<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Google Scholar</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge">
<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2">
<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
<style>
html,
body,
form,
table,
div,
h1,
h2,
h3,
h4,
h5,
h6,
img,
ol,
ul,
li,
button {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
border: 0;
}
table {
border-collapse: collapse;
border-width: 0;
empty-cells: show;
}
html,
body {
height: 100%
}
#gs_top {
position: relative;
box-sizing: border-box;
min-height: 100%;
min-width: 964px;
-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);
}
#gs_top>*:not(#x) {
-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(204, 204, 204, .5);
}
.gs_el_ph #gs_top,
.gs_el_ta #gs_top {
min-width: 320px;
}
#gs_top.gs_nscl {
position: fixed;
width: 100%;
}
body,
td,
input,
button {
font-size: 13px;
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
line-height: 1.24;
}
body {
background: #fff;
color: #222;
-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;
-moz-text-size-adjust: none;
}
.gs_gray {
color: #777777
}
.gs_red {
color: #dd4b39
}
.gs_grn {
color: #006621
}
.gs_lil {
font-size: 11px
}
.gs_med {
font-size: 16px
}
.gs_hlt {
font-weight: bold;
}
a:link {
color: #1a0dab;
text-decoration: none
}
a:visited {
color: #660099;
text-decoration: none
}
a:hover,
a:hover .gs_lbl {
text-decoration: underline
}
a:active,
a:active .gs_lbl,
a .gs_lbl:active {
color: #d14836
}
.gs_el_tc a:hover,
.gs_el_tc a:hover .gs_lbl {
text-decoration: none
}
.gs_pfcs a:focus,
.gs_pfcs button:focus,
.gs_pfcs input:focus,
.gs_pfcs label:focus {
outline: none
}
.gs_a,
.gs_a a:link,
.gs_a a:visited {
color: #006621
}
.gs_a a:active {
color: #d14836
}
a.gs_fl:link,
.gs_fl a:link {
color: #1a0dab
}
a.gs_fl:visited,
.gs_fl a:visited {
color: #660099
}
a.gs_fl:active,
.gs_fl a:active {
color: #d14836
}
.gs_fl {
color: #777777
}
.gs_ctc,
.gs_ctu {
vertical-align: middle;
font-size: 11px;
font-weight: bold
}
.gs_ctc {
color: #1a0dab
}
.gs_ctg,
.gs_ctg2 {
font-size: 13px;
font-weight: bold
}
.gs_ctg {
color: #1a0dab
}
a.gs_pda,
.gs_pda a {
padding: 7px 0 5px 0
}
.gs_alrt {
background: #f9edbe;
border: 1px solid #f0c36d;
padding: 0 16px;
text-align: center;
box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
border-radius: 2px;
}
.gs_alrt:empty {
display: none;
}
.gs_spc {
display: inline-block;
width: 12px
}
.gs_br {
width: 0;
font-size: 0
}
.gs_ibl {
display: inline-block;
}
.gs_scl:after {
content: "";
display: table;
clear: both;
}
.gs_ind {
padding-left: 8px;
text-indent: -8px
}
.gs_ico,
.gs_icm {
display: inline-block;
background: no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png);
background-position: -23px -161px;
background-size: 169px;
width: 21px;
height: 21px;
}
@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),
(min-resolution:144dpi) {
.gs_ico,
.gs_icm {
background-image: url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);
}
}
.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,
.gs_ota,
.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,
.gs_oph {
display: none
}
.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,
.gs_el_ph .gs_oph {
display: inline
}
.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,
.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph {
display: block
}
.gs_sth_g {
visibility: hidden;
max-height: 0;
}
.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_g {
max-height: 1000px;
}
.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_b {
position: fixed;
top: 0;
}
.gs_sth_trk .gs_sth_b {
position: absolute;
top: auto;
}
@keyframes gs_anm_spin {
0% {
transform: rotate(0deg);
}
100% {
transform: rotate(360deg);
}
}
.gs_rimg {
display: block;
background-color: #e5e5e5;
border-radius: 50%;
overflow: hidden;
position: relative;
z-index: 1;
}
.gs_rimg>img {
position: absolute;
margin: auto;
left: 0;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
right: 0;
}
.gs_in_txtw {
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: middle;
}
.gs_in_txtb {
display: block;
}
.gs_in_txt {
color: #000;
background-color: #fff;
font-size: 16px;
box-sizing: border-box;
height: 29px;
line-height: 23px;
border: 1px solid #d9d9d9;
border-top-color: #c0c0c0;
padding: 3px 6px 1px 8px;
border-radius: 1px;
outline: none;
-webkit-appearance: none;
-moz-appearance: none;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txt {
font-size: 18px;
}
.gs_in_txtb .gs_in_txt {
width: 100%;
}
.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt {
border-radius: 14.5px;
padding: 3px 12px 1px 12px;
}
.gs_in_txt:hover {
border-color: #b9b9b9;
border-top-color: #a0a0a0;
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);
}
.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txt {
border-color: #dd4b39;
}
.gs_in_txt:focus {
border-color: #4d90fe;
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);
}
.gs_in_txt:disabled {
color: #b8b8b8;
border-color: #f1f1f1;
box-shadow: none;
}
.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt {
font-size: 13px;
height: 24px;
line-height: 16px;
padding: 3px 6px;
}
.gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt {
border-radius: 12px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt {
height: 29px;
line-height: 21px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt {
border-radius: 14.5px;
}
.gs_in_txtl .gs_in_txt {
height: 41px;
padding: 9px 43px;
}
.gs_in_txtl.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt {
border-radius: 20.5px;
}
.gs_in_txts {
font-size: 13px;
line-height: 18px;
color: #666;
}
.gs_in_txts:not(:empty) {
margin-top: 2px;
}
.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txts {
color: #dd4b39;
}
button {
position: relative;
z-index: 1;
box-sizing: border-box;
font-size: 13px;
cursor: pointer;
height: 29px;
line-height: normal;
min-width: 72px;
padding: 0 8px;
color: #444;
border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);
border-radius: 3px;
text-align: center;
background-color: #f5f5f5;
-moz-user-select: none;
user-select: none;
}
button.gs_btn_rnd {
border-radius: 14px;
padding: 0 12px;
}
button.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci {
padding-left: 4px;
}
button.gs_btn_lrge {
height: 41px;
min-width: 82px;
padding: 0 9px;
}
button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym {
padding-left: 5px;
padding-right: 8px;
}
button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd {
border-radius: 20px;
padding: 0 16px;
}
button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci {
padding-left: 10px;
}
button.gs_btn_cir {
border-radius: 14.5px;
min-width: 29px;
}
button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir {
border-radius: 20.5px;
min-width: 41px;
}
button.gs_btn_mini {
padding: 0;
border: 0;
}
.gs_el_ph button.gs_btn_mph,
.gs_el_ta button.gs_btn_mta {
height: 41px;
}
button .gs_wr {
position: relative;
display: inline-block;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
button .gs_wr:before {
content: "";
width: 0;
height: 100%;
}
button .gs_wr:before,
button .gs_ico,
button .gs_rdt,
button .gs_lbl,
button .gs_icm {
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: middle;
}
button .gs_wr {
font-size: 13px;
text-transform: none;
}
.gs_btn_lrge .gs_wr {
font-size: 15px;
}
.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr {
font-size: 11px;
font-weight: bold;
}
.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr {
font-size: 11px;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr,
.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr,
.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym .gs_wr {
font-size: 13px;
}
.gs_btn_half,
.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta,
.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph {
min-width: 36px;
}
.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_half,
.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hta,
.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hph,
.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta,
.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph {
min-width: 41px;
}
.gs_btn_slt {
border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px;
}
.gs_btn_srt {
margin-left: -1px;
border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;
}
.gs_btn_smd {
margin-left: -1px;
border-radius: 0;
}
button:hover {
z-index: 2;
color: #222;
border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
background-color: #f8f8f8;
}
button.gs_sel {
background-color: #dcdcdc;
}
button:active {
z-index: 2;
background-color: #f1f1f1;
}
button:focus {
z-index: 2;
}
button::-moz-focus-inner {
padding: 0;
border: 0
}
button:-moz-focusring {
outline: 1px dotted ButtonText
}
.gs_pfcs button:-moz-focusring {
outline: none
}
a.gs_in_ib {
position: relative;
display: inline-block;
line-height: 16px;
padding: 6px 0 7px 0;
-moz-user-select: none;
user-select: none;
}
a.gs_btn_lrge {
height: 40px;
padding: 0;
}
a.gs_in_bgcw {
min-width: 41px;
}
a.gs_btn_lrge.gs_in_bgcw:before {
position: absolute;
content: "";
height: 29px;
width: 29px;
top: 6px;
left: 6px;
background-color: #fff;
box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgb(0, 0, 0, .4);
border-radius: 50%;
}
a.gs_in_bgcw:hover:before {
background-color: #f5f5f5;
}
a.gs_in_bgcw:active:before {
background-color: #e5e5e5;
}
a.gs_in_bgcw.gs_dis:before {
background-color: #fff;
}
a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl {
display: inline-block;
padding-left: 21px;
color: #222;
}
a.gs_in_ib.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl {
color: #444;
}
a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty) {
padding-left: 29px;
}
button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty) {
padding-left: 4px;
}
a.gs_in_ib:active .gs_lbl,
a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:active,
a.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_lbl {
color: #d14836;
}
.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_lbl,
.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,
.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_lbl,
.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_lbl,
.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_lbl,
.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl {
display: none;
}
a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico {
position: absolute;
top: 3px;
left: 0;
}
.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico {
left: 14px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico {
top: 11px;
}
.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix .gs_ico {
top: 10px;
left: 16px;
}
a.gs_btn_lrge .gs_ico {
top: 50%;
left: 50%;
margin: -10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;
}
.gs_in_ib .gs_ico {
opacity: .55;
}
.gs_in_ib:hover .gs_ico {
opacity: .72;
}
.gs_in_ib:active .gs_ico,
.gs_in_ib .gs_ico:active,
.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_ico {
opacity: 1;
}
.gs_in_ib:disabled .gs_ico,
.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_ico {
opacity: .28;
}
.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_act .gs_ico,
.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_cre .gs_ico {
opacity: 1;
}
.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_ico,
.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_ico {
opacity: .72;
}
.gs_rdt {
position: relative;
width: 0;
height: 21px;
}
a.gs_in_ib .gs_rdt {
left: 21px;
}
.gs_rdt:before {
content: "";
position: absolute;
top: 1px;
right: 0;
width: 5px;
height: 5px;
border: 1px solid #fff;
border-radius: 50%;
background-color: #dd4b39;
}
.gs_notf {
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: top;
margin-left: 8px;
width: 16px;
line-height: 16px;
background-color: #d14836;
border-radius: 50%;
color: #fff;
text-align: center;
font-size: 9px;
font-weight: bold;
}
.gs_notf:empty {
display: none;
}
.gs_ind .gs_notf {
text-indent: 0;
}
button.gs_btn_flat {
border-color: transparent;
background-color: transparent;
}
button.gs_btn_olact {
color: #4d90fe;
background-color: transparent;
}
button.gs_btn_flat:hover,
button.gs_btn_olact:hover {
background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);
}
button.gs_btn_flat:active,
button.gs_btn_olact:active {
background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);
}
button.gs_btn_flat.gs_btn_flact {
color: #1a0dab;
}
button.gs_btn_act {
color: #fff;
background-color: #4d90fe;
}
button.gs_btn_act:hover {
color: #fff;
background-color: #3983fe;
}
button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel {
background-color: #2f6bcc;
}
button.gs_btn_act:active {
background-color: #357ae8;
}
button.gs_btn_cre {
color: #fff;
background-color: #d14836;
}
button.gs_btn_cre:hover {
color: #fff;
background-color: #c53727;
}
button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel {
background-color: #992b1e;
}
button.gs_btn_cre:active {
background-color: #b0281a;
}
button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:hover,
button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:active {
border: none;
background: transparent;
}
button:disabled,
button:disabled:hover,
button:disabled:active {
cursor: default;
color: #b8b8b8;
border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);
background-color: transparent;
z-index: 0;
}
button.gs_btn_flat:disabled {
color: #b8b8b8;
border-color: transparent;
}
button.gs_btn_act:disabled {
color: #fff;
background-color: #a6c8ff;
}
button.gs_btn_cre:disabled {
color: #fff;
background-color: #e8a49b;
}
a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis {
cursor: default;
pointer-events: none
}
a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_lbl {
color: #b8b8b8;
text-decoration: none
}
.gs_ttp {
position: absolute;
top: 100%;
right: 50%;
z-index: 10;
pointer-events: none;
visibility: hidden;
opacity: 0;
transition: visibility 0s .13s, opacity .13s ease-out;
}
button:hover .gs_ttp,
button:focus .gs_ttp,
a:hover .gs_ttp,
a:focus .gs_ttp {
transition: visibility 0s .3s, opacity .13s ease-in .3s;
visibility: visible;
opacity: 1;
}
.gs_md_tb.gs_sel .gs_ttp {
transition: none;
visibility: hidden;
}
button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir .gs_ttp {
top: 75%;
}
.gs_ttp .gs_aro,
.gs_ttp .gs_aru {
position: absolute;
top: -2px;
right: -5px;
width: 0;
height: 0;
line-height: 0;
font-size: 0;
border: 5px solid transparent;
border-top: none;
border-bottom-color: #595959;
z-index: 1;
}
.gs_ttp .gs_aro {
top: -3px;
right: -6px;
border-width: 6px;
border-top: none;
border-bottom-color: white;
}
.gs_ttp .gs_txt {
display: block;
position: relative;
top: 2px;
right: -50%;
padding: 4px 6px;
background: #595959;
color: white;
font-size: 11px;
font-weight: bold;
line-height: normal;
white-space: nowrap;
border: 1px solid white;
border-radius: 3px;
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
}
.gs_press,
.gs_in_se,
.gs_tan {
touch-action: none;
}
.gs_in_se .gs_lbl:not(:empty) {
padding-right: 14px;
}
.gs_in_se .gs_icm {
position: absolute;
top: 50%;
margin-top: -5.5px;
right: 0;
width: 7px;
height: 11px;
background-position: -21px -88px;
opacity: .55;
}
.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm {
opacity: .72;
}
.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm {
opacity: 1;
}
.gs_in_se:disabled .gs_icm {
opacity: .28;
}
.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_icm,
.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,
.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_icm,
.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_icm,
.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_icm,
.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm {
display: none;
}
.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm {
margin-top: -3.5px;
height: 7px;
background-position: 0 -110px;
}
.gs_in_se.gs_btn_act .gs_icm,
.gs_in_se.gs_btn_cre .gs_icm {
margin-top: -3.5px;
height: 7px;
background-position: -42px -44px;
opacity: 1;
}
.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_icm,
.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_icm {
opacity: .72;
}
button.gs_btnG .gs_ico {
width: 21px;
height: 21px;
background-position: -92px -253px;
}
button .gs_bs {
position: absolute;
top: 50%;
left: 50%;
margin-top: -10px;
margin-left: -10px;
box-sizing: border-box;
width: 20px;
height: 20px;
border-radius: 50%;
border: 2px solid #eee;
border-top-color: #4d90fe;
visibility: hidden;
animation: gs_anm_spin .8s linear infinite;
}
button.gs_bsp .gs_bs {
visibility: visible;
transition: visibility 0s .4s;
}
.gs_md_d {
text-transform: none;
white-space: nowrap;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
background: #fff;
box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
z-index: 1100;
text-align: left;
visibility: hidden;
max-height: 0;
margin-top: -1000px;
opacity: 0;
transition: opacity .13s, visibility 0s .13s, max-height 0s .13s, margin-top 0s .13s;
}
.gs_md_d.gs_vis {
visibility: visible;
max-height: 10000px;
margin-top: 0;
opacity: 1;
transition: all 0s;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d {
transform-origin: 100% 0;
transform: scale(1, 0);
transition: opacity .218s ease-out, transform 0s .218s, visibility 0s .218s, max-height 0s .218s, margin-top 0s .218s;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzi {
transform-origin: 50% 50%;
transform: scale(0, 0);
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzr {
transform: scale(0, 0);
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_vis {
transform: scale(1, 1);
transition: transform .218s ease-out;
}
.gs_md_r {
position: relative;
display: inline-block;
}
.gs_md_rmb>.gs_md_d {
top: 29px
}
.gs_md_rmbl>.gs_md_d {
top: 41px
}
.gs_md_ul {
list-style-type: none;
word-wrap: break-word;
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: top;
}
.gs_md_ul.gs_md_ul_tb {
display: block;
}
.gs_md_li,
.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li,
.gs_md_li:link,
.gs_md_li:visited {
display: block;
padding: 6px 44px 6px 16px;
font-size: 13px;
line-height: 16px;
color: #222;
cursor: pointer;
text-decoration: none;
position: relative;
z-index: 0;
}
a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,
a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl {
text-decoration: none
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li {
padding-top: 14px;
padding-bottom: 10px;
}
.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 20px;
padding: 12px 16px 8px 16px;
}
.gs_md_li:before {
content: "";
background-color: #f1f1f1;
position: absolute;
left: 0;
right: 0;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
opacity: 0;
transition: opacity .13s;
z-index: -1;
}
.gs_md_li:hover:before,
.gs_md_li:focus:before {
opacity: 1;
transition: all 0s;
}
a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_lbl {
color: #222
}
a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl {
color: #444
}
.gs_md_li:active:before {
background-color: #ddd
}
.gs_md_li.gs_sel,
a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_sel .gs_lbl {
color: #d14836
}
.gs_md_d:focus,
.gs_md_li:focus {
outline: none
}
a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl,
a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl:not(:empty) {
padding: 0 0 0 40px;
}
a.gs_in_cb:link,
a.gs_in_cb:visited,
a.gs_in_cb:active,
a.gs_in_cb:hover {
cursor: pointer;
color: #222;
text-decoration: none;
}
.gs_in_cb,
.gs_in_ra {
position: relative;
line-height: 16px;
display: inline-block;
-moz-user-select: none;
user-select: none;
}
.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li {
padding: 6px 44px 6px 16px;
}
.gs_in_cb input,
.gs_in_ra input {
position: absolute;
top: 1px;
left: 1px;
width: 15px;
height: 15px;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
opacity: 0;
z-index: 2;
}
.gs_in_ra input {
top: 0;
left: 0
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input {
top: 9px
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input {
top: 8px
}
.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input {
top: 15px;
left: 15px
}
.gs_in_cb label,
.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,
.gs_in_ra label {
display: inline-block;
padding-left: 21px;
min-height: 16px;
}
.gs_in_ra_lrge {
font-size: 15px;
}
.gs_in_cb label:empty:before,
.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl:empty:before,
.gs_in_ra label:empty:before {
content: "\200b";
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,
.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,
.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label {
padding-top: 8px;
padding-bottom: 5px;
}
.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,
.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl {
padding: 13px 0 12px 41px;
}
.gs_in_cbb,
.gs_in_cbb label,
.gs_in_cbb .gs_lbl {
display: block;
}
.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,
.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx {
position: absolute
}
.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx {
top: 2px;
left: 2px;
width: 11px;
height: 11px;
border: 1px solid #c6c6c6;
border-radius: 1px;
}
.gs_md_li .gs_cbx {
top: 8px;
left: 18px
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx {
top: 10px
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx {
top: 16px
}
.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx {
top: 15px;
left: 15px
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx {
top: 8px
}
.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx {
top: 0;
left: 0;
border: 1px solid #c6c6c6;
width: 13px;
height: 13px;
border-radius: 7px;
}
.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx,
.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx {
border-color: #666;
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);
}
button.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx {
border-color: #c6c6c6;
}
.gs_in_cb :focus~label,
.gs_in_ra :focus~label {
outline: 1px dotted #222;
}
.gs_pfcs .gs_in_cb :focus~label,
.gs_pfcs .gs_in_ra :focus~label {
outline: none;
}
.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx,
.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx,
.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx:active,
.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:active,
.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx,
.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx {
border-color: #666;
background-color: #ebebeb;
}
button.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx {
border-color: #a6a6a6;
}
.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,
.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx,
button.gs_in_cb:disabled .gs_cbx {
border-color: #f1f1f1;
box-shadow: none;
}
.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,
.gs_in_ra :disabled~label {
color: #b8b8b8;
}
.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx {
border-color: #eda29b;
}
.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,
.gs_in_ra .gs_chk {
position: absolute;
z-index: 1;
top: -3px;
left: -2px;
width: 21px;
height: 21px;
}
.gs_md_li .gs_chk {
top: 3px;
left: 14px
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk {
top: 5px
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk {
top: 11px
}
.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk {
top: 10px;
left: 11px
}
.gs_in_ra .gs_chk {
top: 4px;
left: 4px;
width: 7px;
height: 7px;
border-radius: 4px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk {
top: 12px
}
.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,
.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk {
background: no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -69px -67px;
opacity: .62;
}
.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk {
background-color: #666
}
.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk {
background: no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -21px -44px;
opacity: .55;
}
@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),
(min-resolution:144dpi) {
.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,
.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk,
.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk {
background-image: url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);
background-size: 169px;
}
}
.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk {
opacity: .22
}
.gs_in_ra input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk {
background-color: #f1f1f1
}
.gs_md_ac {
position: absolute;
top: 28px;
left: 0;
right: 0;
z-index: 1100;
white-space: normal;
display: none;
pointer-events: none;
}
.gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"] {
text-align: left;
}
.gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"] {
text-align: right;
}
.gs_md_ac ul {
list-style-type: none;
word-wrap: break-word;
line-height: 1.24;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
background: #fff;
box-shadow: 0px 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
-moz-user-select: none;
user-select: none;
pointer-events: auto;
}
.gs_md_acp {
display: flex;
line-height: 0;
}
.gs_md_acp .gs_md_acs,
.gs_md_acp ul {
max-width: 100%;
box-sizing: border-box;
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: top;
}
.gs_md_acs {
visibility: hidden;
white-space: pre;
height: 0;
min-width: 0%;
flex: 0 1 auto;
font-size: 16px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_md_acs {
font-size: 18px;
}
.gs_md_acp ul {
white-space: nowrap;
flex: 0 0 auto;
}
.gs_md_ac li {
position: relative;
padding: 2px 8px;
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 20px;
color: #222;
background-color: #fff;
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
}
.gs_md_ac li.gs_sel {
color: #000;
background-color: #c6dafc;
}
.gs_md_ac li:active {
background-color: #e8f0fe;
}
.gs_el_ios .gs_md_ac li:active {
background-color: #fff;
}
.gs_md_ac li.gs_md_ac_lh,
.gs_md_ac li.gs_md_ac_lh b {
color: #660099;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac li {
padding: 11px 8px 9px 8px;
font-size: 18px;
border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac li:first-child {
border-top: none;
}
.gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"] li.gs_md_ac_lh {
padding-right: 29px;
}
.gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"] li.gs_md_ac_lh {
padding-left: 29px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"] li.gs_md_ac_lh {
padding-right: 49px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"] li.gs_md_ac_lh {
padding-left: 49px;
}
.gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
}
.gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"] .gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X {
right: 0;
}
.gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"] .gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X {
left: 0;
}
.gs_el_tc #gs_top .gs_md_ac .gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_Xt {
padding: 10px;
}
.gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X:hover {
background-color: #eee;
}
.gs_ico_x {
background-position: -113px -22px;
opacity: .55;
}
.gs_ico_x:hover {
opacity: .72;
}
.gs_ico_x:active {
opacity: 1;
}
.gs_ico_X {
background-position: -71px 0;
opacity: .55;
}
.gs_ico_X:hover {
opacity: .72;
}
.gs_ico_X:active {
opacity: 1;
}
.gs_btnX .gs_ico {
background-position: -71px 0;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt {
background-origin: content-box;
background-clip: content-box;
padding: 10px 6px 10px 14px;
}
.gs_ico_P {
background-position: 0 0;
opacity: .55;
}
.gs_ico_P:hover {
opacity: .72;
}
.gs_ico_P:active {
opacity: 1;
}
.gs_btnP .gs_ico {
background-position: -21px 0;
}
.gs_btnC .gs_ico {
background-position: 0 -66px;
}
.gs_btnL .gs_ico {
background-position: -92px -44px;
}
.gs_ico_LB {
background-position: -50px -44px;
height: 16px;
}
.gs_btnJ .gs_ico {
background-position: -92px -22px;
}
.gs_btnM .gs_ico {
background-position: -92px 0;
}
.gs_btnMW .gs_ico {
background-position: -21px -22px;
}
.gs_btnSB .gs_ico {
background-position: 0 -44px;
}
.gs_btnTSB .gs_ico {
background-position: -115px -253px;
}
.gs_btnPL .gs_ico {
background-position: -148px -66px;
}
.gs_btnPR .gs_ico {
background-position: -21px -66px;
}
.gs_btnPLW .gs_ico {
background-position: -0 -230px;
}
.gs_btnPRW .gs_ico {
background-position: -23px -230px;
}
.gs_btnZI .gs_ico {
background-position: -148px -22px;
}
.gs_btnZO .gs_ico {
background-position: -127px -44px;
}
.gs_btnDE .gs_ico {
background-position: -134px 0;
}
.gs_btnFI .gs_ico {
background-position: -50px -66px;
}
.gs_btnAD .gs_ico {
background-position: -141px -88px;
opacity: .55;
}
.gs_btnAD:hover .gs_ico {
opacity: .72;
}
.gs_btnAD:active .gs_ico,
.gs_btnAD .gs_ico:active,
.gs_btnAD :active~.gs_ico {
opacity: 1;
}
.gs_btnBA .gs_ico {
background-position: -50px -22px;
}
.gs_btnADD .gs_ico {
background-position: -92px -66px;
}
.gs_btnMRG .gs_ico {
background-position: -113px 0;
}
.gs_btnLBL .gs_ico {
background-position: 0 -161px;
}
.gs_btnCNCL .gs_ico {
background-position: -71px 0;
}
.gs_btnDWL .gs_ico {
background-position: -28px -88px;
}
.gs_btnMNU .gs_ico {
background-position: 0 -88px;
}
.gs_btnMNT .gs_ico {
background-position: -46px -161px;
}
.gs_btnALT .gs_ico {
background-position: -92px -161px;
}
.gs_btnART .gs_ico {
background-position: -115px -161px;
}
.gs_btnGSL .gs_ico {
background-position: -69px -161px;
}
.gs_btnCLS .gs_ico {
background-position: -138px -161px;
}
.gs_btnXBLU .gs_ico {
background-position: -138px -253px;
}
.gs_btnSSB .gs_ico {
background-position: 0 -276px;
}
.gs_btnSSW .gs_ico {
background-position: -23px -276px;
}
.gs_btnFLT .gs_ico {
background-position: 0 -184px;
}
.gs_btnXT .gs_ico {
background-position: -46px -184px;
}
.gs_btnPD .gs_ico {
background-position: -69px -184px;
}
.gs_btnPU .gs_ico {
background-position: -92px -276px;
}
.gs_btnCP .gs_ico {
background-position: -92px -184px;
}
.gs_btnTP .gs_ico {
background-position: -138px -184px;
}
.gs_btnML .gs_ico {
background-position: -115px -276px;
}
.gs_btnCHK .gs_ico {
background-position: -71px -66px;
}
.gs_btnDNB .gs_ico {
background-position: -115px -230px;
}
.gs_btnDNW .gs_ico {
background-position: 0 -207px;
}
.gs_btnACA .gs_ico {
background-position: -23px -207px;
}
.gs_btnAPT .gs_ico {
background-position: -46px -207px;
}
.gs_btnAPTW .gs_ico {
background-position: -92px -230px;
}
.gs_btnAFL .gs_ico {
background-position: -69px -207px;
}
.gs_btnAN .gs_ico {
background-position: -46px -276px;
}
.gs_btnAI .gs_ico {
background-position: -69px -276px;
}
.gs_btnPBL .gs_ico {
background-position: -92px -207px;
}
.gs_btnUCT .gs_ico {
background-position: -115px -207px;
}
.gs_btnVRF .gs_ico {
background-position: -138px -207px;
}
.gs_btnLSI .gs_ico {
background-position: -46px -230px;
}
.gs_btnLSG .gs_ico {
background-position: -69px -230px;
}
.gs_btnMOR .gs_ico {
background-position: -23px -253px;
}
.gs_btnADV .gs_ico {
background-position: -46px -253px;
}
.gs_btnPRO .gs_ico {
background-position: -69px -253px;
}
.gs_ico_nav_previous {
background-position: 0 -119px;
width: 53px;
height: 40px;
}
.gs_ico_nav_first {
background-position: -25px -119px;
width: 28px;
height: 40px;
}
.gs_ico_nav_current {
background-position: -53px -119px;
width: 20px;
height: 40px;
}
.gs_ico_nav_page {
background-position: -73px -119px;
width: 20px;
height: 40px;
}
.gs_ico_nav_next {
background-position: -93px -119px;
width: 71px;
height: 40px;
}
.gs_ico_nav_last {
background-position: -93px -119px;
width: 45px;
height: 40px;
}
.gs_ico_star {
background-position: -71px -44px;
width: 13px;
height: 13px;
}
.gs_btnPLSW .gs_ico {
background-position: -138px -230px;
}
.gs_btnPDF .gs_ico {
background-position: 0 -253px;
}
.gs_btnS .gs_ico {
background-position: -138px -276px;
}
.gs_btnUNS .gs_ico {
background-position: 0 -299px;
}
.gs_btnMORR .gs_ico {
background-position: -23px -299px;
}
.gs_btnTW .gs_ico {
background-position: -46px -299px;
}
.gs_btnIN .gs_ico {
background-position: -69px -299px;
}
.gs_btnFB .gs_ico {
background-position: -92px -299px;
}
.gs_btnET .gs_ico {
background-position: -115px -299px;
}
.gs_btnARC .gs_ico {
background-position: -138px -299px;
}
.gs_btnOL .gs_ico {
background-position: 0px -322px;
}
.gs_btnFA .gs_ico {
background-position: -23px -322px;
}
.gs_btnFAD .gs_ico {
background-position: -46px -322px;
}
.gs_btnHP .gs_ico {
background-position: -69px -322px;
}
.gs_btnPLM .gs_ico {
background-position: -92px -322px;
}
.gs_btnPRM .gs_ico {
background-position: -115px -322px;
}
.gs_btnSRT .gs_ico {
background-position: 0 -345px;
}
.gs_btnRN .gs_ico {
background-position: -138px -322px;
}
#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs {
transition: opacity .15s, visibility 0s .15s;
}
#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis {
transition: opacity .15s, visibility 0s;
}
.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs {
transition: opacity .218s, visibility 0s .218s;
}
.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis {
transition: opacity .218s, visibility 0s;
}
#gs_hdr_drw {
position: fixed;
top: 0;
left: 0;
height: 100%;
z-index: 1200;
visibility: hidden;
overflow: auto;
width: 228px;
background-color: #fff;
box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);
outline: none;
transform: translate(-100%, 0);
transition: transform .15s ease-in-out, visibility 0s .15s;
}
#gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis {
visibility: visible;
transform: translate(0, 0);
transition: transform .15s ease-in-out, visibility 0s;
}
.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw {
transition: transform .3s cubic-bezier(.4, 0, .6, 1), visibility 0s .3s;
}
.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis {
transition: transform .225s cubic-bezier(0, 0, .2, 1), visibility 0s;
}
#gs_top #gs_hdr_drw.gs_abt,
#gs_top #gs_md_s.gs_abt {
transition: none;
}
#gs_hdr_drw_in {
position: relative;
box-sizing: border-box;
min-height: 100%;
padding: 0 0 8px 0;
}
.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_in,
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_in {
padding: 0 0 65px 0;
}
#gs_hdr_drw_top {
position: relative;
height: 63px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
margin-bottom: 8px;
}
.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_top,
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_top {
height: 57px;
}
#gs_hdr_drw_mnu,
#gs_hdr_drw_lgo {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
height: 100%;
}
#gs_hdr_drw_mnu {
left: 0;
width: 55px;
}
#gs_hdr_drw_lgo {
left: 56px;
}
.gs_hdr_drw_sec:before {
display: block;
content: " ";
height: 0;
border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
margin: 8px 0;
}
.gs_hdr_drw_sec:first-child:before {
display: none;
}
#gs_hdr_drw_bot {
display: none;
}
.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_bot,
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_bot {
display: block;
position: absolute;
left: 0;
bottom: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 65px;
}
#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_md_li:before {
opacity: 0;
}
#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_hdr_pp {
display: block;
position: absolute;
bottom: 14px;
left: 15px;
pointer-events: none;
}
#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_lbl {
display: block;
white-space: nowrap;
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
}
#gs_hdr {
position: relative;
height: 63px;
background-color: #f5f5f5;
border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
display: flex;
}
.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr,
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr {
height: 57px;
}
#gs_hdr_mnu,
#gs_hdr_bck,
#gs_hdr_lgo,
#gs_hdr_lgt,
#gs_hdr_md,
#gs_hdr_sre,
#gs_hdr_act {
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: top;
position: relative;
height: 100%;
flex: 0 0 auto;
}
#gs_hdr_md {
flex: 1 1 auto;
}
#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,
#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,
.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso,
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso {
display: none;
}
.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo {
display: inline-block;
}
#gs_hdr_mnu,
#gs_hdr_bck,
#gs_hdr_sre {
width: 55px;
margin-right: 1px;
}
#gs_hdr_lgo,
#gs_hdr_drw_lgo {
width: 149px;
background: no-repeat url('/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/scholar_logo_24dp.png') 0% 50%;
background-size: 149px;
}
@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),
(min-resolution:144dpi) {
#gs_hdr_lgo,
#gs_hdr_drw_lgo {
background-image: url('/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/scholar_logo_24dp.png');
}
}
#gs_hdr_lgo {
margin-right: 31px;
}
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_lgo {
margin-right: 0;
}
#gs_hdr_lgt {
min-width: 164px;
margin-right: 16px;
}
.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lgt:empty {
min-width: 60px;
}
#gs_hdr_md {
margin-right: 16px;
min-width: 1px;
}
#gs_hdr_lgt,
#gs_hdr_md h1 {
padding: 19px 0 0 0;
white-space: nowrap;
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
font-size: 20px;
line-height: 25px;
font-weight: normal;
color: #666;
max-width: 100%;
text-align: left;
}
.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md h1,
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md h1 {
padding: 16px 0 0 0;
}
#gs_hdr_srch {
padding: 14px 0 0 0;
max-width: 600px;
}
.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_srch,
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_srch {
padding: 10px 0 0 0;
max-width: none;
}
#gs_hdr_frm {
position: relative;
padding-right: 39px;
}
#gs_hdr_tsi {
height: 38px;
border-radius: 2px 0 0 2px;
}
#gs_hdr_tsi::-ms-clear {
display: none;
}
#gs_hdr_tsc {
display: none;
position: absolute;
top: 3px;
right: 41px;
width: 21px;
height: 21px;
padding: 6px 10px 7px 10px;
}
.gs_in_acw[dir="rtl"]~#gs_hdr_tsc {
right: auto;
left: 1px;
}
#gs_hdr_tsb {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 0;
width: 40px;
height: 38px;
border-radius: 0 2px 2px 0;
}
#gs_hdr_frm_ac {
top: 37px;
right: 40px;
}
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_ac {
right: 0;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_mnu,
.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_bck,
.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_srch,
.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_lgt,
.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_sre,
.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1,
.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_mbo,
.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_dso,
.gs_el_ta .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,
.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,
.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_mnu,
.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_bck {
display: none;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_md,
.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md {
margin-left: 16px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="ltr"] {
padding-right: 41px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="rtl"] {
padding-left: 41px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc .gs_in_acw~#gs_hdr_tsc {
display: block;
}
#gs_hdr_act {
min-width: 64px;
max-width: 200px;
text-align: right;
float: right;
}
.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act,
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act {
display: none;
}
#gs_hdr_act_i,
#gs_hdr_act_s {
display: inline-block;
padding: 23px 24px 23px 16px;
max-width: 100%;
box-sizing: border-box;
font-size: 13px;
line-height: 17px;
white-space: nowrap;
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
color: #444;
}
#gs_hdr_act_s {
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i,
.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_s {
padding: 23px 16px;
}
.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,
.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_s,
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i,
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_s {
padding: 20px 16px;
}
#gs_hdr_act_i:active,
#gs_hdr_act_s:active {
color: #d14836;
}
#gs_hdr_act_i,
.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i {
padding-top: 15px;
padding-bottom: 16px;
}
.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i {
padding-top: 12px;
padding-bottom: 13px;
}
#gs_hdr_act_i .gs_hdr_pp {
vertical-align: top;
}
#gs_hdr_act_d {
top: 63px;
left: auto;
right: 24px;
min-width: 288px;
max-width: 400px;
}
.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_d {
right: 16px;
}
.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_d {
top: 57px;
}
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_d {
top: 57px;
min-width: 280px;
max-width: 280px;
max-width: 90vw;
}
/* Account dialog body. */
#gs_hdr_act_aw,
#gs_hdr_act_ap,
.gs_hdr_act_am,
#gs_hdr_act_ab {
display: block;
padding: 10px 20px;
word-wrap: break-word;
white-space: normal;
}
#gs_hdr_act_aw {
background-color: #fef9db;
font-size: 11px;
}
#gs_hdr_act_ap,
.gs_hdr_act_am {
border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
}
#gs_hdr_act_ap {
padding: 20px;
}
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_ap {
padding: 10px;
}
#gs_hdr_act_apb {
margin-top: 12px;
}
#gs_hdr_act_aa:link,
#gs_hdr_act_aa:visited {
float: right;
margin-left: 8px;
color: #1a0dab;
}
#gs_hdr_act_aa:active {
color: #d14836
}
.gs_hdr_act_am:link,
.gs_hdr_act_am:visited {
color: #222;
text-decoration: none;
background: #fbfbfb;
}
.gs_hdr_act_am:hover,
.gs_hdr_act_am:focus {
background: #f1f1f1;
}
.gs_hdr_act_am:active {
background: #eee;
}
#gs_hdr_act_ab {
background: #fbfbfb;
padding: 10px 0;
display: table;
width: 100%;
white-space: nowrap;
}
#gs_hdr_act_aba,
#gs_hdr_act_abs {
display: table-cell;
padding: 0 20px;
}
#gs_hdr_act_abs {
text-align: right;
}
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba,
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs {
display: block;
padding: 10px;
text-align: center;
}
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba button,
.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs button {
width: 100%;
}
#gs_hdr_act_a1,
#gs_hdr_act_a2 {
position: absolute;
top: -9px;
right: 7.5px;
width: 0;
height: 0;
z-index: 1;
border: 8.5px solid transparent;
border-top: none;
border-bottom-color: #333;
border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
}
#gs_hdr_act_a2 {
top: -8px;
border-bottom-color: #fff;
}
.gs_hdr_act_mw #gs_hdr_act_a2 {
border-bottom-color: #fef9db;
}
.gs_hdr_pp {
border-radius: 50%;
overflow: hidden;
}
#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pp,
.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pp {
float: left;
}
#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pm {
margin-left: 116px;
}
.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pm {
margin: 6px 0 0 58px;
}
#gs_ab {
position: relative;
height: 41px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
display: flex;
white-space: nowrap;
background-color: #fff;
z-index: 1000;
}
.gs_el_ta #gs_ab.gs_nta,
.gs_el_ph #gs_ab.gs_nph {
display: none;
}
.gs_sth_vis #gs_ab {
position: fixed;
}
#gs_ab_ico,
#gs_ab_ttl,
#gs_ab_md,
#gs_ab_btns {
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: top;
position: relative;
height: 100%;
flex: 0 0 auto;
}
.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md {
display: block;
}
#gs_ab_ico {
width: 55px;
margin-right: 1px;
}
.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ico {
width: 15px;
visibility: hidden;
}
.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_ico,
.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ico {
width: 55px;
visibility: visible;
}
#gs_ab_ico .gs_ico {
position: absolute;
top: 50%;
left: 50%;
margin: -10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;
}
#gs_ab_ttl {
min-width: 172px;
padding-right: 8px;
}
.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl {
min-width: 120px;
}
.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_ttl,
.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttl {
min-width: 0;
}
#gs_ab_ttl,
#gs_ab_ttll {
font-size: 18px;
color: #666;
text-transform: none;
}
.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl,
.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttll {
font-size: 16px;
}
#gs_ab_ttll {
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
max-width: 200px;
}
#gs_ab_md {
flex: 1 0 auto;
}
.gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md {
flex: 1 1 auto;
font-size: 13px;
line-height: 17px;
padding: 0 8px;
color: #999;
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md {
visibility: hidden;
padding: 0;
}
#gs_ab_btns {
margin-right: 8px;
}
.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_btns {
margin-right: 0;
}
.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_btns,
.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_btns {
margin-right: 4px;
}
#gs_ab_ttl:before,
#gs_ab_md:before,
#gs_ab_btns:before {
content: "";
display: inline-block;
width: 0;
height: 100%;
vertical-align: middle;
}
#gs_ab_md>button,
#gs_ab_btns>button,
#gs_ab_md>.gs_in_ib,
#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib,
#gs_ab_md>.gs_md_r,
#gs_ab_btns>.gs_md_r,
#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,
#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw {
margin: 0 8px;
vertical-align: middle;
}
#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,
.gs_ab_btw {
display: inline-block;
margin: 0;
}
#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib {
margin: 0 16px 0 8px;
}
#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw {
margin: 0 12px 0 16px;
}
.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,
.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,
.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,
.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,
.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns,
.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns {
display: none;
}
#gs_bdy {
display: table;
table-layout: fixed;
width: 100%;
}
#gs_bdy_sb {
vertical-align: top;
width: 228px;
word-wrap: break-word;
display: table-cell;
}
.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_sb {
width: 136px;
}
.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb,
.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb {
display: none;
}
.gs_bdy_sb_sec {
margin: 0 40px 0 56px;
}
.gs_el_sm .gs_bdy_sb_sec {
margin: 0 0 0 16px;
}
.gs_bdy_sb_sec:before {
display: block;
content: " ";
height: 0;
margin: 13px 0;
border-top: 1px solid #eee;
}
.gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child:before {
margin: 21px 0 0 0;
border: none;
}
.gs_el_sm .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child:before {
margin-top: 15px;
}
#gs_bdy_sb ul {
list-style-type: none;
}
.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:link,
.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:visited {
color: #222;
}
.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:active {
color: #d14836;
}
.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:link,
.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:visited {
color: #d14836;
text-decoration: none;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind,
.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind a {
padding-top: 8px;
padding-bottom: 5px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child li.gs_ind:first-child {
margin-top: -8px;
}
#gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,
#gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw {
margin-bottom: 6px;
}
.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,
.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw {
margin-bottom: 0;
}
#gs_bdy_ccl {
display: table-cell;
vertical-align: top;
padding: 0 24px 0 16px;
}
.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_ccl {
padding: 0 16px;
}
.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_ccl,
.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl {
padding: 0 16px;
}
.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl {}
#gs_ftr_sp {
height: 62px;
}
.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_sp {
height: 57px;
}
#gs_ftr {
position: absolute;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
white-space: nowrap;
border-top: 1px solid #e4e4e4;
background-color: #f2f2f2;
display: flex;
}
#gs_ftr_rt {
box-sizing: border-box;
max-width: 100%;
overflow-x: auto;
margin-left: auto;
padding: 0 12px;
}
.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt {
padding: 0 8px;
}
.gs_el_ph #gs_ftr_rt:after {
content: " ";
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 0;
width: 16px;
height: 100%;
background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(242, 242, 242, 0), rgba(242, 242, 242, 1) 80%);
}
#gs_ftr_rt a {
display: inline-block;
line-height: 16px;
padding: 12px;
white-space: nowrap;
}
.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt a {
padding: 12px 8px;
}
#gs_ftr_rt a:link,
#gs_ftr_rt a:visited {
color: #666
}
#gs_ftr_rt a:active {
color: #d14836
}
.gs_res_sb_yyr {
padding: 5px 0;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_res_sb_yyr {
padding: 10px 0;
}
.gs_res_sb_yyr .gs_in_txt {
width: 48px;
}
#gs_res_ccl {
max-width: 950px;
padding-top: 10px;
}
.gs_el_sm #gs_res_ccl {
padding-top: 7px;
}
.gs_el_tc #gs_res_ccl {
padding-top: 6px;
}
.gs_el_sm.gs_el_tc #gs_res_ccl {
padding-top: 0;
}
.gs_r {
position: relative;
line-height: 1.46;
padding: 11px 0 16px 0;
}
.gs_el_sm .gs_r {
padding: 7px 0 12px 0;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_r {
padding: 15px 0;
border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
}
.gs_rt {
position: relative;
font-weight: normal;
font-size: 17px;
line-height: 19px;
margin-right: 100px;
margin-bottom: 2px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_rt {
margin-bottom: 0;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_rt {
margin-right: 0;
}
.gs_rt2 {
font-size: 13px;
font-weight: normal;
}
.gs_rt a:link,
.gs_rt a:link b,
.gs_rt2 a:link,
.gs_rt2 a:link b {
color: #1a0dab
}
.gs_rt a:visited,
.gs_rt a:visited b,
.gs_rt2 a:visited,
.gs_rt2 a:visited b {
color: #660099
}
.gs_rt a:active,
.gs_rt a:active b,
.gs_rt2 a:active,
.gs_rt2 a:active b {
color: #d14836
}
.gs_or_ggsm:focus {
outline: none;
}
.gs_ggs {
position: relative;
z-index: 1;
float: right;
margin-left: 24px;
min-width: 200px;
max-width: 256px;
width: 200px;
width: calc(100% - 620px);
font-size: 17px;
line-height: 19px;
}
.gs_el_sm .gs_ggs {
margin-left: 16px;
}
@media(max-width:699px) {
.gs_el_sm .gs_ggs {
min-width: 0;
width: 182px;
}
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_ggs {
width: 72px;
height: 43px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_ggs {
margin-top: -14px;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_ggsd {
position: absolute;
top: -1px;
right: 0;
width: 72px;
height: 43px;
overflow: hidden;
transition: width 0s .3s, height 0s .3s;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_ggsd.gs_vis {
width: 208px;
height: 88px;
transition: none;
}
.gs_or_ggsm a {
display: block;
white-space: nowrap;
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
margin-bottom: 4px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_or_ggsm a {
padding: 13px 8px 9px 8px;
touch-action: none;
background: #fff;
height: 19px;
margin-bottom: 0;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm a {
text-decoration: none;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm a:focus {
outline: none;
background: #f1f1f1;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm a:active {
color: #1a0dab;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm a:visited {
color: #660099;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: -132px;
margin-right: 4px;
padding: 1px 0;
width: 200px;
height: 41px;
transform: translate(0, 0);
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis {
right: 0;
height: auto;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm>a:nth-child(2) {
height: 0;
transform: scale(1, 0);
transform-origin: 0 0;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis>a:nth-child(2) {
height: 19px;
transform: scale(1, 1);
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm:before {
content: "";
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: -1px;
right: -1px;
bottom: 0;
box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
border: 1px solid #ccc;
opacity: 0;
z-index: -1;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis:before {
opacity: 1;
transition: opacity 0s .3s;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm:after {
content: "";
pointer-events: none;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
right: 0;
bottom: 0;
z-index: 1;
background-image: linear-gradient(to left, rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), rgba(255, 255, 255, 1) 65%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 70%);
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis:after {
visibility: hidden
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis.gs_anm {
animation: gs_anm_hsli .218s ease-in-out;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_anm {
animation: gs_anm_hslo .218s ease-out;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_ggs .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis.gs_anm>a:nth-child(2) {
animation: gs_anm_vscli .218s ease-in;
}
@keyframes gs_anm_hsli {
0% {
transform: translate(66%, 0);
height: 41px;
}
99% {
transform: translate(0, 0);
height: 41px;
}
100% {
transform: translate(0, 0);
height: auto;
}
}
@keyframes gs_anm_hslo {
0% {
transform: translate(-66%, 0);
}
100% {
transform: translate(0, 0);
}
}
@keyframes gs_anm_vscli {
0% {
transform: scale(1, 0);
}
100% {
transform: scale(1, 1);
}
}
.gs_ct1 {
display: inline
}
.gs_ct2 {
display: none
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_ct1 {
display: none
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_ct2 {
display: inline;
font-size: 13px;
font-weight: normal
}
.gs_ri {
max-width: 712px
}
.gs_a a:link,
.gs_a a:visited {
text-decoration: underline;
}
.gs_ri .gs_fl a,
.gs_a a {
white-space: nowrap;
}
.gs_ri .gs_fl a.gs_wno {
white-space: normal;
}
.gs_ri .gs_fl {
font-size: 1px;
}
.gs_ri .gs_fl a {
font-size: 13px;
margin-right: 12px;
}
.gs_ri .gs_fl a:last-child {
margin-right: 0;
}
.gs_ri .gs_fl .gs_or_mor {
margin: -7px 6px -6px -7px;
padding: 7px 7px 6px 7px;
border-radius: 50%;
}
.gs_ri .gs_fl .gs_or_mor:hover {
background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_ri .gs_fl .gs_or_sav {
margin-right: 4px;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_or_sav .gs_or_btn_lbl {
display: none;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_ri .gs_fl .gs_or_mor {
margin-right: -7px;
}
.gs_or_svg {
position: relative;
width: 15px;
height: 16px;
vertical-align: text-bottom;
fill: none;
stroke: #1a0dab;
}
.gs_or:not([data-lid=""]) .gs_or_sav .gs_or_svg {
fill: #1a0dab;
}
.gs_or[data-lid] .gs_or_ldg .gs_or_svg {
animation: gs_anm_spin 1.2s .5s linear infinite;
}
a:active .gs_or_svg,
a .gs_or_svg:active,
a .gs_or_svg>*:active {
stroke: #dd4b39;
}
.gs_or_btn .gs_or_svg {
margin-right: 5px;
}
.gs_or_nvi,
.gs_or_mvi .gs_or_mor {
display: none
}
.gs_or_mvi .gs_or_nvi,
.gs_or_mvi .gs_nph,
.gs_or_mvi .gs_nta {
display: inline
}
.gs_rs {
margin: 2px 0;
word-wrap: break-word;
}
.gs_rs:empty {
margin: 0 0 2px 0;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_rs {
margin: 0
}
.gs_el_ta .gs_rs {
margin-right: 10%
}
@media(max-width:780px) {
.gs_el_ta .gs_rs,
.gs_el_ta .gs_a {
margin-right: 100px;
}
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_rs br,
.gs_el_ta .gs_rs br {
display: none
}
@media screen and (min-width:771px) {
.gs_el_ta .gs_rs br {
display: block
}
}
.gs_age {
color: #777777
}
.gs_rs b,
.gs_rt b,
.gs_rt2 b {
color: #000;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_rt a {
font-size: 17px;
line-height: 20px;
padding: 12px 0 9px 0;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_rt2 a {
font-size: 14px;
line-height: 20px;
padding: 6px 0 4px 0;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_a,
.gs_el_tc .gs_a a,
.gs_el_tc .gs_ri .gs_fl a {
padding-top: 7px;
padding-bottom: 6px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_ri .gs_fl a {
line-height: 29px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_ri .gs_fl {
margin-bottom: -6px;
}
#gs_n {
clear: both;
margin: 1.5em 0;
width: 600px;
text-align: center;
}
#gs_n td {
font-size: 13px
}
#gs_n a:link,
#gs_n a:visited {
color: #1a0dab
}
#gs_n a:active {
color: #d14836
}
#gs_nm {
clear: both;
position: relative;
text-align: center;
max-width: 500px;
margin: 24px 50px;
font-size: 15px;
line-height: 41px;
display: none;
}
#gs_nm button {
position: absolute;
top: 0
}
#gs_nm .gs_btnPL {
left: -50px
}
#gs_nm .gs_btnPR {
right: -50px
}
#gs_nml {
overflow: hidden;
white-space: nowrap;
}
.gs_nma {
display: inline-block;
width: 40px;
margin: 0 5px;
}
.gs_el_tc #gs_n,
.gs_el_ta #gs_n,
.gs_el_ph #gs_n {
display: none
}
.gs_el_tc #gs_nm,
.gs_el_ta #gs_nm,
.gs_el_ph #gs_nm {
display: block
}
#gs_bdy_sb_ca {
margin-top: -6px;
}
.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb_ca {
margin-top: 2px;
}
.gs_res_sb_msc {
margin-bottom: 12px;
}
@media print {
#gs_gb,
#gs_hdr,
#gs_ab,
#gs_top #gs_bdy_sb,
.gs_pda,
.gs_ggs,
.gs_alrt_btm,
#gs_top #gs_n,
#gs_top #gs_nm,
#gs_ftr,
#gs_top .gs_ctc,
#gs_top .gs_ctu,
#gs_rt_hdr,
.gs_rt_hdr_ttl {
display: none
}
#gs_top,
#gs_top #gs_bdy,
#gs_top #gs_res_bdy,
#gs_top #gs_bdy_ccl,
#gs_top .gs_r,
#gs_top .gs_ri,
#gs_top .gs_rs {
font-size: 9pt;
color: black;
position: static;
float: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
width: auto;
min-width: 0;
max-width: none;
}
#gs_top #gs_bdy a {
color: blue;
text-decoration: none
}
#gs_top .gs_r {
margin: 1em 0;
page-break-inside: avoid;
border: 0;
}
#gs_top .gs_med,
#gs_top .gs_rt {
font-size: 12pt
}
#gs_top .gs_a,
#gs_top #gs_bdy .gs_a a {
font-size: 9pt;
color: green
}
#gs_top .gs_fl,
#gs_top .gs_fl a {
font-size: 9pt
}
#gs_top .gs_rs br {
display: inline
}
}
.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttll {
max-width: 98px;
max-width: calc(100vw - 222px);
}
@media(max-width:320px) {
.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttll {
max-width: 98px;
}
}
#gs_res_ab_yy-r,
#gs_res_ab_ad-r,
#gs_res_ab_mor-r {
display: none;
}
.gs_el_ta #gs_res_ab_yy-r,
.gs_el_ph #gs_res_ab_yy-r,
.gs_el_ta #gs_res_ab_ad-r,
.gs_el_ph #gs_res_ab_ad-r,
.gs_el_ta #gs_res_ab_mor-r,
.gs_el_ph #gs_res_ab_mor-r {
display: inline-block;
margin: 0;
}
#gs_res_ab_yy-r:last-child {
margin-right: 4px;
}
#gs_res_ab_ad-r:last-child,
#gs_res_ab_mor-r:last-child {
margin-right: 12px;
}
#gs_res_ab_tmn-d,
#gs_res_ab_yy-d,
#gs_res_ab_ad-d,
#gs_res_ab_mor-d {
white-space: normal;
word-wrap: break-word;
width: 208px;
width: -moz-max-content;
width: max-content;
min-width: 100px;
max-width: 208px;
}
#gs_res_ab_yy-d,
#gs_res_ab_ad-d,
#gs_res_ab_mor-d {
left: auto;
right: 0;
}
.gs_res_ab_dd_bdy {
padding: 8px 0;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.gs_res_ab_dd_sec a.gs_res_ab_sel,
.gs_res_ab_dd_sec a[role=menuitemradio]:active {
color: #d14836;
}
.gs_res_ab_dd_sec:before {
display: block;
content: " ";
height: 0;
border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
margin: 8px 0;
}
.gs_res_ab_dd_sec:first-child:before {
display: none;
}
.gs_fsvg line {
stroke: #222222
}
a:link .gs_fsvg {
fill: #1a0dab;
}
a:link .gs_fsvg line {
stroke: #1a0dab;
}
a:visited .gs_fsvg {
fill: #660099;
}
a:visited .gs_fsvg line {
stroke: #660099;
}
a:active .gs_fsvg {
fill: #d14836;
}
a:active .gs_fsvg line {
stroke: #d14836;
}
a .gs_fsvg {
border-bottom: 1px solid transparent;
}
a:hover .gs_fsvg,
a:focus .gs_fsvg {
border-bottom-color: inherit;
}
.gs_fsml {
font-size: 13px
}
.gs_fscp {
font-variant: small-caps
}
.gs_qsuggest {
max-width: 712px;
line-height: 21px;
margin-bottom: 2px;
}
.gs_r .gs_qsuggest {
max-width: 600px;
}
.gs_el_ta .gs_r .gs_qsuggest {
margin-right: 100px;
}
.gs_qsuggest h2 {
margin-bottom: 8px;
font-weight: normal;
font-size: 17px;
}
.gs_qsuggest li {
display: inline-block;
width: 100%;
font-size: 15px;
line-height: 18px;
padding: 4px 0 3px;
}
.gs_qsuggest ul {
list-style-type: none;
columns: 2;
column-gap: 40px;
margin-bottom: -3px;
}
.gs_el_sm .gs_qsuggest ul {
column-gap: 16px;
margin-bottom: 3px;
}
.gs_qsuggest li:only-child {
column-span: all;
}
.gs_qsuggest li>a {
display: inline-block;
max-width: 100%;
word-wrap: break-word;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest a {
padding: 8px 0 5px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest li {
padding: 2px 0 1px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest ul {
margin: 0;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest h2 {
margin: 6px 0;
}
.gs_qsuggest_bottom h2 {
padding-top: 16px;
}
.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest_wrap .gs_qsuggest_related h2 {
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_r .gs_qsuggest {
margin-bottom: -15px;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest ul {
columns: 1;
margin: 0;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest li {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
position: relative;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest h2 {
margin: 1px 0 16px;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a {
display: block;
padding: 11px 29px 9px 0;
border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest li:first-child a {
border-top: 1px solid #eee;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest_wrap.gs_r li:last-child a {
border-bottom: 0;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a:link,
.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a:visited {
color: #222;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a:hover,
.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a:focus {
background: #f1f1f1;
text-decoration: none;
outline: none;
}
.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest li>a:after {
content: "";
position: absolute;
width: 7px;
height: 7px;
top: 50%;
margin-top: -4px;
right: 10px;
border: 2px solid #777;
border-left: none;
border-bottom: none;
transform: rotate(45deg);
}
#gs_md_albl-d {
width: 483px;
}
.gs_el_ph #gs_md_albl-d {
width: 100%;
}
.gs_lbl_btns {
display: flex;
justify-content: space-between;
padding: 18px 16px;
}
.gs_lbl_hide {
display: none;
}
</style>
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var b = a.j, c = b.keyCode; b = $a(b); var d; 13 != c || b ? 27 != c || b ? 38 != c && 40 != c || b ? (46 == c && !b || 88 == c && (1 == b || 4 == b)) && (d = id(this)) && v(d, "gs_md_ac_lh") && (this.g.selectionStart || 0) >= this.g.value.length && (this.G.remove(md(d)), kd(this, this.g.value = this.J), R(a), od(this)) : (hd(this) ? ((d = id(this)) && u(d, "gs_sel"), (d = cd(this.D, d || this.D, ".gs_md_ac_li", 38 == c)) ? (r(d, "gs_sel"), this.g.value = md(d)) : this.g.value = this.J, od(this)) : ld(this), R(a)) : hd(this) && (this.g.value = this.J, jd(this), R(a), od(this)) :
((d = id(this)) && nd(this, d), jd(this), od(this))
}
}; l.ra = function () {var a = this; document.activeElement == this.g ? ld(this) : (clearTimeout(this.va), this.va = setTimeout(function () {a.va = void 0}, 500))}; l.nb = function () {void 0 !== this.va && ld(this)}; l.ab = function () {var a = this; setTimeout(function () {jd(a)}, this.K ? 300 : 0)}; l.Za = function (a) {this.K && R(a)}; l.lb = function () {this.Z = !0}; l.kb = function () {this.Z = !1}; var gd = function (a) {var b = a.g, c = Ia(b.form, function (d) {return d != b}); c != a.ia && (a.ia = c, a.ja = "", a.Ba = [])}; l = W.prototype;
l.fb = function (a) {this.K = !0; R(a)}; l.gb = function () {this.K = !0}; l.oa = function () {this.K = !1}; l.bb = function (a) {var b = a.currentTarget; if (v(a.target, "gs_ico_X")) this.G.remove(md(b)), kd(this, this.g.value = this.J); else {nd(this, b); jd(this); this.g.blur(); var c = this.g.form; setTimeout(function () {c.submit()}, 0)} od(this)}; l.eb = function (a) {a = a.currentTarget; if (!v(a, "gs_sel")) {var b = id(this); b && u(b, "gs_sel"); r(a, "gs_sel")} }; l.cb = function (a) {u(a.currentTarget, "gs_sel")};
var qd = [new S(".gs_in_acw", {}), new S(".gs_in_ac", {input: W.prototype.ob, keydown: W.prototype.qa, mousedown: W.prototype.ra, focus: W.prototype.nb, blur: W.prototype.ab, beforedeactivate: W.prototype.Za, compositionstart: W.prototype.lb, compositionend: W.prototype.kb}), new S(".gs_md_ac", {mousedown: W.prototype.fb, touchstart: W.prototype.gb, mouseup: W.prototype.oa, touchend: W.prototype.oa, touchcancel: W.prototype.oa}), new S(".gs_md_ac_li", {click: W.prototype.bb, mouseover: W.prototype.eb, mouseout: W.prototype.cb})];
function md(a) {return a.getAttribute("data-q") || ""} function pd(a, b) {a.getAttribute("dir") != b && (a.setAttribute("dir", b), a.parentNode.setAttribute("dir", b), a.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_md_ac").setAttribute("dir", b))} function rd() {for (var a = document.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_ac"), b = a.length, c = 0; c < b; c++) {var d = a[c], e = d.getAttribute("data-iq") || ""; d.value = e; pd(d, Q(e).match(ic) ? "rtl" : "ltr"); V("gs-change", d); e = d.getAttribute("data-oq") || "oq"; (e = d.form.elements[e]) && d.form.removeChild(e)} }; function sd(a) {return !!v(a, "gs_sel") + 2 * !!v(a, "gs_par")} function td(a, b, c) {c = void 0 === c ? !1 : c; w(a, "gs_sel", 1 == b); w(a, "gs_par", 2 == b); a.setAttribute("aria-checked", ud[b]); c || a.setAttribute("data-s", "" + b)} var ud = ["false", "true", "mixed"]; var vd = function (a) {var b = window, c = this; this.A = new H; this.Pa = 0; this.Da = [b, a, function () {c.Pa++ || Ya(d)}, !1]; var d = function () {c.Pa = 0; c.A.notify()}}; vd.prototype.addListener = function (a) {this.A.I || I.apply(null, this.Da); this.A.add(a)}; vd.prototype.removeListener = function (a) {this.A.remove(a); this.A.I || J.apply(null, this.Da)}; var wd = new vd("scroll"), xd = new vd("resize"); var yd = new H; function zd() {var a = document.documentElement, b = va(); b = {gs_el_ph: 1 == b, gs_el_ta: 2 == b, gs_el_sm: 4 != b, gs_el_tc: wa || 1 == b}; var c; for (c in b) {var d = b[c]; if (v(a, c) != d) {var e = !0; w(a, c, d)} } e && yd.notify()} w(document.documentElement, "gs_el_ios", ta); zd(); xd.addListener(zd); I(window, ["pageshow", "load"], zd); var Ad = function (a, b, c, d, e, f) {this.i = a; this.X = b; this.R = c; this.W = d; this.wa = e; this.O = f; this.v = null}, Bd = function (a, b) {a.v = b}, Cd = function () {this.o = []; this.m = -1}; Cd.prototype.push = function (a) {++this.m; this.m == this.o.length ? this.o.push(a) : (this.o[this.m] = a, this.o.splice(this.m + 1, this.o.length - this.m))}; Cd.prototype.pop = function () {--this.m}; var Dd = function (a) {for (var b = X; b.m > a;)O(b.top().i)}, Ed = function (a, b) {for (var c = 0; c < a.o.length && !(a.o[c].O >= b); ++c); return c}; Cd.prototype.top = function () {return this.at(this.m)};
Cd.prototype.at = function (a) {return this.o[a] || null}; function Fd(a, b) {var c = a == X.m; X.m = a; b && !Ab && !tb(window.history.state) && ub(); c || Gd()} function Hd(a, b, c, d) {b = void 0 === b ? "" : b; c = void 0 === c ? "" : c; d = void 0 === d ? "" : d; var e = X.top(); e && a == e.i && b == e.X && c == e.R || (X.push(new Ad(a, b, c, d, e && e.i == a ? e.wa + 1 : 1, F())), b = vb(), a = wb(), a = xb(a), b = yb(b), b = zb(b) || "#", Ab = tb(a), Bb ? window.history.pushState(a, "", b) : window.location.assign(b), Gd())}
function Id(a) {a = Jd(z(a)); return !!a && v(a, "gs_md_wmw") && v(document.documentElement, "gs_el_ph")} function Kd() {var a = z("gs_top"), b = document.documentElement; a = a.scrollHeight > b.clientHeight; for (var c = !1, d = 0; d <= X.m && !c; ++d)c = !Id(X.at(d).i); w(z("gs_md_s"), "gs_vis", c); c = X.m; 1 <= c && (c = X.at(c - 1).i, d = Id(c), w(z(c), "gs_md_ins_vis", !d)); b.style.overflowY = a && !Id(X.top().i) ? "scroll" : ""}
function Gd() {
function a() {var E = c.clientHeight, A = +G.getAttribute("data-h"); A || (g.style.maxHeight = "none", A = f.offsetHeight); var B = f.querySelector(".gs_md_ftr"); A = Math.max((E - A) / 2, 10); E = Math.max(E - 48 - (B ? B.offsetHeight : 0) - 2 * A, 10); B = Id(e); f.style.top = B ? "auto" : A + "px"; g.style.maxHeight = B ? "none" : E + "px"; Nd(g)} var b = X.top(), c = document.documentElement, d = z("gs_top"), e = b.i, f = z(e), g = z(e + "-bdy"), h = 1200 + X.m, k = z(f.getAttribute("data-cid") || f.id + "-bdy") || f, m = b.W, n = b.R, t = b.X, y = z("gs_md_s"), M = z(e).getAttribute("data-shd") ||
"", G = Jd(f), aa = window.pageYOffset, Ld = t && "#" != t[0] && !m, Md = 0 < X.m ? X.at(X.m - 1).i : "", Ha = !!L[e]; Ld ? (Ha ? w(k, "gs_md_ldg", !0) : Od(f, k, '<div class="gs_md_prg">' + z("gs_md_ldg").innerHTML + "</div>", b), V("gs-md-ldin", k)) : (m && Od(f, k, m, b), V("gs-md-lded", k)); Ha && e == Md || hb(f, function () {(G || f).style.zIndex = h; Pd(M); if (!Ha) {G && r(G, "gs_vis"); r(f, "gs_vis"); w(f, "gs_abt", Kb); w(y, "gs_abt", Kb); Qd(e); if (0 == X.m) {var E = Kd; yd.add(E); E()} else Kd(); G && g && (a(), xd.addListener(a))} 0 == X.m && (r(d, "gs_nscl"), d.style.top = -aa + "px")}, function () {
Ha ||
(xd.removeListener(a), G && u(G, "gs_vis"), u(f, "gs_vis"), u(f, "gs_abt")); for (var E = X.top() ? X.top().wa : 0; X.top() && X.top().i == e;) {var A = X.top(); nc(A.v); A.v = null; X.pop()} if (X.top()) {if (A = X.top().i, Pd(z(A).getAttribute("data-shd") || ""), u(z(A), "gs_md_ins_vis"), Ha) {a: {A = X; for (var B = A.m; 0 <= B; B--)if (A.o[B].i == e) {A = B; break a} A = -1} B = X.at(A); (G || f).style.zIndex = 1200 + A; Od(f, k, B.W, B)} } else u(y, "gs_vis"), u(y, "gs_abt"); -1 == X.m ? (yd.remove(Kd), c.style.overflowY = "", u(d, "gs_nscl"), d.style.top = "auto", window.scrollTo(0, aa)) :
Kd(); Rd || (0 < E ? window.history.go(-E) : ub())
}, Sd(f), Td(f), Md); Ld && (nc(b.v), b.v = null, Bd(b, mc(t, n, function (E, A, B) {b.v = null; B = (E = 200 == E && B.match(/^text\/html(;.*)?$/i)) ? A : Ud(); Od(f, k, B, b); if (E) for (E = 0; E < X.o.length; ++E)B = X.at(E), e == B.i && t == B.X && n == B.R && (B.W = A, E == X.m && ub()); V("gs-md-lded", k)})))
} function Jd(a) {a = a.parentNode; return v(a, "gs_md_wnw") ? a : null} function Sd(a) {return (a = a.getAttribute("data-ifc")) ? z(a) : null} function Td(a) {return (a = a.getAttribute("data-cfc")) ? z(a) : null}
function Od(a, b, c, d) {w(b, "gs_md_ldg", !1); for (var e = b.querySelectorAll("[data-duid]"), f = e.length, g = {}, h = 0; h < f; h++) {for (var k = Vc(e[h]), m = Wc[k], n = m ? m.length : 0, t = 0; t < n; t++) {var y = m[t], M = Oa(y.constructor), G = g[M]; G || (G = g[M] = {}); G[k] = !0; y && "function" == typeof y.Fa && y.Fa()} delete Wc[k]} for (var aa in g) {aa = +aa; e = g[aa]; h = (f = Xc[aa]) ? f.length : 0; for (m = k = 0; m < h; m++)n = f[m], n in e || (f[k++] = n); k ? f.length = k : delete Xc[aa]} b.innerHTML = c; d.W = c; Qd(a.id); nc(d.v); d.v = null}
function Qd(a) {if (a = document.querySelector("#" + a + ">.gs_md_bdy")) a.scrollTop = a.scrollLeft = 0, Nd(a)} function Nd(a) {var b = a.style, c = "padding" + (Ga(a) ? "Left" : "Right"); b[c] = ""; var d = a.offsetWidth - a.clientWidth; 2 < d && (a = parseInt(window.getComputedStyle(a, null)[c], 10) || 0, b[c] = Math.max(a - d, 0) + "px")} function Vd() {return z("gs_md_err").innerHTML} function Ud() {return '<div class="gs_md_prg"><div class="gs_alrt">' + Vd() + "</div></div>"}
function vb() {var a = X.top(); return {d: a && a.i || void 0, u: a && a.X || void 0, p: a && a.R ? "1" : void 0, t: a && a.O || void 0}} function wb() {var a = X.top(); return {n: a && a.wa || 0, p: a && a.R || "", h: a && a.W || ""}} function Pd(a) {if (Wd != a) {var b = z("gs_md_s"); Wd && u(b, Wd); (Wd = a) && r(b, a)} } var Rd = 0, Wd = "", X = new Cd;
Jb.add(function () {
var a = Eb(), b = a.d || "", c = b ? z(b) : null; ++Rd; if (c) {
var d = a.u || ""; c = 0 < +a.p; var e = +a.t || 0, f = Ab || tb(window.history.state) || {}; a = +f.n || 0; var g = "" + (f.p || ""); f = "" + (f.h || ""); d.match(Na) || (d = ""); for (var h = Ed(X, e), k = h; k < X.o.length; ++k) {var m = X.at(k); if (e < m.O && m.i != b) break} for (m = h - 1; 0 <= m; --m) {var n = X.at(m); if (e > n.O && n.i != b) break} Dd(k - 1); for (k = 0; k <= m; ++k)n = X.at(k).i, L[n] || Fd(m, !1); if (m = h < X.o.length) m = X.at(h), m = b == m.i && d == m.X && c == !!m.R && e == m.O; m ? Fd(h, !0) : (0 == a && (Dd(-1), X = new Cd, e = F()), c != !!g && (d =
g = "", f = Ud()), b = new Ad(b, d, g, f, a, e), c = X, e = b.O, a = Ed(c, e), e = a < c.o.length && e == c.at(a).O, c.o.splice(a, e ? 1 : 0, b), X.m = a, ub(), Gd())
} else Dd(-1); --Rd
}); var Xd = function (a) {ra.call(this); this.ea = a; this.ta = Object.create(null); this.v = null; a = a.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_txtw>input[type=text]"); for (var b = a.length; b--;) {var c = a[b], d = c.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts"); c = c.name; d && c && (this.ta[c] = d.innerHTML)} }; na(Xd, ra); Xd.prototype.ma = function () {nc(this.v); this.ea = this.v = null; ra.prototype.ma.call(this)}; Xd.prototype.tb = function (a) {var b = this; R(a); if ((a = this.ea) && !this.v) {var c = "json=&" + Ia(a); Yd(this, !0); this.v = mc(a.action, c, function (d, e) {b.sa(d, e)})} };
Xd.prototype.sa = function (a, b) {
this.v = null; Yd(this, !1); var c = this.ea, d = c.getAttribute("data-alrt"); if (d = d ? z(d) : null) d.innerHTML = ""; try {var e = 200 == a && JSON.parse(b)} catch (t) { } a = !1; e && "object" == typeof e || (a = Vd(), d ? d.innerHTML = a : Xb(a), e = {}, a = !0); c.setAttribute("data-p", "" + (e.P || "")); V("gs-ajax-form-done", c); if (b = e.L) Ka("" + b); else {
if (b = e.M) d ? d.innerHTML = b : Xb(b), a = !0; b = 1E6; if (d && d.innerHTML) {var f = d; b = d.getBoundingClientRect().top} d = c.elements; e = e.E; "object" == typeof e || (e = Object.create(null)); for (var g in this.ta) {
var h =
d[g], k = void 0, m = "" + (e[g] || ""), n = h.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts"); w(h.parentNode, "gs_in_txte", !!m); n && (n.innerHTML = m || this.ta[g] || ""); m && (k = h.getBoundingClientRect().top) < b && (f = h, b = k); a = a || !!m
} (c = c.getAttribute("data-d")) && !a && O(c); f && f.scrollIntoView && (0 > b || b + 20 > window.innerHeight) && f.scrollIntoView()
}
}; var Yd = function (a, b) {a = a.ea; var c = a.getAttribute("data-bsel"); a = c ? document.querySelectorAll(c) : a.querySelectorAll("button"); for (c = a.length; c--;) {var d = a[c]; d.disabled = b; w(d, "gs_bsp", b)} };
U(Xd, [new S(".gs_ajax_frm", {submit: Xd.prototype.tb})]); var Zd = [[1, 0, 1], [2, 0, 1]]; T(".gs_cb_gen", "click", function (a) {var b = a.currentTarget, c = sd(b), d = 2 == +b.getAttribute("data-s"); td(b, Zd[+d][c], !0); V("gs-change", b, a.j)}); T(".gs_cb_gen", ["keydown", "keyup"], function (a) {var b = a.currentTarget, c = a.j.keyCode; "BUTTON" != b.tagName || 13 != c && 32 != c || (R(a), "keydown" == a.type && b.click())}); T([".gs_cb_gen", ".gs_md_li"], "keydown", function (a) {var b = a.currentTarget, c = b.tagName, d = a.j.keyCode; "BUTTON" != c && (32 == d || 13 == d && "A" != c) && (R(a), b.click())}); var $d = ["click", "contextmenu", "mouseup"].concat(navigator.sendBeacon ? [] : ["mousedown", "touchstart"]), ae = "", be = null; function ce() {be = null} function de(a) {navigator.sendBeacon ? navigator.sendBeacon(a) : be && a == be.src || ((be = new Image).src = a, setTimeout(ce, 1E3))} function ee() {var a = Fb(document.location.href).hl || ""; a = "/scholar_bfnav?url=" + encodeURIComponent(document.location.href) + "&hl=" + encodeURIComponent(a) + "&ei=" + GSP.eventId; de(a)} K(function () {ae = Ub ? "&bn=1" : ""; Ub && ee()});
I(window, "pageshow", function (a) {a.persisted && (ae = "&bn=1", ee())});
I(document, $d, function (a) {if (!("click" == a.type && a.button || "mouseup" == a.type && 1 != a.button)) {var b, c; a: {for (a = a.target; a;) {var d = a.nodeName; if ("A" == d) break a; if ("SPAN" == d || "B" == d || "I" == d || "EM" == d || "IMG" == d) a = a.parentNode; else break} a = null} a && (b = a.getAttribute("href")) && (c = a.getAttribute("data-clk")) && (b = "/scholar_url?url=" + encodeURIComponent(b) + "&" + c + "&ws=" + window.innerWidth + "x" + window.innerHeight + "&at=", c = encodeURIComponent, a = (a = a.getAttribute("data-clk-atid")) && z(a), b = b + c(a && a.innerText || "") + ae, de(b))} },
!1, !0); T(".gs_fm_s", "click", function (a) {a = a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-fm") || ""; (a = z(a)) && a.submit()}); var fe = function (a) {this.i = C(a.querySelector(".gs_md_d")); this.la = C(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb"))}; l = fe.prototype; l.na = function (a) {var b = z(this.i); return void 0 !== a ? cd(b, b, ".gs_md_li", a) : null}; l.open = function (a) {a = this.na(a); if (v(z(this.la), "gs_sel")) try {a && a.focus()} catch (c) { } else {var b = z(this.la); gb(this.i, function () {r(b, "gs_sel")}, function () {u(b, "gs_sel")}, a, b)} }; l.close = function () {O(this.i)}; l.hb = function (a) {R(a); v(z(this.la), "gs_sel") ? this.close() : this.open("keydown" == a.j.type ? !1 : void 0)};
l.Ha = function (a) {var b = a.j.keyCode; if (38 == b || 40 == b) R(a), this.open(38 == b)}; l.mb = function (a) {a.target.id == this.i && this.Ha(a)}; U(fe, [new S(".gs_md_rmb", {}), new S(".gs_md_tb", {"gs-press": fe.prototype.hb, keydown: fe.prototype.Ha}), new S(".gs_md_d", {keydown: fe.prototype.mb})]); var ge = function (a) {fe.call(this, a); this.vb = C(a.querySelector(".gs_md_in")); this.wb = C(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb .gs_lbl"))}; na(ge, fe); ge.prototype.na = function () {return z(this.i).querySelector(".gs_md_li[aria-selected]")}; ge.prototype.pb = function (a) {he(this, a)}; ge.prototype.pa = function (a) {var b = a.j.keyCode; 13 != b && 32 != b || he(this, a)};
var he = function (a, b) {var c = b.currentTarget, d = z(a.vb), e = a.na(); c != e && (d.value = c.getAttribute("data-v"), z(a.wb).innerHTML = c.innerHTML, e && ie(e, !1), ie(c, !0)); R(b); a.close(); V("gs-change", d, b.j)}, ie = function (a, b) {w(a, "gs_sel", b); b ? a.setAttribute("aria-selected", "true") : a.removeAttribute("aria-selected")}; U(ge, [new S(".gs_md_ris", {}), new S(".gs_md_li", {click: ge.prototype.pb, keydown: ge.prototype.pa})]); T("#gs_lp", "click", function (a) {R(a); Hd("gs_lp_d")}); T("#gs_lp_cur", "click", function (a) {R(a); O("gs_lp_d")}); var je = function (a) {this.Sa = C(a)}; je.prototype.pa = function (a) {var b = a.currentTarget, c = a.j.keyCode; if (38 == c || 40 == c) {var d = z(this.Sa); d = cd(d, b, ".gs_md_li", 38 == c) || cd(d, d, ".gs_md_li", 38 == c)} else if (37 == c || 39 == c) a: {c = !!(37 == c ^ Ga(b.parentNode)); d = b.parentNode; var e = d.children, f = e.length; if (d.id != this.Sa) {for (; e[--f] != b;); d = bd(d, c) || ad(d.parentNode, c); e = d.children; if (f = Math.min(f + 1, e.length)) if (d = e[f - 1], v(d, "gs_md_li") && d.offsetLeft != b.offsetLeft) break a} d = void 0} d && (R(a), d.focus())};
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T("#gs_hdr_tsi", ["focus", "blur"], function (a) {function b() {var g = d.getBoundingClientRect().top - 10; 10 < Math.abs(g) && window.scrollBy(0, g); clearTimeout(e); c()} function c() {J(window, f, b)} var d = a.target; a = "focus" == a.type; w(z("gs_hdr"), "gs_hdr_ifc", a); if (a && wa && !(749 < window.innerHeight)) {var e = setTimeout(c, 1E3), f = ["scroll", "resize"]; I(window, f, b)} }); T("#gs_hdr_tsi", ["input", "gs-change"], function (a) {w(z("gs_hdr_frm"), "gs_hdr_tsc", !!a.currentTarget.value)});
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left: 0;
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height: 100%;
visibility: hidden;
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<div>e.g., <i>1996</i></div>
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<div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=xVzAml0AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">K Beznosov</a>, <a
href="/citations?user=u74gQEUAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">P Kruchten</a> - … of the 2004 workshop on
New <b>security</b> …, 2004 - dl.acm.org</div>
<div class="gs_rs">… <b>security</b>critical solutions, what do we do about <b>assurance</b>? This paper
examines how conventional <br>
<b>security</b> <b>assurance</b> suits … It classifies <b>security</b> <b>assurance</b> methods and
techniques with …
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<div class="gs_a">SB Lipner - Communications of the ACM, 2015 - dl.acm.org</div>
<div class="gs_rs">… <b>Assurance</b> affects not only <b>security</b> features but also any system
component that will <br>
respond to untrusted input. … In this column, I summarize my experience building a process …</div>
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href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8328743/?casa_token=HBRKs65RZw8AAAAA:1AROjKn03KaI5nFyo5JHArXK2Y_s7wlqWvimzGwXPYIKKOXst10HCeI5qsOaM2xvMDkZTqE"
data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ct=res&cd=2&d=1880849645008018219&ei=mMB2Y53vIoOTy9YPk_ySuAw"
data-clk-atid="K1ufdskeGhoJ"><b>Security assurance </b>for smart contract</a></h3>
<div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=AUwyutgAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">E Zhou</a>, S Hua, B Pi, J
Sun, Y Nomura… - … Mobility and <b>Security</b> …, 2018 - ieeexplore.ieee.org</div>
<div class="gs_rs">… In this paper, we proposed a <b>security</b> <b>assurance</b> method for smart
contract source code to <br>
find potential <b>security</b> risks. It contains two main functions, the first is syntax topological
…</div>
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class="gs_ct1">[PDF]</span><span class="gs_ct2">[PDF]</span></span> <a id="oSQ2ikcD5YUJ"
href="https://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~rhawkins/papers/York%20CESG%20security%20case%20report.pdf"
data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&oi=ggp&ct=res&cd=3&d=9648121382507521185&ei=mMB2Y53vIoOTy9YPk_ySuAw"
data-clk-atid="oSQ2ikcD5YUJ"><b>Security assurance </b>cases: motivation and the state of the
art</a></h3>
<div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=DFdBpC0AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">R Alexander</a>, <a
href="/citations?user=pwoLMz8AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">R Hawkins</a>… - High Integrity Systems …,
2011 - www-users.cs.york.ac.uk</div>
<div class="gs_rs">… It appears that the process of creating a <b>security</b> case is compatible with
typical evaluation … <br>
experiment with <b>security</b> <b>assurance</b> cases by creating one for a small low-<b>security</b>
product, in …</div>
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<div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=6WjiSOwAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">S Ray</a>, <a
href="/citations?user=FjWhVlQAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">T Ow</a>, <a
href="/citations?user=7q4VV5gAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">SS Kim</a> - Decision Sciences, 2011 -
Wiley Online Library</div>
<div class="gs_rs">… The study also examines whether these seemingly undependable perceptions of
<b>security</b> … <br>
<b>security</b> risks. To address these issues, this study proposes a new theory of <b>security</b>
<b>assurance</b> …
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<div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=K9IroJsAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">Z Ahmad</a>, <a
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<div class="gs_rs">… <b>security</b> <b>assurance</b> behaviour, which helps organisations to assess
their current practices, <br>
which may nurture or suppress information <b>security</b>… form of information <b>security</b>
measure. Third…</div>
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<div class="gs_rs">… early detection of <b>security</b> vulnerabilities, development of a
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and <b>security</b> <b>assurance</b> tools to maintain and enhance the <b>security</b> of the deployed
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<h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="vx9FMpr8xsoJ"
href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3196369.3196385?casa_token=vEEw6r5wvLsAAAAA:PSqaehYRQMGMsGEshEvdfBoc4AFcDqpldjgKQkfE5d9pHnvZ5in27WV0Er5-cBm475secgzEa8Y"
data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ct=res&cd=7&d=14611643780248707007&ei=mMB2Y53vIoOTy9YPk_ySuAw"
data-clk-atid="vx9FMpr8xsoJ">A preliminary structure of software <b>security assurance </b>model</a>
</h3>
<div class="gs_a">RA Khan, <a href="/citations?user=BrCNH3cAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra">SU Khan</a> -
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference …, 2018 - dl.acm.org</div>
<div class="gs_rs">… In order to improve <b>security</b> processes in the context of SDLC, we will
develop Software <br>
<b>Security</b> <b>Assurance</b> Model (SSAM) to assist vendor organisations in measuring their
readiness …
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<h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="PH5yhK_1--EJ"
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data-clk-atid="PH5yhK_1--EJ">SafSec: Commonalities between safety and <b>security assurance</b></a>
</h3>
<div class="gs_a">S Lautieri, D Cooper, D Jackson - Constituents of Modern System-safety …, 2005 -
Springer</div>
<div class="gs_rs">Many systems, particularly in the military domain, must be certified or accredited by
both <br>
safety and <b>security</b> authorities. Current practice argues safety and <b>security</b>
accreditations …</div>
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href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA472363"
data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ct=res&cd=9&d=793440872308371678&ei=mMB2Y53vIoOTy9YPk_ySuAw"
data-clk-atid="3nA3AEXeAgsJ">Software <b>security assurance</b>: a state-of-art report (sar)</a>
</h3>
<div class="gs_a">KM Goertzel, T Winograd, HL McKinley, LJ Oh… - 2007 - apps.dtic.mil</div>
<div class="gs_rs">… expert in software <b>security</b> <b>assurance</b> and information
<b>assurance</b>, particularly multilevel … <br>
<b>Security</b> Software <b>Assurance</b> Program and the National <b>Security</b> Agency’s Center for
<b>Assured</b> …
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