fluor 0.0.2

First-principles GUI compositor library: center-origin RU coordinates, harmonic-mean span scaling, CPU softbuffer rendering, ARM-first.
Documentation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
//! Window chrome — minimal top-down rasterization. Each pixel in the chrome layer is written by exactly one site. No painter's algorithm anywhere.
//!
//! Currently scoped to **window perimeter hairline** with squircle corner AA. The chrome layer starts at the canonical empty value (`0x00000000` = α=0 transparent, darkness=0); this function paints only the hairline pixels. Everywhere else in the chrome layer stays transparent so panes / bg can pass through the chrome group's Stack composition. Buttons, glyphs, title text, hover overlay — all deferred to subsequent scaffold steps; reintroduce them only when each can be added without overwriting earlier writes within this same layer.
//!
//! Hit-test IDs and the `ResizeEdge` enum live here so the desktop host's mouse routing can reference them without depending on the (future, larger) controls implementation.
//!
//! The squircle crossings table is consumed but not computed here; the caller (chrome_widget) computes it once per resize and passes it in.
//!
//! All RGB values stored in the chrome layer are straight-α (the canonical buffer convention). The OS conversion layer at the present boundary handles platform-specific premultiplication.

use crate::coord::Coord;
use crate::host::icon::Icon;
use crate::math;
use crate::paint::Clip;
use crate::pixel::{Blend, BlendMode};
use crate::text::TextRenderer;
use crate::theme;

pub use crate::paint::{HIT_NONE, HitId};

/// Orb visual state. The app sets this to give the orb a meaning beyond window-focus (network indicator, recording badge, presence light). Layered defaults: `FollowFocus` means "ring matches the perimeter, image dims when the window is unfocused" with zero app code; `Custom` lets the app dictate ring colour + brightness regardless of window state.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum OrbTint {
    /// Default — ring colour equals the active perimeter colour and the orb image desaturates to 50 % grey when the window is unfocused. Window-state-as-orb-state, no app intervention.
    FollowFocus,
    /// App-driven override. `ring` paints the AA ring (already darkness-packed, e.g. a `theme::*` constant or `dark(fmt(0x00_FF_FF_FF))`). `brighten = true` applies photon's 3/2 lift to the icon image (online/active state), `false` leaves it as decoded.
    Custom { ring: u32, brighten: bool },
}

impl Default for OrbTint {
    fn default() -> Self {
        OrbTint::FollowFocus
    }
}

/// Resize-edge classification returned by [`get_resize_edge`].
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum ResizeEdge {
    None,
    Top,
    Bottom,
    Left,
    Right,
    TopLeft,
    TopRight,
    BottomLeft,
    BottomRight,
}

/// Classify a cursor position as one of nine resize zones (or None for the window interior). Geometry only — no rasterization. Edge band thickness derived from harmonic-mean span so the hit zone scales with viewport size.
pub fn get_resize_edge(window_width: u32, window_height: u32, x: Coord, y: Coord) -> ResizeEdge {
    let span = 2.0 * window_width as Coord * window_height as Coord
        / (window_width as Coord + window_height as Coord);
    let resize_border = math::ceil(span / 32.0);

    let at_left = x < resize_border;
    let at_right = x > (window_width as Coord - resize_border);
    let at_top = y < resize_border;
    let at_bottom = y > (window_height as Coord - resize_border);

    if at_top && at_left {
        ResizeEdge::TopLeft
    } else if at_top && at_right {
        ResizeEdge::TopRight
    } else if at_bottom && at_left {
        ResizeEdge::BottomLeft
    } else if at_bottom && at_right {
        ResizeEdge::BottomRight
    } else if at_top {
        ResizeEdge::Top
    } else if at_bottom {
        ResizeEdge::Bottom
    } else if at_left {
        ResizeEdge::Left
    } else if at_right {
        ResizeEdge::Right
    } else {
        ResizeEdge::None
    }
}

/// Rasterize the window-perimeter hairline into `pixels` (the chrome layer) AND the per-pixel window-shape `clip_mask`. Two outputs, single pass per crossing — the chrome layer carries opaque RGB only (no partial-t), and ALL partial-α information lives in the clip mask. The boundary's [`crate::paint::finalize_for_os`] multiplies the clip mask into each pixel's α before the OS sees it.
///
/// Pre-conditions: `pixels` already at the canonical empty value `0x00000000` (α=0 transparent, darkness=0 — calloc-free), `clip_mask` already at the host's default of `255` (fully visible window-interior assumption).
///
/// Topology: straight edges paint opaque RGB in non-corner ranges (`cap..(end-cap)`) and leave the clip mask alone (= 255, fully visible). Each crossing entry handles **one row** of the curve region for the four corners: zero out the cutout cols, write opaque hairline RGB at the curve's outer + inner pixel positions, and write `h_cov` / `l` into the clip mask at those same positions. Above-the-curve rows (`0..start`) and below-the-curve rows (`h-start..h`) are *entirely* cutout — the curve never enters them — so the full cap-width at those rows is zeroed in the clip mask.
///
/// Two-tone bevel (light from upper-left): top + left straight edges are light, bottom + right are shadow. TL and BR corners are uniform (both adjacent edges agree); TR and BL transition along the curve. The per-pixel colour test (`tr_colour`, `bl_colour`) is the same one we settled on previously — closer-to-light-edge wins.
///
/// `hit_test_map` is preserved as a parameter for forward compatibility with the controls scaffold step but is not modified here.
pub fn draw_window_edges_and_mask(
    pixels: &mut [u32],
    hit_test_map: &mut [HitId],
    clip_mask: &mut [u8],
    width: u32,
    height: u32,
    start: usize,
    crossings: &[(u16, u8, u8)],
    light: u32,
    shadow: u32,
) {
    let _ = hit_test_map;
    if width < 2 || height < 2 {
        return;
    }
    let w = width as usize;
    let h = height as usize;
    if start * 2 >= w || start * 2 >= h {
        return;
    }
    let count = crossings.len();
    let cap = start + count;
    if cap * 2 >= w || cap * 2 >= h {
        return;
    }

    // Straight edges — opaque chrome composed via Under. Clip mask along these edges stays at the host's 255 default (fully visible).
    for x in cap..(w - cap) {
        pixels[x] = pixels[x].under(light, BlendMode::Normal); // top row
        let idx = (h - 1) * w + x;
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(shadow, BlendMode::Normal); // bottom row
    }
    for y in cap..(h - cap) {
        let lidx = y * w;
        pixels[lidx] = pixels[lidx].under(light, BlendMode::Normal); // left col
        let ridx = y * w + (w - 1);
        pixels[ridx] = pixels[ridx].under(shadow, BlendMode::Normal); // right col
    }

    // Corner-of-corner cutout (start × start at each corner): the small outer square that the curve never reaches under any squircle parameter. The rest of the cap (the inner L-shape: rows 0..start × cols start..cap, and rows start..cap × cols 0..start) is handled per-pixel by the curve row-walks (zero c in 0..inset at row=start+i) and col-walks (zero r in 0..inset at col=start+i). Curve interior (rows start..cap × cols start..cap, inside the squircle) stays at the default 255.
    for r in 0..start {
        for c in 0..start {
            clip_mask[r * w + c] = 0;
        }
        for c in (w - start)..w {
            clip_mask[r * w + c] = 0;
        }
    }
    for r in (h - start)..h {
        for c in 0..start {
            clip_mask[r * w + c] = 0;
        }
        for c in (w - start)..w {
            clip_mask[r * w + c] = 0;
        }
    }

    let tr_colour =
        |row: usize, col: usize| -> u32 { if row < (w - 1 - col) { light } else { shadow } };
    let bl_colour =
        |row: usize, col: usize| -> u32 { if col < (h - 1 - row) { light } else { shadow } };

    // Curve rows AND curve cols: the squircle is symmetric under x↔y swap, so the same crossings table walks both axes. The row-walk handles the corner's near-vertical segment (one row, two-pixel hairline at the curve crossing); the col-walk handles the near-horizontal segment (one col, two-pixel hairline). Both walks together fully cover the corner — without the col-walk, the near-horizontal portion of the corner (where the curve travels many cols per row) shows visible gaps.
    for (i, &(inset_raw, l, h_cov)) in crossings.iter().enumerate() {
        let inset = inset_raw as usize;
        // Guard: in degenerate geometries the curve terminal can sit past the cap boundary. Skip those only. Letting `inset+1 == cap` through is required — that's the curve's natural last hairline pixel meeting the straight edge at the cap join.
        if inset >= cap {
            continue;
        }

        let row_top = start + i;
        let row_bot = h - 1 - start - i;
        let col_left = start + i;
        let col_right = w - 1 - start - i;

        // Two-sided AA convention. OUTER pixel = on the curve, partially outside the window: clip_mask = h_cov trims against the OS bg; chrome stays opaque (α=0xFF) because the entire inside-window portion IS hairline. INNER pixel = one step inside the curve: clip_mask = 255 (fully inside the window shape); chrome's α-byte carries the hairline-vs-bg AA, set to `inner_α = 255 − h_cov` so the Under blend mixes (255−h_cov)/256 of hairline colour over h_cov/256 of window bg. The `l` slot in each crossing entry is the linear-coverage counterpart of h_cov, retained for the outer-pixel chrome-α AA when we move from a 2-pixel hairline to a 1-pixel-with-halo hairline.
        let _ = l;
        let inner_alpha = ((255 - h_cov) as u32) << 24;
        let light_inner = (light & 0x00FFFFFF) | inner_alpha;
        let shadow_inner = (shadow & 0x00FFFFFF) | inner_alpha;

        // TL row-walk
        for c in 0..inset {
            clip_mask[row_top * w + c] = 0;
        }
        let idx = row_top * w + inset;
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(light, BlendMode::Normal);
        clip_mask[idx] = h_cov;
        let idx = row_top * w + inset + 1;
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(light_inner, BlendMode::Normal);
        clip_mask[idx] = 255;

        // TR row-walk
        for c in (w - inset)..w {
            clip_mask[row_top * w + c] = 0;
        }
        let tr_out_col = w - 1 - inset;
        let tr_in_col = w - 2 - inset;
        let idx = row_top * w + tr_out_col;
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(tr_colour(row_top, tr_out_col), BlendMode::Normal);
        clip_mask[idx] = h_cov;
        let idx = row_top * w + tr_in_col;
        let layer = (tr_colour(row_top, tr_in_col) & 0x00FFFFFF) | inner_alpha;
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(layer, BlendMode::Normal);
        clip_mask[idx] = 255;

        // BL row-walk
        for c in 0..inset {
            clip_mask[row_bot * w + c] = 0;
        }
        let idx = row_bot * w + inset;
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(bl_colour(row_bot, inset), BlendMode::Normal);
        clip_mask[idx] = h_cov;
        let idx = row_bot * w + inset + 1;
        let layer = (bl_colour(row_bot, inset + 1) & 0x00FFFFFF) | inner_alpha;
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(layer, BlendMode::Normal);
        clip_mask[idx] = 255;

        // BR row-walk
        for c in (w - inset)..w {
            clip_mask[row_bot * w + c] = 0;
        }
        let idx = row_bot * w + (w - 1 - inset);
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(shadow, BlendMode::Normal);
        clip_mask[idx] = h_cov;
        let idx = row_bot * w + (w - 2 - inset);
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(shadow_inner, BlendMode::Normal);
        clip_mask[idx] = 255;

        // TL col-walk (near-horizontal portion of TL corner).
        for r in 0..inset {
            clip_mask[r * w + col_left] = 0;
        }
        let idx = inset * w + col_left;
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(light, BlendMode::Normal);
        clip_mask[idx] = h_cov;
        let idx = (inset + 1) * w + col_left;
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(light_inner, BlendMode::Normal);
        clip_mask[idx] = 255;

        // TR col-walk.
        for r in 0..inset {
            clip_mask[r * w + col_right] = 0;
        }
        let idx = inset * w + col_right;
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(tr_colour(inset, col_right), BlendMode::Normal);
        clip_mask[idx] = h_cov;
        let idx = (inset + 1) * w + col_right;
        let layer = (tr_colour(inset + 1, col_right) & 0x00FFFFFF) | inner_alpha;
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(layer, BlendMode::Normal);
        clip_mask[idx] = 255;

        // BL col-walk.
        for r in (h - inset)..h {
            clip_mask[r * w + col_left] = 0;
        }
        let bl_out_row = h - 1 - inset;
        let bl_in_row = h - 2 - inset;
        let idx = bl_out_row * w + col_left;
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(bl_colour(bl_out_row, col_left), BlendMode::Normal);
        clip_mask[idx] = h_cov;
        let idx = bl_in_row * w + col_left;
        let layer = (bl_colour(bl_in_row, col_left) & 0x00FFFFFF) | inner_alpha;
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(layer, BlendMode::Normal);
        clip_mask[idx] = 255;

        // BR col-walk.
        for r in (h - inset)..h {
            clip_mask[r * w + col_right] = 0;
        }
        let idx = (h - 1 - inset) * w + col_right;
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(shadow, BlendMode::Normal);
        clip_mask[idx] = h_cov;
        let idx = (h - 2 - inset) * w + col_right;
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(shadow_inner, BlendMode::Normal);
        clip_mask[idx] = 255;
    }
}

/// Rasterize the window title text into the chrome layer, left-aligned in the area between the perimeter hairline (left edge) and the controls strip (right edge). Vertically centered in the strip-tall band. `left_extra` shifts the start position right to make room for the app-icon orb (pass `0` when no orb). `colour` is darkness-packed (typically `theme::TEXT_COLOUR` when focused, `theme::LABEL_COLOUR` when unfocused). Bails on empty title or impractically small `button_size` (below readability — the text wouldn't be legible anyway). Clip rect prevents the title from painting over the controls strip even at long titles or narrow windows. Font is "Open Sans" regular at `button_size * 0.55` — proportional to the rest of the chrome under the current zoom (since button_size is derived from `effective_span`).
pub fn draw_title_text(
    canvas: &mut crate::canvas::Canvas,
    title: &str,
    text_renderer: &mut TextRenderer,
    button_size: usize,
    strip_x: usize,
    left_extra: usize,
    colour: u32,
) {
    if title.is_empty() || button_size < 8 {
        return;
    }
    let left_margin = button_size / 2 + left_extra;
    let right_margin = button_size / 4;
    // strip_x = buf_w − strip_w can collapse to 0 on tiny viewports (buf_w ≤ strip_w). Without saturating_sub, `strip_x − right_margin` would underflow usize and wrap to ~usize::MAX, producing a clip rect that spans the whole row. saturating_sub returns 0, the `left_margin >= clip_x_end` check below catches it, and the function returns cleanly without drawing.
    let clip_x_end = strip_x.saturating_sub(right_margin);
    if left_margin >= clip_x_end {
        return;
    }
    let font_size = button_size as Coord * 0.55;
    let y_center = button_size as Coord * 0.5;
    let clip = Clip::new(left_margin, 0, clip_x_end, button_size);
    text_renderer.draw_text_left_u32(
        canvas,
        title,
        left_margin as f32,
        y_center,
        font_size,
        400,
        colour,
        "Open Sans",
        Some(clip),
        None,
        None,
    );
}

/// Rasterize the bottom status band: a thin strip at `height − band_h .. height` filled with `bg`, topped by a 1-px `hairline_colour` divider where the band meets the pane content. Optional left-aligned `text` paints in `text_colour` (Open Sans, font size = `band_h × 0.55`). The band is short — `band_h` is typically `button_size / 2` — so it reads as a secondary surface, distinct from the top controls strip.
///
/// The window perimeter's clip_mask carving handles the BL/BR squircle corners for free: chrome pixels in the corner cutout are written but masked off at the OS boundary, so the band's rectangular fill becomes a rounded bottom edge without per-pixel geometry here. Bails on `band_h == 0` or impractical `band_h` (>= height) so the rasterizer can be called unconditionally from a `chrome_widget` that always has a status field, with `band_h = 0` meaning "no status bar".
pub fn draw_status_bar(
    canvas: &mut crate::canvas::Canvas,
    band_h: usize,
    bg: u32,
    hairline_colour: u32,
    text: &str,
    text_renderer: &mut TextRenderer,
    text_colour: u32,
) {
    let width = canvas.width;
    let height = canvas.height;
    if band_h == 0 || band_h + 1 >= height || width == 0 {
        return;
    }
    let y_top = height - band_h;
    // Damage = full-width band [y_top, height).
    canvas.damage.add_bounds(0, y_top, width, height);
    let pixels: &mut [u32] = canvas.pixels;

    // Top hairline (1 px) — claims y_top across the full width. The squircle perimeter's clip_mask handles rounding at BL/BR.
    let hairline = 0xFF000000 | (hairline_colour & 0x00FFFFFF);
    let row_top = y_top * width;
    for x in 0..width {
        let idx = row_top + x;
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(hairline, BlendMode::Normal);
    }

    // BG fill — opaque pixels in (y_top, height). Front-to-back under-blend means earlier writers (perimeter hairline + corner curve pixels) keep their values; bg fills only the empty interior.
    let bg_opaque = 0xFF000000 | (bg & 0x00FFFFFF);
    for y in (y_top + 1)..height {
        let row_base = y * width;
        for x in 0..width {
            let idx = row_base + x;
            pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(bg_opaque, BlendMode::Normal);
        }
    }

    // Status text (optional). Horizontally centered in the band; vertically centered in the band's height. `band_h / 2` of side padding on both edges defines the clip so very long status strings don't bleed past the curves. Font size proportional to band height.
    if text.is_empty() {
        return;
    }
    let side_margin = band_h / 2;
    let clip_x_end = width.saturating_sub(side_margin);
    if side_margin >= clip_x_end {
        return;
    }
    let font_size = band_h as Coord * 0.55;
    let x_center = width as Coord * 0.5;
    let y_center = y_top as Coord + band_h as Coord * 0.5;
    let clip = Clip::new(side_margin, y_top, clip_x_end, height);
    text_renderer.draw_text_center_u32(
        canvas,
        text,
        x_center,
        y_center,
        font_size,
        400,
        text_colour,
        "Open Sans",
        Some(clip),
        None,
        None,
    );
}

/// Rasterize the top-left app-icon orb: a circular sample of `icon` clipped to `radius`, wrapped in an optional 1-px AA ring stroked in `ring_colour`. Topology mirrors [`draw_window_edges_and_mask`]'s two-sided AA: ring is 1px solid + 1px inner-AA + 1px outer-AA. `cx`/`cy` give the orb centre in pixel coords; `radius` is the icon sampling radius (ring extends outward from it). Without an `icon`, the interior fills with `ring_colour` (treated as a solid dark disk). Without a `ring_colour`, the orb is just the icon clipped to a circle (1-pixel outer-AA against the chrome).
///
/// Pixel sampling is nearest-neighbour from `icon`'s `width × height` source — the source is square in practice (`vsfimg` doesn't reshape) but the math doesn't assume that. Per-pixel cost is one map index + one `under` composite; total work is `O(diameter²)`, well under a millisecond at typical chrome sizes (~30–100 px orbs).
///
/// Hit-test: every pixel inside `r_outer²` (excluding the AA fringe) is tagged with `hit_id` so the host can route clicks to the chrome's app-icon widget. Decorative-only consumers can pass `None` for `hit_test_map` to skip the tag (in which case `hit_id` is ignored).
pub fn draw_app_icon(
    pixels: &mut [u32],
    hit_test_map: Option<&mut [HitId]>,
    hit_id: HitId,
    width: usize,
    height: usize,
    cx: isize,
    cy: isize,
    radius: isize,
    icon: Option<&Icon>,
    ring_colour: Option<u32>,
    darken: u8,
    brighten: bool,
) {
    let r = radius;
    if r < 2 {
        return;
    }
    // Stroke matches photon: `r / 16` with no floor. At small orbs (r < 16) this is 0 — the ring degrades to just the 1-px outer-AA edge instead of a forced 2-px band, so the orb stays proportional at chrome-button sizes.
    let stroke_width = r / 16;

    let r_inner = r - 1;
    let r_inner2 = r_inner * r_inner;
    let r_inner_inner = r - 2;
    let r_inner_inner2 = r_inner_inner * r_inner_inner;
    let r_outer = r + stroke_width;
    let r_outer2 = r_outer * r_outer;
    let r_outer_outer = r_outer + 1;
    let r_outer_outer2 = r_outer_outer * r_outer_outer;
    // diff_inner = r_inner² − r_inner_inner² = (r−1)² − (r−2)² = 2r − 3, which is ≥ 1 given the `r < 2` early return above. diff_outer = (r+sw+1)² − (r+sw)² = 2(r+sw) + 1 ≥ 5. Both are safe divisors; no max() guard needed.
    let diff_inner = r_inner2 - r_inner_inner2;
    let diff_outer = r_outer_outer2 - r_outer2;

    // BBox intersection with screen. WHY: caller can pass any (cx, cy) — orb may be partially or fully off-screen (e.g. scroll offsets in a future viewport). PROOF: clip the circle bounding box to `[0, width) × [0, height)`, returning early if the intersection is empty. PREVENTS: a negative isize converting to usize would wrap to a huge value and the iteration would index well past the buffer end (out-of-bounds → panic, or in release with overflow-checks=false → undefined behaviour).
    let max_r = if ring_colour.is_some() {
        r_outer_outer
    } else {
        r_inner
    };
    let y_min_i = (cy - max_r).max(0);
    let y_max_i = (cy + max_r + 1).min(height as isize);
    let x_min_i = (cx - max_r).max(0);
    let x_max_i = (cx + max_r + 1).min(width as isize);
    if y_max_i <= y_min_i || x_max_i <= x_min_i {
        return;
    }
    let (y_min, y_max, x_min, x_max) = (
        y_min_i as usize,
        y_max_i as usize,
        x_min_i as usize,
        x_max_i as usize,
    );

    let mut htm = hit_test_map;

    for y in y_min..y_max {
        let dy = y as isize - cy;
        let dy2 = dy * dy;
        for x in x_min..x_max {
            let dx = x as isize - cx;
            let dist2 = dx * dx + dy2;
            let idx = y * width + x;

            if let Some(map) = htm.as_mut() {
                if dist2 <= r_outer2 {
                    map[idx] = hit_id;
                }
            }

            if let Some(ring) = ring_colour {
                let ring_rgb = ring & 0x00FFFFFF;
                if dist2 <= r_inner_inner2 {
                    let top = sample_icon(icon, dx, dy, r, ring, darken, brighten);
                    pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(top, BlendMode::Normal);
                } else if dist2 < r_inner2 {
                    let icon_pixel = sample_icon(icon, dx, dy, r, ring, darken, brighten);
                    // dist2 ∈ (r_inner_inner², r_inner²) (strict on both sides). numerator < diff_inner, (numerator << 8) < diff_inner << 8, division < 256 — fits a u8 cleanly with no clamp.
                    let t = ((dist2 - r_inner_inner2) << 8) / diff_inner;
                    let mixed = mix_rgb(icon_pixel, 0xFF000000 | ring_rgb, t as u32);
                    pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(mixed, BlendMode::Normal);
                } else if dist2 <= r_outer2 {
                    pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(0xFF000000 | ring_rgb, BlendMode::Normal);
                } else if dist2 <= r_outer_outer2 {
                    // dist2 ∈ (r_outer², r_outer_outer²]. numerator ∈ [0, diff_outer), (numerator << 8) < diff_outer << 8, division < 256.
                    let edge_a = ((r_outer_outer2 - dist2) << 8) / diff_outer;
                    let top = ((edge_a as u32) << 24) | ring_rgb;
                    pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(top, BlendMode::Normal);
                }
            } else {
                if dist2 > r_inner2 {
                    continue;
                }
                if dist2 <= r_inner_inner2 {
                    let top = sample_icon(icon, dx, dy, r, 0, darken, brighten);
                    pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(top, BlendMode::Normal);
                } else {
                    let icon_pixel = sample_icon(icon, dx, dy, r, 0, darken, brighten);
                    // dist2 ∈ (r_inner_inner², r_inner²]. r_inner² − dist2 ∈ [0, diff_inner), so (numerator << 8)/diff_inner < 256 — fits u8 with no clamp.
                    let edge_a = ((r_inner2 - dist2) << 8) / diff_inner;
                    let top = ((edge_a as u32) << 24) | (icon_pixel & 0x00FFFFFF);
                    pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(top, BlendMode::Normal);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Nearest-neighbour fetch from `icon` for offset `(dx, dy)` from the orb centre, scaled to fit `radius`. Returns an opaque α + darkness pixel after applying `brighten` (photon's 3/2 visible-RGB lift) and `darken` (linear blend toward mid-grey: 0 = icon as-is, 255 = fully grey). Falls back to a solid `fallback_ring` (or dark grey) when no icon is present.
///
/// Precondition: caller only invokes this when `dx² + dy² ≤ r_inner² = (r−1)²`, so `|dx|, |dy| ≤ r−1` and `u = (dx+r+0.5)/(2r) ∈ (0, 1)` strictly — `sx = (u * img.width) as usize` is therefore `< img.width`. Violating that precondition panics on the index (fail loud).
fn sample_icon(
    icon: Option<&Icon>,
    dx: isize,
    dy: isize,
    radius: isize,
    fallback_ring: u32,
    darken: u8,
    brighten: bool,
) -> u32 {
    let raw = if let Some(img) = icon {
        let diameter = (radius * 2) as f32;
        let u = ((dx + radius) as f32 + 0.5) / diameter;
        let v = ((dy + radius) as f32 + 0.5) / diameter;
        let sx = (u * img.width as f32) as usize;
        let sy = (v * img.height as f32) as usize;
        img.pixels[sy * img.width as usize + sx]
    } else if fallback_ring != 0 {
        0xFF000000 | (fallback_ring & 0x00FFFFFF)
    } else {
        0xFF7F7F7F
    };
    modulate_icon_pixel(raw, darken, brighten)
}

/// Apply photon-style brighten (visible_RGB × 3/2 saturating) and a linear-blend-toward-mid-grey darken in one pass. α byte is preserved (always opaque for icon pixels).
///
/// In α + darkness terms: brighten visible_R = `min(255, vR × 3/2)` becomes `dR_new = dR.saturating_sub((255 − dR) / 2)`. saturating_sub kept because brightening already-dark pixels (`dR < 85`) would wrap u32 below zero without it — clamping at 0 is the correct "can't brighten past full visible" outcome.
fn modulate_icon_pixel(pixel: u32, darken: u8, brighten: bool) -> u32 {
    let mut dr = (pixel >> 16) & 0xFF;
    let mut dg = (pixel >> 8) & 0xFF;
    let mut db = pixel & 0xFF;

    if brighten {
        dr = dr.saturating_sub((255 - dr) / 2);
        dg = dg.saturating_sub((255 - dg) / 2);
        db = db.saturating_sub((255 - db) / 2);
    }

    if darken > 0 {
        let f = darken as u32;
        let inv = 255 - f;
        // Mid-grey in darkness space (= mid-grey in visible space, since 0x80 ≈ 255 − 0x7F). Linear lerp on each darkness channel toward this neutral.
        let grey = 0x80u32;
        dr = (dr * inv + grey * f) / 255;
        dg = (dg * inv + grey * f) / 255;
        db = (db * inv + grey * f) / 255;
    }

    (pixel & 0xFF000000) | (dr << 16) | (dg << 8) | db
}

/// Per-channel linear interpolation in darkness space: `t = 0` returns `a`, `t = 255` returns `b`. Keeps the α byte from `a`. Used for blending the icon with the ring across the inner-AA edge.
fn mix_rgb(a: u32, b: u32, t: u32) -> u32 {
    let inv = 256 - t;
    let alpha = a & 0xFF000000;
    let ar = (a >> 16) & 0xFF;
    let ag = (a >> 8) & 0xFF;
    let ab = a & 0xFF;
    let br = (b >> 16) & 0xFF;
    let bg = (b >> 8) & 0xFF;
    let bb = b & 0xFF;
    let r = (ar * inv + br * t) >> 8;
    let g = (ag * inv + bg * t) >> 8;
    let bch = (ab * inv + bb * t) >> 8;
    alpha | (r << 16) | (g << 8) | bch
}

/// Strip geometry consumed by the three `draw_strip_*` functions. Returns `None` if the strip can't fit in the viewport.
fn strip_layout(
    width: u32,
    height: u32,
    button_size: usize,
) -> Option<(usize, usize, usize, usize, usize, usize)> {
    if width < 2 || height < 2 {
        return None;
    }
    let w = width as usize;
    let h = height as usize;
    let strip_w = button_size * 7 / 2;
    // Strip can't render larger than the window — geometric, not pixel-arbitrary.
    if strip_w >= w || button_size >= h {
        return None;
    }
    let strip_x = w - strip_w;
    let button_area_offset = button_size / 4;
    // saturating_sub keeps button_size=0 from underflowing; all the `for ... in 0..button_size` loops fall through naturally with empty range.
    let last_row = button_size.saturating_sub(1);
    Some((w, strip_w, strip_x, button_area_offset, last_row, h))
}

/// Per-row directional fill. For each row in `[row_start, row_end)`, anchor at `start_col` (typically one pixel past the inner divider — i.e. just inside the slot) and walk in the direction given by `scan_right` until hitting a wall or peaking past one. Stamps `hit_id` at each accepted pixel.
///
/// Stop conditions per step: static wall (`chrome α == 0xFF` OR `clip_mask < 128`), or peak-descent (`current α < prev α`, single check). Since `start_col` is positioned one pixel inside the divider on the inner side, the scan goes **outward** across the slot toward the curve / silhouette / strip edge on the far side — no inward scan is needed because the divider itself is the inner boundary and we start past it.
///
/// CRITICAL ordering: called AFTER hairlines + curves are painted, BEFORE symbols + bg fill paint — symbol and bg pixels are opaque and would be misread as walls, collapsing the scan immediately.
pub fn paint_button_hit_row_scan(
    chrome_buf: &[u32],
    clip_mask: &[u8],
    hit_test_map: &mut [HitId],
    width: usize,
    start_col: usize,
    scan_right: bool,
    hit_id: HitId,
    row_start: usize,
    row_end: usize,
    bound_x_min: usize,
    bound_x_max: usize,
) {
    if row_start >= row_end || width == 0 || start_col < bound_x_min || start_col >= bound_x_max {
        return;
    }
    let static_wall =
        |idx: usize| -> bool { (chrome_buf[idx] >> 24) == 0xFF || clip_mask[idx] < 128 };
    for row in row_start..row_end {
        let row_base = row * width;
        let start_idx = row_base + start_col;
        if static_wall(start_idx) {
            continue;
        }
        hit_test_map[start_idx] = hit_id;
        let mut prev_a = (chrome_buf[start_idx] >> 24) & 0xFF;
        if scan_right {
            let mut col = start_col + 1;
            while col < bound_x_max {
                let idx = row_base + col;
                if static_wall(idx) {
                    break;
                }
                let a = (chrome_buf[idx] >> 24) & 0xFF;
                if a < prev_a {
                    break;
                }
                hit_test_map[idx] = hit_id;
                prev_a = a;
                col += 1;
            }
        } else {
            let mut col = start_col;
            while col > bound_x_min {
                col -= 1;
                let idx = row_base + col;
                if static_wall(idx) {
                    break;
                }
                let a = (chrome_buf[idx] >> 24) & 0xFF;
                if a < prev_a {
                    break;
                }
                hit_test_map[idx] = hit_id;
                prev_a = a;
            }
        }
    }
}

/// **Step 2** in the chrome rasterizer (after window perimeter). Paint the BL squircle hairline of the controls strip — row-walk (the curve's near-vertical leg) and col-walk (the near-horizontal leg). Uses [`paint_if_empty`] so writes from the window perimeter are not overwritten. Each curve pixel gets at most ONE writer (this function or the perimeter, whichever ran first).
pub fn draw_strip_curves(
    pixels: &mut [u32],
    hit_test_map: &mut [HitId],
    width: u32,
    height: u32,
    button_size: usize,
    start: usize,
    crossings: &[(u16, u8, u8)],
    edge_vert: u32,
    edge_horiz: u32,
) {
    let Some((w, strip_w, strip_x, button_area_offset, last_row, _h)) =
        strip_layout(width, height, button_size)
    else {
        return;
    };
    if start >= button_size {
        return;
    }
    // Hairline geometry: a 1-pixel line extending inward from the curve into the strip body.
    //   Outer pixel coverage = 1 − fract → α = l (sqrt-gamma'd, stored directly).
    //   Inner pixel coverage = fract → α = h_cov (stored directly).
    // Under composition handles the actual blending with whatever bg is below the chrome layer.
    //
    // Two colours: row-walk paints pixels along the curve's *vertical* face (extends UP the strip's left edge — continues the left-of-window light bevel), col-walk paints along the curve's *horizontal* face (extends RIGHT along the strip's bottom — continues the bottom-of-window shadow bevel). Same shape, two colours because two edges meet at this corner.

    // Row-walk — vertical face → light edge.
    for (i, &(inset_raw, h_cov, l)) in crossings.iter().enumerate() {
        let dy = start + i;
        if dy >= button_size {
            break;
        }
        let inset = inset_raw as usize;
        if inset >= strip_w {
            continue;
        }
        let py = last_row - dy;
        // α-conv: opacity α=l for the outer pixel (=255−old_t where old_t=255−l).
        let outer_v = (edge_vert & 0x00FFFFFF) | ((l as u32) << 24);
        let outer_idx = py * w + strip_x + inset;
        pixels[outer_idx] = pixels[outer_idx].under(outer_v, BlendMode::Normal);
        if inset + 1 < strip_w {
            let inner_v = (edge_vert & 0x00FFFFFF) | ((h_cov as u32) << 24);
            let inner_idx = py * w + strip_x + inset + 1;
            pixels[inner_idx] = pixels[inner_idx].under(inner_v, BlendMode::Normal);
        }
    }

    // Col-walk — horizontal face → shadow edge.
    for (i, &(inset_raw, h_cov, l)) in crossings.iter().enumerate() {
        let dx = start + i;
        if dx >= strip_w {
            break;
        }
        let inset = inset_raw as usize;
        if inset >= button_size {
            continue;
        }
        let outer_py = last_row - inset;
        let outer_v = (edge_horiz & 0x00FFFFFF) | ((l as u32) << 24);
        let outer_idx = outer_py * w + strip_x + dx;
        pixels[outer_idx] = pixels[outer_idx].under(outer_v, BlendMode::Normal);
        if inset + 1 < button_size {
            let inner_v = (edge_horiz & 0x00FFFFFF) | ((h_cov as u32) << 24);
            let inner_py = last_row - (inset + 1);
            let inner_idx = inner_py * w + strip_x + dx;
            pixels[inner_idx] = pixels[inner_idx].under(inner_v, BlendMode::Normal);
        }
    }
    let _ = (hit_test_map, button_area_offset);
}

/// **Step 3** in the chrome rasterizer. Vertical divider hairlines between min/max and max/close buttons, plus the linear bottom hairline (only relevant when the BL curve doesn't fit). Uses [`paint_if_empty`].
pub fn draw_strip_hairlines(
    pixels: &mut [u32],
    width: u32,
    height: u32,
    button_size: usize,
    start: usize,
    crossings: &[(u16, u8, u8)],
    edge: u32,
) {
    let Some((w, _strip_w, strip_x, button_area_offset, last_row, _h)) =
        strip_layout(width, height, button_size)
    else {
        return;
    };
    let div1 = button_area_offset + button_size;
    let div2 = button_area_offset + 2 * button_size;
    let cap = start + crossings.len();
    let curve_active = start < button_size;

    // Vertical dividers — full height of the strip.
    for py in 0..button_size {
        let row_base = py * w;
        let idx = row_base + strip_x + div1;
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(edge, BlendMode::Normal);
        let idx = row_base + strip_x + div2;
        pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(edge, BlendMode::Normal);
    }

    // Bottom hairline. When the BL curve is active and cap ≫ strip_w (the typical case), the col-walk's `inset=0` outer pixels already form the visible bottom hairline; this loop only paints the fallback rectangular case (no curve) or the linear region beyond cap.
    let bottom_row = last_row * w;
    for px in strip_x..w {
        let dx = px - strip_x;
        if !curve_active || dx >= cap {
            pixels[bottom_row + px] = pixels[bottom_row + px].under(edge, BlendMode::Normal);
        }
    }
}

/// **Step 6** (last). Strip background fill. For every pixel in the strip's geometric interior (= NOT in the BL cutout, NOT the curve's outer pixel), compose `WINDOW_CONTROLS_BG` under via `paint_if_empty`. Empty pixels get filled with strip bg directly; partial-opacity pixels (curve inner, glyph AA) compose strip bg underneath, darkening them toward strip bg — making the chrome layer fully opaque in the strip area.
///
/// The curve's OUTER pixel is explicitly skipped because geometrically it sits on the strip's boundary; its "behind" is the bg-layer (panes), not strip bg. Leaving it partial preserves the correct visible-over-panes composite at the Stack step.
pub fn draw_strip_bg(
    pixels: &mut [u32],
    hit_test_map: &mut [HitId],
    width: u32,
    height: u32,
    button_size: usize,
    start: usize,
    crossings: &[(u16, u8, u8)],
) {
    // hit_test_map is no longer written here — population happens via per-button directional row scans (`paint_button_hit_row_scan`) BEFORE this bg pass runs, using the chrome buffer's post-hairlines/post-curves state as the wall geometry. Param retained for caller-signature stability.
    let _ = hit_test_map;
    let Some((w, _strip_w, strip_x, _button_area_offset, last_row, _h)) =
        strip_layout(width, height, button_size)
    else {
        return;
    };
    let bg = theme::WINDOW_CONTROLS_BG;
    let curve_active = start < button_size;
    let cap = start + crossings.len();

    let in_strip_interior = |dx: usize, dy: usize| -> bool {
        if !curve_active {
            return true;
        }
        if dy >= cap || dx >= cap {
            return true;
        }
        // Corner-of-corner cutout — always outside.
        if dy < start && dx < start {
            return false;
        }
        // Curve row: outer at dx = inset. Inside iff dx > inset.
        if dy >= start {
            let inset = crossings[dy - start].0 as usize;
            return dx > inset;
        }
        // Curve col (dy < start, dx >= start): outer at dy = inset.
        let inset = crossings[dx - start].0 as usize;
        dy > inset
    };

    for py in 0..button_size {
        let dy = last_row - py;
        let row_base = py * w;
        for px in strip_x..w {
            let dx = px - strip_x;
            if !in_strip_interior(dx, dy) {
                continue;
            }
            let idx = row_base + px;
            pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(bg, BlendMode::Normal);
        }
    }
}

/// Rasterize the minimize glyph (a small horizontal squircle dash) centered at `(cx, cy)` with radius `r`. Top-down per-pixel: each pixel inside the squircle footprint computes its coverage and writes either the solid `stroke` colour or a `stroke`-blended-with-`bg` colour. The chrome layer is opaque at the button bg before this call; this function only overwrites pixels INSIDE the glyph footprint.
pub fn draw_minimize_symbol(
    pixels: &mut [u32],
    width: usize,
    height: usize,
    cx: usize,
    cy: usize,
    r: usize,
    stroke: u32,
    bg: u32,
) {
    let _ = bg;
    let r = r + 1;
    let r_render = r / 4 + 1;
    let r2 = r_render * r_render;
    let r4 = r2 * r2;
    let r3 = r_render * r_render * r_render;

    for h in -(r_render as isize)..=(r_render as isize) {
        for ww in -(r as isize)..=(r as isize) {
            let h2 = h * h;
            let h4 = h2 * h2;
            let a = (ww.abs() - (r * 3 / 4) as isize).max(0);
            let w2 = a * a;
            let w4 = w2 * w2;
            let dist4 = (h4 + w4) as usize;
            if dist4 > r4 {
                continue;
            }
            let px = cx as isize + ww;
            let py = cy as isize + h + (r / 2) as isize;
            if px < 0 || py < 0 || (px as usize) >= width || (py as usize) >= height {
                continue;
            }
            let idx = (py as usize) * width + (px as usize);
            let gradient = ((r4 - dist4) << 8) / (r3 << 2);
            // AA via α-byte: opacity = gradient/256 (clamped to 255 = fully opaque).
            let opacity = gradient.min(256) as u32;
            if opacity == 0 {
                continue;
            }
            let chrome_alpha = opacity.min(255);
            let value = (stroke & 0x00FFFFFF) | (chrome_alpha << 24);
            pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(value, BlendMode::Normal);
        }
    }
}

/// Rasterize the maximize glyph (a squircle ring — outer stroke, inner fill) centered at `(cx, cy)`. Top-down per-pixel inside the outer squircle footprint.
pub fn draw_maximize_symbol(
    pixels: &mut [u32],
    width: usize,
    height: usize,
    cx: usize,
    cy: usize,
    r: usize,
    stroke: u32,
    fill: u32,
    bg: u32,
) {
    let r = r + 1;
    let mut r4 = r * r;
    r4 *= r4;
    let r3 = r * r * r;
    // `.max(1)` guards the degenerate r=0 case (very small button_size). Without it, r_inner3 would be 0 and `inner_thresh` would divide-by-zero in the gradient calc below.
    let r_inner = (r * 4 / 5).max(1);
    let mut r_inner4 = r_inner * r_inner;
    r_inner4 *= r_inner4;
    let r_inner3 = r_inner * r_inner * r_inner;
    let outer_thresh = (r3 << 2).max(1);
    let inner_thresh = (r_inner3 << 2).max(1);
    let stroke_rgb = (
        ((stroke >> 16) & 0xFF) as u32,
        ((stroke >> 8) & 0xFF) as u32,
        (stroke & 0xFF) as u32,
    );
    let fill_rgb = (
        ((fill >> 16) & 0xFF) as u32,
        ((fill >> 8) & 0xFF) as u32,
        (fill & 0xFF) as u32,
    );
    let _ = bg;

    for h in -(r as isize)..=(r as isize) {
        for ww in -(r as isize)..=(r as isize) {
            let h2 = h * h;
            let h4 = h2 * h2;
            let w2 = ww * ww;
            let w4 = w2 * w2;
            let dist4 = (h4 + w4) as usize;
            if dist4 > r4 {
                continue;
            }
            let px = cx as isize + ww;
            let py = cy as isize + h;
            if px < 0 || py < 0 || (px as usize) >= width || (py as usize) >= height {
                continue;
            }
            let idx = (py as usize) * width + (px as usize);

            let value = if dist4 <= r_inner4 {
                // INSIDE inner squircle = fill region. Inner edge (stroke ↔ fill) is between two known glyph colours, so pre-blending is correct here (both colours are deterministic, no bg layer involvement). Both `stroke` and `fill` are stored in darkness (theme constants); linear interpolation in darkness space = linear interpolation in visible space, so the formula is identical to the visible-space version. Theme constants are α=0xFF (opaque) by default.
                let dist_from_inner = r_inner4 - dist4;
                if dist_from_inner <= inner_thresh {
                    let gradient = (dist_from_inner << 8) / inner_thresh;
                    let alpha = gradient as u32;
                    let inv = 256 - alpha;
                    let r_blend = (stroke_rgb.0 * inv + fill_rgb.0 * alpha) >> 8;
                    let g_blend = (stroke_rgb.1 * inv + fill_rgb.1 * alpha) >> 8;
                    let b_blend = (stroke_rgb.2 * inv + fill_rgb.2 * alpha) >> 8;
                    0xFF000000 | (r_blend << 16) | (g_blend << 8) | b_blend
                } else {
                    fill
                }
            } else {
                // RING region (between inner and outer). Outer edge AA against the bg layer goes via the chrome α-byte — strip the theme const's default α=0xFF and replace with the AA-modulated value.
                let dist_from_outer = r4 - dist4;
                if dist_from_outer <= outer_thresh {
                    let gradient = (dist_from_outer << 8) / outer_thresh;
                    let opacity = gradient.min(256) as u32;
                    if opacity == 0 {
                        continue;
                    }
                    let chrome_alpha = opacity.min(255);
                    (stroke & 0x00FFFFFF) | (chrome_alpha << 24)
                } else {
                    stroke
                }
            };
            pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(value, BlendMode::Normal);
        }
    }
}

/// Distance from `(px, py)` to the capsule (rounded-line) `[(x1,y1)..(x2,y2)]` with radius `rad`. Negative inside, positive outside. Used by [`draw_close_symbol`] to rasterize the two diagonals.
fn distance_to_capsule(px: f32, py: f32, x1: f32, y1: f32, x2: f32, y2: f32, rad: f32) -> f32 {
    let dx = x2 - x1;
    let dy = y2 - y1;
    let len_sq = dx * dx + dy * dy;
    let t = if len_sq > 0.0 {
        let raw = ((px - x1) * dx + (py - y1) * dy) / len_sq;
        if raw < 0.0 {
            0.0
        } else if raw > 1.0 {
            1.0
        } else {
            raw
        }
    } else {
        0.0
    };
    let cx = x1 + t * dx;
    let cy = y1 + t * dy;
    let ddx = px - cx;
    let ddy = py - cy;
    math::sqrt(ddx * ddx + ddy * ddy) - rad
}

/// Rasterize the close glyph (an X made of two diagonal capsules) centered at `(cx, cy)` with arm half-length `r`. Top-down per-pixel inside the X's bounding box.
pub fn draw_close_symbol(
    pixels: &mut [u32],
    width: usize,
    height: usize,
    cx: usize,
    cy: usize,
    r: usize,
    stroke: u32,
    bg: u32,
) {
    let r = r + 1;
    let thickness = ((r / 3).max(1)) as f32;
    let radius = thickness * 0.5;
    let end = (r * 2) as f32 / 3.0;
    let cxf = cx as f32;
    let cyf = cy as f32;
    let x1s = cxf - end;
    let y1s = cyf - end;
    let x1e = cxf + end;
    let y1e = cyf + end;
    let x2s = cxf + end;
    let y2s = cyf - end;
    let x2e = cxf - end;
    let y2e = cyf + end;
    let stroke_rgb = (
        ((stroke >> 16) & 0xFF) as u32,
        ((stroke >> 8) & 0xFF) as u32,
        (stroke & 0xFF) as u32,
    );
    let _ = bg;
    let _ = stroke_rgb;

    let min_x = cx.saturating_sub(r);
    let max_x = (cx + r).min(width);
    let min_y = cy.saturating_sub(r);
    let max_y = (cy + r).min(height);

    for py in min_y..max_y {
        for px in min_x..max_x {
            let pxf = px as f32 + 0.5;
            let pyf = py as f32 + 0.5;
            // Choose the diagonal whose orientation matches this quadrant.
            let use_d1 = (px >= cx && py >= cy) || (px < cx && py < cy);
            let dist = if use_d1 {
                distance_to_capsule(pxf, pyf, x1s, y1s, x1e, y1e, radius)
            } else {
                distance_to_capsule(pxf, pyf, x2s, y2s, x2e, y2e, radius)
            };
            let alpha_f = if dist < -0.5 {
                1.0
            } else if dist < 0.5 {
                0.5 - dist
            } else {
                0.0
            };
            if alpha_f <= 0.0 {
                continue;
            }
            let idx = py * width + px;
            // AA via α-byte: opacity = alpha_f (clamped to 1.0 = fully opaque).
            let opacity = (alpha_f * 256.0).min(256.0) as u32;
            if opacity == 0 {
                continue;
            }
            let chrome_alpha = opacity.min(255);
            let value = (stroke & 0x00FFFFFF) | (chrome_alpha << 24);
            pixels[idx] = pixels[idx].under(value, BlendMode::Normal);
        }
    }
}