guilder_client_hyperliquid/

client.rs

use crate::rate_limiter::{AddressRateLimiter, RestRateLimiter};
use futures_util::{stream, StreamExt};
use guilder_abstraction::{
    self, AssetContext, BoxStream, Deposit, Fill, FundingPayment, L2Update, Liquidation, OpenOrder,
    OrderPlacement, OrderSide, OrderStatus, OrderType, OrderUpdate, Position, PredictedFunding,
    Side, TimeInForce, UserFill, Withdrawal,
};
use reqwest::Client;
use rust_decimal::Decimal;
use serde::Deserialize;
use serde_json::Value;
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::str::FromStr;
use std::sync::Arc;
const HYPERLIQUID_INFO_URL: &str = "https://api.hyperliquid.xyz/info";
const HYPERLIQUID_EXCHANGE_URL: &str = "https://api.hyperliquid.xyz/exchange";

async fn parse_response<T: for<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de>>(
    resp: reqwest::Response,
) -> Result<T, String> {
    let status = resp.status();
    let text = resp.text().await.map_err(|e| {
        format!("failed to read response body (status {status}): {e}")
    })?;

    if text.is_empty() {
        return Err(format!(
            "empty response body from Hyperliquid (HTTP {status})"
        ));
    }

    serde_json::from_str(&text).map_err(|e| {
        let snippet = if text.len() > 512 {
            format!("{}... ({} bytes total)", &text[..256], text.len())
        } else {
            text.clone()
        };
        format!("deserialize error (HTTP {status}): {e}: {snippet}")
    })
}

pub struct HyperliquidClient {
    client: Client,
    user_address: Option<String>,
    private_key: Option<String>,
    rest_limiter: Arc<RestRateLimiter>,
    address_limiter: Arc<AddressRateLimiter>,
    ws_mux: crate::ws::WsMux,
}

impl Default for HyperliquidClient {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl HyperliquidClient {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        HyperliquidClient {
            client: Client::new(),
            user_address: None,
            private_key: None,
            rest_limiter: Arc::new(RestRateLimiter::new()),
            address_limiter: Arc::new(AddressRateLimiter::new()),
            ws_mux: crate::ws::WsMux::new(),
        }
    }

    pub fn with_auth(user_address: impl Into<String>, private_key: String) -> Self {
        HyperliquidClient {
            client: Client::new(),
            user_address: Some(user_address.into()),
            private_key: Some(private_key),
            rest_limiter: Arc::new(RestRateLimiter::new()),
            address_limiter: Arc::new(AddressRateLimiter::new()),
            ws_mux: crate::ws::WsMux::new(),
        }
    }

    /// Configure rate limit budgets (rest_weight/min, address_requests).
    /// Defaults: 1200 rest weight/min, 10000 address requests.
    pub fn with_budgets(mut self, rest_weight: u32, addr_budget: u64) -> Self {
        self.rest_limiter = Arc::new(RestRateLimiter::new_with_budget(rest_weight));
        self.address_limiter = Arc::new(AddressRateLimiter::new_with_budget(addr_budget));
        self
    }

    /// POST to the info endpoint, consuming `weight` from the REST rate-limit budget.
    /// Returns `Err("rate_limited: ...")` immediately if budget is exhausted — no retry.
    /// Callers should handle gracefully (skip cycle, retry later, etc.).
    async fn info_post(
        &self,
        body: Value,
        weight: u32,
        call: &str,
    ) -> Result<reqwest::Response, String> {
        self.rest_limiter.acquire(weight).await.map_err(|e| {
            format!(
                "rate_limited: info_post ({call}) budget exhausted, retry_after_ms={}",
                e.retry_after.as_millis()
            )
        })?;
        self.client
            .post(HYPERLIQUID_INFO_URL)
            .json(&body)
            .send()
            .await
            .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
    }
    fn require_user_address(&self) -> Result<String, String> {
        self.user_address
            .clone()
            .ok_or_else(|| "user address required: use HyperliquidClient::with_auth".to_string())
    }

    fn require_private_key(&self) -> Result<&str, String> {
        self.private_key
            .as_deref()
            .ok_or_else(|| "private key required: use HyperliquidClient::with_auth".to_string())
    }

    async fn get_asset_index(&self, symbol: &str) -> Result<usize, String> {
        // `meta` is an "all other info" request → weight 20
        let resp = self
            .info_post(serde_json::json!({"type": "meta"}), 20, "get_asset_index")
            .await?;
        let meta: MetaResponse = parse_response(resp).await?;
        meta.universe
            .iter()
            .position(|a| a.name == symbol)
            .ok_or_else(|| format!("symbol {} not found", symbol))
    }

    async fn submit_signed_action(
        &self,
        action: Value,
        vault_address: Option<&str>,
    ) -> Result<Value, String> {
        let private_key = self.require_private_key()?;
        let nonce = std::time::SystemTime::now()
            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
            .unwrap()
            .as_millis() as u64;

        let (r, s, v) = sign_action(private_key, &action, vault_address, nonce)?;

        let payload = serde_json::json!({
            "action": action,
            "nonce": nonce,
            "signature": {"r": r, "s": s, "v": v},
            "vaultAddress": null,
            "expiresAfter": null
        });

        // Check both rate limiters non-blocking — fail fast, no retry.
        self.rest_limiter.acquire(1).await.map_err(|e| {
            format!(
                "rate_limited: rest_weight exhausted, retry_after_ms={}",
                e.retry_after.as_millis()
            )
        })?;
        self.address_limiter.acquire(1, false).await.map_err(|e| {
            format!(
                "rate_limited: address quota exhausted, retry_after_ms={}",
                e.retry_after.as_millis()
            )
        })?;

        let resp = self
            .client
            .post(HYPERLIQUID_EXCHANGE_URL)
            .json(&payload)
            .send()
            .await
            .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;

        let status = resp.status();
        if !status.is_success() {
            let text = resp.text().await.map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
            return Err(format!("HTTP {status}: {text}"));
        }

        let body: Value = parse_response(resp).await?;
        if body["status"].as_str() == Some("err") {
            return Err(body["response"]
                .as_str()
                .unwrap_or("unknown error")
                .to_string());
        }
        Ok(body)
    }
}

// --- REST deserialization types ---

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct MetaResponse {
    universe: Vec<AssetInfo>,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct AssetInfo {
    name: String,
    #[serde(rename = "szDecimals")]
    sz_decimals: i32,
}

type MetaAndAssetCtxsResponse = (MetaResponse, Vec<RestAssetCtx>);

#[derive(Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
#[allow(dead_code)]
struct RestAssetCtx {
    open_interest: String,
    funding: String,
    mark_px: String,
    day_ntl_vlm: String,
    mid_px: Option<String>,
    oracle_px: Option<String>,
    premium: Option<String>,
    prev_day_px: Option<String>,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
struct ClearinghouseStateResponse {
    margin_summary: MarginSummary,
    asset_positions: Vec<AssetPosition>,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
struct MarginSummary {
    account_value: String,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct AssetPosition {
    position: PositionDetail,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
struct PositionDetail {
    coin: String,
    /// positive = long, negative = short
    szi: String,
    entry_px: Option<String>,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
struct RestOpenOrder {
    coin: String,
    side: String,
    limit_px: String,
    sz: String,
    oid: i64,
    orig_sz: String,
    cloid: Option<String>,
}

// predictedFundings response: Vec<(coin, Vec<(venue, entry_or_null)>)>
// The API returns null for venues that don't list the coin.
type PredictedFundingsResponse = Vec<(String, Vec<(String, Option<PredictedFundingEntry>)>)>;

#[derive(Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
struct PredictedFundingEntry {
    funding_rate: String,
    next_funding_time: i64,
}

// --- WebSocket envelope and data shapes ---

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct WsEnvelope {
    channel: String,
    #[serde(default)]
    data: Value,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct WsBook {
    coin: String,
    levels: Vec<Vec<WsLevel>>,
    time: i64,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct WsLevel {
    px: String,
    sz: String,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
struct WsAssetCtx {
    coin: String,
    ctx: WsPerpsCtx,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
struct WsPerpsCtx {
    open_interest: String,
    funding: String,
    mark_px: String,
    day_ntl_vlm: String,
    mid_px: Option<String>,
    oracle_px: Option<String>,
    premium: Option<String>,
    prev_day_px: Option<String>,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct WsUserEvent {
    liquidation: Option<WsLiquidation>,
    fills: Option<Vec<WsUserFill>>,
    funding: Option<WsFunding>,
    spot_state: Option<WsSpotState>,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct WsSpotState {
    balances: Option<Vec<WsSpotBalance>>,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct WsSpotBalance {
    coin: String,
    total: String,
    hold: String,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct WsLiquidation {
    liquidated_user: String,
    liquidated_ntl_pos: String,
    liquidated_account_value: String,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct WsUserFill {
    coin: String,
    px: String,
    sz: String,
    side: String,
    time: i64,
    oid: i64,
    fee: String,
    /// Client order ID assigned at placement, if any.
    #[serde(default)]
    cloid: Option<String>,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct WsFunding {
    time: i64,
    coin: String,
    usdc: String,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct WsTrade {
    coin: String,
    side: String,
    px: String,
    sz: String,
    time: i64,
    tid: i64,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct WsOrderUpdate {
    order: WsOrderInfo,
    status: String,
    #[serde(rename = "statusTimestamp")]
    status_timestamp: i64,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
struct WsOrderInfo {
    coin: String,
    side: String,
    limit_px: String,
    sz: String,
    oid: i64,
    orig_sz: String,
    /// Client order ID assigned at placement, if any.
    #[serde(default)]
    cloid: Option<String>,
}

// --- WebSocket ledger update shapes (deposits / withdrawals) ---

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct WsLedgerUpdates {
    updates: Vec<WsLedgerEntry>,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct WsLedgerEntry {
    time: i64,
    delta: WsLedgerDelta,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct WsLedgerDelta {
    #[serde(rename = "type")]
    kind: String,
    usdc: Option<String>,
}

// --- Helpers ---

fn parse_decimal(s: &str) -> Option<Decimal> {
    Decimal::from_str(s).ok()
}

fn keccak256(data: &[u8]) -> [u8; 32] {
    use sha3::{Digest, Keccak256};
    Keccak256::digest(data).into()
}

/// EIP-712 domain separator for Hyperliquid L1 actions (chainId=1337).
fn hyperliquid_domain_separator() -> [u8; 32] {
    let type_hash = keccak256(
        b"EIP712Domain(string name,string version,uint256 chainId,address verifyingContract)",
    );
    let name_hash = keccak256(b"Exchange");
    let version_hash = keccak256(b"1");
    let mut chain_id = [0u8; 32];
    chain_id[28..32].copy_from_slice(&1337u32.to_be_bytes());
    let verifying_contract = [0u8; 32];

    let mut data = [0u8; 160];
    data[..32].copy_from_slice(&type_hash);
    data[32..64].copy_from_slice(&name_hash);
    data[64..96].copy_from_slice(&version_hash);
    data[96..128].copy_from_slice(&chain_id);
    data[128..160].copy_from_slice(&verifying_contract);
    keccak256(&data)
}

/// Convert a `serde_json::Value` to msgpack bytes, preserving the JSON map key order.
/// This avoids rmp_serde's HashMap-based serialization which reorders map keys.
fn value_to_msgpack(val: &Value) -> Vec<u8> {
    match val {
        Value::Null => vec![0xc0],
        Value::Bool(true) => vec![0xc3],
        Value::Bool(false) => vec![0xc2],
        Value::Number(n) => {
            if let Some(i) = n.as_i64() {
                if i >= 0 {
                    if i <= 127 {
                        vec![i as u8]
                    } else if i <= 255 {
                        vec![0xcc, i as u8]
                    } else if i <= 65535 {
                        let mut buf = vec![0xcd];
                        buf.extend_from_slice(&(i as u16).to_be_bytes());
                        buf
                    } else if i <= 4294967295 {
                        let mut buf = vec![0xce];
                        buf.extend_from_slice(&(i as u32).to_be_bytes());
                        buf
                    } else {
                        let mut buf = vec![0xcf];
                        buf.extend_from_slice(&(i as u64).to_be_bytes());
                        buf
                    }
                } else if i >= -32 {
                    vec![0xe0 | (i as u8)]
                } else if i >= -128 {
                    vec![0xd0, i as i8 as u8]
                } else if i >= -32768 {
                    let mut buf = vec![0xd1];
                    buf.extend_from_slice(&(i as i16).to_be_bytes());
                    buf
                } else if i >= -2147483648 {
                    let mut buf = vec![0xd2];
                    buf.extend_from_slice(&(i as i32).to_be_bytes());
                    buf
                } else {
                    let mut buf = vec![0xd3];
                    buf.extend_from_slice(&i.to_be_bytes());
                    buf
                }
            } else if let Some(f) = n.as_f64() {
                let mut buf = vec![0xcb];
                buf.extend_from_slice(&f.to_be_bytes());
                buf
            } else {
                let u = n.as_u64().unwrap();
                if u <= 127 {
                    vec![u as u8]
                } else if u <= 255 {
                    vec![0xcc, u as u8]
                } else if u <= 65535 {
                    let mut buf = vec![0xcd];
                    buf.extend_from_slice(&(u as u16).to_be_bytes());
                    buf
                } else if u <= 4294967295 {
                    let mut buf = vec![0xce];
                    buf.extend_from_slice(&(u as u32).to_be_bytes());
                    buf
                } else {
                    let mut buf = vec![0xcf];
                    buf.extend_from_slice(&u.to_be_bytes());
                    buf
                }
            }
        }
        Value::String(s) => {
            let bytes = s.as_bytes();
            let len = bytes.len();
            let mut buf = Vec::new();
            if len <= 31 {
                buf.push(0xa0 | (len as u8));
            } else if len <= 255 {
                buf.push(0xd9);
                buf.push(len as u8);
            } else if len <= 65535 {
                buf.push(0xda);
                buf.extend_from_slice(&(len as u16).to_be_bytes());
            } else {
                buf.push(0xdb);
                buf.extend_from_slice(&(len as u32).to_be_bytes());
            }
            buf.extend_from_slice(bytes);
            buf
        }
        Value::Array(arr) => {
            let len = arr.len();
            let mut buf = Vec::new();
            if len <= 15 {
                buf.push(0x90 | (len as u8));
            } else if len <= 65535 {
                buf.push(0xdc);
                buf.extend_from_slice(&(len as u16).to_be_bytes());
            } else {
                buf.push(0xdd);
                buf.extend_from_slice(&(len as u32).to_be_bytes());
            }
            for item in arr {
                buf.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(item));
            }
            buf
        }
        Value::Object(map) => {
            let len = map.len();
            let mut buf = Vec::new();
            if len <= 15 {
                buf.push(0x80 | (len as u8));
            } else if len <= 65535 {
                buf.push(0xde);
                buf.extend_from_slice(&(len as u16).to_be_bytes());
            } else {
                buf.push(0xdf);
                buf.extend_from_slice(&(len as u32).to_be_bytes());
            }
            for (key, value) in map {
                buf.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String(key.clone())));
                buf.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(value));
            }
            buf
        }
    }
}

/// Convert action to msgpack bytes preserving JSON map key insertion order
/// (matching Python's msgpack dict ordering).
fn action_to_canonical_msgpack(action: &Value) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
    Ok(value_to_msgpack(action))
}

/// Build msgpack for a single order with Python SDK field order:
/// a, b, p, s, r, t, c(opt)
fn build_order_msgpack(
    asset_idx: usize,
    is_buy: bool,
    price: &str,
    size: &str,
    reduce_only: bool,
    order_kind: &str,
    tif: &[u8],
    cloid: Option<&str>,
) -> Vec<u8> {
    let field_count = if cloid.is_some() { 7 } else { 6 };
    let mut buf = Vec::new();
    buf.push(0x80 | (field_count as u8)); // fixmap

    // "a": asset_idx
    buf.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String("a".to_string())));
    buf.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::Number(serde_json::Number::from(asset_idx))));

    // "b": is_buy
    buf.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String("b".to_string())));
    buf.push(if is_buy { 0xc3 } else { 0xc2 });

    // "p": price
    buf.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String("p".to_string())));
    buf.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String(price.to_string())));

    // "s": size (Python SDK puts s before r)
    buf.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String("s".to_string())));
    buf.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String(size.to_string())));

    // "r": reduce_only
    buf.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String("r".to_string())));
    buf.push(if reduce_only { 0xc3 } else { 0xc2 });

    // "t": { order_kind: { "tif": tif_str } }
    buf.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String("t".to_string())));
    // Inner: fixmap(1) with order_kind key
    buf.push(0x81);
    buf.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String(order_kind.to_string())));
    // Inner-inner: fixmap(1) with "tif" key
    buf.push(0x81);
    buf.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String("tif".to_string())));
    buf.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String(String::from_utf8_lossy(tif).to_string())));

    // "c": cloid (optional, appended at END per Python SDK)
    if let Some(c) = cloid {
        buf.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String("c".to_string())));
        buf.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String(c.to_string())));
    }

    buf
}

/// Sign using pre-built msgpack bytes (bypassing serde_json field ordering).
fn sign_with_msgpack(
    msgpack: &[u8],
    private_key: &str,
    nonce: u64,
    vault_address: Option<&str>,
) -> Result<(String, String, u8), String> {
    use k256::ecdsa::SigningKey;

    let mut data = msgpack.to_vec();
    data.extend_from_slice(&nonce.to_be_bytes());
    match vault_address {
        None => data.push(0u8),
        Some(addr) => {
            data.push(1u8);
            let addr_bytes = hex::decode(addr.trim_start_matches("0x"))
                .map_err(|e| format!("invalid vault address: {}", e))?;
            data.extend_from_slice(&addr_bytes);
        }
    }

    let connection_id = keccak256(&data);
    let agent_type_hash = keccak256(b"Agent(string source,bytes32 connectionId)");
    let source_hash = keccak256(b"a");
    let mut struct_data = [0u8; 96];
    struct_data[..32].copy_from_slice(&agent_type_hash);
    struct_data[32..64].copy_from_slice(&source_hash);
    struct_data[64..96].copy_from_slice(&connection_id);
    let struct_hash = keccak256(&struct_data);

    let domain_sep = hyperliquid_domain_separator();
    let mut final_data = Vec::with_capacity(66);
    final_data.extend_from_slice(b"\x19\x01");
    final_data.extend_from_slice(&domain_sep);
    final_data.extend_from_slice(&struct_hash);
    let final_hash = keccak256(&final_data);

    let key_bytes = hex::decode(private_key.trim_start_matches("0x"))
        .map_err(|e| format!("invalid private key: {}", e))?;
    let signing_key =
        SigningKey::from_bytes(key_bytes.as_slice().into()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
    let (sig, recovery_id) = signing_key
        .sign_prehash_recoverable(&final_hash)
        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;

    let sig_bytes = sig.to_bytes();
    let r = format!("0x{}", hex::encode(&sig_bytes[..32]));
    let s = format!("0x{}", hex::encode(&sig_bytes[32..64]));
    let v = 27u8 + recovery_id.to_byte();

    Ok((r, s, v))
}

/// Signs a Hyperliquid exchange action using EIP-712.
/// Returns (r, s, v) where r and s are "0x"-prefixed hex strings and v is 27 or 28.
fn sign_action(
    private_key: &str,
    action: &Value,
    vault_address: Option<&str>,
    nonce: u64,
) -> Result<(String, String, u8), String> {
    use k256::ecdsa::SigningKey;

    // Step 1: msgpack-encode the action preserving Python dict field order,
    // then append nonce + vault flag.
    let msgpack_bytes = action_to_canonical_msgpack(action)?;
    let mut data = msgpack_bytes;
    data.extend_from_slice(&nonce.to_be_bytes());
    match vault_address {
        None => data.push(0u8),
        Some(addr) => {
            data.push(1u8);
            let addr_bytes = hex::decode(addr.trim_start_matches("0x"))
                .map_err(|e| format!("invalid vault address: {}", e))?;
            data.extend_from_slice(&addr_bytes);
        }
    }
    let connection_id = keccak256(&data);

    // Step 2: hash the Agent struct
    let agent_type_hash = keccak256(b"Agent(string source,bytes32 connectionId)");
    let source_hash = keccak256(b"a"); // "a" = mainnet
    let mut struct_data = [0u8; 96];
    struct_data[..32].copy_from_slice(&agent_type_hash);
    struct_data[32..64].copy_from_slice(&source_hash);
    struct_data[64..96].copy_from_slice(&connection_id);
    let struct_hash = keccak256(&struct_data);

    // Step 3: EIP-712 final hash
    let domain_sep = hyperliquid_domain_separator();
    let mut final_data = Vec::with_capacity(66);
    final_data.extend_from_slice(b"\x19\x01");
    final_data.extend_from_slice(&domain_sep);
    final_data.extend_from_slice(&struct_hash);
    let final_hash = keccak256(&final_data);

    // Step 4: sign with secp256k1
    let key_bytes = hex::decode(private_key.trim_start_matches("0x"))
        .map_err(|e| format!("invalid private key: {}", e))?;
    let signing_key =
        SigningKey::from_bytes(key_bytes.as_slice().into()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
    let (sig, recovery_id) = signing_key
        .sign_prehash_recoverable(&final_hash)
        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;

    let sig_bytes = sig.to_bytes();
    let r = format!("0x{}", hex::encode(&sig_bytes[..32]));
    let s = format!("0x{}", hex::encode(&sig_bytes[32..64]));
    let v = 27u8 + recovery_id.to_byte();

    Ok((r, s, v))
}

// --- Trait implementations ---

#[allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
impl guilder_abstraction::TestServer for HyperliquidClient {
    /// Sends a lightweight allMids request; returns true if the server responds 200 OK.
    async fn ping(&self) -> Result<bool, String> {
        // allMids → weight 2
        self.info_post(serde_json::json!({"type": "allMids"}), 2, "ping")
            .await
            .map(|r| r.status().is_success())
    }

    /// Hyperliquid has no dedicated server-time endpoint; returns local UTC ms.
    async fn get_server_time(&self) -> Result<i64, String> {
        Ok(std::time::SystemTime::now()
            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
            .map(|d| d.as_millis() as i64)
            .unwrap_or(0))
    }
}

#[allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
impl guilder_abstraction::GetMarketData for HyperliquidClient {
    /// Returns all perpetual asset names from Hyperliquid's meta endpoint.
    async fn get_symbol(&self) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
        // meta → weight 20
        let resp = self
            .info_post(serde_json::json!({"type": "meta"}), 20, "get_symbol")
            .await?;
        parse_response::<MetaResponse>(resp)
            .await
            .map(|r| r.universe.into_iter().map(|a| a.name).collect())
    }

    /// Returns the current open interest for `symbol` from metaAndAssetCtxs.
    async fn get_open_interest(&self, symbol: String) -> Result<Decimal, String> {
        // metaAndAssetCtxs → weight 20
        let resp = self
            .info_post(
                serde_json::json!({"type": "metaAndAssetCtxs"}),
                20,
                "get_open_interest",
            )
            .await?;
        let (meta, ctxs) = parse_response::<Option<MetaAndAssetCtxsResponse>>(resp)
            .await?
            .ok_or_else(|| "metaAndAssetCtxs returned null".to_string())?;
        meta.universe
            .iter()
            .position(|a| a.name == symbol)
            .and_then(|i| ctxs.get(i))
            .and_then(|ctx| parse_decimal(&ctx.open_interest))
            .ok_or_else(|| format!("symbol {} not found", symbol))
    }

    /// Returns a full AssetContext snapshot for `symbol` from metaAndAssetCtxs.
    async fn get_asset_context(&self, symbol: String) -> Result<AssetContext, String> {
        // metaAndAssetCtxs → weight 20
        let resp = self
            .info_post(
                serde_json::json!({"type": "metaAndAssetCtxs"}),
                20,
                "get_asset_context",
            )
            .await?;
        let (meta, ctxs) = parse_response::<Option<MetaAndAssetCtxsResponse>>(resp)
            .await?
            .ok_or_else(|| "metaAndAssetCtxs returned null".to_string())?;
        let idx = meta
            .universe
            .iter()
            .position(|a| a.name == symbol)
            .ok_or_else(|| format!("symbol {} not found", symbol))?;
        let ctx = ctxs
            .get(idx)
            .ok_or_else(|| format!("symbol {} not found", symbol))?;
        Ok(AssetContext {
            symbol,
            open_interest: parse_decimal(&ctx.open_interest).ok_or("invalid open_interest")?,
            funding_rate: parse_decimal(&ctx.funding).ok_or("invalid funding")?,
            mark_price: parse_decimal(&ctx.mark_px).ok_or("invalid mark_px")?,
            day_volume: parse_decimal(&ctx.day_ntl_vlm).ok_or("invalid day_ntl_vlm")?,
            mid_price: ctx.mid_px.as_deref().and_then(parse_decimal),
            oracle_price: ctx.oracle_px.as_deref().and_then(parse_decimal),
            premium: ctx.premium.as_deref().and_then(parse_decimal),
            prev_day_price: ctx.prev_day_px.as_deref().and_then(parse_decimal),
            sz_decimals: meta.universe.get(idx).map(|a| a.sz_decimals).unwrap_or(0),
        })
    }

    /// Fetches metaAndAssetCtxs once and returns all asset contexts in universe order.
    /// Prefer this over repeated `get_asset_context` calls to avoid rate-limiting.
    async fn get_all_asset_contexts(&self) -> Result<Vec<AssetContext>, String> {
        // metaAndAssetCtxs → weight 20
        let resp = self
            .info_post(
                serde_json::json!({"type": "metaAndAssetCtxs"}),
                20,
                "get_all_asset_contexts",
            )
            .await?;
        let (meta, ctxs) = parse_response::<Option<MetaAndAssetCtxsResponse>>(resp)
            .await?
            .ok_or_else(|| "metaAndAssetCtxs returned null".to_string())?;
        let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(meta.universe.len());
        for (asset, ctx) in meta.universe.iter().zip(ctxs.iter()) {
            let Some(open_interest) = parse_decimal(&ctx.open_interest) else {
                continue;
            };
            let Some(funding_rate) = parse_decimal(&ctx.funding) else {
                continue;
            };
            let Some(mark_price) = parse_decimal(&ctx.mark_px) else {
                continue;
            };
            let Some(day_volume) = parse_decimal(&ctx.day_ntl_vlm) else {
                continue;
            };
            result.push(AssetContext {
                symbol: asset.name.clone(),
                open_interest,
                funding_rate,
                mark_price,
                day_volume,
                mid_price: ctx.mid_px.as_deref().and_then(parse_decimal),
                oracle_price: ctx.oracle_px.as_deref().and_then(parse_decimal),
                premium: ctx.premium.as_deref().and_then(parse_decimal),
                prev_day_price: ctx.prev_day_px.as_deref().and_then(parse_decimal),
                sz_decimals: asset.sz_decimals,
            });
        }
        Ok(result)
    }

    /// Returns the number of decimal places for order size for a symbol.
    async fn get_sz_decimals(&self, symbol: String) -> Result<i32, String> {
        let all = self.get_all_sz_decimals().await?;
        all.get(&symbol)
            .copied()
            .ok_or_else(|| format!("symbol {} not found", symbol))
    }

    /// Returns sz_decimals for all symbols from the meta universe.
    async fn get_all_sz_decimals(&self) -> Result<HashMap<String, i32>, String> {
        // metaAndAssetCtxs → weight 20
        let resp = self
            .info_post(
                serde_json::json!({"type": "metaAndAssetCtxs"}),
                20,
                "get_all_sz_decimals",
            )
            .await?;
        let (meta, _) = parse_response::<Option<MetaAndAssetCtxsResponse>>(resp)
            .await?
            .ok_or_else(|| "metaAndAssetCtxs returned null".to_string())?;
        Ok(meta
            .universe
            .into_iter()
            .map(|a| (a.name, a.sz_decimals))
            .collect())
    }

    /// Returns a full L2 orderbook snapshot for `symbol` from the l2Book REST endpoint.
    /// Levels are returned as individual `L2Update` items; all share the same `sequence` (timestamp).
    async fn get_l2_orderbook(&self, symbol: String) -> Result<Vec<L2Update>, String> {
        // l2Book → weight 2
        let resp = self
            .info_post(
                serde_json::json!({"type": "l2Book", "coin": symbol}),
                2,
                "get_l2_orderbook",
            )
            .await?;
        let book: Option<WsBook> = parse_response(resp).await?;
        let book = match book {
            Some(b) => b,
            None => return Ok(vec![]),
        };
        let mut levels = Vec::new();
        for level in book.levels.first().into_iter().flatten() {
            if let (Some(price), Some(volume)) =
                (parse_decimal(&level.px), parse_decimal(&level.sz))
            {
                levels.push(L2Update {
                    symbol: book.coin.clone(),
                    price,
                    volume,
                    side: Side::Ask,
                    sequence: book.time,
                });
            }
        }
        for level in book.levels.get(1).into_iter().flatten() {
            if let (Some(price), Some(volume)) =
                (parse_decimal(&level.px), parse_decimal(&level.sz))
            {
                levels.push(L2Update {
                    symbol: book.coin.clone(),
                    price,
                    volume,
                    side: Side::Bid,
                    sequence: book.time,
                });
            }
        }
        Ok(levels)
    }

    /// Returns the mid-price of `symbol` (e.g. "BTC") from allMids.
    async fn get_price(&self, symbol: String) -> Result<Decimal, String> {
        // allMids → weight 2
        let resp = self
            .info_post(serde_json::json!({"type": "allMids"}), 2, "get_price")
            .await?;
        parse_response::<HashMap<String, String>>(resp)
            .await?
            .get(&symbol)
            .and_then(|s| parse_decimal(s))
            .ok_or_else(|| format!("symbol {} not found", symbol))
    }

    /// Returns predicted funding rates for all symbols across all venues.
    /// Null venue entries (unsupported coins) are silently skipped.
    async fn get_predicted_fundings(&self) -> Result<Vec<PredictedFunding>, String> {
        // predictedFundings → weight 20
        let resp = self
            .info_post(
                serde_json::json!({"type": "predictedFundings"}),
                20,
                "get_predicted_fundings",
            )
            .await?;
        let data: PredictedFundingsResponse = parse_response(resp).await?;
        let mut result = Vec::new();
        for (symbol, venues) in data {
            for (venue, entry) in venues {
                let Some(entry) = entry else { continue };
                if let Some(funding_rate) = parse_decimal(&entry.funding_rate) {
                    result.push(PredictedFunding {
                        symbol: symbol.clone(),
                        venue,
                        funding_rate,
                        next_funding_time_ms: entry.next_funding_time,
                    });
                }
            }
        }
        Ok(result)
    }
}

#[allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
impl guilder_abstraction::ManageOrder for HyperliquidClient {
    /// Places an order on Hyperliquid. Requires `with_auth`. Returns an `OrderPlacement` with
    /// the exchange-assigned order ID. Market orders are submitted as aggressive limit orders (IOC).
    ///
    /// If `cloid` is provided, Hyperliquid attaches it to the order lifecycle — fills and order
    /// updates will carry the same cloid back, enabling end-to-end intent tracing without a
    /// separate order_id mapping.
    async fn place_order(
        &self,
        symbol: String,
        side: OrderSide,
        price: Decimal,
        volume: Decimal,
        order_type: OrderType,
        time_in_force: TimeInForce,
        cloid: Option<String>,
    ) -> Result<OrderPlacement, String> {
        // Rate limiting is handled in submit_signed_action (non-blocking).
        let asset_idx = self.get_asset_index(&symbol).await?;
        let is_buy = matches!(side, OrderSide::Buy);

        let tif_str = match time_in_force {
            TimeInForce::Gtc => "Gtc",
            TimeInForce::Ioc => "Ioc",
            TimeInForce::Fok => "Fok",
        };

        // Market orders are IOC limit orders at a wide price
        let (order_kind, tif_bytes) = match order_type {
            OrderType::Limit => ("limit", tif_str.as_bytes()),
            OrderType::Market => ("limit", b"Ioc".as_slice()),
        };

        let price_str = price.normalize().to_string();
        let size_str = volume.normalize().to_string();

        let cloid_hex = cloid.clone();

        // Build msgpack with Python SDK field order (matching the Python SDK's
        // msgpack output). The server hashes the msgpack for signature verification,
        // and Python preserves dict insertion order.
        let order_msgpack = build_order_msgpack(
            asset_idx,
            is_buy,
            &price_str,
            &size_str,
            false, // reduce_only
            order_kind,
            tif_bytes,
            cloid_hex.as_deref(),
        );

        // Build the action-level msgpack with Python SDK field order (insertion order):
        // type → orders → grouping
        let mut action_msgpack = Vec::new();
        action_msgpack.push(0x83); // fixmap(3)
        action_msgpack.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String("type".to_string())));
        action_msgpack.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String("order".to_string())));
        action_msgpack.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String("orders".to_string())));
        action_msgpack.push(0x91); // fixarray(1)
        action_msgpack.extend_from_slice(&order_msgpack);
        action_msgpack.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String("grouping".to_string())));
        action_msgpack.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&Value::String("na".to_string())));

        // Build JSON with official SDK field order (alphabetical):
        // grouping → orders → type
        let order_type_json = match order_type {
            OrderType::Limit => format!(r#"{{"limit":{{"tif":"{tif_str}"}}}}"#),
            OrderType::Market => r#"{"limit":{"tif":"Ioc"}}"#.to_string(),
        };

        let cloid_json = if let Some(ref c) = cloid_hex {
            format!(r#","c":"{c}""#)
        } else {
            String::new()
        };

        let action_json_str = format!(
            r#"{{"type":"order","orders":[{{"a":{asset_idx},"b":{is_buy},"p":"{price}","s":"{size}","r":false,"t":{order_type_json}{cloid_json}}}],"grouping":"na"}}"#,
            price = price_str,
            size = size_str,
        );

        // Sign using the canonical msgpack (matching Python's field order)
        let private_key = self.require_private_key()?;
        let nonce = std::time::SystemTime::now()
            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
            .unwrap()
            .as_millis() as u64;

        let (r, s, v) = sign_with_msgpack(&action_msgpack, private_key, nonce, None)?;

        let payload_str = format!(
            r#"{{"action":{},"nonce":{},"signature":{{"r":"{}","s":"{}","v":{}}},"vaultAddress":null,"expiresAfter":null}}"#,
            action_json_str,
            nonce,
            r, s, v
        );

        self.rest_limiter.acquire(1).await.map_err(|e| {
            format!(
                "rate_limited: rest_weight exhausted, retry_after_ms={}",
                e.retry_after.as_millis()
            )
        })?;
        self.address_limiter.acquire(1, false).await.map_err(|e| {
            format!(
                "rate_limited: address quota exhausted, retry_after_ms={}",
                e.retry_after.as_millis()
            )
        })?;

        let resp = self
            .client
            .post(HYPERLIQUID_EXCHANGE_URL)
            .header("Content-Type", "application/json")
            .body(payload_str)
            .send()
            .await
            .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;

        let status = resp.status();
        if !status.is_success() {
            let text = resp.text().await.map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
            return Err(format!("HTTP {status}: {text}"));
        }

        let body: Value = parse_response(resp).await?;
        if body["status"].as_str() == Some("err") {
            return Err(body["response"]
                .as_str()
                .unwrap_or("unknown error")
                .to_string());
        }
        let statuses = &body["response"]["data"]["statuses"][0];

        let (oid, returned_cloid, timestamp_ms) = if let Some(resting) = statuses.get("resting") {
            let oid = resting["oid"]
                .as_i64()
                .ok_or_else(|| format!("resting status missing oid: {}", body))?;
            let returned_cloid = resting["cloid"].as_str().map(|s: &str| s.to_string());
            // resting doesn't include a timestamp
            let ts = std::time::SystemTime::now()
                .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
                .unwrap()
                .as_millis() as i64;
            (oid, returned_cloid, ts)
        } else if let Some(filled) = statuses.get("filled") {
            let oid = filled["oid"]
                .as_i64()
                .ok_or_else(|| format!("filled status missing oid: {}", body))?;
            // filled doesn't include cloid
            let ts = std::time::SystemTime::now()
                .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
                .unwrap()
                .as_millis() as i64;
            (oid, None, ts)
        } else if let Some(error) = statuses.get("error") {
            return Err(error
                .as_str()
                .unwrap_or("order rejected with unknown error")
                .to_string());
        } else {
            return Err(format!("unexpected order status: {}", body));
        };

        Ok(OrderPlacement {
            order_id: oid,
            symbol,
            side,
            price,
            quantity: volume,
            timestamp_ms,
            cloid: returned_cloid.or(cloid),
        })
    }

    /// Modifies price and size of an existing order by its order ID. Requires `with_auth`.
    /// Fetches the order's current coin and side before submitting the modify action.
    async fn change_order_by_cloid(
        &self,
        cloid: i64,
        price: Decimal,
        volume: Decimal,
    ) -> Result<i64, String> {
        let user = self.require_user_address()?;

        // openOrders → weight 20; get_asset_index → meta weight 20
        let resp = self
            .info_post(
                serde_json::json!({"type": "openOrders", "user": user}),
                20,
                "change_order_by_cloid",
            )
            .await?;
        let orders: Vec<RestOpenOrder> = parse_response(resp).await?;
        let order = orders
            .iter()
            .find(|o| o.oid == cloid)
            .ok_or_else(|| format!("order {} not found", cloid))?;

        let asset_idx = self.get_asset_index(&order.coin).await?;
        let is_buy = order.side == "B";

        let action = serde_json::json!({
            "type": "batchModify",
            "modifies": [{
                "oid": cloid,
                "order": {
                    "a": asset_idx,
                    "b": is_buy,
                    "p": price.to_string(),
                    "s": volume.to_string(),
                    "r": false,
                    "t": {"limit": {"tif": "Gtc"}}
                }
            }]
        });

        self.submit_signed_action(action, None).await?;
        Ok(cloid)
    }

    /// Cancels a single order by its client order ID (cloid). Requires `with_auth`.
    /// Fetches open orders to resolve the coin/asset for the matching cloid before cancelling.
    async fn cancel_order_by_cloid(&self, cloid: String) -> Result<(), String> {
        let user = self.require_user_address()?;

        // openOrders → weight 20
        let resp = self
            .info_post(
                serde_json::json!({"type": "openOrders", "user": user}),
                20,
                "cancel_order_by_cloid",
            )
            .await?;
        let orders: Vec<RestOpenOrder> = parse_response(resp).await?;
        let order = orders
            .iter()
            .find(|o| o.cloid.as_ref() == Some(&cloid))
            .ok_or_else(|| format!("order with cloid {} not found", cloid))?;

        let asset_idx = self.get_asset_index(&order.coin).await?;
        let action = serde_json::json!({
            "type": "cancelByCloid",
            "cancels": [{"asset": asset_idx, "cloid": cloid}]
        });

        self.submit_signed_action(action, None).await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Cancels all open orders. Requires `with_auth`.
    /// Fetches all open orders and submits a batch cancel in a single signed request.
    async fn cancel_all_order(&self) -> Result<bool, String> {
        let user = self.require_user_address()?;

        // openOrders → weight 20
        let resp = self
            .info_post(
                serde_json::json!({"type": "openOrders", "user": user}),
                20,
                "cancel_all_order",
            )
            .await?;
        let orders: Vec<RestOpenOrder> = parse_response(resp).await?;
        if orders.is_empty() {
            return Ok(true);
        }

        // meta → weight 20
        let meta_resp = self
            .info_post(serde_json::json!({"type": "meta"}), 20, "cancel_all_order")
            .await?;
        let meta: MetaResponse = parse_response(meta_resp).await?;

        let cancels: Vec<Value> = orders
            .iter()
            .filter_map(|o| {
                let asset_idx = meta.universe.iter().position(|a| a.name == o.coin)?;
                Some(serde_json::json!({"a": asset_idx, "o": o.oid}))
            })
            .collect();

        let action = serde_json::json!({"type": "cancel", "cancels": cancels});
        self.submit_signed_action(action, None).await?;
        Ok(true)
    }
}

#[allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
impl guilder_abstraction::SubscribeMarketData for HyperliquidClient {
    fn subscribe_l2_update(&self, symbol: String) -> BoxStream<Result<L2Update, String>> {
        let sub = serde_json::json!({
            "method": "subscribe",
            "subscription": {"type": "l2Book", "coin": symbol.clone()}
        });
        let key = crate::ws::SubKey {
            channel: "l2Book".to_string(),
            routing_key: symbol,
        };
        let stream = self.ws_mux.subscribe(key, sub);
        Box::pin(async_stream::stream! {
            for await msg in stream {
                let Ok(env) = serde_json::from_str::<WsEnvelope>(&msg) else {
                    continue;
                };
                if env.channel != "l2Book" {
                    continue;
                }
                let Ok(book) = serde_json::from_value::<WsBook>(env.data) else {
                    continue;
                };
                for level in book.levels.first().into_iter().flatten() {
                    if let (Some(price), Some(volume)) =
                        (parse_decimal(&level.px), parse_decimal(&level.sz))
                    {
                        yield Ok(L2Update {
                            symbol: book.coin.clone(),
                            price,
                            volume,
                            side: Side::Ask,
                            sequence: book.time,
                        });
                    }
                }
                for level in book.levels.get(1).into_iter().flatten() {
                    if let (Some(price), Some(volume)) =
                        (parse_decimal(&level.px), parse_decimal(&level.sz))
                    {
                        yield Ok(L2Update {
                            symbol: book.coin.clone(),
                            price,
                            volume,
                            side: Side::Bid,
                            sequence: book.time,
                        });
                    }
                }
            }
        })
    }

    fn subscribe_asset_context(&self, symbol: String) -> BoxStream<Result<AssetContext, String>> {
        let sub = serde_json::json!({
            "method": "subscribe",
            "subscription": {"type": "activeAssetCtx", "coin": symbol.clone()}
        });
        let key = crate::ws::SubKey {
            channel: "activeAssetCtx".to_string(),
            routing_key: symbol,
        };
        let stream = self.ws_mux.subscribe(key, sub);
        Box::pin(async_stream::stream! {
            for await msg in stream {
                let Ok(env) = serde_json::from_str::<WsEnvelope>(&msg) else {
                    continue;
                };
                if env.channel != "activeAssetCtx" {
                    continue;
                }
                let Ok(update) = serde_json::from_value::<WsAssetCtx>(env.data) else {
                    continue;
                };
                let ctx = &update.ctx;
                let (Some(open_interest), Some(funding_rate), Some(mark_price), Some(day_volume)) = (
                    parse_decimal(&ctx.open_interest),
                    parse_decimal(&ctx.funding),
                    parse_decimal(&ctx.mark_px),
                    parse_decimal(&ctx.day_ntl_vlm),
                ) else {
                    continue;
                };
                yield Ok(AssetContext {
                    symbol: update.coin,
                    open_interest,
                    funding_rate,
                    mark_price,
                    day_volume,
                    mid_price: ctx.mid_px.as_deref().and_then(parse_decimal),
                    oracle_price: ctx.oracle_px.as_deref().and_then(parse_decimal),
                    premium: ctx.premium.as_deref().and_then(parse_decimal),
                    prev_day_price: ctx.prev_day_px.as_deref().and_then(parse_decimal),
                    // szDecimals is static metadata, not streamed via activeAssetCtx WS
                    sz_decimals: 0,
                });
            }
        })
    }

    fn subscribe_liquidation(&self, user: String) -> BoxStream<Result<Liquidation, String>> {
        let sub = serde_json::json!({
            "method": "subscribe",
            "subscription": {"type": "userEvents", "user": user.clone()}
        });
        let key = crate::ws::SubKey {
            channel: "user".to_string(),
            routing_key: user,
        };
        let raw_stream = self.ws_mux.subscribe(key, sub);
        Box::pin(
            raw_stream
                .filter_map(|text| async move {
                    let Ok(env) = serde_json::from_str::<WsEnvelope>(&text) else {
                        return None;
                    };
                    if env.channel != "user" {
                        return None;
                    }
                    let Ok(event) = serde_json::from_value::<WsUserEvent>(env.data) else {
                        return None;
                    };
                    let liq = event.liquidation?;
                    let (Some(notional_position), Some(account_value)) = (
                        parse_decimal(&liq.liquidated_ntl_pos),
                        parse_decimal(&liq.liquidated_account_value),
                    ) else {
                        return None;
                    };
                    let item = Liquidation {
                        symbol: String::new(),
                        side: OrderSide::Sell,
                        liquidated_user: liq.liquidated_user,
                        notional_position,
                        account_value,
                    };
                    Some(stream::iter(vec![Ok(item)]))
                })
                .flatten(),
        )
    }

    fn subscribe_fill(&self, symbol: String) -> BoxStream<Result<Fill, String>> {
        let sub = serde_json::json!({
            "method": "subscribe",
            "subscription": {"type": "trades", "coin": symbol.clone()}
        });
        let key = crate::ws::SubKey {
            channel: "trades".to_string(),
            routing_key: symbol,
        };
        let stream = self.ws_mux.subscribe(key, sub);
        Box::pin(async_stream::stream! {
            for await msg in stream {
                let Ok(env) = serde_json::from_str::<WsEnvelope>(&msg) else {
                    continue;
                };
                if env.channel != "trades" {
                    continue;
                }
                let Ok(trades) = serde_json::from_value::<Vec<WsTrade>>(env.data) else {
                    continue;
                };
                for trade in trades {
                    let side = if trade.side == "B" {
                        OrderSide::Buy
                    } else {
                        OrderSide::Sell
                    };
                    let price = parse_decimal(&trade.px);
                    let volume = parse_decimal(&trade.sz);
                    if let (Some(price), Some(volume)) = (price, volume) {
                        yield Ok(Fill {
                            symbol: trade.coin,
                            price,
                            volume,
                            side,
                            timestamp_ms: trade.time,
                            trade_id: trade.tid,
                        });
                    }
                }
            }
        })
    }
}

#[allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
impl guilder_abstraction::GetAccountSnapshot for HyperliquidClient {
    /// Returns open positions from `clearinghouseState`. Requires `with_auth`.
    /// Zero-size positions are filtered out. Positive `szi` = long, negative = short.
    async fn get_positions(&self) -> Result<Vec<Position>, String> {
        let user = self.require_user_address()?;
        // clearinghouseState → weight 2
        let resp = self
            .info_post(
                serde_json::json!({"type": "clearinghouseState", "user": user}),
                2,
                "get_positions",
            )
            .await?;
        let state: ClearinghouseStateResponse = parse_response(resp).await?;

        Ok(state
            .asset_positions
            .into_iter()
            .filter_map(|ap| {
                let p = ap.position;
                let size = parse_decimal(&p.szi)?;
                if size.is_zero() {
                    return None;
                }
                let entry_price = p
                    .entry_px
                    .as_deref()
                    .and_then(parse_decimal)
                    .unwrap_or_default();
                let side = if size > Decimal::ZERO {
                    OrderSide::Buy
                } else {
                    OrderSide::Sell
                };
                Some(Position {
                    symbol: p.coin,
                    side,
                    size: size.abs(),
                    entry_price,
                })
            })
            .collect())
    }

    /// Returns resting orders from Hyperliquid's `openOrders` endpoint. Requires `with_auth`.
    /// `filled_quantity` is derived as `origSz - sz` (original size minus remaining size).
    async fn get_open_orders(&self) -> Result<Vec<OpenOrder>, String> {
        let user = self.require_user_address()?;
        // openOrders → weight 20
        let resp = self
            .info_post(
                serde_json::json!({"type": "openOrders", "user": user}),
                20,
                "get_open_orders",
            )
            .await?;
        let orders: Vec<RestOpenOrder> = parse_response(resp).await?;

        Ok(orders
            .into_iter()
            .filter_map(|o| {
                let price = parse_decimal(&o.limit_px)?;
                let quantity = parse_decimal(&o.orig_sz)?;
                let remaining = parse_decimal(&o.sz)?;
                let filled_quantity = quantity - remaining;
                let side = if o.side == "B" {
                    OrderSide::Buy
                } else {
                    OrderSide::Sell
                };
                Some(OpenOrder {
                    order_id: o.oid,
                    symbol: o.coin,
                    side,
                    price,
                    quantity,
                    filled_quantity,
                })
            })
            .collect())
    }

    /// Returns total account value (collateral) from `clearinghouseState`. Requires `with_auth`.
    async fn get_collateral(&self) -> Result<Decimal, String> {
        let user = self.require_user_address()?;
        // clearinghouseState → weight 2
        let resp = self
            .info_post(
                serde_json::json!({"type": "clearinghouseState", "user": user}),
                2,
                "get_collateral",
            )
            .await?;
        let state: ClearinghouseStateResponse = parse_response(resp).await?;
        parse_decimal(&state.margin_summary.account_value)
            .ok_or_else(|| "invalid account value".to_string())
    }

    /// Returns all spot wallet balances from `spotState`. Requires `with_auth`.
    async fn get_spot_balance(&self) -> Result<Vec<guilder_abstraction::Balance>, String> {
        let user = self.require_user_address()?;
        // spotClearinghouseState → weight 15
        let resp = self
            .info_post(
                serde_json::json!({"type": "spotClearinghouseState", "user": user}),
                15,
                "get_spot_balance",
            )
            .await?;

        #[derive(Deserialize)]
        struct SpotStateResponse {
            balances: Vec<SpotBalance>,
        }

        #[allow(dead_code)]
        #[derive(Deserialize)]
        struct SpotBalance {
            coin: String,
            total: String,
            hold: String,
            #[serde(default)]
            token: Option<i32>,
            #[serde(default)]
            #[serde(rename = "entryNtl")]
            entry_ntl: Option<String>,
        }

        let state: SpotStateResponse = parse_response(resp).await?;

        state
            .balances
            .into_iter()
            .map(|balance| {
                let total = parse_decimal(&balance.total)
                    .ok_or_else(|| "invalid total balance".to_string())?;
                let locked = parse_decimal(&balance.hold)
                    .ok_or_else(|| "invalid hold balance".to_string())?;
                let available = total - locked;

                Ok(guilder_abstraction::Balance {
                    coin: balance.coin,
                    total,
                    available,
                    locked,
                })
            })
            .collect()
    }

    /// Returns clearing house collateral balance for an asset. Currently returns the total collateral.
    /// Requires `with_auth`.
    async fn get_collateral_balance(
        &self,
        asset: String,
    ) -> Result<guilder_abstraction::Balance, String> {
        if asset.to_uppercase() != "USDC" {
            return Err(format!("only USDC collateral is supported, got {}", asset));
        }

        let total = self.get_collateral().await?;
        Ok(guilder_abstraction::Balance {
            coin: "USDC".to_string(),
            total,
            available: total,
            locked: Decimal::ZERO,
        })
    }

    /// Returns the user's address-level API rate limit budget.
    /// Queries Hyperliquid's `userRateLimit` info endpoint for authoritative server-side counts.
    async fn get_user_rate_limit(&self) -> Result<guilder_abstraction::UserRateLimit, String> {
        let user = self.require_user_address()?;
        let resp = self
            .info_post(
                serde_json::json!({"type": "userRateLimit", "user": user}),
                20,
                "get_user_rate_limit",
            )
            .await?;
        let val = parse_response::<Value>(resp).await?;

        let cumulative_volume = val["cumVlm"]
            .as_str()
            .and_then(parse_decimal)
            .ok_or_else(|| "missing or invalid cumVlm".to_string())?;
        let requests_used = val["nRequestsUsed"]
            .as_i64()
            .ok_or_else(|| "missing or invalid nRequestsUsed".to_string())?;
        let requests_cap = val["nRequestsCap"]
            .as_i64()
            .ok_or_else(|| "missing or invalid nRequestsCap".to_string())?;
        let requests_surplus = val["nRequestsSurplus"]
            .as_i64()
            .ok_or_else(|| "missing or invalid nRequestsSurplus".to_string())?;

        Ok(guilder_abstraction::UserRateLimit {
            cumulative_volume,
            requests_used,
            requests_cap,
            requests_surplus,
        })
    }
}

#[allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
impl guilder_abstraction::SubscribeUserEvents for HyperliquidClient {
    fn subscribe_user_fills(&self) -> BoxStream<Result<UserFill, String>> {
        let Some(addr) = self.user_address.as_ref() else {
            return Box::pin(stream::empty());
        };
        let addr_str = addr.clone();
        let sub = serde_json::json!({
            "method": "subscribe",
            "subscription": {"type": "userEvents", "user": addr_str.clone()}
        });
        let key = crate::ws::SubKey {
            channel: "user".to_string(),
            routing_key: addr_str,
        };
        let raw_stream = self.ws_mux.subscribe(key, sub);
        Box::pin(
            raw_stream
                .filter_map(|text| async move {
                    let Ok(env) = serde_json::from_str::<WsEnvelope>(&text) else {
                        return None;
                    };
                    if env.channel != "user" {
                        return None;
                    }
                    let Ok(event) = serde_json::from_value::<WsUserEvent>(env.data) else {
                        return None;
                    };
                    let items: Vec<_> = event
                        .fills
                        .unwrap_or_default()
                        .into_iter()
                        .filter_map(|fill| {
                            let side = if fill.side == "B" {
                                OrderSide::Buy
                            } else {
                                OrderSide::Sell
                            };
                            let price = parse_decimal(&fill.px)?;
                            let quantity = parse_decimal(&fill.sz)?;
                            let fee_usd = parse_decimal(&fill.fee)?;
                            Some(UserFill {
                                order_id: fill.oid,
                                symbol: fill.coin,
                                side,
                                price,
                                quantity,
                                fee_usd,
                                timestamp_ms: fill.time,
                                cloid: fill.cloid,
                            })
                        })
                        .collect();
                    if items.is_empty() {
                        None
                    } else {
                        Some(stream::iter(items.into_iter().map(Ok)))
                    }
                })
                .flatten(),
        )
    }

    fn subscribe_order_updates(&self) -> BoxStream<Result<OrderUpdate, String>> {
        let Some(addr) = self.user_address.as_ref() else {
            return Box::pin(stream::empty());
        };
        let addr_str = addr.clone();
        let sub = serde_json::json!({
            "method": "subscribe",
            "subscription": {"type": "orderUpdates", "user": addr_str.clone()}
        });
        let key = crate::ws::SubKey {
            channel: "orderUpdates".to_string(),
            routing_key: addr_str,
        };
        let raw_stream = self.ws_mux.subscribe(key, sub);
        Box::pin(
            raw_stream
                .filter_map(|text| async move {
                    let Ok(env) = serde_json::from_str::<WsEnvelope>(&text) else {
                        return None;
                    };
                    if env.channel != "orderUpdates" {
                        return None;
                    }
                    let Ok(updates) = serde_json::from_value::<Vec<WsOrderUpdate>>(env.data) else {
                        return None;
                    };
                    let items: Vec<_> = updates
                        .into_iter()
                        .map(|upd| {
                            let status = match upd.status.as_str() {
                                "open" => OrderStatus::Placed,
                                "filled" => OrderStatus::Filled,
                                "canceled" | "cancelled" => OrderStatus::Cancelled,
                                _ => OrderStatus::PartiallyFilled,
                            };
                            let side = if upd.order.side == "B" {
                                OrderSide::Buy
                            } else {
                                OrderSide::Sell
                            };
                            OrderUpdate {
                                order_id: upd.order.oid,
                                symbol: upd.order.coin,
                                status,
                                side: Some(side),
                                price: parse_decimal(&upd.order.limit_px),
                                quantity: parse_decimal(&upd.order.orig_sz),
                                remaining_quantity: parse_decimal(&upd.order.sz),
                                timestamp_ms: upd.status_timestamp,
                                cloid: upd.order.cloid,
                            }
                        })
                        .collect();
                    if items.is_empty() {
                        None
                    } else {
                        Some(stream::iter(items.into_iter().map(Ok)))
                    }
                })
                .flatten(),
        )
    }

    fn subscribe_funding_payments(&self) -> BoxStream<Result<FundingPayment, String>> {
        let Some(addr) = self.user_address.as_ref() else {
            return Box::pin(stream::empty());
        };
        let addr_str = addr.clone();
        let sub = serde_json::json!({
            "method": "subscribe",
            "subscription": {"type": "userEvents", "user": addr_str.clone()}
        });
        let key = crate::ws::SubKey {
            channel: "user".to_string(),
            routing_key: addr_str,
        };
        let raw_stream = self.ws_mux.subscribe(key, sub);
        Box::pin(
            raw_stream
                .filter_map(|text| async move {
                    let Ok(env) = serde_json::from_str::<WsEnvelope>(&text) else {
                        return None;
                    };
                    if env.channel != "user" {
                        return None;
                    }
                    let Ok(event) = serde_json::from_value::<WsUserEvent>(env.data) else {
                        return None;
                    };
                    let funding = event.funding?;
                    let amount_usd = parse_decimal(&funding.usdc)?;
                    let item = FundingPayment {
                        symbol: funding.coin,
                        amount_usd,
                        timestamp_ms: funding.time,
                    };
                    Some(stream::iter(vec![Ok(item)]))
                })
                .flatten(),
        )
    }

    fn subscribe_deposits(&self) -> BoxStream<Result<Deposit, String>> {
        let Some(addr) = self.user_address.as_ref() else {
            return Box::pin(stream::empty());
        };
        let addr_str = addr.clone();
        let sub = serde_json::json!({
            "method": "subscribe",
            "subscription": {"type": "userNonFundingLedgerUpdates", "user": addr_str.clone()}
        });
        let key = crate::ws::SubKey {
            channel: "userNonFundingLedgerUpdates".to_string(),
            routing_key: addr_str,
        };
        let raw_stream = self.ws_mux.subscribe(key, sub);
        Box::pin(
            raw_stream
                .filter_map(|text| async move {
                    let Ok(env) = serde_json::from_str::<WsEnvelope>(&text) else {
                        return None;
                    };
                    if env.channel != "userNonFundingLedgerUpdates" {
                        return None;
                    }
                    let Ok(ledger) = serde_json::from_value::<WsLedgerUpdates>(env.data) else {
                        return None;
                    };
                    let items: Vec<_> = ledger
                        .updates
                        .into_iter()
                        .filter_map(|e| {
                            if e.delta.kind != "deposit" {
                                return None;
                            }
                            let amount_usd = e.delta.usdc.as_deref().and_then(parse_decimal)?;
                            Some(Deposit {
                                asset: "USDC".to_string(),
                                amount_usd,
                                timestamp_ms: e.time,
                            })
                        })
                        .collect();
                    if items.is_empty() {
                        None
                    } else {
                        Some(stream::iter(items.into_iter().map(Ok)))
                    }
                })
                .flatten(),
        )
    }

    fn subscribe_withdrawals(&self) -> BoxStream<Result<Withdrawal, String>> {
        let Some(addr) = self.user_address.as_ref() else {
            return Box::pin(stream::empty());
        };
        let addr_str = addr.clone();
        let sub = serde_json::json!({
            "method": "subscribe",
            "subscription": {"type": "userNonFundingLedgerUpdates", "user": addr_str.clone()}
        });
        let key = crate::ws::SubKey {
            channel: "userNonFundingLedgerUpdates".to_string(),
            routing_key: addr_str,
        };
        let raw_stream = self.ws_mux.subscribe(key, sub);
        Box::pin(
            raw_stream
                .filter_map(|text| async move {
                    let Ok(env) = serde_json::from_str::<WsEnvelope>(&text) else {
                        return None;
                    };
                    if env.channel != "userNonFundingLedgerUpdates" {
                        return None;
                    }
                    let Ok(ledger) = serde_json::from_value::<WsLedgerUpdates>(env.data) else {
                        return None;
                    };
                    let items: Vec<_> = ledger
                        .updates
                        .into_iter()
                        .filter_map(|e| {
                            if e.delta.kind != "withdraw" {
                                return None;
                            }
                            let amount_usd = e.delta.usdc.as_deref().and_then(parse_decimal)?;
                            Some(Withdrawal {
                                asset: "USDC".to_string(),
                                amount_usd,
                                timestamp_ms: e.time,
                            })
                        })
                        .collect();
                    if items.is_empty() {
                        None
                    } else {
                        Some(stream::iter(items.into_iter().map(Ok)))
                    }
                })
                .flatten(),
        )
    }

    /// Subscribe to spot wallet balance updates for the registered user address.
    /// Requires authentication (address must be set). Returns error if address not registered.
    fn subscribe_spot_balance(
        &self,
    ) -> BoxStream<Result<Vec<guilder_abstraction::Balance>, String>> {
        let Some(addr) = self.user_address.as_ref() else {
            return Box::pin(stream::iter(vec![Err(
                "user address not registered".to_string()
            )]));
        };
        let addr_str = addr.clone();
        self.subscribe_spot_balance_with_address(addr_str)
    }

    /// Subscribe to spot wallet balance updates for a specific address.
    fn subscribe_spot_balance_with_address(
        &self,
        address: String,
    ) -> BoxStream<Result<Vec<guilder_abstraction::Balance>, String>> {
        let addr_str = address;
        let sub = serde_json::json!({
            "method": "subscribe",
            "subscription": {"type": "userEvents", "user": addr_str.clone()}
        });
        let key = crate::ws::SubKey {
            channel: "user".to_string(),
            routing_key: addr_str,
        };
        let raw_stream = self.ws_mux.subscribe(key, sub);
        Box::pin(raw_stream.filter_map(|text| async move {
            let Ok(env) = serde_json::from_str::<WsEnvelope>(&text) else {
                return None;
            };
            if env.channel != "user" {
                return None;
            }
            let Ok(event) = serde_json::from_value::<WsUserEvent>(env.data) else {
                return None;
            };

            // Extract spot balances from the event
            let spot_state = event.spot_state?;
            let balances = spot_state.balances?;

            let items: Vec<_> = balances
                .into_iter()
                .filter_map(|b| {
                    let total = parse_decimal(&b.total)?;
                    let locked = parse_decimal(&b.hold)?;
                    let available = total - locked;
                    Some(guilder_abstraction::Balance {
                        coin: b.coin,
                        total,
                        available,
                        locked,
                    })
                })
                .collect();

            if items.is_empty() {
                None
            } else {
                Some(Ok(items))
            }
        }))
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod msgpack_tests {
    use super::*;
    use serde_json::json;

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_null() {
        let result = value_to_msgpack(&Value::Null);
        assert_eq!(result, vec![0xc0]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_bool() {
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&Value::Bool(true)), vec![0xc3]);
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&Value::Bool(false)), vec![0xc2]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_positive_fixint() {
        // 0–127: positive fixint
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!(0)), vec![0x00]);
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!(1)), vec![0x01]);
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!(127)), vec![0x7f]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_uint8() {
        // 128–255: uint8
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!(128)), vec![0xcc, 0x80]);
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!(255)), vec![0xcc, 0xff]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_uint16() {
        // 256–65535: uint16
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!(256)), vec![0xcd, 0x01, 0x00]);
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!(65535)), vec![0xcd, 0xff, 0xff]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_uint32() {
        // 65536–4294967295: uint32
        assert_eq!(
            value_to_msgpack(&json!(65536)),
            vec![0xce, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00]
        );
        assert_eq!(
            value_to_msgpack(&json!(4294967295u64)),
            vec![0xce, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_uint64() {
        // >4294967295: uint64
        let big: u64 = 4294967296;
        assert_eq!(
            value_to_msgpack(&json!(big)),
            vec![0xcf, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_negative_fixint() {
        // -1 to -32: negative fixint
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!(-1)), vec![0xff]);
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!(-32)), vec![0xe0]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_int8() {
        // -33 to -128: int8
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!(-33)), vec![0xd0, 0xdf]);
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!(-128)), vec![0xd0, 0x80]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_int16() {
        // -129 to -32768: int16
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!(-129)), vec![0xd1, 0xff, 0x7f]);
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!(-32768)), vec![0xd1, 0x80, 0x00]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_int32() {
        // -32769 to -2147483648: int32
        assert_eq!(
            value_to_msgpack(&json!(-32769)),
            vec![0xd2, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xff]
        );
        assert_eq!(
            value_to_msgpack(&json!(-2147483648i64)),
            vec![0xd2, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_int64() {
        let val: i64 = -2147483649;
        let result = value_to_msgpack(&json!(val));
        assert_eq!(result[0], 0xd3); // int64 marker
        assert_eq!(result.len(), 9);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_float() {
        let result = value_to_msgpack(&json!(3.14));
        assert_eq!(result[0], 0xcb); // float64 marker
        assert_eq!(result.len(), 9);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_fixstr() {
        // 0–31 bytes: fixstr
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!("")), vec![0xa0]);
        assert_eq!(
            value_to_msgpack(&json!("hello")),
            {
                let mut expected = vec![0xa5];
                expected.extend_from_slice(b"hello");
                expected
            }
        );
        let s = "a".repeat(31);
        let result = value_to_msgpack(&json!(s));
        assert_eq!(result[0], 0xbf); // 0xa0 | 31
        assert_eq!(result.len(), 32);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_str8() {
        let s = "a".repeat(32);
        let result = value_to_msgpack(&json!(s));
        assert_eq!(result[0], 0xd9); // str8 marker
        assert_eq!(result[1], 32);
        assert_eq!(result.len(), 34);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_fixarray() {
        // 0–15 elements: fixarray
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!([])), vec![0x90]);
        let result = value_to_msgpack(&json!([1, 2, 3]));
        assert_eq!(result[0], 0x93);
        assert_eq!(result, vec![0x93, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_fixmap() {
        // 0–15 entries: fixmap
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!({})), vec![0x80]);
        let result = value_to_msgpack(&json!({"a": 1}));
        assert_eq!(result[0], 0x81); // fixmap(1)
        assert_eq!(result, {
            let mut expected = vec![0x81];
            expected.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&json!("a")));
            expected.extend_from_slice(&value_to_msgpack(&json!(1)));
            expected
        });
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgmap_preserves_insertion_order() {
        // Verify keys are serialized in JSON insertion order, not sorted
        let val = json!({
            "z": 1,
            "a": 2,
            "m": 3
        });
        let result = value_to_msgpack(&val);
        // fixmap(3)
        assert_eq!(result[0], 0x83);
        // First key should be "z" (insertion order), not "a" (sorted)
        assert_eq!(result[1], 0xa1); // fixstr(1)
        assert_eq!(result[2], b'z');
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_mixed_array() {
        let val = json!([null, true, false, 42, "hi", [1, 2]]);
        let result = value_to_msgpack(&val);
        assert_eq!(result[0], 0x96); // fixarray(6)
        assert_eq!(result[1], 0xc0); // null
        assert_eq!(result[2], 0xc3); // true
        assert_eq!(result[3], 0xc2); // false
        assert_eq!(result[4], 0x2a); // 42
        // "hi" = fixstr(2) + "hi"
        assert_eq!(result[5], 0xa2);
        assert_eq!(result[6], b'h');
        assert_eq!(result[7], b'i');
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_build_order_msgpack_without_cloid() {
        let result = build_order_msgpack(
            0,       // asset index
            true,    // is_buy
            "1000",  // price
            "0.1",   // size
            false,   // reduce_only
            "limit", // order_kind
            b"gtc",  // tif
            None,    // cloid
        );
        // fixmap(6)
        assert_eq!(result[0], 0x86);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_build_order_msgpack_with_cloid() {
        let result = build_order_msgpack(
            0,       // asset index
            true,    // is_buy
            "1000",  // price
            "0.1",   // size
            false,   // reduce_only
            "limit", // order_kind
            b"gtc",  // tif
            Some("my-cloid"), // cloid
        );
        // fixmap(7)
        assert_eq!(result[0], 0x87);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_action_to_canonical_msgpack() {
        let action = json!({
            "type": "order",
            "orders": [{"a": 0, "b": true, "p": "1000", "s": "0.1", "r": false, "t": {"limit": {"tif": "gtc"}}}],
            "grouping": "na"
        });
        let result = action_to_canonical_msgpack(&action).unwrap();
        // fixmap(3)
        assert_eq!(result[0], 0x83);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_matches_rmp_serde_for_simple_values() {
        // Verify our encoding matches rmp_serde for simple scalar values
        use rmp_serde::to_vec;

        for val in [json!(0), json!(127), json!(255), json!(1000), json!(-1), json!(-32), json!(-128)] {
            let ours = value_to_msgpack(&val);
            let theirs = to_vec(&val).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                ours, theirs,
                "mismatch for {}: ours={:?}, rmp={:?}",
                val, ours, theirs
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_string_encoding() {
        use rmp_serde::to_vec;
        for val in [json!(""), json!("a"), json!("hello world"), json!("BTC-USD")] {
            let ours = value_to_msgpack(&val);
            let theirs = to_vec(&val).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                ours, theirs,
                "mismatch for {}: ours={:?}, rmp={:?}",
                val, ours, theirs
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_bool_encoding() {
        use rmp_serde::to_vec;
        let theirs = to_vec(&json!(true)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!(true)), theirs);
        let theirs = to_vec(&json!(false)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!(false)), theirs);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_null_encoding() {
        use rmp_serde::to_vec;
        let theirs = to_vec(&Value::Null).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&Value::Null), theirs);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_nested_object() {
        let val = json!({
            "outer": {
                "inner": 42
            }
        });
        let result = value_to_msgpack(&val);
        assert_eq!(result[0], 0x81); // fixmap(1)
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_msgpack_empty_containers() {
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!([])), vec![0x90]);
        assert_eq!(value_to_msgpack(&json!({})), vec![0x80]);
    }
}