geph5-app 0.3.9

//! Windows full-tunnel VPN backend: a manager-owned WinTUN device, a `/1` split default
//! route into it, a DNS sentinel, a fail-closed kill switch (see [`firewall`]),
//! and a stdio packet pump between the device and the engine child.
//!
//! All host network configuration — the tun addresses, the split-default routes,
//! and physical-interface discovery — is done in-process through the IP Helper
//! API (`iphlpapi`) keyed by the WinTUN interface LUID, *not* by shelling out to
//! `netsh`/`powershell`. Each of those is a process spawn costing hundreds of
//! milliseconds, and a server switch reasserts the whole set under the manager
//! lock; doing it via direct syscalls keeps the reconnect gap short (the same
//! near-instant reconfiguration Linux/macOS get from netlink / route sockets).
//!
//! Loop prevention is entirely per-process: the engine binds its own outbound
//! sockets to the physical interface via `IP_UNICAST_IF` (driven by the
//! `GEPH_VPN_BIND_IF4/6` env vars the manager sets — see `geph5-client`'s
//! `bound_dialer`), so its bridge/exit traffic leaves the real NIC. The broker's
//! own HTTP clients (`reqwest`/`aws-sdk`) connect through an in-process loopback
//! forwarder whose upstream is dialed the same way (see `geph5-client`'s
//! `broker::bind_forward`). Loop prevention is therefore strictly per-process: any
//! other app reaching the same (intentionally shared, domain-fronted) broker IP
//! still routes into the tunnel.
//!
//! Unlike Linux (where the engine reads the tun fd directly), the engine has no
//! native Windows tun ingestion, so the manager owns the WinTUN device and pumps
//! packets to `geph5-client --stdio-vpn` over its stdin/stdout.

mod firewall;

use std::{
    ffi::c_void,
    io::{Read, Write},
    net::{IpAddr, Ipv4Addr, Ipv6Addr},
    process::{ChildStdin, ChildStdout},
    sync::{
        Arc, Condvar, Mutex,
        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
    },
    thread::JoinHandle,
};

use anyhow::{Context, bail};
use windows_sys::Win32::{
    Devices::DeviceAndDriverInstallation::{
        CM_LOCATE_DEVNODE_PHANTOM, CM_Locate_DevNodeW, CM_NOTIFY_ACTION_DEVICEINSTANCEREMOVED,
        CM_NOTIFY_FILTER, CM_NOTIFY_FILTER_0, CM_NOTIFY_FILTER_0_1,
        CM_NOTIFY_FILTER_TYPE_DEVICEINSTANCE, CM_Register_Notification, CM_Uninstall_DevNode,
        CM_Unregister_Notification, CR_NO_SUCH_DEVNODE, CR_SUCCESS, HCMNOTIFICATION,
    },
    Foundation::{
        ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW, ERROR_NOT_FOUND, ERROR_OBJECT_ALREADY_EXISTS, ERROR_SUCCESS,
        NO_ERROR,
    },
    NetworkManagement::IpHelper::{
        ConvertInterfaceGuidToLuid, CreateIpForwardEntry2, CreateUnicastIpAddressEntry,
        DNS_INTERFACE_SETTINGS, DNS_INTERFACE_SETTINGS_VERSION1, DNS_SETTING_IPV6,
        DNS_SETTING_NAMESERVER, DeleteIpForwardEntry2, FreeMibTable, GAA_FLAG_SKIP_ANYCAST,
        GAA_FLAG_SKIP_MULTICAST, GAA_FLAG_SKIP_UNICAST, GetAdaptersAddresses, GetIpForwardTable2,
        IP_ADAPTER_ADDRESSES_LH, InitializeIpForwardEntry, InitializeUnicastIpAddressEntry,
        MIB_IPFORWARD_ROW2, MIB_IPFORWARD_TABLE2, MIB_UNICASTIPADDRESS_ROW,
        SetInterfaceDnsSettings,
    },
    Networking::WinSock::{
        ADDRESS_FAMILY, AF_INET, AF_INET6, AF_UNSPEC, IN_ADDR, IN_ADDR_0, IN6_ADDR, IN6_ADDR_0,
        SOCKADDR, SOCKADDR_IN, SOCKADDR_IN6, SOCKADDR_INET,
    },
};
use wintun::{Adapter, Session, Wintun};

use firewall::{Firewall, WfpKillSwitch};

/// WinTUN adapter alias (also the interface name shown in the OS).
const TUN_NAME: &str = "Geph";
/// Fixed adapter GUID so we recognise our own device across runs.
const TUN_GUID: u128 = 0x6765_7068_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0001;
const TUN_DEVICE_INSTANCE_ID: &str = r"SWD\WINTUN\{67657068-0000-0000-0000-000000000001}";

const TUN_V4_ADDR: Ipv4Addr = Ipv4Addr::new(100, 64, 0, 1);
const TUN_V4_PREFIX: u8 = 10; // 255.192.0.0
const TUN_V6_ADDR: Ipv6Addr = Ipv6Addr::new(0xfd00, 0x6765, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1);
const TUN_V6_PREFIX: u8 = 64;
const TUN_MTU: usize = 16384;

/// Ring-buffer capacity for the WinTUN session (4 MiB; a power of two between
/// wintun's MIN and MAX capacities).
const RING_CAPACITY: u32 = 0x40_0000;

/// The `/1` split that captures all traffic into WinTUN without deleting the
/// physical default route (`redirect-gateway def1`). These are `/1`, never `/0`,
/// so physical-interface discovery (which looks only at exact default routes)
/// never mistakes them for the real default route.
const V4_SPLIT: [(Ipv4Addr, u8); 2] = [
    (Ipv4Addr::new(0, 0, 0, 0), 1),
    (Ipv4Addr::new(128, 0, 0, 0), 1),
];
const V6_SPLIT: [(Ipv6Addr, u8); 2] = [
    (Ipv6Addr::new(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0), 1),
    (Ipv6Addr::new(0x8000, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0), 1),
];

fn sentinel_dns() -> [IpAddr; 2] {
    [
        IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(1, 1, 1, 1)),
        IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::new(0x2606, 0x4700, 0x4700, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x1111)),
    ]
}

/// The physical default-route interface(s) the engine's own traffic must use
/// (passed to the engine as `GEPH_VPN_BIND_IF4/6` for `IP_UNICAST_IF`).
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub(super) struct PhysIface {
    index4: u32,
    index6: u32,
}

impl PhysIface {
    pub(super) fn bind_indices(&self) -> (u32, u32) {
        (self.index4, self.index6)
    }
}

/// Persistent VPN state, held by the manager across engine-child restarts: the
/// WinTUN adapter (keeps the device + its `/1` routes alive), the kill switch,
/// and enough state to tear routing back down. The packet pump is *not* here —
/// it is re-created per child (see [`Pump`]).
pub(super) struct VpnHandle {
    // `wintun` must outlive `adapter` (the adapter borrows the loaded DLL); keep
    // it alive for the handle's lifetime even though we don't touch it again.
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    wintun: Wintun,
    adapter: Arc<Adapter>,
    phys: PhysIface,
    firewall: WfpKillSwitch,
}

struct AdapterRemovalContext {
    removed: Mutex<bool>,
    changed: Condvar,
}

/// A native PnP notification registered before hard task termination. Waiting
/// for the actual device-instance removal avoids both an arbitrary delay and the
/// WinTUN create-vs-removal race.
pub(crate) struct AdapterRemovalNotification {
    notification: HCMNOTIFICATION,
    context: Box<AdapterRemovalContext>,
}

impl AdapterRemovalNotification {
    pub(crate) fn prepare() -> anyhow::Result<Option<Self>> {
        unsafe extern "system" fn callback(
            _notification: HCMNOTIFICATION,
            context: *const c_void,
            action: i32,
            _event_data: *const windows_sys::Win32::Devices::DeviceAndDriverInstallation::CM_NOTIFY_EVENT_DATA,
            _event_data_size: u32,
        ) -> u32 {
            if action == CM_NOTIFY_ACTION_DEVICEINSTANCEREMOVED {
                let context = unsafe { &*(context.cast::<AdapterRemovalContext>()) };
                let mut removed = context.removed.lock().unwrap();
                *removed = true;
                context.changed.notify_all();
            }
            ERROR_SUCCESS
        }

        let instance_id: Vec<u16> = TUN_DEVICE_INSTANCE_ID
            .encode_utf16()
            .chain(std::iter::once(0))
            .collect();
        let mut device = 0;
        match unsafe { CM_Locate_DevNodeW(&mut device, instance_id.as_ptr(), 0) } {
            CR_SUCCESS => {}
            CR_NO_SUCH_DEVNODE => return Ok(None),
            error => anyhow::bail!("locating the WinTUN device instance failed ({error})"),
        }

        let mut filter: CM_NOTIFY_FILTER = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
        filter.cbSize = std::mem::size_of::<CM_NOTIFY_FILTER>() as u32;
        filter.FilterType = CM_NOTIFY_FILTER_TYPE_DEVICEINSTANCE;
        let mut filter_instance_id = [0u16; 200];
        filter_instance_id[..instance_id.len()].copy_from_slice(&instance_id);
        filter.u = CM_NOTIFY_FILTER_0 {
            DeviceInstance: CM_NOTIFY_FILTER_0_1 {
                InstanceId: filter_instance_id,
            },
        };

        let context = Box::new(AdapterRemovalContext {
            removed: Mutex::new(false),
            changed: Condvar::new(),
        });
        let mut notification = std::ptr::null_mut();
        let result = unsafe {
            CM_Register_Notification(
                &filter,
                std::ptr::from_ref(context.as_ref()).cast(),
                Some(callback),
                &mut notification,
            )
        };
        if result != CR_SUCCESS {
            if unsafe { CM_Locate_DevNodeW(&mut device, instance_id.as_ptr(), 0) }
                == CR_NO_SUCH_DEVNODE
            {
                return Ok(None);
            }
            anyhow::bail!("registering WinTUN removal notification failed ({result})");
        }
        let registration = Self {
            notification,
            context,
        };

        // Check again after registering so a device removed concurrently with
        // registration cannot leave this process waiting for a missed event.
        match unsafe { CM_Locate_DevNodeW(&mut device, instance_id.as_ptr(), 0) } {
            CR_SUCCESS => Ok(Some(registration)),
            CR_NO_SUCH_DEVNODE => Ok(None),
            error => anyhow::bail!("locating the WinTUN device instance failed ({error})"),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn wait(&self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let mut removed = self.context.removed.lock().unwrap();
        while !*removed {
            removed = self.context.changed.wait(removed).unwrap();
        }
        drop(removed);

        uninstall_orphaned_adapter()
    }
}

fn uninstall_orphaned_adapter() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    // A process killed while owning an HSWDEVICE cannot run
    // WintunCloseAdapter's device-uninstall path. PnP first reports the
    // device as removed but retains a phantom devnode whose requested
    // network GUID still collides with immediate recreation. Remove that
    // nonpresent instance's persistent state before reusing the GUID.
    let instance_id: Vec<u16> = TUN_DEVICE_INSTANCE_ID
        .encode_utf16()
        .chain(std::iter::once(0))
        .collect();
    let mut device = 0;
    match unsafe {
        CM_Locate_DevNodeW(
            &mut device,
            instance_id.as_ptr(),
            CM_LOCATE_DEVNODE_PHANTOM,
        )
    } {
        CR_SUCCESS => {}
        CR_NO_SUCH_DEVNODE => return Ok(()),
        error => anyhow::bail!("locating the removed WinTUN device instance failed ({error})"),
    }
    let result = unsafe { CM_Uninstall_DevNode(device, 0) };
    if result != CR_SUCCESS {
        anyhow::bail!("uninstalling the orphaned WinTUN device failed ({result})");
    }
    Ok(())
}

impl Drop for AdapterRemovalNotification {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            let _ = CM_Unregister_Notification(self.notification);
        }
    }
}

impl VpnHandle {
    /// The physical interface indices the engine child should pin its sockets to
    /// (passed through as `GEPH_VPN_BIND_IF4/6`).
    pub(super) fn bind_indices(&self) -> (u32, u32) {
        (self.phys.index4, self.phys.index6)
    }

    /// The physical adapter's own DNS resolvers (its DHCP/ISP servers), for the
    /// engine to resolve over the physical NIC via `GEPH_PHYS_DNS`.
    pub(super) fn phys_dns(&self) -> Vec<IpAddr> {
        physical_dns_servers(&[self.phys.index4, self.phys.index6])
    }

    /// The WinTUN interface LUID, the key every IP Helper call below is scoped to.
    fn luid(&self) -> u64 {
        unsafe { self.adapter.get_luid().Value }
    }

    /// Open a fresh WinTUN session on the (persistent) adapter for a newly-spawned
    /// engine child's pump.
    pub(super) fn start_session(&self) -> anyhow::Result<Arc<Session>> {
        Ok(Arc::new(
            self.adapter
                .start_session(RING_CAPACITY)
                .context("start wintun session")?,
        ))
    }

    fn cleanup(&mut self) {
        self.firewall.remove();
        let _ = set_tun_dns(self.adapter.get_guid(), &[]);
        delete_split_routes(self.luid());
    }
}

/// Tear down a live VPN and remove its routes, DNS override, and kill switch.
pub(super) fn cleanup(mut handle: VpnHandle) {
    handle.cleanup();
}

#[derive(Clone)]
pub(super) struct NetworkSnapshot {
    bind_indices: (u32, u32),
}

pub(super) fn network_snapshot(handle: &VpnHandle) -> NetworkSnapshot {
    NetworkSnapshot {
        bind_indices: handle.bind_indices(),
    }
}

pub(super) fn network_check(snapshot: &NetworkSnapshot) -> super::NetworkAction {
    match physical_iface() {
        Ok(current) if current.bind_indices() != snapshot.bind_indices => {
            super::NetworkAction::Reconcile
        }
        _ => super::NetworkAction::Healthy,
    }
}

/// Discover the physical default-route interface(s) via the IP Helper route
/// table. The uniform VPN monitor compares this against the connected route and
/// triggers full in-place reconciliation if it changes.
pub(super) fn physical_iface() -> anyhow::Result<PhysIface> {
    let index4 = default_route_ifindex(AF_INET)
        .context("could not find the IPv4 default-route interface")?;
    // IPv6 may be disabled; fall back to the IPv4 interface index like before.
    let index6 = default_route_ifindex(AF_INET6).unwrap_or(index4);
    Ok(PhysIface { index4, index6 })
}

/// Bring up the WinTUN device, routing, DNS, and the kill switch. Manager
/// initialization owns prior-run cleanup; this function rolls back only the
/// state created by its own failed setup attempt.
pub(super) fn setup(phys: PhysIface, allow_lan: bool) -> anyhow::Result<VpnHandle> {
    tracing::debug!("starting Windows VPN setup");
    let wintun = unsafe { wintun::load() }.map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("load wintun.dll: {e}"))?;
    tracing::debug!("loaded wintun.dll for VPN setup");
    let rollback = scopeguard::guard((), |_| cleanup_stale());

    let adapter = match Adapter::open(&wintun, TUN_NAME) {
        Ok(existing) => {
            tracing::debug!("opened existing WinTUN adapter");
            existing
        }
        Err(_) => {
            tracing::debug!("creating WinTUN adapter");
            Adapter::create(&wintun, TUN_NAME, TUN_NAME, Some(TUN_GUID))
                .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("create wintun adapter: {e}"))?
        }
    };
    tracing::debug!("WinTUN adapter is ready");
    let luid = unsafe { adapter.get_luid().Value };

    // Addresses + MTU + DNS sentinel.
    set_unicast_address(luid, IpAddr::V4(TUN_V4_ADDR), TUN_V4_PREFIX)
        .context("assign tun IPv4 address")?;
    let _ = set_unicast_address(luid, IpAddr::V6(TUN_V6_ADDR), TUN_V6_PREFIX);
    let _ = adapter.set_mtu(TUN_MTU);
    let _ = set_tun_dns(adapter.get_guid(), &sentinel_dns());
    tracing::debug!("configured WinTUN addressing and DNS");

    // Kill switch before capture routes. (The engine's own broker/bridge/exit sockets reach the
    // physical NIC per-process via IP_UNICAST_IF + the loopback forwarder, so
    // there are no destination bypass routes to punch in here.)
    let mut firewall = WfpKillSwitch::new();
    firewall.preflight().context("kill switch preflight")?;
    tracing::debug!("completed WFP kill-switch preflight");
    firewall
        .install(&geph_app_ids(), luid, allow_lan)
        .context("install kill switch")?;
    tracing::debug!("installed WFP kill switch");

    ensure_split_routes(luid)?;
    tracing::debug!("installed WinTUN capture routes");

    scopeguard::ScopeGuard::into_inner(rollback);
    Ok(VpnHandle {
        wintun,
        adapter,
        phys,
        firewall,
    })
}

/// Reassert WinTUN, DNS, routes, and the complete WFP policy without replacing
/// the live adapter. WFP is committed first, so route repair remains fail-closed.
pub(super) fn reconcile(
    handle: &mut VpnHandle,
    phys: PhysIface,
    allow_lan: bool,
) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    let luid = handle.luid();
    set_unicast_address(luid, IpAddr::V4(TUN_V4_ADDR), TUN_V4_PREFIX)
        .context("reassert tun IPv4 address")?;
    let _ = set_unicast_address(luid, IpAddr::V6(TUN_V6_ADDR), TUN_V6_PREFIX);
    let _ = handle.adapter.set_mtu(TUN_MTU);
    let _ = set_tun_dns(handle.adapter.get_guid(), &sentinel_dns());
    handle
        .firewall
        .replace(&geph_app_ids(), luid, allow_lan)
        .context("reconcile kill switch")?;
    ensure_split_routes(luid)?;
    handle.phys = phys;
    Ok(())
}

/// Ensure the `/1` capture routes point our WinTUN interface. Idempotent: an
/// identical route already present is treated as success, so no delete/re-add
/// churn is needed. IPv4 is fatal (the tunnel cannot capture without it); IPv6
/// is best-effort since the host may have IPv6 disabled.
fn ensure_split_routes(luid: u64) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    for (addr, prefix) in V4_SPLIT {
        add_route(luid, IpAddr::V4(addr), prefix)
            .with_context(|| format!("add tun route {addr}/{prefix}"))?;
    }
    for (addr, prefix) in V6_SPLIT {
        let _ = add_route(luid, IpAddr::V6(addr), prefix);
    }
    Ok(())
}

/// Remove the `/1` capture routes from our WinTUN interface. Best-effort.
fn delete_split_routes(luid: u64) {
    for (addr, prefix) in V4_SPLIT {
        let _ = delete_route(luid, IpAddr::V4(addr), prefix);
    }
    for (addr, prefix) in V6_SPLIT {
        let _ = delete_route(luid, IpAddr::V6(addr), prefix);
    }
}

/// Startup purge of VPN state a prior crashed manager left behind. The kill switch
/// is now non-dynamic (it stays installed across a crash so the machine remains
/// fail-closed), so a manager that restarts *disconnected* must delete it here or
/// the host stays blackholed. Best-effort; safe to call when nothing is stranded.
pub(super) fn cleanup_stale() {
    // A Task Scheduler restart after hard process termination does not pass
    // through register_manager's pre-registered removal barrier. Join the
    // already-started PnP removal here, then remove the nonpresent devnode so
    // the fixed requested GUID can be reused immediately.
    match AdapterRemovalNotification::prepare() {
        Ok(Some(removal)) => {
            if let Err(error) = removal.wait() {
                tracing::warn!(%error, "could not finish stale WinTUN device removal");
            }
        }
        Ok(None) => {
            if let Err(error) = uninstall_orphaned_adapter() {
                tracing::warn!(%error, "could not remove orphaned WinTUN device");
            }
        }
        Err(error) => {
            tracing::warn!(%error, "could not observe stale WinTUN device removal");
        }
    }

    // Do not open the adapter through WinTUN merely to clean it. Immediately
    // opening the same adapter again for setup can wedge inside
    // WintunOpenAdapter after a hard manager replacement. The adapter GUID is
    // fixed, so IP Helper can resolve its LUID directly without acquiring a
    // WinTUN adapter handle.
    let guid = windows_sys::core::GUID::from_u128(TUN_GUID);
    let mut luid: windows_sys::Win32::NetworkManagement::Ndis::NET_LUID_LH =
        unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
    let _ = set_tun_dns(TUN_GUID, &[]);
    if unsafe { ConvertInterfaceGuidToLuid(&guid, &mut luid) } == NO_ERROR {
        delete_split_routes(unsafe { luid.Value });
    }
    // Delete any leftover kill-switch sublayer (and its filters) by GUID, in case
    // a previous manager used a non-dynamic session or otherwise didn't clean up.
    let _ = firewall::purge_stale();
}

/// Full image paths the kill switch permits to egress the physical NIC: the
/// manager itself and the engine child.
fn geph_app_ids() -> Vec<std::path::PathBuf> {
    let mut ids = Vec::new();
    if let Ok(exe) = std::env::current_exe() {
        ids.push(exe);
    }
    // Must be the *same* full path the engine is actually spawned from, or the
    // kill switch's app-id permit won't match and the engine blocks itself.
    ids.push(crate::platform::engine_bin_path());
    ids
}

// ---- IP Helper (iphlpapi) host-network configuration ----
//
// Everything here is keyed by the WinTUN interface LUID and runs in-process, in
// place of the `netsh`/`powershell` subprocesses the reconnect path used to spawn.

/// Set (or clear, with an empty list) the tun adapter's DNS servers via a direct,
/// correctly-formed `SetInterfaceDnsSettings` call — instant and validation-free.
/// NOT wintun's `set_dns_servers`: its own `SetInterfaceDnsSettings` binding has
/// `NameServer`/`Domain` swapped, so it always fails and falls back to
/// `netsh set dns` without `validate=no`; netsh then probes the server, which
/// blocks ~12s whenever the tunnel isn't carrying packets — i.e. on every single
/// exit switch, dominating the reconnect gap.
fn set_tun_dns(guid: u128, servers: &[IpAddr]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    let guid = windows_sys::core::GUID::from_u128(guid);
    let v4: Vec<String> = servers
        .iter()
        .filter(|ip| ip.is_ipv4())
        .map(|ip| ip.to_string())
        .collect();
    let v6: Vec<String> = servers
        .iter()
        .filter(|ip| ip.is_ipv6())
        .map(|ip| ip.to_string())
        .collect();
    // One call per family; an empty NameServer string clears that family.
    for (list, v6_flag) in [(v4, 0u64), (v6, DNS_SETTING_IPV6 as u64)] {
        let joined: Vec<u16> = list
            .join(",")
            .encode_utf16()
            .chain(std::iter::once(0))
            .collect();
        let settings = DNS_INTERFACE_SETTINGS {
            Version: DNS_INTERFACE_SETTINGS_VERSION1,
            Flags: DNS_SETTING_NAMESERVER as u64 | v6_flag,
            Domain: std::ptr::null_mut(),
            NameServer: joined.as_ptr() as *mut u16,
            SearchList: std::ptr::null_mut(),
            RegistrationEnabled: 0,
            RegisterAdapterName: 0,
            EnableLLMNR: 0,
            QueryAdapterName: 0,
            ProfileNameServer: std::ptr::null_mut(),
        };
        let code = unsafe { SetInterfaceDnsSettings(guid, &settings) };
        if code != NO_ERROR {
            bail!(
                "SetInterfaceDnsSettings(ipv6={}) failed: 0x{code:08X}",
                v6_flag != 0
            );
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

/// Fill a `SOCKADDR_INET` in place with `ip` (address family + address; port and
/// scope left zeroed). Writing a union field is safe in Rust; only reads are not.
fn write_sockaddr_inet(dst: &mut SOCKADDR_INET, ip: IpAddr) {
    match ip {
        IpAddr::V4(v4) => {
            let mut sa: SOCKADDR_IN = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
            sa.sin_family = AF_INET;
            // `from_ne_bytes` lays the octets out in memory order, i.e. network
            // byte order, which is exactly what `S_addr` expects.
            sa.sin_addr = IN_ADDR {
                S_un: IN_ADDR_0 {
                    S_addr: u32::from_ne_bytes(v4.octets()),
                },
            };
            dst.Ipv4 = sa;
        }
        IpAddr::V6(v6) => {
            let mut sa: SOCKADDR_IN6 = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
            sa.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
            sa.sin6_addr = IN6_ADDR {
                u: IN6_ADDR_0 { Byte: v6.octets() },
            };
            dst.Ipv6 = sa;
        }
    }
}

/// The unspecified address of `ip`'s family, used as the on-link route next hop.
fn unspecified_like(ip: IpAddr) -> IpAddr {
    match ip {
        IpAddr::V4(_) => IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::UNSPECIFIED),
        IpAddr::V6(_) => IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::UNSPECIFIED),
    }
}

/// Assign a unicast address to the interface. Replaces
/// `netsh interface ip set/add address`. An already-present identical address is
/// treated as success so reconciles are idempotent.
fn set_unicast_address(luid: u64, ip: IpAddr, prefix: u8) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    let mut row: MIB_UNICASTIPADDRESS_ROW = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
    unsafe { InitializeUnicastIpAddressEntry(&mut row) };
    row.InterfaceLuid.Value = luid;
    write_sockaddr_inet(&mut row.Address, ip);
    row.OnLinkPrefixLength = prefix;
    let code = unsafe { CreateUnicastIpAddressEntry(&row) };
    if code == NO_ERROR || code == ERROR_OBJECT_ALREADY_EXISTS {
        Ok(())
    } else {
        bail!("CreateUnicastIpAddressEntry({ip}/{prefix}) failed: 0x{code:08X}");
    }
}

/// Add an on-link route pointing our WinTUN interface. Replaces
/// `netsh interface ip add route`. `ERROR_OBJECT_ALREADY_EXISTS` (the exact route
/// is already present) is success. The `/1` splits are more specific than the
/// physical `/0`, so longest-prefix match captures traffic regardless of metric.
fn add_route(luid: u64, dest: IpAddr, prefix: u8) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    let mut row: MIB_IPFORWARD_ROW2 = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
    unsafe { InitializeIpForwardEntry(&mut row) };
    row.InterfaceLuid.Value = luid;
    write_sockaddr_inet(&mut row.DestinationPrefix.Prefix, dest);
    row.DestinationPrefix.PrefixLength = prefix;
    write_sockaddr_inet(&mut row.NextHop, unspecified_like(dest));
    let code = unsafe { CreateIpForwardEntry2(&row) };
    if code == NO_ERROR || code == ERROR_OBJECT_ALREADY_EXISTS {
        Ok(())
    } else {
        bail!("CreateIpForwardEntry2({dest}/{prefix}) failed: 0x{code:08X}");
    }
}

/// Delete one of our on-link routes. Replaces `netsh interface ip delete route`.
/// `ERROR_NOT_FOUND` (already gone) is success. The key is
/// (InterfaceLuid, DestinationPrefix, NextHop).
fn delete_route(luid: u64, dest: IpAddr, prefix: u8) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    let mut row: MIB_IPFORWARD_ROW2 = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
    row.InterfaceLuid.Value = luid;
    write_sockaddr_inet(&mut row.DestinationPrefix.Prefix, dest);
    row.DestinationPrefix.PrefixLength = prefix;
    write_sockaddr_inet(&mut row.NextHop, unspecified_like(dest));
    let code = unsafe { DeleteIpForwardEntry2(&row) };
    if code == NO_ERROR || code == ERROR_NOT_FOUND {
        Ok(())
    } else {
        bail!("DeleteIpForwardEntry2({dest}/{prefix}) failed: 0x{code:08X}");
    }
}

/// Interface index of the lowest-(route-)metric default route for `family`,
/// ignoring loopback. Replaces the `Get-NetRoute` PowerShell query. Our own
/// capture routes are `/1`, so the exact `/0` filter never selects them.
fn default_route_ifindex(family: ADDRESS_FAMILY) -> Option<u32> {
    let mut table: *mut MIB_IPFORWARD_TABLE2 = std::ptr::null_mut();
    let code = unsafe { GetIpForwardTable2(family, &mut table) };
    if code != NO_ERROR || table.is_null() {
        return None;
    }
    let mut best: Option<(u32, u32)> = None; // (route metric, interface index)
    unsafe {
        let count = (*table).NumEntries as usize;
        let rows = std::ptr::addr_of!((*table).Table) as *const MIB_IPFORWARD_ROW2;
        for i in 0..count {
            let row = &*rows.add(i);
            if row.DestinationPrefix.PrefixLength != 0 {
                continue; // not a default route
            }
            if row.DestinationPrefix.Prefix.si_family != family {
                continue;
            }
            if row.Loopback != 0 {
                continue;
            }
            if best.map(|(m, _)| row.Metric < m).unwrap_or(true) {
                best = Some((row.Metric, row.InterfaceIndex));
            }
        }
        FreeMibTable(table as *const c_void);
    }
    best.map(|(_, idx)| idx)
}

/// The DNS servers configured on the physical adapter(s) whose interface index is
/// in `indices` (the physical default-route interface we pin the engine to). Read
/// via `GetAdaptersAddresses`. We only ever change the *tun* adapter's DNS (the
/// sentinel), so the physical adapter still carries its real DHCP/ISP resolvers.
fn physical_dns_servers(indices: &[u32]) -> Vec<IpAddr> {
    let flags = GAA_FLAG_SKIP_UNICAST | GAA_FLAG_SKIP_ANYCAST | GAA_FLAG_SKIP_MULTICAST;
    let mut size: u32 = 16 * 1024;
    let mut buf: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
    let mut out: Vec<IpAddr> = Vec::new();
    // Size-probe / retry loop: GetAdaptersAddresses reports ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW
    // and updates `size` when the buffer is too small.
    for _ in 0..3 {
        buf.resize(size as usize, 0);
        let ret = unsafe {
            GetAdaptersAddresses(
                AF_UNSPEC as u32,
                flags,
                std::ptr::null(),
                buf.as_mut_ptr() as *mut IP_ADAPTER_ADDRESSES_LH,
                &mut size,
            )
        };
        if ret == ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW {
            continue;
        }
        if ret != ERROR_SUCCESS {
            return out;
        }
        let mut adapter = buf.as_ptr() as *const IP_ADAPTER_ADDRESSES_LH;
        while !adapter.is_null() {
            let a = unsafe { &*adapter };
            let if4 = unsafe { a.Anonymous1.Anonymous.IfIndex };
            if indices.contains(&if4) || indices.contains(&a.Ipv6IfIndex) {
                let mut dns = a.FirstDnsServerAddress;
                while !dns.is_null() {
                    let d = unsafe { &*dns };
                    if let Some(ip) = unsafe { sockaddr_to_ip(d.Address.lpSockaddr) }
                        && !out.contains(&ip)
                    {
                        out.push(ip);
                    }
                    dns = d.Next;
                }
            }
            adapter = a.Next;
        }
        return out;
    }
    out
}

/// Decode a Win32 `SOCKADDR` (v4 or v6) into an `IpAddr`.
unsafe fn sockaddr_to_ip(sa: *const SOCKADDR) -> Option<IpAddr> {
    if sa.is_null() {
        return None;
    }
    match unsafe { (*sa).sa_family } {
        AF_INET => {
            let sin = sa as *const SOCKADDR_IN;
            let bytes = unsafe { (*sin).sin_addr.S_un.S_addr }.to_ne_bytes();
            Some(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::from(bytes)))
        }
        AF_INET6 => {
            let sin6 = sa as *const SOCKADDR_IN6;
            let bytes = unsafe { (*sin6).sin6_addr.u.Byte };
            Some(IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::from(bytes)))
        }
        _ => None,
    }
}

/// The stdio packet pump bridging the WinTUN session and one engine child's
/// stdin/stdout (16-bit big-endian length framing, matching the engine's
/// `--stdio-vpn`). Dropping it stops both directions and joins the threads.
pub(super) struct Pump {
    session: Arc<Session>,
    stop: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    threads: Vec<JoinHandle<()>>,
}

impl Pump {
    pub(super) fn start(
        session: Arc<Session>,
        child_stdin: ChildStdin,
        child_stdout: ChildStdout,
    ) -> Pump {
        let stop = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let up = {
            let session = session.clone();
            let stop = stop.clone();
            std::thread::spawn(move || pump_up(session, child_stdin, stop))
        };
        let dn = {
            let session = session.clone();
            let stop = stop.clone();
            std::thread::spawn(move || pump_down(session, child_stdout, stop))
        };
        Pump {
            session,
            stop,
            threads: vec![up, dn],
        }
    }
}

impl Drop for Pump {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.stop.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
        // Unblock the up-thread parked in `receive_blocking`.
        let _ = self.session.shutdown();
        for handle in self.threads.drain(..) {
            let _ = handle.join();
        }
    }
}

/// WinTUN -> engine: read IP packets off the device, length-prefix them, write to
/// the child's stdin.
fn pump_up(session: Arc<Session>, mut child_stdin: ChildStdin, stop: Arc<AtomicBool>) {
    while !stop.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
        let packet = match session.receive_blocking() {
            Ok(p) => p,
            Err(_) => break,
        };
        let bytes = packet.bytes();
        let len = std::cmp::min(bytes.len(), u16::MAX as usize);
        if child_stdin.write_all(&(len as u16).to_be_bytes()).is_err()
            || child_stdin.write_all(&bytes[..len]).is_err()
            || child_stdin.flush().is_err()
        {
            break;
        }
    }
}

/// Engine -> WinTUN: read length-prefixed IP packets off the child's stdout and
/// inject them into the device.
fn pump_down(session: Arc<Session>, mut child_stdout: ChildStdout, stop: Arc<AtomicBool>) {
    let mut len_buf = [0u8; 2];
    while !stop.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
        if child_stdout.read_exact(&mut len_buf).is_err() {
            break;
        }
        let len = u16::from_be_bytes(len_buf) as usize;
        if len == 0 {
            continue;
        }
        let mut buf = vec![0u8; len];
        if child_stdout.read_exact(&mut buf).is_err() {
            break;
        }
        match session.allocate_send_packet(len as u16) {
            Ok(mut packet) => {
                packet.bytes_mut().copy_from_slice(&buf);
                session.send_packet(packet);
            }
            Err(_) => break,
        }
    }
}