# gravitics
*Gravitics* is what the 1950s called the search for gravity control. This crate computes that
whole parallel track of physics, and gravity's open anomalies, three ways:
- **The proposal's own model,** from its authors' formulas and inputs, reproducing their published
numbers: superconductor gravity, high-frequency gravitational-wave generators and detectors,
propellantless thrusters, warp drives, the polarizable vacuum, MOND and Weber-like gravity.
- **The standard prediction,** from general relativity or standard physics, for the same setup.
- **What experiments measured.**
Use it to explore a proposal, to design an experiment that could test one, or to see how large
an effect must be before an instrument can see it.
## Install
```bash
cargo add gravitics
```
## Example: one proposal, both tracks
```rust
use gravitics::superconductors::{TAJMAR_REPORTED, ring_frame_dragging};
// Tajmar & de Matos's spinning niobium ring (0.349 kg, radii 75 and 69 mm).
// Their measurement: the frame turned with 2.6×10⁻⁵ of the ring's rotation.
// General relativity, for the same ring: 7.2×10⁻²⁷.
let gr = ring_frame_dragging(0.349, 0.075, 0.069);
println!("reported {TAJMAR_REPORTED:.1e}, general relativity {gr:.1e}"); // 2.6e-5, 7.2e-27
assert!(TAJMAR_REPORTED / gr > 1e21);
```
```rust
use gravitics::propulsion::{photon_thrust, shawyer_thrust};
// An EmDrive cavity at Dresden's settings: Shawyer's model against a photon rocket.
let model = shawyer_thrust(11.0, 741.0, 0.56); // 30 µN
let light = photon_thrust(11.0); // 0.037 µN
assert!(model / light > 800.0); // Dresden measured less than 0.03 µN
```
## Example: an anomaly against the test that decides it
```rust
use gravitics::anomalies::{LLR_ABSORPTION_BOUND, MAJORANA_ABSORPTION, column_density, flyby_anderson, shielding_loss};
// Majorana's gravitational shielding would hide 4.6% of the Sun behind the Earth at eclipse;
// lunar laser ranging allows 7×10⁻¹².
let earth = column_density(6_371e3, 5514.0);
assert!(shielding_loss(MAJORANA_ABSORPTION, earth) > 0.04);
assert!(shielding_loss(LLR_ABSORPTION_BOUND, earth) < 1e-11);
// Anderson's flyby formula reproduces NEAR's 13.3 mm/s, and predicted +6 mm/s for Juno,
// which showed 0 ± 0.8 mm/s.
let near = flyby_anderson(6851.0, (-20.76f64).to_radians(), (-71.96f64).to_radians());
assert!((near * 1e3 - 13.28).abs() < 0.01);
```
## The proposals
| Proposal | Its own model or report | General relativity or standard physics | What experiments found |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tajmar: frame dragging near a spinning superconductor | k = 2.6×10⁻⁵ | 7.2×10⁻²⁷ | Tajmar's own later limit is 800× below the first signal; traced to vibration |
| Podkletnov: weight change above a spinning superconductor | up to −2.1% | a weight increase of at most 3×10⁻⁹ | no change above 2×10⁻⁸ (NASA Marshall) |
| Li–Baker: a GHz gravitational-wave detector | a signal in 3×10³ s | one signal photon in 3×10¹⁸ s, against the reference beam's shot noise (JASON's argument) | none built |
| Pais: 10²⁴ W/m² from a charged disc | σ = 5×10⁴ C/m² | a surface field 5.6×10⁶ times the breakdown limit his patent states | Navy test (2016–19): effect not shown |
| Zhang: a varying field makes gravity (US 12,417,870) | a ring weighs ±1 g at 55 kV: 2.6×10⁻² m/s²; his vortex `∇×A = B/f` with his three constants spins things up at 10⁻²¹ rad/s², or at 10²⁹ rad/s² in Earth's own field; his G is 6.685×10⁻¹¹ | the live wire's polarisation pull, 0.1–0.7 g toward whichever side is live; a charged ball on a thread turns and swings by tens of degrees and a quarter millimetre; general relativity: 10⁻²⁷ m/s² | his G is 34σ above every measurement; the rigs not independently replicated |
| EmDrive | 1.2 mN/kW (Eagleworks) | a photon rocket gives 3.3 µN/kW | nothing above 10–30 nN (Dresden) |
| Mach-effect thruster | "a couple of µN" | the authors' own formula in SI: about 0.1 µN; general relativity suppresses the Machian term by 10⁻³⁶ | vibration artefacts (Dresden) |
| Lifters ("electrogravitics") | lift | ion wind, `F = I·d/μ` | no force in vacuum |
| Warp drive (Alcubierre) | travel faster than light | negative energy of a galaxy or more, in walls quantum field theory allows | — |
| Polarizable vacuum (Puthoff) | gravity as a vacuum index | agrees with general relativity at first order, differs at second | 0.73 µas apart for light grazing the Sun |
| Forward's antigravity | an induced pull from accelerated mass | real in general relativity, with coupling G/c² = 7.4×10⁻²⁸ m/kg | — |
## The anomalies
| Anomaly | The claim | The test | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| The value of G | 16 measurements span 551 ppm | Birge ratio 3.6 against their errors | open: a measurement problem |
| Earth flybys | Anderson's formula fits six | Juno: +6 mm/s predicted, 0 ± 0.8 observed | failed out of sample |
| Gravitational shielding | Majorana's 6.7×10⁻¹² cm²/g | lunar laser ranging: below 10⁻²² m²/kg | refuted |
| Pioneer | a constant 8.7×10⁻¹⁰ m/s² | it decayed with the plutonium's heat | resolved: thermal recoil |
| MOND | one acceleration scale, g† = 1.2×10⁻¹⁰ m/s² | wide binaries | contested |
| Short-range forces | new physics below a millimetre | Eöt-Wash: no gravitational-strength force beyond 38.6 µm | open below 38.6 µm |
| Diósi–Penrose collapse | spontaneous X-rays | none seen underground | parameter-free version refuted |
## What is inside
| Module | What it computes |
|---|---|
| `electrogravity` | The pulsed-field gravity claims against the forces in the same rig: dielectrophoresis (dilute and on a sphere), the Pauthenier charge, the polarisation-torque ceiling, spheroid depolarisation and the torque on a body not quite round, the image force, a thread's torsion, field angular momentum, the Thomson–Purcell kink field that Zhang's theory relabels, the carriers' drift (the theory's own bound), the gravity of field energy, Zhang's constants (`k_mq`, `μ_g`, his vortex constant and spin-up), and the mass-independence discriminator |
| `electrodes` | The field of high-voltage rigs: coil turns as charged rings and wires as straight segments, with potential and field in closed form (elliptic integrals, logarithms) and the charge on each piece for given potentials |
| `gem` | Gravitoelectromagnetism in three conventions with the spin-2 factor, the gravitomagnetic dipole as a `Field`, the extremal charge-to-mass ratio, and Blackett's magnetism-from-spin |
| `anomalies` | CODATA 2022's sixteen G measurements with their correlations, their generalised-least-squares mean and Birge ratio; Anderson's flyby formula; column densities and shielding against Majorana and lunar laser ranging; Pioneer's thermal decay |
| `modified` | The radial acceleration relation ([McGaugh et al. 2016](https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.05917)), Tully–Fisher velocity and MOND radius; Yukawa forces with the current limits ([Lee et al. 2020](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11761)), the dark-energy length and boson mass; Einstein–Cartan density; Weber-like perihelion and mass shift |
| `quantum` | Bose–Marletto–Vedral entanglement phases ([Bose et al. 2017](https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.06050)); the Diósi–Penrose X-ray rate ([Donadi et al. 2021](https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.13490)) |
| `hfgw` | High-frequency gravitational waves: the Li–Baker detector (flux conventions, graviton rate, the interference signal, the shot-noise time) and the Pais patents (radiated flux, surface field, magnetic conversion as he uses it and in SI) |
| `superconductors` | The London moment; frame dragging of a ring in general relativity against Tajmar's report; the Cooper-pair density and gravitational London depth; a perfect shield's shadow; Podkletnov's pendulum and Marx bank; the measured bounds |
| `propulsion` | Ion wind and ion mobility, the vacuum (ballistic) limit, the photon rocket, Shawyer's EmDrive formula, buoyancy on a balance, Woodward's Mach-effect thrust and general relativity's bound on it ([Rodal](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.22687)) |
| `spacetime` | Alcubierre warp-bubble energy ([Pfenning & Ford 1997](https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9702026)), the quantum inequality, Casimir plates and spheres, wormhole tensions, light bending in Puthoff's polarizable vacuum against general relativity, Forward's induced acceleration, and horizon temperatures (Unruh, Hawking, Gibbons–Hawking) with black-hole lifetimes and zero-point energy |
| `strong_field` | The Schwinger limit: the critical field, the pair-production and vacuum-decay rates, laser a₀ and the quantum parameter χ (with explicit intensity conventions), Ritus–Narozhny, Breit–Wheeler suppression, vacuum birefringence, Euler–Heisenberg, supercritical atoms, and the graphene analogue. The Schwinger exponent is exactly a Boltzmann factor at twice the Unruh temperature, and a test pins that identity |
*A warp bubble's negative energy grows as its wall thins. Quantum field theory allows walls only
about 100 Planck lengths thick, where a 100 m bubble needs billions of times the ordinary matter
in the observable universe.*
*Thrust per watt: the propellantless proposals, a photon rocket, ion wind, and the best
measurement.*
The research behind every number, with its sources and the status of each proposal, is in the
reports on [fringe physics and the DIRDs](https://github.com/FusionVault/physica/blob/main/research/topics/fringe-physics-and-dirds/report.md),
[the Coulomb barrier and the Schwinger limit](https://github.com/FusionVault/physica/blob/main/research/topics/coulomb-and-schwinger/report.md)
and [where gravity physics is still open](https://github.com/FusionVault/physica/blob/main/research/topics/gravity-anomalies/report.md).
## Applications
- **Evaluating a proposal.** Compute a claim in its authors' own terms, the standard prediction
for the same apparatus, and the measurement, as agency reviews have done; the gap is the
answer. `examples/electrogravity_claim.rs` does this for the pulsed-field gravity claims and
names the experiment that would settle them; `physica`'s `gravity_patent` example rebuilds the
rig of US 12,417,870 with `electrodes` and simulates the ball under every force and torque.
- **Designing an experiment.** `anomalies::tension` and `magnets`-style systematics show what a
precision gravity measurement must control; `modified` carries the current short-range bounds.
- **Planning a strong-field campaign.** `strong_field` gives the Schwinger field, the quantum
parameter a beam reaches, and how far the best lasers remain from vacuum breakdown.
- **Teaching the analogy honestly.** `gem` gives gravitoelectromagnetism in three conventions
that agree, with the spin-2 factor where it belongs.
## How it is checked
Every test reproduces a published number from the paper's own inputs, mostly to better than 1%:
- **Proposals:** the Li–Baker graviton flux and Table I signal; the Pais disc and conversion
numbers; Tajmar's predicted field for niobium; Podkletnov's pendulum tables; Woodward's printed
1.87×10²¹ prefactor; Shawyer's thrust at the Dresden and Eagleworks settings; the Army lifter
thrust.
- **Spacetime:** Pfenning & Ford's warp energy; the quantum inequality; the Casimir pressure at
1 µm; the Sun's 1.7512″ light bending; Unruh, Hawking and Gibbons–Hawking temperatures.
- **Strong fields:** the Schwinger field and pair rates, CoReLS's a₀, LUXE's χ, PVLAS's QED
birefringence, and Dirac binding for lead and uranium.
- **Anomalies:** CODATA 2022's G (6.674 30, Birge ratio 3.61, χ² = 195.7 for 15 degrees of
freedom) rebuilt from its inputs; Anderson's six flyby predictions; Majorana and LLR shielding.
- **Alternatives:** the RAR's published shape and deep-MOND limit; Eöt-Wash's 5.1 meV boson;
Ruggiero & Tartaglia's Einstein–Cartan densities; the Weber perihelion ratios against a direct
orbit integration.
- **Quantum gravity:** Bose et al.'s phases; Donadi et al.'s germanium rate.
The formulas were independently re-derived from their sources and every test value recomputed;
the Casimir formulas are also checked against each other.
One of eight crates in [physica](https://github.com/FusionVault/physica):
[`physica`](https://crates.io/crates/physica) (all of them, plus cross-domain analogies) ·
[`metrology`](https://crates.io/crates/metrology) (constants) ·
[`geopotential`](https://crates.io/crates/geopotential) (the gravity field) ·
[`gravimetry`](https://crates.io/crates/gravimetry) (missions and GRACE) ·
[`gravitational`](https://crates.io/crates/gravitational) (waves) ·
[`gravitics`](https://crates.io/crates/gravitics) (frontier gravity) ·
[`magnetics`](https://crates.io/crates/magnetics) (magnetism and MHD) ·
[`plasmoid`](https://crates.io/crates/plasmoid) (fusion plasma).