FHIR for Rust

A Rust implementation of the HL7 FHIR® data model, plus a code generator that produces it from the official FHIR specification JSON files. Three releases are modelled: R5 (5.0.0), R4 (4.0.1), and R3 (3.0.2, STU3).

Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR, pronounced "fire") is the HL7 standard for exchanging electronic health records. This crate lets you build, parse, validate, and round-trip FHIR resources in idiomatic Rust with serde.

Status: stable (1.0). All three data models (resources, datatypes, primitives, code systems, validation) are implemented and green, and the API follows semantic versioning.

FHIR® is a registered trademark of Health Level Seven International. This crate is not affiliated with or endorsed by HL7.

Features

Per release, under fhir::r5, fhir::r4 and fhir::r3:

• Every resource (Patient, Observation, Encounter, …) as a Rust struct, round-tripping to and from canonical FHIR JSON via serde — 158 in R5, 146 in R4, 117 in R3.
• Every complex datatype (Period, HumanName, CodeableConcept, …) and every primitive newtype (Code, Id, DateTime, …), serializing transparently.
• 400+ code systems as type-safe enums that serialize to their canonical FHIR code strings.
• A polymorphic Resource enum, tagged by resourceType, for reading a resource whose type you do not know ahead of time.
• Lightweight validation via a Validate trait and #[derive(Validate)] that walks every field recursively.
• Builders, a prelude, extension helpers, Bundle utilities, and summary serialization.
• Optional async REST client (client) and FHIR XML (xml).

And a code generator that reads the bundled specification JSON for a release and emits that release's Rust model.

Installation

Each release is a complete model of ~135,000 lines of Rust, so they are cargo features: you compile only what you use. r5 is on by default.

[dependencies]
# R5 only (the default)
fhir = "2"

# R5 plus older releases
# fhir = { version = "2", features = ["r4"] }
# fhir = { version = "2", features = ["r3", "r4"] }

# One older release on its own — R3, R4 and R5 never both compile unless asked
# fhir = { version = "2", default-features = false, features = ["r4"] }
# fhir = { version = "2", default-features = false, features = ["r3"] }

# Optional capabilities
# fhir = { version = "2", features = ["xml", "client"] }

serde_json = "1" # or any other serde data format

R6 is in ballot, not final. Its model is generated from a draft that can still change, so it is unpublished, off by default, and outside this crate's semver promise. Release::VERSION reports 6.0.0-ballot3 — the identifier the specification gives itself — because that string reaches CapabilityStatement.fhirVersion.

Choosing a release

An R3 Patient, an R4 Patient and an R5 Patient are different Rust types, on purpose. The releases genuinely disagree, and not merely by growing:

• Observation.value[x] admits eleven types in R3 and eleven in R4 — but not the same eleven. R3 allows Attachment and not integer; R4 reversed both; R5 allows all of them plus Reference.
• A resource's id is typed id in R3 and string in R4/R5. Extension.url is a uri in R3 and a string afterwards.
• MedicationRequest.medication[x] is a choice element in R4 but a CodeableReference in R5.
• R3 has no canonical or url primitive; R4 has no integer64, CodeableReference, or RatioRange.

A single type standing for all of them would either accept data that is invalid in every release or silently drop data that is valid in one.

The two modules are otherwise identical in shape, so porting code between releases is a matter of changing one path segment:

use fhir::r4::resources::Patient;   // instead of fhir::r5::resources::Patient
use fhir::r4::codes::AdministrativeGender;

use fhir::r3::resources::Patient;   // …or fhir::r3
use fhir::r3::codes::AdministrativeGender;

To move data between releases, go through JSON and decide explicitly what to do with whatever does not carry over — serde will tell you what the target release will not accept, rather than discarding it:

let json = serde_json::to_value(&r4_patient)?;
let r5_patient: fhir::r5::resources::Patient = serde_json::from_value(json)?;

See the r4_and_r5_side_by_side example for a worked version.

What the releases share lives at the crate root and is re-exported by each, so fhir::r3::validate::Validate, fhir::r4::validate::Validate and fhir::r5::validate::Validate are all the same trait: validation, Coded<E>, builders, the element metadata table, date/time parsing, and the REST client.

Quick start

Build a Patient, serialize to canonical FHIR JSON, and parse it back:

use fhir::r5::resources::Patient;
use fhir::r5::coded::Coded;
use fhir::r5::codes::AdministrativeGender;
use fhir::r5::types::{Boolean, HumanName, String as FhirString};

let patient = Patient {
    id: Some(FhirString("pat-1".to_string())),
    active: Some(Boolean(true)),
    gender: Some(Coded::Known(AdministrativeGender::Male)),
    name: vec![HumanName {
        family: Some(FhirString("Chalmers".to_string())),
        given: vec![FhirString("Peter".to_string())],
        ..Default::default()
    }],
    ..Default::default()
};

let json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&patient).unwrap();
let parsed: Patient = serde_json::from_str(&json).unwrap();
assert_eq!(parsed, patient);

How the model maps to Rust

Everything derives serde::Serialize and serde::Deserialize, so you work through serde_json (or any serde format).

• Primitives are transparent newtypes. Code("final") serializes to the JSON string "final" — no wrapper object. (integer64 is the FHIR-mandated exception: it serializes as a JSON string.)

• Element cardinality maps directly:

  FHIR cardinality	Rust type
  0..1	Option<T>
  1..1	T
  0..*	Vec<T>
  1..*	Vec1<T>

• value[x] choice elements are one generated enum per element (e.g. Observation.value is Option<ObservationValue> with a variant per allowed type), so exactly one type is set at compile time.

• Required-binding coded fields are their codes:: enum wrapped in Coded<E> (a Known(E) | Unknown(String) fallback for wire compatibility).

• Builders: Type::builder()…build() enforces required 1..1 fields; a fhir::prelude re-exports the common items.

• Nested backbone elements become nested structs named <Parent><Field> (e.g. PatientContact, BundleEntry).

• Unset optional fields are omitted from the JSON (skip_serializing_none).

Validation

Validate reports every problem as a ValidationIssue { path, message }. Primitive types check their FHIR regex constraints; #[derive(Validate)] makes complex types and resources validate recursively, prefixing each nested issue's path with the field name.

use fhir::r5::types::Id;
use fhir::r5::validate::Validate;

assert!(Id("patient-1".to_string()).is_valid());
assert!(!Id("has spaces".to_string()).is_valid());

What validation does not cover

"Validation" here means structural validation — element existence, types, cardinality, primitive lexical rules, choice exclusivity, required bindings — plus three FHIR invariants (ext-1, dom-2, dom-4) of the 314 that R5 states. It does not check:

• FHIRPath invariants — the remaining 311 keys, including ele-1, need a FHIRPath evaluator (see spec/10-invariants-coverage.md, which enumerates every unenforced rule rather than leaving it implicit).
• Profile conformance — US Core, IPS, or any implementation guide.
• Terminology — that a code is a member of a value set, beyond the required-binding enums the model generates.
• Reference resolution — that a Reference points at anything.

A resource this crate calls valid may still be rejected by a conformant FHIR server. Use a validating server or a terminology service where those checks matter.

Code systems

use fhir::r5::codes::AdministrativeGender;

let gender = AdministrativeGender::Female;
assert_eq!(serde_json::to_value(&gender).unwrap(), "female");

Reading a resource of unknown type

use fhir::r5::resources::Resource;

let json = serde_json::json!({ "resourceType": "Patient", "id": "pat-1" });
match serde_json::from_value(json).unwrap() {
    Resource::Patient(patient) => assert_eq!(patient.id.unwrap().0, "pat-1"),
    _ => unreachable!(),
}

Runnable examples

Programs in the examples/ directory demonstrate common tasks:

cargo run --example tutorial           # the guide's end-to-end walkthrough
cargo run --example build_patient      # build a resource and print its JSON
cargo run --example validate_resource  # recursive validation and issue paths
cargo run --example read_bundle        # dispatch on each entry's resourceType
cargo run --example code_systems       # code-system enums
cargo run --example primitive_extensions  # _field primitive extensions
cargo run --example operation_outcome     # validation → OperationOutcome
cargo run --example extensions            # ExtensionExt: get/set extensions
cargo run --example transaction_bundle    # build/read a transaction Bundle
cargo run --example client_crud --features client  # REST CRUD vs HAPI

cargo run --example r4_patient --features r4              # the same, in R4
cargo run --example r3_patient --features r3              # the same, in R3
cargo run --example r4_and_r5_side_by_side --features "r4 r5"  # two at once

The R5 examples all work for R4 or R3 by changing r5 in the imports.

Workspace layout

One crate per FHIR release, so a project that needs R4 does not download, compile, or vendor R3 and R5.

Every release crate has the same shape, so porting between releases is a matter of changing one path segment:

fhir-release-5/
  src/
    resources/      Resource structs + the polymorphic `Resource` enum
    types/          Complex datatypes + primitive newtypes
    codes.rs        FHIR CodeSystems as enums
    validate.rs     That release's primitive constraints
    meta/           That release's generated element metadata
    coded.rs choice.rs builder.rs summary.rs temporal.rs
    extension_ext.rs bundle_util.rs prelude.rs client.rs xml.rs

src/                The facade: lib.rs, prelude, codegen/, r5/parse/
doc/                Bundled FHIR specification JSON, one directory per release
examples/           Runnable example programs

Why separate crates: type-checking is single-threaded and scales with crate size, so as modules of one crate the releases summed. Building every release needed 12.9 GB of memory; as separate crates the peak is the largest crate rather than the sum, and it needs 5.0 GB.

Documentation

• The guide — a task-oriented mdBook in book/ (getting started, model mapping, JSON serialization, validation, terminology, extensions, bundles, and generator internals). Build it with mdbook build book.

• API reference — build and open the full API docs, including the crate guide and every resource/datatype:

  cargo doc --open
  

The code generator

Each release's types, resources, codes, and meta modules are derived from that release's official specification JSON in doc/fhir-specifications/<release>/fhir-definitions-json/. The generator lives under src/codegen; the binary in src/main.rs drives it:

cargo run -- r3                    # rewrite fhir-release-3/src from the R3 definitions
cargo run -- r4                    # rewrite fhir-release-4/src from the R4 definitions
cargo run -- r5 --out tmp/out/r5   # emit R5 elsewhere, to compare

fhir-release-3/src and fhir-release-4/src are entirely generated and safe to rewrite. fhir-release-5/src is not: it carries hand-written prose on top of generated shapes, so cargo run -- r5 refuses to write there without an explicit --out. See AGENTS.md and spec/ for the generator's design and conventions.

FHIR specification reference

The remainder of this document is background reference on the FHIR specification files the generator consumes (described for R5; R4 publishes the same bundles). It is useful when working on the generator itself.

Datatype categories

FHIR R5 datatypes live in profiles-types.json, which distinguishes primitive types (lowercase names) from complex types (uppercase names).

Primitive types: base64Binary, boolean, canonical, code, date, dateTime, decimal, id, instant, integer, integer64, markdown, oid, positiveInt, string, time, unsignedInt, uri, url, uuid.

General-purpose complex types: Address, Age, Annotation, Attachment, CodeableConcept, Coding, ContactPoint, Count, Distance, Duration, HumanName, Identifier, Money, MoneyQuantity, Period, Quantity, Range, Ratio, RatioRange, SampledData, Signature, SimpleQuantity, Timing.

Metadata complex types: Availability, ContactDetail, Contributor, DataRequirement, Expression, ExtendedContactDetail, MonetaryComponent, ParameterDefinition, RelatedArtifact, TriggerDefinition, UsageContext, VirtualServiceDetail.

Special-purpose complex types: BackboneType, CodeableReference, Dosage, ElementDefinition, Extension, Meta, Narrative, Reference, xhtml.

You can list the ids straight from the spec with jq:

<profiles-types.json jq -r '.entry | map(select(.resource.kind == "primitive-type")) | map(.resource.id)[]'
<profiles-types.json jq -r '.entry | map(select(.resource.kind == "complex-type"))   | map(.resource.id)[]'

Element extension URLs

Any element defined in any version of FHIR is automatically assigned an extension URL that uniquely identifies it:

http://hl7.org/fhir/[version]/StructureDefinition/extension-[Path]

Snapshot view versus differential view

A FHIR profile offers two views of a profiled resource:

• Snapshot — the complete, final structure after applying all changes from the differential to the base resource. Self-contained; useful when you do not have the base resource at hand.
• Differential — only the differences (added, modified, or removed elements) the profile introduces relative to its base. Useful for understanding what a profile customizes.

FHIR documentation links

• Datatypes: https://build.fhir.org/datatypes.html
• JSON representation: https://build.fhir.org/json.html
• UML: https://build.fhir.org/uml.html
• References: https://build.fhir.org/references.html
• Extensibility: https://build.fhir.org/extensibility.html
• Narrative: https://build.fhir.org/narrative.html
• Resource: https://build.fhir.org/resource.html
• Versions / standards process: https://build.fhir.org/versions.html#std-process

FHIR®

FHIR® is the registered trademark of HL7 and is used with the permission of HL7. Use of the FHIR trademark does not constitute endorsement of this library by HL7.

License

Licensed under any of:

• MIT
• Apache License 2.0
• BSD 3-Clause
• GPL 2.0 only
• GPL 3.0 only

at your option.