Hakoniwa

Process isolation for Linux using namespaces, resource limits, landlock and seccomp. It works by creating a new, completely empty, mount namespace where the root is on a tmpdir, and will be automatically cleaned up when the last process exits.

It uses the following techniques:

• Linux namespaces: Create an isolated environment for the process.
• MNT namespace + pivot_root: Create a new root file system for the process.
• NETWORK namespace + pasta: Create a new user-mode networking stack for the process.
• setrlimit: Limit the amount of resources that can be used by the process.
• landlock: Restrict ambient rights (e.g. global filesystem access) for the process.
• seccomp: Restrict the system calls that the process can make.

[!NOTE] Hakoniwa runs as an unprivileged user and requires the Linux namespaces feature. This feature is restricted by AppArmor on some distros, you can create an unconfined profile for hakoniwa to allow it, read this to learn more.

Installation

Pre-compiled binary

Download a pre-compiled binary from Releases.

Or, if you have cargo-binstall:

cargo binstall hakoniwa-cli

From source (using cargo)

Prerequisites:

• libseccomp
• cargo

cargo install hakoniwa-cli --locked

Usage

CLI

$ hakoniwa run -- sh
sh-5.2$ pwd
/
sh-5.2$ ls
bin  etc  lib  lib64  proc  sbin  usr
sh-5.2$ ls /proc
1           bus        crypto         execdomains  ioports    kmsg         meminfo  net           self      sysrq-trigger  version
3           cgroups    devices        fb           irq        kpagecgroup  misc     pagetypeinfo  slabinfo  sysvipc        vmallocinfo
acpi        cmdline    diskstats      filesystems  kallsyms   kpagecount   modules  partitions    softirqs  thread-self    vmstat
asound      config.gz  dma            fs           kcore      kpageflags   mounts   pressure      stat      timer_list     zoneinfo
bootconfig  consoles   driver         interrupts   key-users  loadavg      mtd      schedstat     swaps     tty
buddyinfo   cpuinfo    dynamic_debug  iomem        keys       locks        mtrr     scsi          sys       uptime
sh-5.2$ ps aux
USER         PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND
johndoe        1  0.0  0.0   4708  4020 ?        S    21:22   0:00 /usr/bin/sh
johndoe        4  0.0  0.0   6620  3896 ?        R+   21:22   0:00 ps aux
sh-5.2$ exit
exit

$ hakoniwa run -v --config ~/.config/hakoniwa.d/firefox.toml
[2025-03-14T11:11:36Z DEBUG] CONFIG: /home/johndoe/.config/hakoniwa.d/firefox.toml
[2025-03-14T11:11:36Z DEBUG] CONFIG: Including /home/johndoe/.config/hakoniwa.d/abstractions/base.toml
[2025-03-14T11:11:36Z DEBUG] CONFIG: Including /home/johndoe/.config/hakoniwa.d/abstractions/dbus-session.toml
[2025-03-14T11:11:36Z DEBUG] CONFIG: Including /home/johndoe/.config/hakoniwa.d/abstractions/dbus-system.toml
[2025-03-14T11:11:36Z DEBUG] CONFIG: Including /home/johndoe/.config/hakoniwa.d/abstractions/x11.toml
[2025-03-14T11:11:36Z DEBUG] CONFIG: Including /home/johndoe/.config/hakoniwa.d/abstractions/audio.toml
[2025-03-14T11:11:36Z DEBUG] CONFIG: Including /home/johndoe/.config/hakoniwa.d/abstractions/graphics.toml
[2025-03-14T11:11:36Z DEBUG] Unshare namespaces: CloneFlags(CLONE_NEWNS | CLONE_NEWCGROUP | CLONE_NEWUTS | CLONE_NEWIPC | CLONE_NEWUSER | CLONE_NEWPID)
[2025-03-14T11:11:36Z DEBUG] RootDir: "/tmp/hakoniwa-WrEI5a" -> "/"
...
[2025-03-14T11:11:36Z DEBUG] Execve: "/usr/bin/firefox", []
...

More examples can be found in hakoniwa-cli/examples.

Rust Library

The code below is almost eq to hakoniwa run -- sh:

use hakoniwa::Container;

fn main() {
    _ = Container::new()        // Create Container with new namespaces via unshare
        .rootfs("/")            // Mount necessary directories, e.g. `/bin`
        // .devfsmount("/dev")     // Mount `devfs` on `/dev`, it contains a minimal set of device files, like `/dev/null`
        // .tmpfsmount("/tmp")     // Mount `tmpfs` on `/tmp`
        // .setrlimit(..)          // Set resource limits
        .command("/bin/sh")     // Create Command
        .status()               // Execute
        .expect("failed to execute process witnin container");
}

More examples can be found in hakoniwa/examples.

Implementation of Command::status

Acknowledgements

• Special thanks to bubblewrap.

License

The CLI is licensed under the GPL-3.0-only.

The Library is licensed under the LGPL-3.0 WITH LGPL-3.0-linking-exception.