Volumes/Home ~
```
Print all unique versions of your `.zshrc` file. Note: The difference from above is, `httm`, now, even supports your Time Machine backups directly. After using [equine](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/blob/master/scripts/equine.bash) to mount my personal Time Machine ZFS network share:
```
➜ sudo equine --mount-local
Discovering backup locations (this can take a few seconds)...
Mounting snapshots...
...
➜ sudo equine --mount-remote
Connecting to remote Time Machine: smb://timemachine@montrose._smb._tcp.local./TM%20Volume ...
Mounting sparse bundle (this may include an fsck): Backups of kiev ...
/dev/disk4
/dev/disk5 EF57347C-0000-11AA-AA11-0030654
/dev/disk5s1 41504653-0000-11AA-AA11-0030654 /Volumes/Backups of kiev
Discovering backup locations (this can take a few seconds)...
Mounting snapshots...
...
# restic users can do something similar by:
# 1. mounting their repositories: restic -r /path/to/repo mount /path/to/mountpoint
# 2. invoking httm with --alt-store: httm --alt-store=restic .zshrc
➜ httm --alt-store=timemachine .zshrc
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Tue May 09 22:57:09 2023 6.7 KiB "/Volumes/.timemachine/842A693F-CB54-4C5A-9AB1-C73681D4DFCD/2023-11-08-212757.backup/2023-11-08-212757.backup/Data/Users/kimono/.zshrc"
Sun Nov 12 20:29:57 2023 6.7 KiB "/Volumes/.timemachine/842A693F-CB54-4C5A-9AB1-C73681D4DFCD/2023-11-18-011056.backup/2023-11-18-011056.backup/Data/Users/kimono/.zshrc"
Sun Nov 26 02:14:56 2023 6.7 KiB "/Volumes/.timemachine/842A693F-CB54-4C5A-9AB1-C73681D4DFCD/2023-12-13-054342.backup/2023-12-13-054342.backup/Data/Users/kimono/.zshrc"
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Sun Nov 26 02:14:56 2023 6.7 KiB "/Users/kimono/.zshrc"
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
```
View the differences between each unique snapshot version of the `httm` `man` page and each previous version (this simple script is the basis for [bowie](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/blob/master/scripts/bowie.bash)):
```bash
#!/bin/bash
filename="./httm/httm.1"
# previous version is unset
previous_version=""
for current_version in $(httm -n --omit-ditto $filename); do
# check if initial "previous_version" needs to be set
if [[ -z "$previous_version" ]]; then
previous_version="$current_version"
continue
fi
# print that current version and previous version differ
diff -q "$previous_version" "$current_version"
# print the difference between that current version and previous_version
diff "$previous_version" "$current_version"
# set current_version to previous_version
previous_version="$current_version"
done
```
Create a simple `tar` archive of all unique versions of your `/var/log/syslog`:
```bash
Create a *kinda fancy* `tar` archive of all unique versions of your `/var/log/syslog`:
```bash
#!/bin/bash
file="/var/log/syslog"
dir_name="${$(dirname $file)/\//}"
base_dir="$(basename $file)_all_versions"
# squash extra directories by "transforming" them to simply snapshot names
--transform="flags=r;s|$dir_name|$base_dir|" \
--transform="flags=r;s|.zfs/snapshot/||" \
--show-transformed-names \
-zcvf "all-versions-$(basename $file).tar.gz" -T -
```
Create a *super fancy* `git` archive of all unique versions of `/var/log/syslog` (this simple script is the basis for [nicotine](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/blob/master/scripts/nicotine.bash)):
```bash
#!/bin/bash
# create variable for file name
file="/var/log/syslog"
# create git repo
mkdir ./archive-git; cd ./archive-git; git init
# copy each version to repo and commit after each copy
for version in $(httm -n --omit-ditto $file); do
cp "$version" ./
git add "./$(basename $version)"
# modify commit date to match snapshot modify date-time
git commit -m "httm commit from ZFS snapshot" \
--date "$(date -d "$(stat -c %y $version)")"
done
# create git tar.gz archive
tar -zcvf "../all-versions-$(basename $file).tar.gz" "./"
# and to view
git log --stat
```
Use [ounce](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/blob/master/scripts/ounce.bash) (codename: "dimebag"), a wrapper script for `httm`, for no mental overhead, non-periodic dynamic snapshots:
```bash
# request ZFS snapshot privileges
➜ ounce --give-priv
# here you create a "dummyfile", ounce will add a snapshot of "dummyfile"
# before you remove it, and httm will allow you to view the snapshot created
➜ touch ~/dummyfile; ounce rm ~/dummyfile; httm ~/dummyfile
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Wed Feb 15 12:59:42 2023 0 bytes "/home/kimono/.zfs/snapshot/snap_2023-02-15-12:59:42_ounceSnapFileMount/dummyfile"
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
"/home/kimono/dummyfile"
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# use as an alias around programs which modify files/dirs
➜ printf "
# ounce aliases
alias vim=\"ounce --trace vim\"
alias emacs=\"ounce --trace emacs\"
alias nano=\"ounce --trace nano\"
alias rm=\"ounce rm\"" >> ~/.zsh_aliases
```
Use [bowie](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/blob/master/scripts/bowie.bash), a wrapper script for `httm`, to display the difference between unique snapshot versions and the live file:
```bash
➜ bowie ~/.zshrc
/home/kimono/.zshrc
__
Files /home/kimono/.zfs/snapshot/snap_2023-02-14-13:42:11_ounceSnapFileMount/.zshrc and /home/kimono/.zshrc differ
1c1
< ### If you come from bash you might have to change your $PATH.
---
> # If you come from bash you might have to change your $PATH.
```
Use [nicotine](https://github.com/kimono-koans/httm/blob/master/scripts/nicotine.bash), a wrapper script for `httm`, to convert unique snapshot file versions to `git` archives:
```bash
➜ nicotine .zshrc
nicotine git archive created successfully: /home/kimono/zshrc-git.tar.gz
```
Roll *forward* to a previous ZFS snapshot, instead of rolling back (this avoids destroying interstitial snapshots):
```bash
➜ sudo httm --roll-forward=rpool/scratch@snap_2023-04-01-15:26:06_httmSnapFileMount
[sudo] password for kimono:
httm took a pre-execution snapshot named: rpool/scratch@snap_pre_2023-04-01-15:27:38_httmSnapRollForward
...
httm roll forward completed successfully.
httm took a post-execution snapshot named: rpool/scratch@snap_post_2023-04-01-15:28:40_:snap_2023-04-01-15:26:06_httmSnapFileMount:_httmSnapRollForward
```
## Yo, @kimono-koans, where do your snapshots come from?
If you'd like to read more about how someone else/I personally create snapshots, you might try my [A Somewhat Opinionated Guide to Effective ZFS Snapshots](https://kimono-koans.github.io/opinionated-guide/).
## I know what you're thinking, but slow your roll
## License
httm is licensed under the MPL 2.0 License - see the LICENSE file for more details.