Fetch

A fast, safe HTTP client that just works.

This crate provides a powerful HTTP client that works with different async runtimes, handles security properly by default, and makes testing easy. The HttpClient provides a clean API for making HTTP requests without worrying about the complex details of modern HTTP.

Why a new HTTP client?

fetch bundles the capabilities real-world services need into a single client, ready to use out of the box:

• Secure, resilient and observable by default: Strong TLS validation, built-in resilience (retries, circuit breaking, hedging), and OpenTelemetry-compatible observability are pre-configured for real-world use.
• Built-in testability: The test-util feature lets you mock HTTP responses without complex setup, making tests fast and deterministic.
• Composable pipeline: Modular request handlers make it easy to add or customize behaviors like logging, metrics, or retries.
• Memory efficient: Uses smart pooling and zero-copy techniques to handle large responses with minimal overhead.

Crucially, fetch delivers these features without forcing a runtime, an I/O implementation, or a particular HTTP transport on you. The request pipeline is built around a transport handler at its leaf that you can swap out, with everything above it — resilience, observability, routing, logging, retries — layered on top. This makes fetch:

• runtime-agnostic: Tokio works out of the box, or plug in any async runtime and I/O by supplying your own transport handler; and
• transport-agnostic: the transport handler is just a RequestHandler that turns a request into a response, so you can keep the bundled hyper transport, wrap a hand-rolled client, or even reuse an existing one like reqwest.

That makes fetch an excellent fit for libraries that want to stay runtime- and transport-agnostic: they depend on fetch for its features while leaving the runtime and transport choice to the consuming application, which plugs in whatever it already uses. See the custom module and custom::create_builder for a worked example.

How does it compare to reqwest?

By default both fetch and reqwest are built on top of the powerful hyper HTTP implementation. While reqwest has been the go-to HTTP client for many Rust applications, fetch offers a different set of trade-offs that may better suit your needs, especially for crates that require resilience and multi-runtime support. Unlike reqwest, fetch is not tied to its default transport at all: you can swap hyper out for any transport — including reqwest itself — and keep all of fetch’s surrounding features.

Feature	fetch	reqwest
Runtime Support	✅ Tokio and custom runtimes	✅ Tokio only
Custom Transport / IO	✅ Built-in — plug in your own runtime, I/O, or even another HTTP client (e.g. reqwest) as the transport	❌ Not supported
TLS/HTTPS	✅ Via rustls or native-tls	✅ Via rustls or native-tls
Resilience	✅ Built-in and default	❌ Optional, external crates required
JSON support	✅ Built-in	✅ Built-in
Testing tools	✅ Built-in	❌ Custom, external crates required
OTel Metrics/Logging	✅ Built-in	❌ Custom implementation needed
Advanced HTTP Client Features [^1]	❌ Not yet supported [^2]	✅ Via optional features
Request Pipeline	✅ Built-in	❌ Custom, external crates required
Zero-copy Buffers	✅ Built-in	❌ Partial, uses Bytes
Linux support	✅ Full support	✅ Full support

[^1]: Advanced HTTP client features include things like file uploads, cookies, proxies, and redirects.

[^2]: The features currently missing (cookies, redirects, forms) may be added in future versions as the client matures.

Note: If you’re already familiar with reqwest, you’ll feel right at home with fetch. The APIs are intentionally similar, with familiar methods like get(), post(), and fetch(). Most basic HTTP operations follow the same patterns, making it easy to switch between the two libraries.

Getting Started

This client runs on the Tokio runtime by default. (Other runtimes can be plugged in via a custom transport — see the custom module.)

use fetch::{HttpClient, HttpError};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), HttpError> {
    // Create a client using the builder
    let client: HttpClient = HttpClient::new_tokio();

    // Retrieve the response body as text. This validates the status (returning an
    // error for `4xx`/`5xx` responses) and hands back the body in a single step.
    let body: String = client.get("https://example.com").fetch_text_body().await?;

    println!("response: {body}");

    Ok(())
}

Customization: If you need to customize the HTTP client (e.g., add custom handlers, modify timeouts, or configure other options), use HttpClient::builder_tokio instead of new_tokio to access the full builder API.

Making Requests

The HTTP client makes it easy to send different types of requests. Use convenient methods like HttpClient::get and HttpClient::post for common operations, and the builder pattern to customize your requests.

GET Requests

// Simple GET request
let response: HttpResponse = client
    .get("https://www.example.com")
    .fetch() // Fetch executes the request and returns a response
    .await?;

POST Requests

// POST request with text body
let response = client
    .post("https://httpbin.org/post")
    .text("the exact body that is sent") // Attaches a text body to the request
    .fetch()
    .await?;

Handling Complex Requests

The client supports all standard HTTP methods through dedicated methods like HttpClient::put, HttpClient::delete, and more. For anything else, use HttpClient::request with any HTTP method:

// Using a custom method
let response = client
    .request(Method::PATCH, "https://api.example.com/items/42")
    .fetch()
    .await?;

You can customize requests with headers, specific HTTP versions, or by attaching bodies:

let response = client
    .post("https://api.example.com/upload")
    // Add HTTP headers
    .header(header::AUTHORIZATION, "Bearer token123")
    .header(header::CONTENT_TYPE, "application/json")
    // Set HTTP version
    .version(Version::HTTP_2)
    .text("{\"name\": \"document.pdf\"}")
    .fetch()
    .await?;

All these methods return a HttpRequestBuilder object that lets you customize and then execute your request.

Handling Multiple Requests to the Same Base URI

If you need to make multiple requests to the same base URI efficiently, use the HttpClientBuilder::base_uri builder method. This allows you to set a BaseUri for all requests, so you don’t have to repeat the base URI each time.

This setting overrides any base URI set in the URI you pass to the request methods.

let client = builder
    .base_uri(BaseUri::from_static("https://example.com/api/v1/")) // Trailing slash is mandatory
    .build();

let response = client.get("/foo/bar").fetch().await?; // Full URL called by this is `https://example.com/api/v1/foo/bar`

Handling Responses

When you call HttpRequestBuilder::fetch, you get an HttpResponse with everything about the response - the body, status code, headers, and more. Under the hood, HttpResponse is just a type alias for Response<HttpBody>.

Here’s what you can do with a response:

• Check if it worked: HttpResponse::ensure_success returns an error if the status isn’t 2xx.
• Look at status codes: HttpResponse::status gives you the HTTP status.
• Read headers: HttpResponse::headers lets you access the response headers.
• Get the body: HttpResponse::into_body gives you just the response body.
• Process the data: Convert the body to different formats using methods like HttpBody::into_text, HttpBody::into_bytes, or when the json feature is enabled, HttpBody::into_json.

// Make a GET request
let mut response: HttpResponse = client.get("https://www.example.com").fetch().await?;

// Check if the response was successful
response = response.ensure_success()?;

// Check the headers
println!("Headers: {}", response.headers().len());

// Consume the response and extract the body
let body: HttpBody = response.into_body();

// Process the body as text
let text: String = body.into_text().await?;

println!("Response body: {}", text);

Specialized Fetch Methods

Instead of calling HttpRequestBuilder::fetch and then converting the response body separately, use these convenient shortcut methods:

• fetch_text: Gets the response body as a string in one step.
• fetch_bytes: Gets the body as a memory-efficient BytesView.
• fetch_json: Gets the response body as owned JSON (requires json feature).
• fetch_json_ref: Gets the response body as zero-copy JSON (requires json feature).

These methods automatically convert the response body to the format you want (string, JSON, etc.), saving you from handling the raw HttpBody type directly. They return a Response<T> where T is your desired format, so you still get all response details and can check the status and headers before using the body.

// Retrieve the response as text
let response = client
    .get("https://api.example.com/users")
    .fetch_text()
    .await?;

// We can examine response metadata before handling the body
println!("Status: {}", response.status());
println!("Content-Type: {:?}", response.headers().get("content-type"));

// Then ensure success and extract the body
let text: String = response
    .ensure_success()? // Ensure the response was successful
    .into_body(); // Discard the response metadata and get the body as a string

Body-Only Shortcuts

When you only need the body of a successful response, the _body variants go one step further: they call ensure_success for you, discard the response metadata, and return just the materialized body.

• fetch_text_body: Validates the status and returns the body as a String.
• fetch_bytes_body: Validates the status and returns the body as a BytesView.
• fetch_json_body: Validates the status and deserializes the body into an owned value (requires json feature).

// Fetch, validate the status, and extract the body in a single call
let text: String = client
    .get("https://api.example.com/users")
    .fetch_text_body()
    .await?;
println!("body: {text}");

URL Handling

The HTTP client uses the templated_uri crate for URL handling, which provides a powerful and flexible way to work with URIs.

You can use the Uri type to build URIs with templated paths and queries, allowing you to create URLs with dynamic segments and query parameters. The template format follows RFC 6570 level 3, which means you can use it to easily template more complex paths and queries as well.

You can also use the Uri type or string types to represent URIs for backwards compatibility, or if you don’t need templated paths. In that case, the whole PathAndQuery string is treated as a template.

handlers::Logging will log the used URL template as url.path.template

For example, you can create a Uri with a templated path like this:

use templated_uri::{BaseUri, EscapedString, PathAndQueryTemplate, Uri, templated};

#[templated(template = "/users/{user_id}/", unredacted)]
#[derive(Clone)]
struct UserPath {
    user_id: EscapedString, // EscapedString ensures the value is safe for use in URIs
}

let user_path = UserPath {
    user_id: EscapedString::from_static("12345"),
};

client
    .get(
        Uri::default()
            .with_base(BaseUri::from_static("https://api.example.com"))
            .with_path_and_query(user_path),
    )
    .fetch_text()
    .await?;

Classification in URLs

templated_uri supports classification of URL paths and queries using the data_privacy crate.

You can also use the classified attribute to mark PathAndQueryTemplate structs as classified, allowing you to use classified types from data_privacy in your URL templates.

use data_privacy::Sensitive;
use templated_uri::{EscapedString, PathAndQueryTemplate, templated};

#[templated(template = "/{org_id}/user/{user_id}")]
struct UserPath {
    #[unredacted]
    org_id: u32,
    user_id: Sensitive<EscapedString>,
}

JSON Support

Working with JSON APIs is straightforward with the json feature, which offers:

• Send JSON data: HttpRequestBuilder::json serializes any Rust type to JSON.
• Receive owned JSON: HttpRequestBuilder::fetch_json deserializes directly into owned Rust types. This is the common case: the data can outlive the response and cross thread boundaries.
• Receive zero-copy JSON: HttpRequestBuilder::fetch_json_ref returns a Json<T> wrapper that borrows strings and byte arrays directly from the response buffer for maximum performance. Reach for it in hot paths where you can work with borrowed data.
• Convert bodies to JSON: HttpBody::into_json transforms response bodies into JSON values.

Owned JSON with fetch_json

Use fetch_json when you need owned data; it deserializes the JSON directly into your target type with owned String fields. This is the most common choice:

// Define a Person type with owned data
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct Person {
    id: u32,
    name: String,
}

let person = Person {
    id: 1,
    name: "Alice Johnson".to_owned(),
};

// Send and receive owned JSON
let response: Response<Person> = client
    .put("https://api.company.com/people")
    .json(&person) // Add JSON payload
    .fetch_json::<Person>() // Returns Response<Person> directly
    .await?;

// You can inspect the response metadata if needed
let response = response.ensure_success()?;

// Extract the deserialized Person directly - no wrapper needed
let person: Person = response.into_body();

println!("Person retrieved, name: {}", person.name);

If you only need the body of a successful response, fetch_json_body goes one step further and folds the fetch, status check, and owned deserialization into a single call.

Zero-Copy JSON with fetch_json_ref

Pair fetch_json_ref with borrowed string fields (Cow<'a, str>) to avoid allocations; the Json<T> wrapper borrows directly from the response buffer. Prefer Cow<'a, str> over &'a str, as it transparently falls back to an owned value when a JSON string was escaped in the buffer and cannot be borrowed:

// Define a Person type that borrows data to avoid allocations
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct Person<'a> {
    id: u32,
    #[serde(borrow)]
    name: Cow<'a, str>,
}

let person = Person {
    id: 1,
    name: "Alice Johnson".into(),
};

// Send and receive zero-copy JSON
let response: Response<Json<Person>> = client
    .put("https://api.company.com/people")
    .json(&person) // Add JSON payload
    .fetch_json_ref::<Person>() // Returns Response<Json<Person>>
    .await?;

// You can inspect the response metadata if needed
let response = response.ensure_success()?;

// Extract the JSON wrapper from the response
let mut json_body: Json<Person> = response.into_body();

// Parse the JSON data using zero-copy deserialization.
// The parsed Person borrows string data from the underlying buffer.
let person: Person = json_body.read()?;

println!("Person retrieved, name: {}", person.name);

This minimizes heap allocations and copying because string fields borrow directly from the response buffer instead of allocating new memory for each string, at the cost of tying the parsed value to the response buffer’s lifetime.

Request Pipeline

The HTTP client uses a pipeline architecture to process requests. Think of it like an assembly line - every request passes through a sequence of RequestHandlers, each handling a specific aspect of HTTP communication.

Each handler in the pipeline can:

• Modify the request before it’s sent
• Intercept the request completely (e.g., for caching)
• Process the response after it’s received
• Add cross-cutting functionality like logging or metrics

At the very end of the pipeline sits the transport handler — the leaf RequestHandler that actually performs the I/O and turns a request into a response. This is the seam that makes fetch transport- and runtime-agnostic: everything above the transport (resilience, telemetry, routing, logging, …) is supplied by fetch, while the transport itself can be the bundled hyper-based implementation, your own runtime/I/O, or a wrapper around an existing HTTP client such as reqwest. To supply your own transport, see the custom module and custom::create_builder.

Built-in Pipeline Types

The client offers three types of pipelines to suit different needs - think of them as different levels of “batteries included”:

Standard Pipeline

The standard pipeline is what you get by default - it includes all the essential handlers you’ll want for production use. Handlers are applied in a nested structure, with the outermost handler processing the request first and the response last.

See the StandardRequestPipeline and HttpClientBuilder::standard_pipeline for more details and examples.

Custom Pipeline

When you need precise control over request processing, you can build a custom pipeline with exactly the handlers you want. See the HttpClientBuilder::custom_pipeline method for more details and examples.

Minimal Pipeline

For maximum flexibility, you can use the minimal pipeline that includes only the essential Dispatch handler that actually sends requests to the network. This gives you a clean slate to build on:

// Create a client with just the dispatch handler
let minimal_client = builder.minimal_pipeline().build();

// Then wrap it with your own processing logic
let wrapped_client = MyHttpWrapper::new(minimal_client);

This is great when you need to implement your own complete request processing pipeline or integrate with external middleware systems.

Creating Custom Handlers

To add your own processing logic, see the RequestHandler trait documentation, which covers patterns for modifying requests, processing responses, and integrating with the pipeline.

Testing with the HTTP Client

The fetch crate makes testing easy with its built-in fake response system. Enable the test-util feature to simulate HTTP responses without making real network requests.

By using the fake HTTP client in your tests, you can:

• Test your code’s handling of different HTTP responses
• Verify retry behaviors and error handling
• Make tests fast and deterministic by avoiding actual network calls
• Test edge cases that would be challenging to reproduce with real services

The simplest way to create a test client is HttpClient::new_fake, which responds with predefined responses instead of making real HTTP requests. It accepts various parameters to streamline testing:

// Create a fake HTTP client that always returns a 200 response
let client = HttpClient::new_fake(StatusCode::OK);

// Create a fake HTTP client that returns a sequence of responses without a body
let client = HttpClient::new_fake(vec![StatusCode::OK, StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR]);

// Create a fake response
let response = HttpResponseBuilder::new_fake()
    .status(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
    .text("fake text")
    .build()
    .expect("always succeeds");

// Create a fake HTTP client that always returns the same response
let client = HttpClient::new_fake(response);

// Create a fake HTTP client that uses a custom handler. The handler can be
// synchronous or asynchronous. Usually for testing, the synchronous handler is sufficient.
let fake_handler = FakeHandler::from_fn(|req| {
    println!("Fake handler called for request, url: {}", req.uri());

    HttpResponseBuilder::new_fake()
        .status(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
        .text("fake text")
        .build()
});

// Create a fake HTTP client that uses the custom handler
let client = HttpClient::new_fake(fake_handler);

Smart Memory Management with BytesView

When handling large HTTP responses or sending big requests, memory usage matters, so fetch uses BytesView for request and response bodies. Its key features:

• Memory Pooling: Reuses memory instead of constantly allocating and freeing it.
• Less Copying: Smart buffer management reduces unnecessary data copying.
• Multiple Chunks: Can handle data as multiple pieces that look like a single buffer.
• Zero-Copy When Possible: Avoids copying data when it can for better performance.
• Works with Ecosystem: Fully compatible with the popular bytes crate.

You can use BytesView just like other byte buffer types because it implements the same interfaces (Buf and BufMut) as the bytes crate:

// Fetch the response body directly as a BytesView (validating the status along the way)
let mut body_bytes = client.get("https://example.com").fetch_bytes_body().await?;

// Work with the BytesView using standard bytes methods
let length = body_bytes.remaining();

// Easy to extract data when you need it
let mut buffer = vec![0; 10.min(length)];
if !body_bytes.is_empty() {
    body_bytes.copy_to_slice(&mut buffer);
}

This lets your app handle large files, streaming media, or other big data without wasting memory or hurting performance.

Performance Best Practices

Follow these tips for the best performance:

// 1. Create a client ONCE and reuse it
let client = HttpClient::new_tokio();

// 2. Parse URIs ahead of time for repeated use
let users_uri: Uri = "https://api.example.com/users".parse()?;
let items_uri: Uri = "https://api.example.com/items".parse()?;

// 3. Work with raw BytesView to avoid allocations when possible
let bytes = client.get(users_uri.clone()).fetch_bytes_body().await?;
process_binary_data(bytes);

In detail:

• Reuse your client: Creating an HttpClient is expensive (connection pooling, security setup). Create it once and keep using it throughout your application. Share a single instance across multiple tasks.
• Pre-parse URIs: If you’re repeatedly calling the same endpoints, parse the Uris once and reuse them to skip the parsing overhead.
• Work with raw BytesView: Converting between formats (like BytesView to String) creates allocations and copies data. When handling binary data or large responses, work with BytesView directly.

Integration with the HTTP Ecosystem

Instead of creating our own HTTP types from scratch, we use extensions and wrappers around the widely adopted http crate. These extensions are defined in the http_extensions crate and re-exported here for convenience.

Resilience

The HTTP client has built-in resilience features powered by the seatbelt crate. These resilience patterns help your application handle failures gracefully and maintain availability even when network issues or server problems occur.

The resilience middleware integrates directly into the request pipeline via the Service trait. Because both the client’s handlers and the seatbelt middleware implement this trait, they compose seamlessly - no adapter code is needed to mix resilience patterns with other request processing logic.

Common resilience patterns available include:

• Retries: Automatically retry failed requests with configurable backoff strategies
• Timeouts: Prevent requests from hanging indefinitely
• Circuit Breakers: Fail fast when a service is down to avoid cascading failures

These patterns are already configured in the standard pipeline with sensible defaults.

TLS Support

The HTTP client supports two TLS backends for making HTTPS requests:

• rustls (default): Uses rustls with the aws-lc-rs crypto provider. This is the recommended backend and is selected by default when the tls feature is enabled.
• native-tls: Uses the platform’s native TLS implementation (SChannel on Windows, Security Framework on macOS, OpenSSL on Linux). This can be explicitly selected, or is chosen automatically when the native-tls feature is enabled and rustls is not.

When using the rustls backend, the HTTP client validates server certificates against the platform trust store via rustls-platform-verifier, which takes care of essential TLS operations:

• Verifies certificates against the operating system’s trusted root CAs.
• Validates host names and checks certificate expiration.
• Enforces TLS security policies.

TLS is configured automatically; simply construct a client and make HTTPS requests:

use fetch::HttpClient;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let client = HttpClient::new_tokio();

    // Now you can make HTTPS requests
    let response = client.get("https://www.example.com").fetch_text().await?;

    Ok(())
}

To enable TLS support, add the tls feature (which enables rustls by default) to your dependencies:

fetch = { version = "*", features = ["tls", "tokio"] }

To use native TLS instead, enable the native-tls feature explicitly:

fetch = { version = "*", features = ["native-tls", "tokio"] }

You can also select the TLS backend at runtime via TlsOptions::builder_rustls() or TlsOptions::builder_native_tls() when both features are enabled, allowing different client instances to use different backends.

Features

The fetch crate provides several optional features that you can enable in your Cargo.toml:

[dependencies]
fetch = { version = "*", features = ["json", "tokio"] }

• tokio: Enables integration with the Tokio runtime. This feature provides the HttpClient::builder_tokio constructor and related APIs for using the HTTP client in a Tokio-based application.

• json: Adds support for JSON serialization and deserialization, enabling methods like HttpRequestBuilder::json for sending JSON data and HttpRequestBuilder::fetch_json for receiving JSON responses.

• tls: Enables TLS support using rustls with the aws-lc-rs crypto provider. This is the recommended way to enable HTTPS support and is an alias for the rustls feature.

• rustls: Enables the rustls TLS backend with aws-lc-rs. This is the default TLS backend and is selected automatically by the tls feature.

• native-tls: Enables the platform native TLS backend (SChannel on Windows, Security Framework on macOS, OpenSSL on Linux). Use this when you need the platform’s native TLS stack. When both rustls and native-tls are enabled, rustls is the default but you can select native TLS via TlsOptions::builder_native_tls().

• test-util: Provides APIs to fake responses and HTTP client behavior for testing purposes. This feature makes it easy to write fast, deterministic tests without making real network requests.

Note: Most users should enable the tokio feature along with the tls feature for HTTPS support. The json feature is recommended for most applications that need to work with JSON APIs.