fastpaper-cli 0.3.0

CLI tool for searching, downloading and reading academic papers
Documentation 
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120

<!doctype html><html><head><title>Google Scholar</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}html,body{height:100%}#gs_top{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:320px;}#gs_top.gs_nscl{position:fixed;width:100%;}body,td,input,button,textarea{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24;}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:underline}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_el_tc a:hover,.gs_el_tc a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_pfcs a:focus,.gs_pfcs button:focus,.gs_pfcs input:focus,.gs_pfcs label:focus{outline:none}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);border-radius:2px;}.gs_alrt:empty{display:none;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png);background-position:-23px -161px;background-size:169px;width:21px;height:21px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_ico,.gs_icm{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);}}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}.gs_sth_g{visibility:hidden;max-height:0;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_g{max-height:1000px;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_b{position:fixed;top:0;}.gs_sth_trk .gs_sth_b{position:absolute;top:auto;}@keyframes gs_anm_spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg);}100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}@keyframes gs_anm_fade_in{0%{opacity:0;}100%{opacity:1;}}.gs_invis{visibility:hidden;}.gs_rimg{display:block;background-color:#e5e5e5;border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;position:relative;z-index:1;}.gs_rimg>img{position:absolute;margin:auto;left:0;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;}.gs_in_txtw{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.gs_in_txtb{display:block;}.gs_in_txt{color:#000;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;box-sizing:border-box;height:29px;line-height:23px;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top-color:#c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txt{font-size:18px;}.gs_in_txtb .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;padding:3px 12px 1px 12px;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border-color:#b9b9b9;border-top-color:#a0a0a0;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txt{border-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border-color:#4d90fe;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}.gs_in_txt:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{font-size:13px;height:24px;line-height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:12px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{height:29px;line-height:21px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;}.gs_in_txtl .gs_in_txt{height:41px;padding:9px 43px;}.gs_in_txtl.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:20.5px;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;color:#666;}.gs_in_txts:not(:empty){margin-top:2px;}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txts{color:#dd4b39;}button{position:relative;z-index:1;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;cursor:pointer;height:29px;line-height:normal;min-width:72px;padding:0 8px;color:#444;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);border-radius:3px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;user-select:none;}button.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:14px;padding:0 12px;}button.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:4px;}button.gs_btn_lrge{height:41px;min-width:82px;padding:0 9px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym{padding-left:5px;padding-right:8px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:20px;padding:0 16px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:10px;}button.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:14.5px;min-width:29px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:20.5px;min-width:41px;}button.gs_btn_mini{padding:0;border:0;}.gs_el_ph button.gs_btn_mph,.gs_el_ta button.gs_btn_mta{height:41px;}button .gs_wr{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:100%;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before{content:"";width:0;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before,button .gs_ico,button .gs_rdt,button .gs_lbl,button .gs_icm{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}button .gs_wr{font-size:13px;text-transform:none;}.gs_btn_lrge .gs_wr{font-size:15px;}.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr{font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr{font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym .gs_wr{font-size:13px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hph,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph{min-width:41px;}.gs_btn_slt{border-radius:3px 0 0 3px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0 3px 3px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background-color:#f8f8f8;}button.gs_sel{background-color:#dcdcdc;}button:active{z-index:2;background-color:#f1f1f1;}button:focus{z-index:2;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}.gs_pfcs button:-moz-focusring{outline:none}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:6px 0 7px 0;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_lrge{height:40px;padding:0;}a.gs_in_bgcw{min-width:41px;}a.gs_btn_lrge.gs_in_bgcw:before{position:absolute;content:"";height:29px;width:29px;top:6px;left:6px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgb(0,0,0,.4);border-radius:50%;}a.gs_in_bgcw:hover:before{background-color:#f5f5f5;}a.gs_in_bgcw:active:before{background-color:#e5e5e5;}a.gs_in_bgcw.gs_dis:before{background-color:#fff;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;color:#222;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:29px;}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:4px;}a.gs_in_ib:active .gs_lbl,a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:active,a.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_lbl{color:#d14836;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{display:none;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:3px;left:0;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix .gs_ico{top:10px;left:16px;}a.gs_btn_lrge .gs_ico{top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}.gs_in_ib:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_ib:active .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib .gs_ico:active,.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_in_ib:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_ico{opacity:.28;}.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_act .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_cre .gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_rdt{position:relative;width:0;height:21px;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_rdt{left:21px;}.gs_rdt:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:1px;right:0;width:5px;height:5px;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;background-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_notf{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;margin-left:8px;width:16px;line-height:16px;background-color:#d14836;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;text-align:center;font-size:9px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_notf:empty{display:none;}.gs_ind .gs_notf{text-indent:0;}button.gs_btn_flat{border-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_olact{color:#4d90fe;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_nolact{color:#000;background-color:transparent;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);}button.gs_btn_flat:hover,button.gs_btn_olact:hover,button.gs_btn_nolact:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}button.gs_btn_flat:active,button.gs_btn_olact:active,button.gs_btn_nolact:active{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_flat.gs_btn_flact{color:#1a0dab;}button.gs_btn_la{color:#000;background-color:#d3e3fd;border:none;}button.gs_btn_la:hover{background-color:#c3d8fa;}button.gs_btn_la:active{background-color:#bad1f7;}button.gs_btn_da{color:#fff;background-color:#0b57d0;border:none;}button.gs_btn_da:hover{background-color:#1e64d4;}button.gs_btn_da:active{background-color:#3272d8;}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;background-color:#4d90fe;}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#3983fe;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{background-color:#2f6bcc;}button.gs_btn_act:active{background-color:#357ae8;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;background-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#c53727;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{background-color:#992b1e;}button.gs_btn_cre:active{background-color:#b0281a;}button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:hover,button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:active{border:none;background:transparent;}button:disabled,button:disabled:hover,button:disabled:active{cursor:default;color:#b8b8b8;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);background-color:transparent;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_flat:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_act:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#e8a49b;}button.gs_btn_da:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#7fa5e2;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_lbl{color:#b8b8b8;text-decoration:none}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_md_tb.gs_sel .gs_ttp{transition:none;visibility:hidden;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir .gs_ttp{top:75%;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#595959;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:4px 6px;background:#595959;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_press,.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-right:14px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:50%;margin-top:-5.5px;right:0;width:7px;height:11px;background-position:-21px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm{opacity:1;}.gs_in_se:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.28;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none;}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:0 -110px;}.gs_in_se.gs_btn_act .gs_icm,.gs_in_se.gs_btn_cre .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:-42px -44px;opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_icm,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:21px;height:21px;background-position:-92px -253px;}button .gs_bs{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin-top:-10px;margin-left:-10px;box-sizing:border-box;width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:50%;border:2px solid #eee;border-top-color:#4d90fe;visibility:hidden;animation:gs_anm_spin .8s linear infinite;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{visibility:visible;transition:visibility 0s .4s;}.gs_md_d{text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:#fff;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100;text-align:left;visibility:hidden;max-height:0;margin-top:-1000px;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s,visibility 0s .13s,max-height 0s .13s,margin-top 0s .13s;}.gs_md_d.gs_vis{visibility:visible;max-height:10000px;margin-top:0;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d{transform-origin:100% 0;transform:scale(1,0);transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s,visibility 0s .218s,max-height 0s .218s,margin-top 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzi{transform-origin:50% 50%;transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzr{transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttb{transform-origin:50% 100%;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:scale(1,1);transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_r{position:relative;display:inline-block;}.gs_md_rmb>.gs_md_d{top:29px}.gs_md_rmbl>.gs_md_d{top:41px}.gs_md_rmb_b>.gs_md_d{top:auto;bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;}.gs_md_rmb_tr>.gs_md_d{top:100%;left:auto;right:0;}.gs_md_ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_ul.gs_md_ul_tb{display:block;}.gs_md_li,.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;position:relative;z-index:0;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix{font-size:16px;line-height:20px;padding:12px 16px 8px 16px;}.gs_md_li:before{content:"";background-color:#f1f1f1;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s;z-index:-1;}.gs_md_li:hover:before,.gs_md_li:focus:before{opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_lbl{color:#222}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444}.gs_md_li:active:before{background-color:#ddd}.gs_md_li.gs_sel,a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_sel .gs_lbl{color:#d14836}.gs_md_d:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding:0 0 0 40px;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover{cursor:pointer;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;user-select:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;opacity:0;z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_in_ra_lrge{font-size:15px;}.gs_in_cb label:empty:before,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl:empty:before,.gs_in_ra label:empty:before{content:"\200b";}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cbb,.gs_in_cbb label,.gs_in_cbb .gs_lbl{display:block;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#c6c6c6;}.gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:1px dotted #222;}.gs_pfcs .gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_pfcs .gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:none;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background-color:#ebebeb;}button.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#a6a6a6;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx,button.gs_in_cb:disabled .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1;top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:11px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;border-radius:4px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -69px -67px;opacity:.62;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{background-color:#666}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -21px -44px;opacity:.55;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);background-size:169px;}}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{opacity:.22}.gs_in_ra input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-color:#f1f1f1}.gs_md_ac{position:absolute;top:28px;left:0;right:0;z-index:1100;white-space:normal;display:none;pointer-events:none;}.gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"]{text-align:left;}.gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"]{text-align:right;}.gs_md_ac ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;line-height:1.24;border:1px solid #e5e5e5;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:#fff;box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);touch-action:manipulation;cursor:pointer;user-select:none;pointer-events:auto;}.gs_md_acp{display:flex;line-height:0;}.gs_md_acp .gs_md_acs,.gs_md_acp ul{max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_acs{visibility:hidden;white-space:pre;height:0;min-width:0%;flex:0 1 auto;font-size:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_acs{font-size:18px;}.gs_md_acp ul{white-space:nowrap;flex:0 0 auto;}.gs_md_ac li{position:relative;padding:2px 8px;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;color:#222;background-color:#fff;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_md_ac li.gs_sel{color:#000;background-color:#c6dafc;}.gs_md_ac li:active{background-color:#e8f0fe;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_ac li:active{background-color:#fff;}.gs_md_ac li.gs_md_ac_lh,.gs_md_ac li.gs_md_ac_lh b{color:#660099;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac li{padding:11px 8px 9px 8px;font-size:18px;border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac li:first-child{border-top:none;}.gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"] li.gs_md_ac_lh{padding-right:29px;}.gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"] li.gs_md_ac_lh{padding-left:29px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"] li.gs_md_ac_lh{padding-right:49px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"] li.gs_md_ac_lh{padding-left:49px;}.gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X{position:absolute;top:0;}.gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"] .gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X{right:0;}.gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"] .gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X{left:0;}.gs_el_tc #gs_top .gs_md_ac .gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_Xt{padding:10px;}.gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X:hover{background-color:#eee;}.gs_ico_x{background-position:-113px -22px;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_x:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_x:active{opacity:1;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-71px 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_X:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_X:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnX .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt{background-origin:content-box;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_ico_P{background-position:0 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_P:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_P:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnPLS .gs_ico{background-position:0 0;}.gs_btnP .gs_ico{background-position:-21px 0;}.gs_btnC .gs_ico{background-position:0 -66px;}.gs_btnL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -44px;}.gs_ico_LB{background-position:-50px -44px;height:16px;}.gs_btnJ .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -22px;}.gs_btnM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px 0;}.gs_btnMW .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -22px;}.gs_btnSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -44px;}.gs_btnTSB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -253px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -66px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_btnPLW .gs_ico{background-position:-0 -230px;}.gs_btnPRW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -230px;}.gs_btnZI .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -22px;}.gs_btnZO .gs_ico{background-position:-127px -44px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:-134px 0;}.gs_btnFI .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -66px;}.gs_btnAD .gs_ico{background-position:-141px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_btnAD:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_btnAD:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnAD .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnAD :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -22px;}.gs_btnADD .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -66px;}.gs_btnMRG .gs_ico{background-position:-113px 0;}.gs_btnLBL .gs_ico{background-position:0 -161px;}.gs_btnCNCL .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_btnDWL .gs_ico{background-position:-28px -88px;}.gs_btnMNU .gs_ico{background-position:0 -88px;}.gs_btnMNT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -161px;}.gs_btnALT .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -161px;}.gs_btnART .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -161px;}.gs_btnGSL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -161px;}.gs_btnCLS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -161px;}.gs_btnXBLU .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -253px;}.gs_btnSSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -276px;}.gs_btnSSW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -276px;}.gs_btnFLT .gs_ico{background-position:0 -184px;}.gs_btnXT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -184px;}.gs_btnPD .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -184px;}.gs_btnPU .gs_ico {background-position:-92px -276px;}.gs_btnCP .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -184px;}.gs_btnTP .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -184px;}.gs_btnML .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -276px;}.gs_btnCHK .gs_ico{background-position:-71px -66px;}.gs_btnDNB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -230px;}.gs_btnDNW .gs_ico{background-position:0 -207px;}.gs_btnACA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -207px;}.gs_btnAPT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -207px;}.gs_btnAPTW .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -230px;}.gs_btnAFL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -207px;}.gs_btnAN .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -276px;}.gs_btnAI .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -276px;}.gs_btnPBL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -207px;}.gs_btnUCT .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -207px;}.gs_btnVRF .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -207px;}.gs_btnLSI .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -230px;}.gs_btnLSG .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -230px;}.gs_btnMOR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -253px;}.gs_btnADV .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -253px;}.gs_btnPRO .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -253px;}.gs_btnLAB .gs_ico,.gs_ico_LAB{background-position:-69px -345px;}.gs_ico_LAB{width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_ico_nav_previous{background-position:0 -119px;width:53px;height:40px;}.gs_ico_nav_first{background-position:-25px -119px;width:28px;height:40px;}.gs_ico_nav_current{background-position:-53px -119px;width:20px;height:40px;}.gs_ico_nav_page{background-position:-73px -119px;width:20px;height:40px;}.gs_ico_nav_next{background-position:-93px -119px;width:71px;height:40px;}.gs_ico_nav_last{background-position:-93px -119px;width:45px;height:40px;}.gs_ico_star{background-position:-71px -44px;width:13px;height:13px;}.gs_btnPLSW .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -230px;}.gs_btnPDF .gs_ico{background-position:0 -253px;}.gs_btnS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -276px;}.gs_btnUNS .gs_ico{background-position:0 -299px;}.gs_btnMORR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -299px;}.gs_btnTW .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -299px;}.gs_btnIN .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -299px;}.gs_btnFB .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -299px;}.gs_btnET .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -299px;}.gs_btnARC .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -299px;}.gs_btnOL .gs_ico{background-position:0px -322px;}.gs_btnFA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -322px;}.gs_btnFAD .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -322px;}.gs_btnHP .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -322px;}.gs_btnPLM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -322px;}.gs_btnPRM .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -322px;}.gs_btnRN .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -322px;}.gs_btnVF .gs_ico{background-position:0px -345px;}.gs_btnVP .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -345px;}.gs_btnSRT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -345px;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}#gs_hdr_drw{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:100%;z-index:1200;visibility:hidden;overflow:auto;width:228px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:2px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);outline:none;transform:translate(-100%,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw{transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),visibility 0s .3s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{transition:transform .225s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1),visibility 0s;}#gs_top #gs_hdr_drw.gs_abt,#gs_top #gs_md_s.gs_abt{transition:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_in{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;padding:0 0 8px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_in,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_in{padding:0 0 65px 0;}#gs_hdr_drw_top{position:relative;height:63px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_top,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_top{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{position:absolute;top:0;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu{left:0;width:55px;}#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{left:56px;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin:8px 0;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:first-child:before{display:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_bot,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:block;position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:100%;height:65px;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_md_li:before{opacity:0;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_hdr_pp{display:block;position:absolute;bottom:14px;left:15px;pointer-events:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_lbl{display:block;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;height:63px;background-color:#f5f5f5;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_llgo,#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md,#gs_hdr_sre,#gs_hdr_hmc,#gs_hdr_act{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}#gs_hdr_md{flex:1 1 auto;}#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo{display:inline-block;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_sre{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{width:149px;background:no-repeat url('/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/scholar_logo_24dp.png') 0% 50%;background-size:149px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{background-image:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/scholar_logo_24dp.png');}}#gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:31px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:0;}#gs_hdr_lgt{min-width:164px;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lgt:empty{min-width:60px;}#gs_hdr_md{margin-right:16px;min-width:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md h1{padding:19px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;font-size:20px;line-height:25px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;max-width:100%;text-align:left;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md h1{padding:16px 0 0 0;}#gs_hdr_srch{padding:14px 0 0 0;max-width:600px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_srch{padding:10px 0 0 0;max-width:none;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;padding-right:39px;}#gs_hdr_tsi{height:38px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}#gs_hdr_tsi::-ms-clear{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsc{display:none;position:absolute;top:3px;right:41px;width:21px;height:21px;padding:6px 10px 7px 10px;}.gs_in_acw[dir="rtl"]~#gs_hdr_tsc{right:auto;left:1px;}#gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:40px;height:38px;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}#gs_hdr_frm_ac{top:37px;right:40px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_ac{right:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_bck,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_lgt,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_sre,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ta .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_bck{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_md,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="ltr"]{padding-right:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="rtl"]{padding-left:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc .gs_in_acw~#gs_hdr_tsc{display:block;}#gs_hdr_hmc{margin-right:16px;}#gs_hdr_hmc .gs_md_rmb{height:100%;display:flex;align-items:center;}#gs_hdr_act{min-width:64px;max-width:200px;text-align:right;float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act{display:none;}#gs_hdr_act_i,#gs_hdr_act_s{display:inline-block;padding:23px 24px 23px 16px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;color:#444;}#gs_hdr_act_s{text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:23px 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:20px 16px;}#gs_hdr_act_i:active,#gs_hdr_act_s:active{color:#d14836;}#gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_hdr_act_i .gs_hdr_pp{vertical-align:top;}#gs_hdr_act_d{top:63px;left:auto;right:24px;min-width:288px;max-width:400px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_d{right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;min-width:280px;max-width:280px;max-width:90vw;}/* Account dialog body. */#gs_hdr_act_aw,#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am,#gs_hdr_act_ab{display:block;padding:10px 20px;word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal;}#gs_hdr_act_aw{background-color:#fef9db;font-size:11px;}#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:20px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:10px;}#gs_hdr_act_apb{margin-top:12px;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:link,#gs_hdr_act_aa:visited{float:right;margin-left:8px;color:#1a0dab;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:active{color:#d14836}.gs_hdr_act_am:link,.gs_hdr_act_am:visited{color:#222;text-decoration:none;background:#fbfbfb;}.gs_hdr_act_am:hover,.gs_hdr_act_am:focus{background:#f1f1f1;}.gs_hdr_act_am:active{background:#eee;}#gs_hdr_act_ab{background:#fbfbfb;padding:10px 0;display:table;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;}#gs_hdr_act_aba,#gs_hdr_act_abs{display:table-cell;padding:0 20px;}#gs_hdr_act_abs{text-align:right;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs{display:block;padding:10px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba button,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs button{width:100%;}#gs_hdr_act_a1,#gs_hdr_act_a2{position:absolute;top:-9px;right:7.5px;width:0;height:0;z-index:1;border:8.5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#333;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);}#gs_hdr_act_a2{top:-8px;border-bottom-color:#fff;}.gs_hdr_act_mw #gs_hdr_act_a2{border-bottom-color:#fef9db;}.gs_hdr_pp{border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pp,.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pp{float:left;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pm{margin-left:116px;}.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pm{margin:6px 0 0 58px;}#gs_ab{position:relative;height:41px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;white-space:nowrap;background-color:#fff;z-index:1000;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab.gs_nta,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab.gs_nph{display:none;}.gs_sth_vis #gs_ab{position:fixed;}#gs_ab_ico,#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_md,#gs_ab_btns{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:block;}#gs_ab_ico{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ico{width:15px;visibility:hidden;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ico{width:55px;visibility:visible;}#gs_ab_ico .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}#gs_ab_ttl{min-width:172px;padding-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:120px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:0;}#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_ttll{font-size:18px;color:#666;text-transform:none;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttll{font-size:16px;}#gs_ab_ttll{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;max-width:200px;}#gs_ab_md{flex:1 0 auto;}.gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;padding:0 8px;color:#999;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{visibility:hidden;padding:0;}#gs_ab_btns{margin-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:4px;}#gs_ab_ttl:before,#gs_ab_md:before,#gs_ab_btns:before{content:"";display:inline-block;width:0;height:100%;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab_md>button,#gs_ab_btns>button,#gs_ab_md>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_md>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 8px;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,.gs_ab_btw{display:inline-block;margin:0;}#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib{margin:0 16px 0 8px;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 12px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns{display:none;}#gs_bdy{display:table;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;}#gs_bdy_sb{vertical-align:top;width:228px;word-wrap:break-word;display:table-cell;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_sb{width:136px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb{display:none;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec{margin:0 40px 0 56px;}.gs_el_sm .gs_bdy_sb_sec{margin:0 0 0 16px;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;margin:13px 0;border-top:1px solid #eee;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child:before{margin:21px 0 0 0;border:none;}.gs_el_sm .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child:before{margin-top:15px;}#gs_bdy_sb ul{list-style-type:none;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:visited{color:#222;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:visited{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind,.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind a{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child li.gs_ind:first-child{margin-top:-8px;}#gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,#gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0;}#gs_bdy_ccl{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top;padding:0 24px 0 16px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{}#gs_ftr_sp{height:62px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_sp{height:57px;}#gs_ftr{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;border-top:1px solid #e4e4e4;background-color:#f2f2f2;display:flex;}#gs_ftr.gs_pfix{position:fixed;}#gs_ftr_rt{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin-left:auto;padding:0 12px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt{padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ftr_rt:after{content:" ";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:16px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(242,242,242,0),rgba(242,242,242,1) 80%);}#gs_ftr_rt>a{display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:12px;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt>a{padding:12px 8px;}#gs_ftr_rt>a:link,#gs_ftr_rt>a:visited{color:#666}#gs_ftr_rt>a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_ftr_mnu{top:auto;bottom:48px;left:auto;right:24px;padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_mnu{right:16px;}.gs_res_sb_yyr{padding:5px 0;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_tc .gs_res_sb_yyr{padding:10px 0;}.gs_res_sb_yyr .gs_in_txt{width:48px;}#gs_res_ccl{max-width:950px;padding-top:10px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_res_ccl{padding-top:7px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_res_ccl{padding-top:6px;}.gs_el_sm.gs_el_tc #gs_res_ccl{padding-top:0;}.gs_r{position:relative;line-height:1.46;padding:11px 0 16px 0;}.gs_el_sm .gs_r{padding:7px 0 12px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_r{padding:15px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gs_el_tc .gs_r.gs_fmar{border-bottom:none;}.gs_r.gs_res_lnfo{font-style:italic;}.gs_rt{position:relative;font-weight:normal;font-size:17px;line-height:19px;margin-right:100px;margin-bottom:2px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_rt{margin-bottom:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_rt{margin-right:0;}.gs_rt2{font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;}.gs_rt a:link,.gs_rt a:link b,.gs_rt2 a:link,.gs_rt2 a:link b{color:#1a0dab}.gs_rt a:visited,.gs_rt a:visited b,.gs_rt2 a:visited,.gs_rt2 a:visited b{color:#660099}.gs_rt a:active,.gs_rt a:active b,.gs_rt2 a:active,.gs_rt2 a:active b{color:#d14836}.gs_or_ggsm:focus{outline:none;}.gs_ggs{position:relative;z-index:1;float:right;margin-left:24px;min-width:200px;max-width:256px;width:200px;width:calc(100% - 620px);font-size:17px;line-height:19px;}.gs_el_sm .gs_ggs{margin-left:16px;}@media(max-width:699px){.gs_el_sm .gs_ggs{min-width:0;width:182px;}}.gs_el_ph .gs_ggs{width:72px;height:43px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ggs{margin-top:-14px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ggsd{position:absolute;top:-1px;right:0;width:72px;height:43px;overflow:hidden;transition:width 0s .3s,height 0s .3s;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ggsd.gs_vis{width:208px;height:88px;transition:none;}.gs_or_ggsm a{display:block;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;margin-bottom:4px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_or_ggsm a{padding:13px 8px 9px 8px;touch-action:none;background:#fff;height:19px;margin-bottom:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm a{text-decoration:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm a:focus{outline:none;background:#f1f1f1;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm a:active{color:#1a0dab;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm a:visited{color:#660099;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm{position:absolute;top:0;right:-132px;margin-right:4px;padding:1px 0;width:200px;height:41px;transform:translate(0,0);}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis{right:0;height:auto;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm>a:nth-child(2){height:0;transform:scale(1,0);transform-origin:0 0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis>a:nth-child(2){height:19px;transform:scale(1,1);}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:-1px;right:-1px;bottom:0;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);border:1px solid #ccc;opacity:0;z-index:-1;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis:before{opacity:1;transition:opacity 0s .3s ;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm:after{content:"";pointer-events:none;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1;background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,1),rgba(255,255,255,1) 65%,rgba(255,255,255,0) 70%);}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis:after{visibility:hidden}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis.gs_anm{animation:gs_anm_hsli .218s ease-in-out;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_ggsm.gs_anm{animation:gs_anm_hslo .218s ease-out;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ggs .gs_or_ggsm.gs_vis.gs_anm>a:nth-child(2){animation:gs_anm_vscli .218s ease-in;}@keyframes gs_anm_hsli{0%{transform:translate(66%,0);height:41px;}99%{transform:translate(0,0);height:41px;}100%{transform:translate(0,0);height:auto;}}@keyframes gs_anm_hslo{0%{transform:translate(-66%,0);}100%{transform:translate(0,0);}}@keyframes gs_anm_vscli{0%{transform:scale(1,0);}100%{transform:scale(1,1);}}.gs_ct1{display:inline}.gs_ct2{display:none}.gs_el_ph .gs_ct1{display:none}.gs_el_ph .gs_ct2{display:inline;font-size:13px;font-weight:normal}.gs_ri{max-width:712px}.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{text-decoration:underline;}.gs_ri .gs_fl a,.gs_a a{white-space:nowrap;}.gs_ri .gs_fl a.gs_wno{white-space:normal;}.gs_ri .gs_fl{font-size:1px;}.gs_ri .gs_fl a{font-size:13px;margin-right:12px;}.gs_ri .gs_fl a:last-child{margin-right:0;}.gs_ri .gs_fl .gs_or_mor{margin:-7px 6px -6px -7px;padding:7px 7px 6px 7px;border-radius:50%;}.gs_ri .gs_fl .gs_or_mor:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}.gs_el_ph .gs_ri .gs_fl .gs_or_sav{margin-right:4px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_or_sav .gs_or_btn_lbl{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ri .gs_fl .gs_or_mor{margin-right:-7px;}.gs_or_svg{position:relative;width:15px;height:16px;vertical-align:text-bottom;fill:none;stroke:#1a0dab;}.gs_or:not([data-lid=""]) .gs_or_sav .gs_or_svg{fill:#1a0dab;}.gs_or[data-lid] .gs_or_ldg .gs_or_svg{animation:gs_anm_spin 1.2s .5s linear infinite;}a:active .gs_or_svg,a .gs_or_svg:active,a .gs_or_svg>*:active{stroke:#dd4b39;}.gs_or_btn .gs_or_svg{margin-right:5px;}.gs_or_nvi,.gs_or_mvi .gs_or_mor{display:none}.gs_or_mvi .gs_or_nvi,.gs_or_mvi .gs_nph,.gs_or_mvi .gs_nta{display:inline}.gs_rs{margin:2px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_rs:empty{margin:0 0 2px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_rs{margin:0}.gs_el_ta .gs_rs{margin-right:10%}@media(max-width:780px){.gs_el_ta .gs_rs,.gs_el_ta .gs_a{margin-right:100px;}}.gs_el_ph .gs_rs br,.gs_el_ta .gs_rs br{display:none}@media screen and (min-width:771px){.gs_el_ta .gs_rs br{display:block}}.gs_age{color:#777777}.gs_rs b,.gs_rt b,.gs_rt2 b{color:#000;}.gs_el_tc .gs_rt a{font-size:17px;line-height:20px;padding:12px 0 9px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_rt2 a{font-size:14px;line-height:20px;padding:6px 0 4px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_a,.gs_el_tc .gs_a a,.gs_el_tc .gs_ri .gs_fl a{padding-top:7px;padding-bottom:6px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ri .gs_fl a{line-height:29px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ri .gs_fl{margin-bottom:-6px;}#gs_n{clear:both;margin:1.5em 0;width:600px;text-align:center;}#gs_n td{font-size:13px}#gs_n a:link,#gs_n a:visited{color:#1a0dab}#gs_n a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_nm{clear:both;position:relative;text-align:center;max-width:500px;margin:24px 50px;font-size:15px;line-height:41px;display:none;}#gs_nm button{position:absolute;top:0}#gs_nm .gs_btnPL{left:-50px}#gs_nm .gs_btnPR{right:-50px}#gs_nml{overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_nma{display:inline-block;width:40px;margin:0 5px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_n,.gs_el_ta #gs_n,.gs_el_ph #gs_n{display:none}.gs_el_tc #gs_nm,.gs_el_ta #gs_nm,.gs_el_ph #gs_nm{display:block}#gs_bdy_sb_ca{margin-top:-6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb_ca{margin-top:2px;}.gs_res_sb_msc{margin-bottom:12px;}@media print{#gs_gb,#gs_hdr,#gs_ab,#gs_top #gs_bdy_sb,.gs_pda,.gs_ggs,.gs_alrt_btm,#gs_top #gs_n,#gs_top #gs_nm,#gs_ftr,#gs_top .gs_ctc,#gs_top .gs_ctu,#gs_rt_hdr,.gs_rt_hdr_ttl{display:none}#gs_top,#gs_top #gs_bdy,#gs_top #gs_res_bdy,#gs_top #gs_bdy_ccl,#gs_top .gs_r,#gs_top .gs_ri,#gs_top .gs_rs{font-size:9pt;color:black;position:static;float:none;margin:0;padding:0;width:auto;min-width:0;max-width:none;}#gs_top #gs_bdy a{color:blue;text-decoration:none}#gs_top .gs_r{margin:1em 0;page-break-inside:avoid;border:0;}#gs_top .gs_med,#gs_top .gs_rt{font-size:12pt}#gs_top .gs_a,#gs_top #gs_bdy .gs_a a{font-size:9pt;color:green}#gs_top .gs_fl,#gs_top .gs_fl a{font-size:9pt}#gs_top .gs_rs br{display:inline}}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttll{max-width:98px;max-width:calc(100vw - 222px);}@media(max-width:320px){.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttll{max-width:98px;}}#gs_res_ab_yy-r,#gs_res_ab_ad-r,#gs_res_ab_mor-r{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_res_ab_yy-r,.gs_el_ph #gs_res_ab_yy-r,.gs_el_ta #gs_res_ab_ad-r,.gs_el_ph #gs_res_ab_ad-r,.gs_el_ta #gs_res_ab_mor-r,.gs_el_ph #gs_res_ab_mor-r{display:inline-block;margin:0;}#gs_res_ab_yy-r:last-child{margin-right:4px;}#gs_res_ab_ad-r:last-child,#gs_res_ab_mor-r:last-child{margin-right:12px;}#gs_res_ab_tmn-d,#gs_res_ab_yy-d,#gs_res_ab_ad-d,#gs_res_ab_mor-d{white-space:normal;word-wrap:break-word;width:208px;width:max-content;min-width:100px;max-width:208px;}#gs_res_ab_yy-d,#gs_res_ab_ad-d,#gs_res_ab_mor-d{left:auto;right:0;}.gs_res_ab_dd_bdy{padding:8px 0;box-sizing:border-box;}.gs_res_ab_dd_sec a.gs_res_ab_sel,.gs_res_ab_dd_sec a[role=menuitemradio]:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_res_ab_dd_sec a.gs_res_ab_sel svg,.gs_res_ab_dd_sec a[role=menuitemradio]:active svg{fill:#d14836;}.gs_res_ab_dd_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin:8px 0;}.gs_res_ab_dd_sec:first-child:before{display:none;}#gs_res_ab_custom_range{display:flex;gap:8px;}#gs_res_ab_custom_range svg{flex-shrink:0;margin-top:2px;}.gs_fsvg line{stroke:#222222}a:link .gs_fsvg{fill:#1a0dab;}a:link .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#1a0dab;}a:visited .gs_fsvg{fill:#660099;}a:visited .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#660099;}a:active .gs_fsvg{fill:#d14836;}a:active .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#d14836;}a .gs_fsvg{border-bottom:1px solid transparent;}a:hover .gs_fsvg,a:focus .gs_fsvg{border-bottom-color:inherit;}.gs_fsml{font-size:13px}.gs_fscp{font-variant:small-caps}.gs_qsuggest{max-width:712px;line-height:21px;margin-bottom:2px;}.gs_r .gs_qsuggest{max-width:600px;}.gs_el_ta .gs_r .gs_qsuggest{margin-right:100px;}.gs_qsuggest h2{margin-bottom:8px;font-weight:normal;font-size:17px;}.gs_qsuggest li{display:inline-block;width:100%;font-size:15px;line-height:18px;padding:4px 0 3px;}.gs_qsuggest ul{list-style-type:none;columns:2;column-gap:40px;margin-bottom:-3px;}.gs_el_sm .gs_qsuggest ul{column-gap:16px;margin-bottom:3px;}.gs_qsuggest li:only-child{column-span:all;}.gs_qsuggest li>a{display:inline-block;max-width:100%;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest a{padding:8px 0 5px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest li{padding:2px 0 1px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest ul{margin:0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest h2{margin:6px 0;}.gs_qsuggest_bottom h2{padding-top:11px;}.gs_qsuggest_bottom{margin-bottom:40px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_qsuggest_wrap .gs_qsuggest_related h2{padding-bottom:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_r .gs_qsuggest{margin-bottom:-15px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest ul{columns:1;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest li{margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest h2{margin:1px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a{display:block;padding:11px 29px 9px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest li:first-child a{border-top:1px solid #eee;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest_wrap.gs_r li:last-child a{border-bottom:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a:link,.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a:visited{color:#222;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a:hover,.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest a:focus{background:#f1f1f1;text-decoration:none;outline:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_qsuggest li>a:after{content:"";position:absolute;width:7px;height:7px;top:50%;margin-top:-4px;right:10px;border:2px solid #777;border-left:none;border-bottom:none;transform:rotate(45deg);}#gs_md_albl-d{width:483px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_md_albl-d{width:100%;}.gs_lbl_btns{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:18px 16px;}.gs_lbl_hide{display:none;}</style><script>!function(GSP){var m,aa=typeof Object.create=="function"?Object.create:function(a){var b=function(){};b.prototype=a;return new b},ba=typeof Object.defineProperties=="function"?Object.defineProperty:function(a,b,c){if(a==Array.prototype||a==Object.prototype)return a;a[b]=c.value;return a},ca=function(a){a=["object"==typeof globalThis&&globalThis,a,"object"==typeof window&&window,"object"==typeof self&&self,"object"==typeof global&&global];for(var b=0;b<a.length;++b){var c=a[b];if(c&&c.Math==Math)return c}throw Error("Cannot find global object");
},da=ca(this),ea="Int8 Uint8 Uint8Clamped Int16 Uint16 Int32 Uint32 Float32 Float64".split(" ");da.BigInt64Array&&(ea.push("BigInt64"),ea.push("BigUint64"));var ha=function(a,b){if(b)for(var c=0;c<ea.length;c++)fa(ea[c]+"Array.prototype."+a,b)},ia=function(a,b){b&&fa(a,b)},fa=function(a,b){var c=da;a=a.split(".");for(var d=0;d<a.length-1;d++){var e=a[d];if(!(e in c))return;c=c[e]}a=a[a.length-1];d=c[a];b=b(d);b!=d&&b!=null&&ba(c,a,{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:b})},ja;
if(typeof Object.setPrototypeOf=="function")ja=Object.setPrototypeOf;else{var ka;a:{var la={a:!0},ma={};try{ma.__proto__=la;ka=ma.a;break a}catch(a){}ka=!1}ja=ka?function(a,b){a.__proto__=b;if(a.__proto__!==b)throw new TypeError(a+" is not extensible");return a}:null}
var na=ja,pa=function(a,b){a.prototype=aa(b.prototype);a.prototype.constructor=a;if(na)na(a,b);else for(var c in b)if(c!="prototype")if(Object.defineProperties){var d=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(b,c);d&&Object.defineProperty(a,c,d)}else a[c]=b[c];a.Sb=b.prototype},qa=function(a){var b=0;return function(){return b<a.length?{done:!1,value:a[b++]}:{done:!0}}},q=function(a){var b=typeof Symbol!="undefined"&&Symbol.iterator&&a[Symbol.iterator];if(b)return b.call(a);if(typeof a.length=="number")return{next:qa(a)};
throw Error(String(a)+" is not an iterable or ArrayLike");};ia("Symbol",function(a){if(a)return a;var b=function(f,g){this.Wa=f;ba(this,"description",{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:g})};b.prototype.toString=function(){return this.Wa};var c="jscomp_symbol_"+(Math.random()*1E9>>>0)+"_",d=0,e=function(f){if(this instanceof e)throw new TypeError("Symbol is not a constructor");return new b(c+(f||"")+"_"+d++,f)};return e});ia("Symbol.dispose",function(a){return a?a:Symbol("Symbol.dispose")});
ia("Math.trunc",function(a){return a?a:function(b){b=Number(b);if(isNaN(b)||b===Infinity||b===-Infinity||b===0)return b;var c=Math.floor(Math.abs(b));return b<0?-c:c}});var ra=function(a){a=Math.trunc(a)||0;a<0&&(a+=this.length);if(!(a<0||a>=this.length))return this[a]};ia("Array.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:ra});ha("at",function(a){return a?a:ra});ia("String.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:ra});/*

 Copyright The Closure Library Authors.
 SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
*/
var sa=function(a){var b=typeof a;return b=="object"&&a!=null||b=="function"},ta=function(a,b){var c=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1);return function(){var d=c.slice();d.push.apply(d,arguments);return a.apply(this,d)}};var ua=function(){this.aa=this.aa;this.ia=this.ia};ua.prototype.aa=!1;ua.prototype.isDisposed=function(){return this.aa};ua.prototype.dispose=function(){this.aa||(this.aa=!0,this.na())};ua.prototype[Symbol.dispose]=function(){this.dispose()};ua.prototype.na=function(){if(this.ia)for(;this.ia.length;)this.ia.shift()()};var va=function(){};function t(a,b){a.classList.add(b)}function u(a,b){a.classList.remove(b)}function v(a,b){return a.classList?a.classList.contains(b):!1}function w(a,b,c){c=c!==void 0?c:!v(a,b);(c?t:u)(a,b);return c};function x(a){return(navigator.userAgent||"").indexOf(a)>=0}var wa=x("iPhone")||x("iPad")||x("iPod"),xa=x("iPhone")||x("Android")&&x("Mobile");function ya(){if(b===void 0){var a=window.screen;a={width:window.innerWidth,height:window.innerHeight,Pb:a.width,Ob:a.height}}else a=b;var b=a;a=b.width;var c=b.height,d=b.Pb;b=b.Ob;var e=4;if(a<600||d*b<48E4||xa)e=1;else if(a<982)e=2;else if(a<1136||c<590)e=3;return e}var za,Aa=/[?&]tc=([01])/.exec(location.search||"");
za=Aa?+Aa[1]>0:x("Android")?!0:window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia("(pointer)").matches?window.matchMedia("(pointer:coarse)").matches:!x("Firefox")||x("Mobile")||x("Tablet")?wa||"ontouchstart"in window||(navigator.msMaxTouchPoints||0)>0:!1;function Ba(){if(Ca==void 0){Ca=!1;try{var a=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){Ca=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",va,a);window.removeEventListener("testPassive",va,a)}catch(b){}}return Ca}var Ca;var Da=function(a){this.Rb=a},Ea=new Da("B"),Fa=new Da("DIV"),Ga=new Da("IFRAME"),Ha=new Da("INPUT"),Ia=new Da("LI"),Ja=new Da("SCRIPT"),Ka=new Da("STYLE"),La=new Da("SPAN");function y(a){return document.getElementById(a)}function z(a){return a.id||(a.id="gs_id"+Na++)}function A(a,b){return a.getAttribute(b)||""}function Oa(a){a=(a===void 0?null:a)||document.body;return(a?window.getComputedStyle(a,null):null).direction=="rtl"}
function Pa(a,b){var c=[];a=a.elements;for(var d=a.length,e=0;e<d;e++){var f=a[e],g=encodeURIComponent(f.name||""),h=f.type;!g||b&&!b(f)||f.disabled||!(h!="checkbox"&&h!="radio"||f.checked)||c.push(g+"="+encodeURIComponent(f.value||""))}return c.join("&")}function Qa(a,b){var c=a.elements[b];c||(c=C(Ha),c.type="hidden",c.name=b,a.appendChild(c));return c}function Ra(a){a.match(Sa)&&(window.location.href=a)}function C(a){return document.createElement(a.Rb)}
function Ta(a){var b=y(a);b||(b=C(Ka),b.id=a,document.head.appendChild(b));return b}function Ua(a){if(!y("gs_hats")){var b=C(Ja);b.id="gs_hats";b.src="https://www.gstatic.com/feedback/js/help/prod/service/lazy.min.js";b.onload=a;document.body.appendChild(b)}}function Va(a){return"transform:scale(1,"+a+");"}function Wa(a){return"transform:translate(0,"+a+"px);"}var Na=100,Xa=/\S+/g,Sa=/^(?:https?:|[^:/?#]*(?:[/?#]|$))/i,Ya=/^(?:#|\/[a-z0-9_-]*(?:[?].*)?$)/i;function G(){return Date.now()}function Za(a){return a.hasOwnProperty("gs_uid")?a.gs_uid:a.gs_uid=++$a}var $a=0;function ab(a){var b=[];a=q(a);for(var c=a.next();!c.done;c=a.next())c=c.value.charCodeAt(0),b.push(c<32||c>=126?c:String.fromCharCode(32+(c-32+47)%94));return b.join("")};var I=function(){this.A=[];this.ea={};this.va=this.K=0};I.prototype.add=function(a){var b=Za(a);this.ea[b]||(this.A.push(a),this.ea[b]=this.A.length,++this.K)};I.prototype.remove=function(a){a=Za(a);var b=this.ea[a];b&&(this.A[b-1]=null,delete this.ea[a],--this.K*2<this.A.length&&!this.va&&bb(this))};I.prototype.notify=function(a){var b=this.A;try{++this.va;for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=b[c];d&&d.apply(null,arguments)}}finally{!--this.va&&this.K*2<b.length&&bb(this)}};I.prototype.getSize=function(){return this.K};
var bb=function(a){var b=a.A,c=b.length;a=a.ea;for(var d=0,e=0;e<c;e++){var f=b[e];f&&(b[d]=f,a[Za(f)]=++d)}b.length=d};function J(a,b,c,d,e){cb(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,e===void 0?!1:e,db)}function K(a,b,c,d){cb(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,!1,eb)}function fb(a,b,c,d,e){function f(g){K(a,b,f,d);c(g)}d=d===void 0?!1:d;J(a,b,f,d,e===void 0?!1:e);return f}function gb(a,b,c,d,e){var f=fb(a,b,function(h){clearTimeout(g);c(h)}),g=setTimeout(function(){K(a,b,f);e&&e()},d)}function L(a){hb?hb.add(a):a()}
var ib=window.requestAnimationFrame?function(a){window.requestAnimationFrame(a)}:function(a){setTimeout(function(){return a(window.performance&&performance.now?performance.now():G())},33)};function jb(a){a.stopPropagation();a.preventDefault()}function kb(a){return(a.ctrlKey?1:0)|(a.altKey?2:0)|(a.metaKey?4:0)|(a.shiftKey?8:0)}function db(a,b,c,d,e){var f=a.addEventListener;e=e&&Ba();f.call(a,b,c,e?{passive:e,capture:d}:d)}function eb(a,b,c,d){a.removeEventListener(b,c,d)}
function cb(a,b,c,d,e,f){if(typeof b==="string")f(a,b,c,d,e);else for(var g=b.length,h=0;h<g;h++)f(a,b[h],c,d,e)}function lb(){hb.notify();hb=null}function mb(){document.readyState=="complete"&&(K(document,"readystatechange",mb),lb())}var hb,nb=!!document.attachEvent,ob=document.readyState;if(nb?ob!="complete":ob=="loading")hb=new I,nb?J(document,"readystatechange",mb):fb(document,"DOMContentLoaded",lb);
function pb(){fb(document,["mousedown","touchstart"],function(){w(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!0);J(document,"keydown",qb,!0)},!0,!0)}function qb(a){a.keyCode==9&&(w(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!1),K(document,"keydown",qb,!0),pb())}pb();function rb(a,b,c,d,e){var f=y(a);tb(f,function(){t(f,"gs_vis");b&&b()},function(){u(f,"gs_vis");c&&c()},d,e)}function ub(a){a=M[a]||[0];return a[a.length-1]}
function tb(a,b,c,d,e,f){f=f===void 0?"":f;var g=z(a),h=ub(g);if(!h||h<ub(f)){var k=document.activeElement;f=y(f);vb(wb(f||a),!0);b&&b();xb.push(function(l){M[g].pop();M[g].length||delete M[g];if(!l){(l=e)||k==document.body||(l=k);var n=document.activeElement;if(l)try{l.focus()}catch(p){}else n&&a.contains(n)&&n.blur()}c&&c()});M[g]||(M[g]=[]);M[g].push(xb.length);k&&a.contains(k)||setTimeout(function(){var l=d,n=l&&l.type=="text";if(!l||n&&za)l=a;try{l.focus(),n&&(l.value=l.value)}catch(p){}},0)}}
function O(a){vb((ub(a)||1E6)-1,!1)}function yb(a){a=a===void 0?!1:a;xb.pop()(a)}function vb(a,b){for(b=b===void 0?!1:b;xb.length>a;)yb(b||xb.length>a+1)}function wb(a){for(var b=0;a&&!(b=ub(a.id));)a=a.parentNode;return b}var xb=[],M={};J(document,"click",function(a){var b=xb.length;b&&!kb(a)&&b>wb(a.target)&&yb(!0)});J(document,"keydown",function(a){a.keyCode==27&&!kb(a)&&xb.length&&yb()});
J(document,"focus",function(a){var b=xb.length;if(b)for(var c=wb(a.target);c<b;){var d="",e;for(e in M)if(ub(e)==b){d=e;break}a:{d=(y(d).getAttribute("data-wfc")||"").match(Xa)||[];for(var f=0;f<d.length;f++){var g=y(d[f]);if(g&&g.offsetWidth){d=g;break a}}d=void 0}if(d){jb(a);d.focus();break}else yb(!0),--b}},!0);function zb(a,b,c,d){if((d===void 0?0:d)||!(c in Ab)){a=a&&a.getItem(c);if(a)try{var e=JSON.parse(a)}catch(f){}b[c]=e}return b[c]}function Bb(a,b,c,d){b[c]=d;try{a&&a.setItem(c,JSON.stringify(d))}catch(e){}}function Cb(a,b){return zb(Db,Ab,a,b===void 0?!1:b)}var Ab={},Db,Eb={},Fb;try{Db=window.localStorage,Fb=window.sessionStorage}catch(a){};function Gb(a){return typeof a=="object"?a:null}function Hb(){var a=Ib(),b=Jb();b=Kb(b);a=Lb(a);a=Mb(a)||"#";Nb=Gb(b);Ob?window.history.replaceState(b,"",a):window.location.replace(a)}function Pb(a){var b=[],c;for(c in a)b.push(encodeURIComponent(c)+"="+encodeURIComponent(a[c]));return b.sort().join("&")}function Mb(a){return(a=Pb(a))?"#"+a:""}
function Qb(a){var b={};a=a.split("&");for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++){var d=a[c],e=d.indexOf("=");if(e+1){var f=d.substr(0,e);d=d.substr(e+1)}else f=d,d="";f&&(b[decodeURIComponent(f)]=decodeURIComponent(d))}return b}function Rb(){var a=window.location.hash,b=a.indexOf("#")+1;return Qb(b?a.substr(b):"")}function Sb(a){var b=a.indexOf("?")+1;a=b?a.substr(b):"";b=a.indexOf("#");return Qb(b+1?a.substr(0,b):a)}function Tb(a,b){for(var c in b){var d=b[c];d!==void 0?a[c]=d:delete a[c]}}
function Lb(a){var b=Rb();Tb(b,a);return b}function Kb(a){var b=Nb||Gb(window.history.state),c={},d;for(d in b)c[d]=b[d];Tb(c,a);return c}function Ub(){setTimeout(function(){if(!Vb){var a=window.history.state;Vb=!0;Nb=Gb(a);Wb.notify()}Xb=!1},0)}var Wb=new I,Nb,Vb=!1,Xb=!0,Ob="pushState"in window.history,Yb;
if(typeof GSP=="undefined")Yb=!1;else{var Zb=.001*G(),$b=GSP.eventId,ac=!1,bc=zb(Fb,Eb,"nh",!1);bc instanceof Array||(bc=[]);for(var cc=bc.length,dc=0,ec=0;ec<cc;ec++){var fc=bc[ec];if(fc instanceof Array&&fc.length==2){var hc=fc[1]==$b;ac=ac||hc;cc-ec<=10&&+fc[0]>Zb-86400&&!hc&&(bc[dc++]=fc)}}bc.length=dc;bc.push([Zb,$b]);Bb(Fb,Eb,"nh",bc);Yb=ac}var ic=Yb;"onpageshow"in window?J(window,"pageshow",Ub):L(Ub);
J(window,Ob?"popstate":"hashchange",function(a){document.readyState!="loading"&&(a=a.state,Vb=!0,Nb=Gb(a),Wb.notify())});function jc(){kc&&(K(y("gs_alrt_l"),"click",kc),kc=void 0)}function lc(a){var b=b===void 0?"":b;var c=c===void 0?"":c;var d=d===void 0?[]:d;y("gs_alrt_m").innerHTML=a;mc().action=c.match(Sa)?c:"";a=y("gs_alrt_l");a.textContent=b;b=y("gs_alrt_h");b.innerHTML="";for(var e in d)c=C(Ha),c.type="hidden",c.name=e,c.value=d[e],b.appendChild(c);jc();w(a,"gs_fm_s",!0);nc()}
function nc(){var a=mc();t(a,"gs_anm");t(a,"gs_vis");J(document,"click",oc);clearTimeout(pc);pc=setTimeout(oc,4E3);++qc;setTimeout(rc,0)}function oc(){qc||(K(document,"click",oc),clearTimeout(pc),pc=void 0,jc(),u(mc(),"gs_vis"))}function mc(){return y("gs_alrt")}function rc(){qc=0}var pc,qc=0,kc;L(function(){var a=y("gs_alrt_m");a&&(a.innerHTML&&!ic&&nc(),J(window,"pagehide",function(){qc=0;oc();u(mc(),"gs_anm")}))});function P(a,b,c){b=b===void 0?sc:b;c=c===void 0?!1:c;b.length=0;a.normalize&&(a=a.normalize("NFKD").replace(tc,""));return a.toLowerCase().replace(uc,function(d,e){b.length||e&&b.push(0);b.push(d.length);return e&&(!c||e+d.length<a.length)?" ":""})}function vc(a,b,c,d,e){var f=c.indexOf(a),g="",h="";f>0&&(f=c.indexOf(" "+a));!(a&&f+1)||e!==void 0&&e&&f||(f+=c[f]==" ",g=wc(c.substr(0,f),b,d),h=wc(c.substr(0,f+a.length),b,d).substr(g.length));return[g,h,b.substr(g.length+h.length)]}
function wc(a,b,c){var d=a.length;for(a=a.split(" ").length;a--;)d+=(c[a]||0)-1;return b.substr(0,d+1)}var sc=[],tc=/[\u0300-\u036f]+/g,uc=RegExp("[\\s\x00-/:-@[-`{-\u00bf\u2000-\u206f\u2e00-\u2e42\u3000-\u303f\uff00-\uff0f\uff1a-\uff20\uff3b-\uff40\uff5b-\uff65]+","g"),xc=/^[\d\s]*[\u0590-\u08ff\ufb1d-\ufdff\ufe70-\ufefc]/;var yc=function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g){e=e===void 0?[]:e;this.C=a;this.source=b;this.La=c===void 0?"":c;this.B=d===void 0?"":d;this.X=e;this.Lb=f===void 0?"":f;this.Pa=g===void 0?"":g};var zc=function(){this.Za=100;this.K=0;this.W=this.R=null;this.ga=Object.create(null)};zc.prototype.get=function(a){if(a=this.ga[a])return Ac(this,a),a.value};zc.prototype.set=function(a,b){var c=this.ga[a];c?(c.value=b,Ac(this,c)):(this.K>=this.Za&&(delete this.ga[this.W.key],this.W=this.W.V,this.W.ha=null,--this.K),c=this.ga[a]={key:a,value:b,ha:this.R,V:null},this.R?this.R.V=c:this.W=c,this.R=c,++this.K)};
var Ac=function(a,b){var c=b.ha,d=b.V;d&&((d.ha=c)?c.V=d:a.W=d,a.R.V=b,b.ha=a.R,b.V=null,a.R=b)};function Bc(a,b,c){var d=new XMLHttpRequest;d.onreadystatechange=function(){if(d.readyState==4){var e=d.status,f=d.responseText,g=d.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"),h=d.responseURL,k=window.location,l=k.protocol;k="//"+k.host+"/";h&&h.indexOf(l+k)&&h.indexOf("https:"+k)&&(e=0,g=f="");c(e,f,g||"")}};d.open(b?"POST":"GET",a,!0);d.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With","XHR");b&&d.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");b?d.send(b):d.send();return d}
function Cc(a){a&&(a.onreadystatechange=function(){},a.abort())};var Dc=function(a,b){this.Mb=a;this.Sa=b;this.da=this.ca=0;this.ya=this.za="";this.Aa=void 0;this.Ha=new zc},Gc=function(a,b,c){var d=b?a.Ha.get(Ec(a,b,c)):[];d?a.Sa(b,c,d):(a.za=b,a.ya=c,a.ca>=10||a.da>=3||(a.ca?a.Aa!==void 0||(a.Aa=setTimeout(function(){Fc(a)},100<<Math.max(a.ca-4,0))):Fc(a)))},Fc=function(a){a.Aa=void 0;var b=a.za,c=a.ya;a.za=a.ya="";if(b){++a.ca;var d=new XMLHttpRequest;d.onreadystatechange=function(){if(d&&d.readyState==4){var e=d.status;e==200&&a.ta(b,c,d.responseText);d=null;
Hc(a,e)}};d.ontimeout=function(){d&&(d=null,Hc(a))};d.open("GET",Ec(a,b,c),!0);d.timeout=3E4;d.send()}},Hc=function(a,b){b=b===void 0?0:b;--a.ca;var c=3*(b==403?1:0)+(b>499&&b<600?1:0);a.da+=c;c&&setTimeout(function(){a.da-=c},3E4)};
Dc.prototype.ta=function(a,b,c){try{var d=JSON.parse(c)}catch(r){}if(d&&typeof d=="object"&&(c=d.l,c instanceof Array)){d=[];for(var e=c.length,f=0;f<e;f++){var g=d,h=g.push,k=""+c[f],l=k.indexOf("|");var n=k.substr(0,l);var p=P(n);k=k.substr(l+1);l=[];n=new yc(k,0,"",P(k,l),l,n,p);h.call(g,n)}this.Ha.set(Ec(this,a,b),d);this.Sa(a,b,d)}};var Ec=function(a,b,c){return"/scholar_complete?"+encodeURIComponent(a.Mb)+"="+encodeURIComponent(b)+"&"+c};var Jc=function(a){this.Ta="H:"+a;this.G=[];this.Jb=.001*G();a=Cb(this.Ta);a instanceof Array||(a=[]);for(var b=this.G,c={"":1},d=0;d<a.length&&b.length<50;d++){var e=new Ic(a[d]);c.hasOwnProperty(e.B)||(c[e.B]=1,b.push(e))}};
Jc.prototype.add=function(a,b,c){c=(c===void 0?0:c)||.001*G();b=(b===void 0?0:b)||c;a=new Ic([0,0,a]);if(a.B){for(var d=this.G,e=d.length,f=0;f<e&&d[f].B!=a.B;)++f;f<e||d.push(a);e=d[f];if(!(b-e.F<2)){e.F=b;e.C=a.C;e.X=a.X;for(e.H=Math.min(e.H+Kc(b),10*Kc(c));f&&Lc(d[f],d[f-1]);)a=d[f],d[f]=d[f-1],d[--f]=a;d.splice(50,1);Mc(this)}}};Jc.prototype.remove=function(a){for(var b=this.G,c=b.length,d=0;d<c;d++)if(b[d].C==a){b.splice(d,1);Mc(this);break}};
var Mc=function(a){for(var b=[],c=a.G,d=c.length,e=0;e<d;e++)b.push(c[e].encode());Bb(Db,Ab,a.Ta,b)};function Kc(a){return Math.exp(.0231*(Math.max(a-1422777600,0)/86400|0))}var Ic=function(a){a instanceof Array||(a=Nc);this.F=+a[0]||0;this.H=+a[1]||0;this.C=""+a[2];this.X=[];this.B=P(this.C,this.X,!0)};Ic.prototype.encode=function(){return[this.F,this.H,this.C]};
var Lc=function(a,b){var c=a.H-b.H;return c>0||!c&&a.F>b.F},Nc=[0,0,""],Oc=function(a,b,c){this.F=a;this.H=b;this.C=c},Pc=function(a,b){var c=a.H-b.H;return c>0||!c&&a.F>b.F};var Qc=function(a){this.D=a};function Rc(a){var b=C(Ea);b.textContent=a;return b};var Sc=function(a,b,c){this.type=a;this.currentTarget=this.target=b;this.j=c===void 0?null:c;this.Ba=!1};Sc.prototype.stopPropagation=function(){this.j&&this.j.stopPropagation();this.Ba=!0};var Q=function(a){a.j&&jb(a.j);a.Ba=!0};var R=function(a,b){this.Da=a;this.Ib=b},Tc=function(a,b,c){this.Da=a;this.types=b;this.listener=c};function Uc(a,b){T(a,"click",b)}function U(a,b){var c=b.length;if(c){var d=Za(a),e=Vc[d];if(!e){e=Vc[d]=[];d=Wc(b[0].Da);for(var f in d){var g=Xc[f];g||(g=Xc[f]=Object.create(null));for(var h in d[f]){var k=g[h];k||(k=g[h]=[]);k.push(a)}}Yc(a,e,b[0],Zc);for(f=1;f<c;f++)Yc(a,e,b[f],$c)}}}function V(a,b,c){ad(new Sc(a,b,c===void 0?null:c))}
function T(a,b,c){var d=bd;typeof b==="string"&&(cd[0]=b,b=cd);var e=b.length;a=Wc(a);for(var f in a)for(var g in a[f])for(var h=0;h<e;h++)d(f,g,b[h],c)}function Wc(a){typeof a==="string"&&(dd[0]=a,a=dd);for(var b=a.length,c=Object.create(null),d=0;d<b;d++){var e=a[d],f=e.charAt(0),g=e.substr(1);if(f!="#"&&f!="."||!g)throw Error("bad selector: "+e);(e=c[f])||(e=c[f]=Object.create(null));e[g]=!0}return c}
function bd(a,b,c,d){var e=ed[c];e||(c!="touchstart"&&c!="mouseover"&&c!="mouseout"&&c!="mouseenter"&&c!="mouseleave"&&J(document,c,fd,c=="focus"||c=="blur"),e=ed[c]=Object.create(null));(c=e[a])||(c=e[a]=Object.create(null));(a=c[b])||(a=c[b]=new I);a.add(d)}function fd(a){var b=a.target;b&&b.nodeType==3&&(b=b.parentNode);ad(new Sc(a.type,b,a))}
function ad(a){for(var b=a.target;b&&b!=document&&!b.disabled&&!v(b,"gs_dis");){a.currentTarget=b;var c=b.id;if(c&&!gd("#",c,a))break;c=b.classList||[];for(var d=c.length,e=0;e<d;e++)if(!gd(".",c[e],a))return;b=b.parentNode}}function gd(a,b,c){var d=ed[c.type];(b=(a=d&&d[a])&&a[b])&&b.notify(c);return!c.Ba}function Yc(a,b,c,d){var e=c.Da;c=c.Ib;for(var f in c){var g=ta(d,a,c[f]);T(e,f,g);b.push(new Tc(e,f,g))}}function Zc(a,b,c){var d=c.currentTarget;a=hd(a,d)||a;a=id(a,d);b.call(a,c)}
function $c(a,b,c){a:{for(var d=c.currentTarget;d&&d!=document;){var e=hd(a,d);if(e){a=id(e,d);break a}d=d.parentNode}a=void 0}a&&b.call(a,c)}function id(a,b){var c=jd(b),d=kd[c];d||(d=kd[c]=[]);for(var e=d.length,f=0;f<e;f++){var g=d[f];if(g instanceof a)return g}b=new a(b);d.push(b);a=Za(a);(d=ld[a])||(d=ld[a]=[]);d.push(c);return b}function hd(a,b){var c,d=b.id;d&&(c=md(a,c,"#",d));b=b.classList||[];d=b.length;for(var e=0;e<d;e++)c=md(a,c,".",b[e]);return c}
function md(a,b,c,d){c=(d=(c=Xc[c])&&c[d])?d.length:0;for(var e=0;e<c;e++){var f=d[e];!(f===a||f.prototype instanceof a)||b&&!(f===b||f.prototype instanceof b)||(b=f)}return b}function jd(a){var b=a.getAttribute("data-duid");b||a.setAttribute("data-duid",b=""+nd++);return b}var ed=Object.create(null),dd=[""],cd=[""],Xc=Object.create(null),Vc=Object.create(null),ld=Object.create(null),kd=Object.create(null),nd=100;window.gs_evt_dsp=fd;function od(a){if(typeof a==="string"){var b=a.charAt(0),c=a.slice(1);if(b=="#")a=function(d){return d.id==c&&d.offsetWidth>0};else if(b==".")a=function(d){return v(d,c)&&d.offsetWidth>0};else throw Error("bad selector: "+a);}return a}function pd(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.lastElementChild:a.firstElementChild)}function qd(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.previousElementSibling:a.nextElementSibling)}
function rd(a){var b=b===void 0?!1:b;var c=[];for(a=qd(a,b);a;)c.push(a),a=qd(a,b);return c}function sd(a,b,c,d){d=d===void 0?!1:d;return td(a,b,od(c),d,!1)}function td(a,b,c,d,e){for(var f;b&&a;){if(c(b)){if(e)return b}else for(f=pd(b,d);f;f=qd(f,d))if(e=td(f,f,c,d,!0))return e;for(e=!0;;){if(b==a)return null;f=b.parentNode;if(b=qd(b,d))break;b=f}}return null};var W=function(a){var b=this;this.g=a.querySelector(".gs_in_ac");this.D=a.querySelector(".gs_md_ac");this.ba=this.O=!1;this.G=new Jc(this.g.name);this.eb=new Dc(this.g.name,function(c,d,e){d==b.ja&&ud(b,c)&&(c.length>=b.ka.length||!ud(b,b.ka))&&(b.ka=c,b.Ca=e,vd(b))});this.Qa=0;this.Nb=new Qc(this.D);this.Ma=[];this.Na=[];this.ka="";this.Ca=[];this.ja="";this.I=this.g.value;wd(this);J(this.g.form,["change","gs-change"],function(){wd(b)})},xd=function(a){return a.D.style.display=="block"},zd=function(a){if(xd(a)){var b=
yd(a);b&&u(b,"gs_sel");a.O=a.ba=!1;a.D.style.display="none"}},Ad=function(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?[]:c;a.Ma=c;c=a.G;var d=P(b);var e=" "+d,f=d.length,g=d.split(" ").length,h=.1/Kc(c.Jb),k=c.G,l=k.length;c=[];for(var n=0;n<l;n++){var p=k[n],r=p.B,F=r.indexOf(d);if(!(F<0)){var H=10;F&&(F=r.lastIndexOf(e),H=+(F>=0));r=H*(2*(g-1)+(1+((r[F+f]||" ")==" ")))/g;F=p.H*h;if(r=d?r*F:1){p=new Oc(p.F,r,p.C);for(r=0;r<c.length&&!Pc(p,c[r]);)++r;r<3&&c.splice(r,0,p);c.splice(3,1)}}}d=[];for(e=0;e<c.length;e++)f=d,g=
f.push,h=c[e].C,k=[],h=new yc(h,2,"",P(h,k),k),g.call(f,h);a.Na=d;Gc(a.eb,b,a.ja);vd(a)},ud=function(a,b){return P(a.g.value).indexOf(P(b))==0},Bd=function(a){var b=a.g.value;a.I=b;wd(a);var c=[],d=a.g.getAttribute("data-iq")||"",e=a.g.getAttribute("data-is");if(d==b&&e){d=document.querySelectorAll(e);e=d.length;for(var f=0;f<e&&f<10;f++){var g=d[f];c.push(new yc(g.textContent,1,g.innerHTML))}}Ad(a,b,c)},vd=function(a){a.Qa++||ib(function(){a.Qa=0;var b=a.Ma,c=a.Na;var d=a.Ca;if(b.length)b=b.slice(0,
10);else{b=c.slice(0,3);var e=d.length&&d[0].Pa;c=e?3:10;var f=b.length;if(!f||!e){for(e=Object.create(null);f--;)e[b[f].B]=!0;for(f=0;f<d.length&&b.length<c;f++){var g=d[f];e[g.B]||b.push(g)}}}d=b;var h=a.g.value,k=a.Nb.D.firstElementChild;g=k.querySelector(".gs_md_acs");b=k.querySelector("ul");c=(c=b.querySelector(".gs_sel"))?c.getAttribute("data-q"):"";f=d.length;var l=[];e=P(h,l);b.innerHTML="";if(f){var n=d[0].Pa,p=n&&"gs_md_acp";typeof p==="string"||(p=p.join(" "));k.className!=p&&(k.className=
p);h=vc(n,h,e,l,!0);g.textContent=h[0]+h[1];h=h[2];e=P(h,l);for(g=0;g<f;g++){n=d[g];k=C(Ia);l=(n.Lb||"")+n.C;k.className="gs_md_ac_li";k.setAttribute("data-q",l);k.setAttribute("onclick","");if(n.La)k.innerHTML=n.La;else{h=vc(e,n.C,n.B,n.X);if(!h[1]){for(h=0;n.B[h]==e[h];)++h;h=vc(e.substr(0,h),n.C,n.B,n.X)}h[0]&&k.appendChild(Rc(h[0]));k.appendChild(document.createTextNode(h[1]));h[2]&&k.appendChild(Rc(h[2]));n.source==2&&(t(k,"gs_md_ac_lh"),h=C(La),h.className="gs_ico gs_ico_X gs_ico_Xt",k.appendChild(h))}l==
c&&t(k,"gs_sel");b.appendChild(k)}}d=d.length&&document.activeElement==a.g;d!=xd(a)&&(d?xd(a)||(a.O=a.ba=!1,a.D.style.display="block"):zd(a))})},yd=function(a){return a.D.querySelector(".gs_sel")},Dd=function(a,b){var c=a.g.getAttribute("data-oq")||"oq",d=a.g.form,e=d.elements[c];e||(e=C(Ha),e.name=c,e.type="hidden",d.appendChild(e));e.value=a.I;a.g.value=Cd(b)},Ed=function(a){V("gs-change",a.g)};m=W.prototype;
m.xb=function(){var a=this.g.value;this.I!=a&&(this.I=a,Ad(this,a),Fd(this.g,P(a).match(xc)?"rtl":"ltr"))};
m.ra=function(a){if(!this.ba){var b=a.j,c=b.keyCode;b=kb(b);var d;c!=13||b?c!=27||b?c!=38&&c!=40||b?(c==46&&!b||c==88&&(b==1||b==4))&&(d=yd(this))&&v(d,"gs_md_ac_lh")&&(this.g.selectionStart||0)>=this.g.value.length&&(this.G.remove(Cd(d)),Ad(this,this.g.value=this.I),Q(a),Ed(this)):(xd(this)?((d=yd(this))&&u(d,"gs_sel"),(d=sd(this.D,d||this.D,".gs_md_ac_li",c==38))?(t(d,"gs_sel"),this.g.value=Cd(d)):this.g.value=this.I,Ed(this)):Bd(this),Q(a)):xd(this)&&(this.g.value=this.I,zd(this),Q(a),Ed(this)):
((d=yd(this))&&Dd(this,d),zd(this),Ed(this))}};m.sa=function(){var a=this;document.activeElement==this.g?Bd(this):(clearTimeout(this.wa),this.wa=setTimeout(function(){a.wa=void 0},500))};m.wb=function(){this.wa!==void 0&&Bd(this)};m.jb=function(){var a=this;setTimeout(function(){zd(a)},this.O?300:0)};m.ib=function(a){this.O&&Q(a)};m.tb=function(){this.ba=!0};m.sb=function(){this.ba=!1};var wd=function(a){var b=a.g,c=Pa(b.form,function(d){return d!=b});c!=a.ja&&(a.ja=c,a.ka="",a.Ca=[])};m=W.prototype;
m.nb=function(a){this.O=!0;Q(a)};m.ob=function(){this.O=!0};m.pa=function(){this.O=!1};m.kb=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget;if(v(a.target,"gs_ico_X"))this.G.remove(Cd(b)),Ad(this,this.g.value=this.I);else{Dd(this,b);zd(this);this.g.blur();var c=this.g.form;setTimeout(function(){c.submit()},0)}Ed(this)};m.mb=function(a){a=a.currentTarget;if(!v(a,"gs_sel")){var b=yd(this);b&&u(b,"gs_sel");t(a,"gs_sel")}};m.lb=function(a){u(a.currentTarget,"gs_sel")};
var Gd=[new R(".gs_in_acw",{}),new R(".gs_in_ac",{input:W.prototype.xb,keydown:W.prototype.ra,mousedown:W.prototype.sa,focus:W.prototype.wb,blur:W.prototype.jb,beforedeactivate:W.prototype.ib,compositionstart:W.prototype.tb,compositionend:W.prototype.sb}),new R(".gs_md_ac",{mousedown:W.prototype.nb,touchstart:W.prototype.ob,mouseup:W.prototype.pa,touchend:W.prototype.pa,touchcancel:W.prototype.pa}),new R(".gs_md_ac_li",{click:W.prototype.kb,mouseover:W.prototype.mb,mouseout:W.prototype.lb})];
function Cd(a){return a.getAttribute("data-q")||""}function Fd(a,b){a.getAttribute("dir")!=b&&(a.setAttribute("dir",b),a=a.parentNode,a.setAttribute("dir",b),a.querySelector(".gs_md_ac").setAttribute("dir",b))}function Hd(){for(var a=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_ac"),b=a.length,c=0;c<b;c++){var d=a[c],e=d.getAttribute("data-iq")||"";d.value=e;Fd(d,P(e).match(xc)?"rtl":"ltr");V("gs-change",d);e=d.getAttribute("data-oq")||"oq";(e=d.form.elements[e])&&d.form.removeChild(e)}};function Id(a){return(v(a,"gs_sel")?1:0)+2*(v(a,"gs_par")?1:0)}function Jd(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?!1:c;w(a,"gs_sel",b==1);w(a,"gs_par",b==2);a.setAttribute("aria-checked",Kd[b]);c||a.setAttribute("data-s",""+b)}var Kd=["false","true","mixed"];var Ld=function(a){var b=window,c=this;this.A=new I;this.Ra=0;this.Ga=[b,a,function(){c.Ra++||ib(d)},!1];var d=function(){c.Ra=0;c.A.notify()}};Ld.prototype.addListener=function(a){this.A.getSize()||J.apply(null,this.Ga);this.A.add(a)};Ld.prototype.removeListener=function(a){this.A.remove(a);this.A.getSize()||K.apply(null,this.Ga)};var Md=new Ld("scroll"),Nd=new Ld("resize");function Od(a){Pd.add(a);a()}var Pd=new I;function Qd(){var a=document.documentElement,b=ya();b={gs_el_ph:b==1,gs_el_ta:b==2,gs_el_sm:b!=4,gs_el_tc:za||b==1};var c;for(c in b){var d=b[c];if(v(a,c)!=d){var e=!0;w(a,c,d)}}e&&Pd.notify()}w(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ios",wa);Qd();Nd.addListener(Qd);J(window,["pageshow","load"],Qd);var Rd=function(a,b,c,d,e,f){this.i=a;this.Z=b;this.T=c;this.Y=d;this.xa=e;this.S=f;this.v=null},Sd=function(a,b){a.v=b},Td=function(){this.o=[];this.m=-1};Td.prototype.push=function(a){++this.m;this.m==this.o.length?this.o.push(a):(this.o[this.m]=a,this.o.splice(this.m+1,this.o.length-this.m))};Td.prototype.pop=function(){--this.m};var Ud=function(a){for(var b=X;b.m>a;){var c=b.top().i;O(c)}},Vd=function(a,b){for(var c=0;c<a.o.length&&!(a.o[c].S>=b);++c);return c};Td.prototype.top=function(){return this.at(this.m)};
Td.prototype.at=function(a){return this.o[a]||null};function Wd(a,b){var c=a==X.m;X.m=a;b&&!Nb&&!Gb(window.history.state)&&Hb();c||Xd()}function Yd(a,b,c,d){b=b===void 0?"":b;c=c===void 0?"":c;d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=X.top();e&&a==e.i&&b==e.Z&&c==e.T||(X.push(new Rd(a,b,c,d,e&&e.i==a?e.xa+1:1,G())),b=Ib(),a=Jb(),a=Kb(a),b=Lb(b),b=Mb(b)||"#",Nb=Gb(a),Ob?window.history.pushState(a,"",b):window.location.assign(b),Xd())}
function Zd(a){a=$d(y(a));return!!a&&v(a,"gs_md_wmw")&&v(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph")}function ae(){var a=y("gs_top"),b=document.documentElement;a=a.scrollHeight>b.clientHeight;for(var c=!1,d=0;d<=X.m&&!c;++d)c=!Zd(X.at(d).i);w(y("gs_md_s"),"gs_vis",c);c=X.m;c>=1&&(c=X.at(c-1).i,d=Zd(c),w(y(c),"gs_md_ins_vis",!d));b.style.overflowY=a&&!Zd(X.top().i)?"scroll":""}
function Xd(){function a(){var N=c.clientHeight,D=+H.getAttribute("data-h");D||(g.style.maxHeight="none",D=f.offsetHeight);var E=f.querySelector(".gs_md_ftr");D=Math.max((N-D)/2,10);N=Math.max(N-48-(E?E.offsetHeight:0)-2*D,10);E=Zd(e);f.style.top=E?"auto":D+"px";g.style.maxHeight=E?"none":N+"px";be(g)}var b=X.top(),c=document.documentElement,d=y("gs_top"),e=b.i,f=y(e),g=y(e+"-bdy"),h=1200+X.m,k=y(f.getAttribute("data-cid")||f.id+"-bdy")||f,l=b.Y,n=b.T,p=b.Z,r=y("gs_md_s"),F=y(e).getAttribute("data-shd")||
"",H=$d(f),B=window.pageYOffset,S=p&&p[0]!="#"&&!l,oa=X.m>0?X.at(X.m-1).i:"",Ma=!!M[e];S?(Ma?w(k,"gs_md_ldg",!0):ce(f,k,'<div class="gs_md_prg">'+y("gs_md_ldg").innerHTML+"</div>",b),V("gs-md-ldin",k)):(l&&ce(f,k,l,b),V("gs-md-lded",k));Ma&&e==oa||tb(f,function(){(H||f).style.zIndex=h;de(F);Ma||(H&&t(H,"gs_vis"),t(f,"gs_vis"),w(f,"gs_abt",Xb),w(r,"gs_abt",Xb),ee(e),X.m==0?Od(ae):ae(),H&&g&&(a(),Nd.addListener(a)));X.m==0&&(t(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top=-B+"px")},function(){Ma||(Nd.removeListener(a),
H&&u(H,"gs_vis"),u(f,"gs_vis"),u(f,"gs_abt"));for(var N=X.top()?X.top().xa:0;X.top()&&X.top().i==e;){var D=X.top();Cc(D.v);D.v=null;X.pop()}if(X.top()){if(D=X.top().i,de(y(D).getAttribute("data-shd")||""),u(y(D),"gs_md_ins_vis"),Ma){a:{D=X;for(var E=D.m;E>=0;E--)if(D.o[E].i==e){D=E;break a}D=-1}E=X.at(D);(H||f).style.zIndex=1200+D;ce(f,k,E.Y,E)}}else u(r,"gs_vis"),u(r,"gs_abt");X.m==-1?(Pd.remove(ae),c.style.overflowY="",u(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top="auto",window.scrollTo(0,B)):ae();fe||(N>0?window.history.go(-N):
Hb())},ge(f),he(f),oa);S&&(Cc(b.v),b.v=null,Sd(b,Bc(p,n,function(N,D,E){b.v=null;E=(N=N==200&&E.match(/^text\/html(;.*)?$/i))?D:ie();ce(f,k,E,b);if(N)for(N=e,E=0;E<X.o.length;++E){var sb=X.at(E);N==sb.i&&p==sb.Z&&n==sb.T&&(sb.Y=D,E==X.m&&Hb())}V("gs-md-lded",k)})))}function $d(a){a=a.parentNode;return v(a,"gs_md_wnw")?a:null}function ge(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-ifc"))?y(a):null}function he(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-cfc"))?y(a):null}
function ce(a,b,c,d){w(b,"gs_md_ldg",!1);for(var e=b.querySelectorAll("[data-duid]"),f=e.length,g={},h=0;h<f;h++){for(var k=jd(e[h]),l=kd[k],n=l?l.length:0,p=0;p<n;p++){var r=l[p],F=Za(r.constructor),H=g[F];H||(H=g[F]={});H[k]=!0;r&&typeof r.dispose=="function"&&r.dispose()}delete kd[k]}for(var B in g){B=+B;e=g[B];h=(f=ld[B])?f.length:0;for(l=k=0;l<h;l++)n=f[l],n in e||(f[k++]=n);k?f.length=k:delete ld[B]}b.innerHTML=c;d.Y=c;ee(a.id);Cc(d.v);d.v=null}
function ee(a){if(a=document.querySelector("#"+a+">.gs_md_bdy"))a.scrollTop=a.scrollLeft=0,be(a)}function be(a){var b=a.style,c="padding"+(Oa(a)?"Left":"Right");b[c]="";var d=a.offsetWidth-a.clientWidth;d>2&&(a=parseInt(window.getComputedStyle(a,null)[c],10)||0,b[c]=Math.max(a-d,0)+"px")}function je(){return y("gs_md_err").innerHTML}function ie(){return'<div class="gs_md_prg"><div class="gs_alrt">'+je()+"</div></div>"}
function Ib(){var a=X.top();return{d:a&&a.i||void 0,u:a&&a.Z||void 0,p:a&&a.T?"1":void 0,t:a&&a.S||void 0}}function Jb(){var a=X.top();return{n:a&&a.xa||0,p:a&&a.T||"",h:a&&a.Y||""}}function de(a){if(ke!=a){var b=y("gs_md_s");ke&&u(b,ke);(ke=a)&&t(b,a)}}var fe=0,ke="",X=new Td;
Wb.add(function(){var a=Rb(),b=a.d||"",c=b?y(b):null;++fe;if(c){var d=a.u||"";c=+a.p>0;var e=+a.t||0,f=Nb||Gb(window.history.state)||{};a=+f.n||0;var g=""+(f.p||"");f=""+(f.h||"");d.match(Ya)||(d="");for(var h=Vd(X,e),k=h;k<X.o.length;++k){var l=X.at(k);if(e<l.S&&l.i!=b)break}for(l=h-1;l>=0;--l){var n=X.at(l);if(e>n.S&&n.i!=b)break}Ud(k-1);for(k=0;k<=l;++k)n=X.at(k).i,M[n]||Wd(l,!1);if(l=h<X.o.length)l=X.at(h),l=b==l.i&&d==l.Z&&c==!!l.T&&e==l.S;l?Wd(h,!0):(a==0&&(Ud(-1),X=new Td,e=G()),c!=!!g&&(d=
g="",f=ie()),b=new Rd(b,d,g,f,a,e),c=X,e=b.S,a=Vd(c,e),e=a<c.o.length&&e==c.at(a).S,c.o.splice(a,e?1:0,b),X.m=a,Hb(),Xd())}else Ud(-1);--fe});var le=function(a){ua.call(this);this.fa=a;this.ua=Object.create(null);this.v=null;a=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_txtw>input[type=text]");for(var b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b],d=c.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");c=c.name;d&&c&&(this.ua[c]=d.innerHTML)}};pa(le,ua);le.prototype.na=function(){Cc(this.v);this.fa=this.v=null;ua.prototype.na.call(this)};le.prototype.Db=function(a){var b=this;Q(a);if((a=this.fa)&&!this.v){var c="json=&"+Pa(a);me(this,!0);this.v=Bc(a.action,c,function(d,e){b.ta(d,e)})}};
le.prototype.ta=function(a,b){this.v=null;me(this,!1);var c=this.fa,d=c.getAttribute("data-alrt");if(d=d?y(d):null)d.innerHTML="";try{var e=a==200&&JSON.parse(b)}catch(p){}a=!1;e&&typeof e=="object"||(a=je(),d?d.innerHTML=a:lc(a),e={},a=!0);c.setAttribute("data-p",""+(e.P||""));V("gs-ajax-form-done",c);if(b=e.L)Ra(""+b);else{if(b=e.M)d?d.innerHTML=b:lc(b),a=!0;b=1E6;if(d&&d.innerHTML){var f=d;b=d.getBoundingClientRect().top}d=c.elements;e=e.E;typeof e=="object"||(e=Object.create(null));for(var g in this.ua){var h=
d[g],k=void 0,l=""+(e[g]||""),n=h.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");w(h.parentNode,"gs_in_txte",!!l);n&&(n.innerHTML=l||this.ua[g]||"");l&&(k=h.getBoundingClientRect().top)<b&&(f=h,b=k);a=a||!!l}(c=c.getAttribute("data-d"))&&!a&&O(c);f&&f.scrollIntoView&&(b<0||b+20>window.innerHeight)&&f.scrollIntoView()}};var me=function(a,b){a=a.fa;var c=a.getAttribute("data-bsel");a=c?document.querySelectorAll(c):a.querySelectorAll("button");for(c=a.length;c--;){var d=a[c];d.disabled=b;w(d,"gs_bsp",b)}};
U(le,[new R(".gs_ajax_frm",{submit:le.prototype.Db})]);var ne=[[1,0,1],[2,0,1]];T(".gs_cb_gen","click",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=Id(b),d=+b.getAttribute("data-s")==2;Jd(b,ne[+d][c],!0);V("gs-change",b,a.j)});T(".gs_cb_gen",["keydown","keyup"],function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.j.keyCode;b.tagName!="BUTTON"||c!=13&&c!=32||(Q(a),a.type=="keydown"&&b.click())});T([".gs_cb_gen",".gs_md_li"],"keydown",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=b.tagName,d=a.j.keyCode;c!="BUTTON"&&(d==32||d==13&&c!="A")&&(Q(a),b.click())});var oe=["click","contextmenu","mouseup"].concat(navigator.sendBeacon?[]:["mousedown","touchstart"]),pe="",qe=null;function re(){qe=null}function se(a){navigator.sendBeacon?navigator.sendBeacon(a):qe&&a==qe.src||((qe=new Image).src=a,setTimeout(re,1E3))}function te(){var a=Sb(document.location.href).hl||"";a="/scholar_bfnav?url="+encodeURIComponent(document.location.href)+"&hl="+encodeURIComponent(a)+"&ei="+GSP.eventId;se(a)}L(function(){pe=ic?"&bn=1":"";ic&&te()});
J(window,"pageshow",function(a){a.persisted&&(pe="&bn=1",te())});
J(document,oe,function(a){if(!(a.type=="click"&&a.button||a.type=="mouseup"&&a.button!=1)){var b,c;a:{for(a=a.target;a;){var d=a.nodeName;if(d=="A")break a;if(d=="SPAN"||d=="B"||d=="I"||d=="EM"||d=="IMG")a=a.parentNode;else break}a=null}a&&(b=a.getAttribute("href"))&&(c=a.getAttribute("data-clk"))&&(b="/scholar_url?url="+encodeURIComponent(b)+"&"+c+"&ws="+window.innerWidth+"x"+window.innerHeight+"&at=",c=encodeURIComponent,a=(a=a.getAttribute("data-clk-atid"))?y(a):null,b=b+c(a&&a.innerText||"")+
pe,se(b))}},!1,!0);T(".gs_fm_s","click",function(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-fm")||"";(a=y(a))&&a.submit()});var ue=function(a){this.i=z(a.querySelector(".gs_md_d"));this.ma=z(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb"))};m=ue.prototype;m.oa=function(a){var b=y(this.i);return a!==void 0?sd(b,b,".gs_md_li",a):null};m.open=function(a){a=this.oa(a);if(v(y(this.ma),"gs_sel"))try{a&&a.focus()}catch(c){}else{var b=y(this.ma);rb(this.i,function(){t(b,"gs_sel")},function(){u(b,"gs_sel")},a,b)}};m.close=function(){O(this.i)};m.pb=function(a){Q(a);v(y(this.ma),"gs_sel")?this.close():this.open(a.j.type=="keydown"?!1:void 0)};
m.Ja=function(a){var b=a.j.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40)Q(a),this.open(b==38)};m.ub=function(a){a.target.id==this.i&&this.Ja(a)};U(ue,[new R(".gs_md_rmb",{}),new R(".gs_md_tb",{"gs-press":ue.prototype.pb,keydown:ue.prototype.Ja}),new R(".gs_md_d",{keydown:ue.prototype.ub})]);var ve=function(a){ue.call(this,a);this.Fb=z(a.querySelector(".gs_md_in"));this.Hb=z(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb .gs_lbl"))};pa(ve,ue);ve.prototype.oa=function(){return y(this.i).querySelector(".gs_md_li[aria-selected]")};ve.prototype.yb=function(a){we(this,a)};ve.prototype.qa=function(a){var b=a.j.keyCode;b!=13&&b!=32||we(this,a)};
var we=function(a,b){var c=b.currentTarget,d=y(a.Fb),e=a.oa();c!=e&&(d.value=c.getAttribute("data-v"),y(a.Hb).innerHTML=c.innerHTML,e&&xe(e,!1),xe(c,!0));Q(b);a.close();V("gs-change",d,b.j)},xe=function(a,b){w(a,"gs_sel",b);b?a.setAttribute("aria-selected","true"):a.removeAttribute("aria-selected")};U(ve,[new R(".gs_md_ris",{}),new R(".gs_md_li",{click:ve.prototype.yb,keydown:ve.prototype.qa})]);T("#gs_lp","click",function(a){Q(a);Yd("gs_lp_d")});T("#gs_lp_cur","click",function(a){Q(a);O("gs_lp_d")});var ye=function(a){this.Ua=z(a)};ye.prototype.qa=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.j.keyCode;if(c==38||c==40){var d=y(this.Ua);d=sd(d,b,".gs_md_li",c==38)||sd(d,d,".gs_md_li",c==38)}else if(c==37||c==39)a:{c=c==37!=Oa(b.parentNode);d=b.parentNode;var e=d.children,f=e.length;if(d.id!=this.Ua){for(;e[--f]!=b;);d=qd(d,c)||pd(d.parentNode,c);e=d.children;if(f=Math.min(f+1,e.length))if(d=e[f-1],v(d,"gs_md_li")&&d.offsetLeft!=b.offsetLeft)break a}d=void 0}d&&(Q(a),d.focus())};
U(ye,[new R(".gs_md_ulr",{}),new R(".gs_md_li",{keydown:ye.prototype.qa})]);T("#gs_hdr_mnu","click",function(a){Q(a);Yd("gs_hdr_drw")});T("#gs_hdr_drw_mnu","click",function(a){Q(a);O("gs_hdr_drw")});T("#gs_hdr_act_i","click",function(a){Q(a);ya()==1?Ra(document.querySelector("#gs_hdr_drw_bot>a").href):rb("gs_hdr_act_d")});T("#gs_hdr_drw","keydown",function(a){var b=a.j.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40){var c=a.currentTarget;if(b=sd(c,c,".gs_md_li",b==38))Q(a),b.focus()}});
T("#gs_hdr_tsi",["focus","blur"],function(a){function b(){var g=d.getBoundingClientRect().top-10;Math.abs(g)>10&&window.scrollBy(0,g);clearTimeout(e);c()}function c(){K(window,f,b)}var d=a.target;a=a.type=="focus";w(y("gs_hdr"),"gs_hdr_ifc",a);if(a&&za&&!(window.innerHeight>749)){var e=setTimeout(c,1E3),f=["scroll","resize"];J(window,f,b)}});T("#gs_hdr_tsi",["input","gs-change"],function(a){w(y("gs_hdr_frm"),"gs_hdr_tsc",!!a.currentTarget.value)});
T("#gs_hdr_tsc","mousedown",function(a){Q(a);var b=y("gs_hdr_tsi");b.value="";b.focus();V("input",b,a.j)});T("#gs_hdr_sre","click",function(a){Q(a);var b=y("gs_hdr");rb("gs_hdr_frm",function(){u(b,"gs_hdr_src");t(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},function(){t(b,"gs_hdr_src");u(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},y("gs_hdr_tsi"))});T(".gs_md_x","click",function(a){(a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-mdx"))&&O(a)});var ze=function(){},Ae,Be;m=ze.prototype;m.rb=function(a){a.j.button||(Q(a),Ce(a))};m.ra=function(a){De(a)&&(Q(a),Ce(a))};m.zb=function(a){De(a)&&Q(a)};m.sa=function(a){if(!a.j.button){Q(a);var b=a.j;b&&(Ee=b.clientX||0,Fe=b.clientY||0,J(document,Ge,He,!0),clearTimeout(Ae),Ae=setTimeout(Ie,2E3));Ce(a)}};m.Eb=function(a){Q(a);if(Je){var b=a.j;b=b&&b.touches||[];if(b=b.length==1?b[0]:null)Ke=b.clientX,Le=b.clientY,J(document,Me,Ne,!0),clearTimeout(Be),Be=setTimeout(Oe,2E3)}Ce(a)};
var De=function(a){a=a.j.keyCode;return a==32||a==13},Ce=function(a){V("gs-press",a.currentTarget,a.j)},Ie=function(){K(document,Ge,He,!0);clearTimeout(Ae);Ae=void 0},He=function(a){a.type!="mousedown"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-Ee)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-Fe)<10?(jb(a),a.type=="click"&&Ie()):Ie()},Oe=function(){K(document,Me,Ne,!0);clearTimeout(Be);Be=void 0},Ne=function(a){a.type!="touchstart"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-Ke)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-Le)<10?(jb(a),a.type=="click"&&Oe()):Oe()},Ee=0,Fe=0,Ge=["mousedown",
"mouseup","click"],Je=x("Android")&&!x("Chrome"),Ke=0,Le=0,Me=["touchstart","mousedown","mouseup","click"];U(ze,[new R(".gs_press",{click:ze.prototype.rb,keydown:ze.prototype.ra,keyup:ze.prototype.zb,mousedown:ze.prototype.sa,touchstart:ze.prototype.Eb})]);function Pe(a){Qe.style.left=Re&&Se===Te?a.left+"px":"auto";Qe.style.width=Re?a.width+"px":"auto";V("gs-sth-change",y("gs_sth"))}function Ue(){var a=Ve.getBoundingClientRect(),b=a.top,c=Qe.offsetHeight,d=b<0,e;if(e=d&&wa)e=document.activeElement,e=!!e&&e.tagName=="INPUT"&&e.type=="text";b=e?-b-a.height:Te;var f=Re!=d||Se!==Te!=e;b!==Se&&(Se=b,Qe.style.transform=b===Te?"none":"translate3d(0,"+b+"px,0)");f&&(Re=d,w(We,"gs_sth_vis",d),w(We,"gs_sth_trk",e),Pe(a),Ve.style.height=Re?c+"px":"auto")}
function Xe(){Re&&Pe(Ve.getBoundingClientRect())}var Te,We,Ve,Qe,Re=!1,Se;L(function(){if(We=y("gs_sth"))Ve=We.querySelector(".gs_sth_g"),Qe=We.querySelector(".gs_sth_b"),Md.addListener(Ue),Nd.addListener(Xe),Ue()});function Ye(a,b){var c=window.location.href,d=+Sb(c).authuser||0,e=help.service.Lazy.create(0,{apiKey:"REDACTED",locale:"en-US"});e.requestSurvey({triggerId:a,authuser:d,enableTestingMode:b,callback:function(f){(f=f.surveyData)&&e.presentSurvey({surveyData:f,productData:{customData:{eventId:GSP.eventId,url:c}},colorScheme:1,authuser:d,customZIndex:1050,customLogoUrl:"https://scholar.google.com/scholar/images/scholar48.png"})}})}
function Ze(a){var b=a();b.triggerId&&Ua(function(){return Ye(b.triggerId,b.Gb)})};(function(a){L(function(){return setTimeout(a,0)})})(function(){for(var a=q(document.querySelectorAll(".gs_invis")),b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next())u(b.value,"gs_invis")});function $e(a,b,c,d,e){c=c===void 0?0:c;d=d===void 0?1:d;e=e===void 0?5:e;for(var f,g,h=0;h<e;h++)f=(c+d)/2,g=a(f),g<b?c=f:d=f;return(c+d)/2}function af(a){return a*a*(1.74-.74*a)}function bf(a){return a*a*(3-2*a)}function cf(a){return $e(bf,a,Math.max(a-.1,0),Math.min(a+.1,1))}function df(a){var b=q(a);a=b.next().value;var c=b.next().value,d=b.next().value;b=1/(b.next().value-a)||0;return[0,(c-a)*b,(d-a)*b,1]}function ef(a,b,c,d){var e=b-a;return d?[a,a+e*c]:[b-e*c,b]};function ff(a){var b=document.querySelector(".gs_mylib .gs_ia_notf");b&&w(b,"gs_rdt",a>0)};function gf(a,b){for(var c=a.length,d=window.innerWidth+"x"+window.innerHeight,e={},f=0;f<c;e={N:void 0},f++){var g=a[f];if(g){var h=g.indexOf("https://www.google-analytics.com/collect?");h==0?g+="&vp="+d:g.indexOf("/scholar_url?")==0&&(g+="&cd="+b+"&ws="+d);navigator.sendBeacon?h==0?(e=g.substr(41),g=g.substr(0,40),e.indexOf("&key=")>0&&(e=Qb(e),g="https://www.google-analytics.com/mp/collect?"+Pb({measurement_id:e.tid||"",api_secret:e.key||""}),e=JSON.stringify({client_id:e.cid||"",events:[{name:"page_view",
params:{page_referrer:e.dr||"",page_location:e.dl||"",page_title:e.dt||""}}]})),navigator.sendBeacon(g,e)):navigator.sendBeacon(g):h!=0&&(e.N=new Image,hf.push(e.N),e.N.onload=e.N.onerror=e.N.onabort=function(k){return function(){var l=hf.indexOf(k.N);l<0||hf.splice(l,1)}}(e),e.N.src=g)}}}var hf=[];function jf(){y("gs_asd_frm").submit()};function kf(a,b,c,d){var e=e===void 0?1:e;var f=cf(0),g=cf(e),h=f*(1.6*f*f-1.8*f+1.2);e=g*(1.6*g*g-1.8*g+1.2);var k=df([f*(1.6*f*f-1.8*f+1.2),1.6*f*f*g-.6*f*f-1.2*f*g+.8*f+.4*g,1.6*f*g*g-1.2*f*g+.4*f-.6*g*g+.8*g,g*(1.6*g*g-1.8*g+1.2)]);f=df([f*f*(3-2*f),f*(-2*f*g+f+2*g),g*(-2*f*g+2*f+g),g*g*(3-2*g)]);f="animation-timing-function:cubic-bezier("+[k[1],f[1],k[2],f[2]].join()+")";k=[];g=a.substring(1)+"_anm";k.push("@keyframes "+g+"{");h=Math.round(h*1E3)/10;e=Math.round(e*1E3)/10;h>.1&&k.push("0%{"+
b+"}");k.push(h+"%{"+b+f+"}");k.push(e+"%{"+c+"}");k.push("100%{"+c+"}}");k.push(a+"{animation:"+g+" "+(d.toFixed(2)+"s linear;}"));return k.join("")}function lf(a,b){function c(h){f===0&&(f=h);h=Math.min((h-f)/(b*1E3),1);var k=Math.min(Math.max(h,0),1);k=$e(af,h,k,Math.min(k+.17,1),5);window.scroll(e,d+bf(k)*g);h<1&&ib(c)}var d=window.pageYOffset,e=window.pageXOffset,f=0,g=a-d;ib(c)}
function mf(a,b){if(a==b)return 0;var c=window.innerHeight,d=Math.abs(b-a);return a<0&&b<0||a>c&&b>c?0:a>=0&&a<=c&&b>=0&&b<=c?d:a<0&&b>c||a>c&&b<0?c:a<0?b:b<0?a:a>c?c-b:c-a}
function nf(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,k){var l=126;l=l===void 0?0:l;var n=y("gs_top");n.style.minHeight=n.offsetHeight+"px";var p=b.getBoundingClientRect().bottom;c=c();var r=b.getBoundingClientRect().top;p=c?r+l:p;b=c?b.getBoundingClientRect().bottom:r+l;r=Math.abs(b-p);if(r==0)n.style.minHeight="";else{l=mf(p,b);var F=c?-1:1,H=y("gs_ftr");p=H.getBoundingClientRect().bottom-F*r;p=Math.min(r,Math.max(window.innerHeight-p,0),window.pageYOffset);var B=b<0;B&&p>0&&(l=Math.min(r,l+p));b=Math.min(1,Math.max(0,(l-
100)/900))*.266+.134;p>0&&(t(H,"gs_pfix"),lf(window.pageYOffset-p,b));p=Math.abs(l/r);l=[];r*=F;F=c||B;var S=q(ef(r,0,p,F));B=S.next().value;S=S.next().value;d=q(d);for(var oa=d.next();!oa.done;oa=d.next())l.push(kf("#"+z(oa.value),Wa(B),Wa(S),b));B=q(ef(c?1:0,c?0:1,p,F));d=B.next().value;B=B.next().value;l.push(kf("#"+z(f),Va(d),Va(B),b));B=a.offsetHeight;d=B+r;S=q(ef(c?d/B:1,c?1:B/d,p,F));B=S.next().value;S=S.next().value;l.push(kf("#"+z(g),Va(B),Va(S),b));c||l.push("#"+z(a)+"{height:"+d+"px}");
g=q(ef(c?r:0,c?0:-r,p,F));a=g.next().value;g=g.next().value;e=q(e);for(c=e.next();!c.done;c=e.next())l.push(kf("#"+z(c.value),Wa(a),Wa(g),b));h.textContent=l.join("");h=function(){u(H,"gs_pfix");n.style.minHeight="";k()};gb(f,"animationend",h,b*1E3+100,h)}};function of(a){a&&a.querySelectorAll&&a.querySelectorAll(pf).length&&Ra(qf)}function rf(){of(document.body);sf=new MutationObserver(function(a){a=q(a);for(var b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next())of(b.value.target)});sf.observe(document.body,{childList:!0,subtree:!0})}var sf,pf=[ab("R8D02D50AD3,7@C>."),ab(":7C2>6,4=2DDYlC6=:6G65."),ab("2,52E2\\<@A6C?:@\\:5.")].join(),qf=ab("^D49@=2C^<@A6C?:@]9E>=");function tf(a,b,c){var d=(y("gs_citd").getAttribute("data-u")||"").replace("{id}",a).replace("{p}",""+b);Bc(d,"",function(e,f){M.gs_cit||(e==200?Yd("gs_cit",d,"",f):lc(je()));c&&c()})}var uf;function vf(a,b,c,d,e){wf.notify({bb:a,Oa:b,Kb:c,Va:d,error:e})}function xf(a,b){if(yf)return!1;yf=a+":"+b;vf(a,b,b);return!0}function zf(a,b,c,d){var e=yf.split(":");var f=e[0]||"";e=e[1]||"";var g=yf="";if(c&&(g=b.split(":"),b=g[0]||Af,g=g[1]||"",a)){var h={};h[a+","+b]=g;Bf(h);Cf[a]=g}vf(f,g,e,c,d)}
function Df(){var a=A(y("gs_lbd_data"),"data-did"),b=A(y("gs_lbd_data"),"data-lid");xf(a,b)&&(b=Ef.replace("{id}",Af+":"+b),Bc(b,"",function(c,d){var e=!1,f="",g="";if(c==200)try{var h=JSON.parse(d)}catch(k){}(c=sa(h))&&typeof h.NR=="number"&&ff(h.NR);c?h.L?Ra(""+h.L):h.M?f=""+h.M:Array.isArray(h.U)&&h.U.length==1&&sa(h.U[0])?(e=!0,g=""+(h.U[0].c||"")):h.U?f=je():e=!0:f=je();zf(a,g,e,f)}))}function Ff(a){return(a=Cb("s",a===void 0?!1:a))&&sa(a)?a:{}}
function Bf(a){var b=G(),c=Ff(!0),d;for(d in c){var e=c[d];e instanceof Array&&e.length==2&&b-e[1]<12E5||delete c[d]}for(var f in a)c[f]=[a[f],b];Bb(Db,Ab,"s",c)}var Cf={},wf=new I,Af,Ef,yf="";function Y(a){var b=y("gs_res_glb");return b?b.getAttribute(a)||"":""};function Gf(){return y("gs_res_lbl_frm")}
function Hf(){If("");for(var a=document.querySelectorAll("#gs_lbl_op .gs_in_cb"),b=a.length,c=[],d=[];b--;){var e=a[b];+e.getAttribute("data-s")!=Id(e)&&(Id(e)?c:d).push(e.getAttribute("data-id")||"")}a=y("gs_lbd_new-input");b=(b=document.querySelector("#gs_lbd_new_in .gs_in_cb"))&&Id(b);a=a&&b?a.value:null;if(!c.length&&!d.length&&a==null)return O("gs_md_albl-d"),!1;b=window.location;c={label_ids_to_add:c,label_ids_to_remove:d,label_name_add:a,"continue":b.pathname+b.search};d=Gf();for(var f in c)a=
Qa(d,f),c[f]==null?d.removeChild(a):a.value=c[f];return!0}function Jf(a){var b=y("gs_lbd_new"),c=b.querySelector(".gs_in_cb");w(b,"gs_lbd_new_sel",a);a&&(Jd(c,1),y("gs_lbd_new-input").focus())}function Kf(a){var b=y("gs_md_albl-d-t");w(b,"gs_lbl_hide",!a)}function Lf(a){var b=y("gs_md_albl-d").querySelector(".gs_md_ftr");w(b,"gs_lbl_hide",!a)}
function Mf(a,b){var c="";c=a===b?(Y("data-sval")||A(y("gs_ra_data"),"data-sval")).replace("{id}",a).replace("%7Bid%7D",a):Y("data-lslbl").replace("{id}",b);Bc(c,"",function(d,e){var f="";if(d==200)if(d=C(Fa),d.innerHTML=e,d=d.querySelector(".gs_md_prg .gs_alrt"))(e=A(d,"data-r"))?Ra(e):f=d.innerHTML;else{Kf(!0);Lf(!0);Yd("gs_md_albl-d",c,"",e);return}else f=je();zf(a,"",!1,f)})}function If(a){var b=y("gsc_lbd_alrt")||y("gs_md_albl-d").querySelector(".gs_md_prg .gs_alrt");b&&(b.innerHTML=a)};var Z=function(a){this.J=a;this.ab=A(a,"data-cid");this.Ia=Nf(a);this.la=Of(a)};Z.prototype.Ab=function(a){w(a.currentTarget.parentNode,"gs_or_mvi")};Z.prototype.qb=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget;v(b,"gs_or_ldg")||(w(b,"gs_or_ldg",!0),tf(this.ab,this.la,function(){w(b,"gs_or_ldg",!1)}))};Z.prototype.hb=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=b.parentNode;rb(z(b),function(){u(b,"gs_press");t(c,"gs_vis");t(b,"gs_anm")},function(){t(b,"gs_press");u(c,"gs_vis")})};
Z.prototype.Ka=function(){var a=A(this.J,"data-lid");xf(this.Ia,a)&&Mf(this.Ia,A(this.J,"data-aid"))};var Pf=[new R(".gs_or",{}),new R(".gs_or_ggsm",{"gs-press":Z.prototype.hb}),new R(".gs_or_cit",{click:Z.prototype.qb}),new R(".gs_or_sav",{click:Z.prototype.Ka}),new R(".gs_or_lbl",{click:Z.prototype.Ka}),new R(".gs_or_mor",{click:Z.prototype.Ab})];
function Qf(a){for(var b=v(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph"),c=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_or_ggsm"),d=c.length;d--;){var e=c[d];a&&v(e,"gs_vis")&&O(z(e));w(e,"gs_press",b&&!v(e,"gs_vis"));u(e,"gs_anm")}}function Rf(a){for(var b=q(Sf(a.bb,a.Kb)),c=b.next();!c.done;c=b.next()){c=c.value;var d=c.querySelector(".gs_or_sav")||c.querySelector(".gs_or_lbl");d&&(w(d,"gs_or_ldg",a.error===void 0),a.Va&&c.setAttribute("data-lid",a.Oa))}}function Nf(a){return A(a,"data-did")}
function Of(a){return+A(a,"data-rp")||0}function Sf(a,b){b=b===void 0?"":b;return document.querySelectorAll('.gs_or[data-did="'+a+'"]'+(b?'[data-lid="'+b+'"]':""))};var Tf=["gsb","gsr"],Uf=!1,Vf=!1;function Wf(){if(Uf&&!Vf)for(var a=q(Tf),b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next()){b=b.value;var c=y(b+"_promo");c&&c.offsetWidth&&v(c,b+"_not_installed")&&(b=c.getAttribute("data-trk"),navigator.sendBeacon(b),Vf=!0)}}
function Xf(){J(window,"message",function(a){var b=a.data;if(a.origin.match(/[.]google[.]com(:[0-9]+)?$/)&&b&&typeof b==="object"){a=!1;for(var c=q(Tf),d=c.next();!d.done;d=c.next()){d=d.value;var e=y(d+"_promo");if(e){var f=+b[d+"Promo"];f>=0&&(e.className=d+(f?"_not_installed":"_installed"),a||(a=f>0))}}Uf=!0;a||V("gs_ext_pr_ns",y("gs_top"));Wf()}});Od(Wf);L(function(){var a=C(Ga);a.id="gs_ext_promo_ping";a.frameBorder="0";a.scrolling="no";a.tabIndex=-1;a.src=(window.location.host.indexOf("scholar.google.")?
"":"//scholar.google.com")+"/scholar_gsb_promo_ping";document.body.appendChild(a)})};function Yf(){Uc("#gsb_promo_x",function(a){y("gsb_promo").className="";Q(a);Bc(a.target.href,"",function(){})})};function Zf(){Uc("#gsr_promo_x",function(d){y("gsr_promo").className="";Q(d);Bc(d.target.href,"",function(){})});var a=y("gsr_promo");if(a&&window.IntersectionObserver&&navigator.sendBeacon){var b=a.getAttribute("data-tu"),c=new IntersectionObserver(function(d){d.forEach(function(e){e.target==a&&e.isIntersecting&&(navigator.sendBeacon(b),c.unobserve(a))})},{threshold:.5});c.observe(a)}};var $f=function(a){this.J=a;this.Fa=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_t");this.Ea=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_con");this.Xa=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_abs");this.fb=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_grad");this.Ya=a.querySelector(".gs_fma_brdr");this.Qb=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_sml");this.cb=a.querySelector(".gs_flb");this.la=Of(this.J)};
$f.prototype.Cb=function(a){a=parseInt(a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-idx"),10);var b=this.Ea[a],c=this.Xa[a],d=this.fb[a];a=this.Qb[a];var e=!v(b,"gs_fma_ex"),f=[y("gs_res_ccl_bot"),this.cb],g=rd(this.J);g=q(g);for(var h=g.next();!h.done;h=g.next())f.push(h.value);e&&ag(b,this.la);var k=Ta("gs_fma_anmst");nf(b,c,function(){d.style.height=c.scrollHeight+"px";t(c,"gs_fma_ovis");return w(b,"gs_fma_ex",e)},[a],f,d,this.Ya,k,function(){k.parentNode.removeChild(k);d.style.height="";u(c,"gs_fma_ovis")})};
$f.prototype.gb=function(a){for(var b=0;b<this.Fa.length;b++){var c=this.Fa[b],d=c===a.currentTarget;w(this.Ea[b],"gs_fma_sh",d);c.setAttribute("aria-selected",d);d&&ag(c,this.la)}};var ag=function(a,b){a=a.getAttribute("data-trk").split(" ");gf(a,b)},bg=[new R(".gs_fmar",{}),new R([".gs_fma_sml_a"],{click:$f.prototype.Cb}),new R([".gs_fma_t"],{click:$f.prototype.gb})],cg=!1;
function dg(){for(var a=q(document.querySelectorAll(".gs_fmar")),b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next()){var c=b.value;b=c.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_abs");c=c.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_con");for(var d=0;d<c.length;d++)w(c[d],"gs_fma_cl",b[d].scrollHeight-45>126)}b=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_fmar");(a=cg||!navigator.sendBeacon||b.length==0)||(a=b[0].querySelector(".gs_fma").offsetHeight<=0);if(!a&&(cg=!0,a=Y("data-fmat"))){b=q(b);for(c=b.next();!c.done;c=b.next()){var e=c.value;c=Of(e);d=[];e=q(e.querySelectorAll(".gs_fma_con"));
for(var f=e.next();!f.done;f=e.next())d.push(v(f.value,"gs_fma_cl")?"0":"1");a+=["&rp",c,"=",d.join(",")].join("")}navigator.sendBeacon(a)}};var eg=function(a){this.J=a};eg.prototype.Bb=function(){Of(this.J)<5?fg({}):(gg=Nf(this.J),hg=G())};function ig(){var a=document.location.href;return a.substr(0,a.indexOf("#"))||a}function jg(){return document.querySelector(".gs_r_rfr")}function kg(a){var b=jg();return!!b&&Nf(b)==a&&!!b.querySelector(".gs_rfr")}function fg(a){Bb(Db,Ab,"rfr",a)}function lg(){var a=Cb("rfr");return a&&sa(a)?a:null}
function mg(a,b,c){t(a,"gs_r_rfr");var d=C(Fa);d.className="gs_rfr";d.innerHTML=b;a.appendChild(d);ng();if(c){b="@keyframes gs_r_vsld_anm{0%{transform:translate(0,-"+d.offsetHeight+"px);}100%{transform:translate(0,0);}}";Ta("gs_r_vsld_style").textContent=b;b=rd(a);b=q(b);for(c=b.next();!c.done;c=b.next())t(c.value,"gs_r_vsld");t(y("gs_res_ccl_bot"),"gs_r_vsld");t(a,"gs_anm");gb(d,"animationend",og,500,og)}}
function og(){var a=jg();a&&u(a,"gs_anm");a=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_r_vsld");for(var b=a.length,c=0;c<b;c++)u(a[c],"gs_r_vsld")}function pg(){var a=jg();if(!a)return!1;u(a,"gs_r_rfr");var b=a.querySelector(".gs_rfr");if(!b)return!1;a.removeChild(b);return!0}function qg(){var a=window.pageYOffset,b=jg();if(!b)return a;b=b.querySelector(".gs_rfr");if(!b)return a;b=b.getBoundingClientRect();b.top<0&&(a-=b.bottom-b.top);return a}
function rg(a,b){var c=b.getBoundingClientRect();b=c.bottom;c=b-(b-c.top)/3;var d=1E4,e=-1E4,f=!1;a=a.getClientRects();for(var g=0;g<a.length;g++){var h=a[g];b-h.top>=4&&h.bottom-c>=4?(d=Math.min(d,h.left),e=Math.max(e,h.right)):h.top>=b&&(f=!0)}return d==1E4?f?0:-1:f?e-d:-1}
function ng(){for(var a=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_rfr_rt>a"),b=0;b<a.length;b++){var c=a[b],d=c.parentNode,e=d.firstElementChild,f=e.style;c=c.querySelector("[dir]")||c;f.display="none";var g=rg(c,d);if(g>=0){var h=Oa(d),k=Oa(c);f.display="block";e.setAttribute("dir",k?"rtl":"ltr");g=rg(c,d);f.transform="translateX("+[-1,0,0,1][2*(h?1:0)+(k?1:0)]*(d.offsetWidth-e.offsetWidth-g)+"px)"}}}var sg=[new R([".gs_r"],{}),new R([".gs_rt",".gs_or_ggsm"],{click:eg.prototype.Bb})],gg,hg=0;GSP.customAC&&(U(W,Gd),L(Hd),J(window,"pageshow",function(){setTimeout(Hd,0)}));window.MutationObserver&&L(rf);T("#gs_asd_psb","click",jf);T("#gs_asd_frm","keydown",function(a){var b=a.target;b.tagName=="INPUT"&&b.type=="text"&&a.j.keyCode==13&&jf()});T(".gs_citr","focus",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget;b!=uf&&(uf=b,Q(a),setTimeout(function(){window.getSelection().selectAllChildren(b);b.focus()},0))});T(".gs_cith","click",function(a){(a=a.currentTarget.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_citr"))&&a.focus()});
T("#gs_lbd_apl","click",function(){Hf()&&V("submit",Gf())});T("#gs_lbd_new_btn","click",function(){Jf(!0)});T("#gs_lbd_new_cb","click",function(){Jf(!1)});T("#gs_lbd_trash","click",function(){Df()});T("#gs_md_albl-d","gs-md-lded",function(){y("gs_lbd_data")?(J(Gf(),"submit",Hf),zf(A(y("gs_lbd_data"),"data-did"),Qa(Gf(),"s").value,!0,"")):(Kf(!1),Lf(!1))});T("#gs_res_lbl_frm","gs-ajax-form-done",function(){var a=A(Gf(),"data-p");(a=/^NR:([0-9]+)$/.exec(a))&&ff(parseInt(a[1],10)||0)});
wf.add(function(a){a.error===void 0?(qc=0,oc(),If("")):a.error?M["gs_md_albl-d"]?If(a.error):lc(a.error):a.Va&&!a.Oa&&O("gs_md_albl-d")});U(Z,Pf);
L(function(){Qf(!0);wf.add(Rf);for(var a={},b=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_or[data-did]"),c=b.length;c--;){var d=b[c],e=Nf(d);d=A(d,"data-lid");a[e]=d}c=Y("data-lui");b=!!Y("data-lpn");Y("data-sva");e=Y("data-tra");d=Y("data-lsl");Af=c;Ef=e;try{var f=JSON.parse(d===void 0?"":d)}catch(h){}f&&sa(f)&&!ic||(f={});Bf(f);f=Ff();for(var g in a)Cf[g]=a[g],b&&(e=f[g+","+Af],e instanceof Array&&(c=g,e=""+e[0],d=Cf[c],Cf[c]=e,d!==void 0&&d!==e&&vf(c,e,d,!0,"")))});Od(function(){return Qf(!0)});
J(window,"pagehide",function(){return Qf(!0)});T("#gs_bdy_ccl","gs-modify",function(){return Qf(!1)});T("#gs_res_sb_yyc","click",function(){y("gs_res_sb_yyf").style.display="block";for(var a=document.querySelectorAll("#gs_res_sb_yyl>li"),b=a.length;b--;)w(a[b],"gs_bdy_sb_sel",b==a.length-1)});
T("#gs_scipsc","gs-change",function(a){var b=Id(a.currentTarget),c=Qa(y("gs_hdr_frm"),"scipsc"),d=Qa(y("gs_asd_frm"),"scipsc");c.value=d.value=b?"1":"";a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-msg")||"";y("gs_hdr_tsi").placeholder=b?a:""});(function(a){window.location.hash||ic||L(function(){return Ze(a)})})(function(){var a=Y("data-usv");return{triggerId:a&&"FQCrQs2JV0iDFprtVEw0WZEm7Syp",Gb:a=="1"}});T("#gs_res_drw_adv","click",function(){Yd("gs_asd")});
L(function(){var a=Y("data-ttl");a&&(document.title=a);a=new Jc("q");var b=Y("data-ahq");b&&a.add(b);Y("data-gsb")?(Yf(),Xf()):Y("data-gsr")&&(Zf(),Xf())});U(eg,sg);J(window,"pagehide",function(){og();if(gg&&!kg(gg)){var a={d:gg,u:ig(),t:G()};G()-hg>=5E3&&(a={});var b=qg();pg()&&window.scrollTo(0,b);a.s=b;fg(a)}});
J(window,"pageshow",function(){var a=lg(),b=ig();if(a&&a.u==b)if(G()-(+a.t||0)>=864E5)fg({});else{var c=""+a.d,d=Y("data-rfr");if(d)if(kg(c))ng();else{b=pg();var e=+a.s;e&&!b&&(x("Trident")||x("Edge"))&&gb(window,"scroll",function(){window.scrollTo(0,e)},20);a.s=0;fg(a);b=Sf(c);if(!(b.length<=0)){var f=b[0];(b=a.h)?mg(f,""+b,!1):setTimeout(function(){var g=d.replace("{id}",c),h=Bc(g,"",function(l,n){l==200&&n&&(mg(f,n,!0),a.h=n,a.t=G(),fg(a));clearTimeout(k)}),k=setTimeout(function(){Cc(h)},1E3)},
0)}}}});Nd.addListener(ng);L(function(){dg();Nd.addListener(dg)});U($f,bg);
}({"customAC":0,"eventId":"cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU"});</script></head><body><div id="gs_top" onclick=""><style>#gs_md_s,.gs_md_wnw{z-index:1200;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;visibility:hidden;}.gs_md_ds:before{content:'';position:absolute;background-color:#fff;z-index:100;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}.gs_md_ds.gs_md_d:not(.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw):before{top:-1px;bottom:-1px;right:-1px;left:-1px;}#gs_md_s{background-color:#fff;opacity:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ta .gs_md_ds:before,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_ds:before{background-color:#666;}#gs_md_s.gs_vis,.gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{opacity:.5;visibility:visible;}.gs_md_wnw{transition:all 0s .218s;}.gs_md_wnw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds:before{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}.gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{position:relative;margin:0 auto;width:464px;box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.2);white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.65);}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{width:80%;max-width:440px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d{display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;border:none;box-shadow:none;transform:translate(0,100%);transform:translate(0,100vh);transition:transform .27s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),opacity 0s .27s,visibility 0s .27s,max-height 0s .27s;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt{transition:none;}.gs_md_hdr{display:flex;align-items:center;height:47px;border-bottom:1px solid #e0e0e0;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.12);background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_md_hdr>a,.gs_md_hdr>a.gs_btn_lrge{flex:0 0 auto;width:41px;height:47px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr>a{margin:0 2px 0 0;}.gs_el_ph a.gs_md_hdr_c{margin:0 0 0 2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 41px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 16px;}.gs_md_hdr_t:empty~.gs_md_hdr_b{margin-left:0;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty{width:41px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b:empty{margin-right:2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty:not(:last-child){display:none;}.gs_md_hdr_b>button{min-width:51px;height:33px;}.gs_md_hdr_t{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.gs_md_bdy{position:relative;overflow-y:auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 41px 0 41px;}.gs_md_bdy:after{display:block;content:"";clear:both;padding-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy{padding:16px 16px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy:after{padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw .gs_md_bdy{flex:1;}.gs_md_ftr{border-top:1px solid #e0e0e0;}.gs_md_lbl{display:block;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 16px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_md_btns{margin:24px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_btns{margin:16px 0 0 0;}.gs_md_btns button{margin-right:16px;}.gs_md_btns button:last-child{margin-right:0;}.gs_md_prg{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_md_prg .gs_alrt{padding:4px 16px;}.gs_md_ldg:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;background-color:#fff;opacity:.5;z-index:100;}</style><div id="gs_md_ldg" style="display:none">Loading...</div><div id="gs_md_err" style="display:none">The system can&#39;t perform the operation now. Try again later.</div><div id="gs_md_s"></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_cit" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_cit-t" data-cid="gs_citd" data-wfc="gs_cit-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_cit-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_cit" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_cit-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Cite</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gs_cit-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gs_cit{width:520px;max-width:80%;}.gs_el_ph #gs_cit{width:100%;max-width:100%;}#gs_citt table{width:100%;margin-top:-8px;}#gs_citt td,#gs_citt th{vertical-align:top;padding:8px 0;}#gs_citt th{text-align:right;font-weight:normal;color:#777;padding-right:16px;white-space:nowrap;user-select:none;}#gs_citi{margin:16px 0 0 0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gs_citi{margin:16px 0 8px 0;}.gs_citi{margin-right:16px;white-space:nowrap;padding:7px 0 5px 0;}.gs_citi:first-child{margin-left:16px;}</style><div id="gs_citd" aria-live="assertive" data-u="/scholar?q=info:{id}:scholar.google.com/&amp;output=cite&amp;scirp={p}&amp;hl=en"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_asd" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_asd-t" data-ifc="gs_asd_q" data-wfc="gs_asd-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_asd-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_asd" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_asd-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Advanced search</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gs_asd_psb" aria-label="Search" class="gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gs_asd-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gs_asd{width:80%;max-width:552px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_asd{width:100%;max-width:100%;}#gs_asd_frm{margin-top:-6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_asd_frm{margin-top:-8px;}.gs_asd_tr{clear:both;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_tr{padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_tr:first-child{padding-bottom:0;}.gs_asd_dt{float:left;width:190px;padding:6px 2px 2px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_dt{float:none;width:auto;padding:0 0 4px 0;}.gs_asd_dd{margin-left:194px;padding:2px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_dd{margin-left:0;padding:0;}.gs_asd_yri .gs_in_txt{width:48px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_asd input,.gs_el_ph #gs_asd label{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}.gs_asd_occtr{padding:5px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_occtr{padding:0;}</style><form id="gs_asd_frm" class="gs_scl" action="/scholar"><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt" id="gs_asd_dt_t"><b>Find articles</b></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_q">with <b>all</b> of the words</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_q" value="attention mechanism" id="gs_asd_q" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_epq">with the <b>exact phrase</b></label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_epq" value="" id="gs_asd_epq" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_oq">with <b>at least one</b> of the words</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_oq" value="" id="gs_asd_oq" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_eq"><b>without</b> the words</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_eq" value="" id="gs_asd_eq" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_occt">where my words occur</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_asd_occtr"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_occt" value="any" id="gs_asd_occt_a" checked><label for="gs_asd_occt_a">anywhere in the article</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_asd_occtr"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_occt" value="title" id="gs_asd_occt_t"><label for="gs_asd_occt_t">in the title of the article</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_sau">Return articles <b>authored</b> by</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_sauthors" value="" id="gs_asd_sau" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><div>e.g., <i>"PJ Hayes"</i> or <i>McCarthy</i></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_pub">Return articles <b>published</b> in</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_publication" value="" id="gs_asd_pub" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><div>e.g., <i>J Biol Chem</i> or <i>Nature</i></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_ylo">Return articles <b>dated</b> between</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_asd_yri"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_ylo" value="" id="gs_asd_ylo" size="4" maxlength="4" autocapitalize="off" pattern="[0-9]*"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div>&nbsp;—&nbsp;<div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_yhi" value="" id="gs_asd_yhi" size="4" maxlength="4" autocapitalize="off" pattern="[0-9]*"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div><div>e.g., <i>1996</i></div></div></div><input type=hidden name="hl" value="en"><input type=hidden name="as_sdt" value="0,5"></form></div></div></div><div data-h="367" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_md_albl-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_md_albl-d-t" data-wfc="gs_md_albl-d-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_md_albl-d-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_md_albl-d" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_md_albl-d-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Saved to My library</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gs_md_albl-d-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"></div><div class="gs_md_ftr"><div class="gs_lbl_btns"><button type="button" id="gs_lbd_apl" class=" gs_btn_act gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Done</span></span><span class="gs_bs"></span></button><button type="button" id="gs_lbd_trash" class=" gs_btn_olact gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Remove article</span></span><span class="gs_bs"></span></button></div></div></div></div><!--[if lte IE 9]><div class="gs_alrt" style="padding:16px"><div>Sorry, some features may not work in this version of Internet Explorer.</div><div>Please use <a href="//www.google.com/chrome/">Google Chrome</a> or <a href="//www.mozilla.com/firefox/">Mozilla Firefox</a> for the best experience.</div></div><![endif]--><div id="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_md_ulr gs_md_ds" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" data-shd="gs_hdr_drs" data-wfc="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" data-cfc="gs_hdr_mnu"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_in"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_top"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" aria-label="Options" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_drw_lgo" href="/schhp?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" aria-label="Homepage"></a></div><div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/scholar?as_sdt=0,5&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en" role="menuitem" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray gs_sel"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Articles</span></a><a href="/scholar?as_sdt=2006&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en" role="menuitem" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Case law</span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;mauthors=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=drw" role="menuitem" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Profiles</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/citations?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My profile</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&amp;scioq=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My library</span></a><a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=list_alerts&amp;hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnM gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Alerts</span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=metrics_intro&amp;hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnJ gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Metrics</span></a><a href="/scholar_labs/search?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnLAB gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Labs</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_res_drw_adv" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnADV gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Advanced search</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/scholar_settings?q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnP gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Settings</span></a></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw_bot" class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&amp;continue=https://scholar.google.com/scholar%3Fq%3Dattention%2Bmechanism%26start%3D0%26hl%3Den" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Sign in</span></a></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr" role="banner"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_lgo" class="gs_hdr_dso" href="/schhp?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" aria-label="Homepage"></a><div id="gs_hdr_md"><div id="gs_hdr_srch"><form id="gs_hdr_frm" action="/scholar" class="gs_hdr_tsc"><input type=hidden name="hl" value="en"><input type=hidden name="as_sdt" value="0,5"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="q" value="attention mechanism" id="gs_hdr_tsi" size="50" maxlength="2048" autocapitalize="off" aria-label="Search"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><span id="gs_hdr_tsc"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_X"></span></span><button type="submit" id="gs_hdr_tsb" name="btnG" aria-label="Search" class="gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></form></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_act"><a id="gs_hdr_act_s" href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&amp;continue=https://scholar.google.com/scholar%3Fq%3Dattention%2Bmechanism%26start%3D0%26hl%3Den">Sign in</a></div></div><style>#gs_alrt{position:fixed;bottom:48px;left:16px;max-width:384px;z-index:1250;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#e2e2e2;background:#333;text-align:left;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 3px 5px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 6px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 18px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12);visibility:hidden;transform-origin:center;transform:scale(0.8,0.8) translate(0,100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt{bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;max-width:none;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,100%);}#gs_alrt.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,0);}#gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .067s;}#gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .084s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .084s;}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .1s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}#gs_alrt_m{display:block;padding:16px;}#gs_alrt_l{display:block;padding:8px;margin:0 8px 0 -8px;border-radius:3px;color:#fcc934;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;}#gs_alrt_l:hover{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.05)}#gs_alrt_l:active{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}#gs_alrt_l:empty{display:none}#gs_alrt_m a{padding:8px 0;color:#e2e2e2;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_m a:active{color:#f6aea9}</style><form action="" method="post" id="gs_alrt"><span id="gs_alrt_m"></span><span id="gs_alrt_h"></span><a id="gs_alrt_l" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_fm_s" data-fm="gs_alrt"></a></form><div id="gs_ab" class=" gs_ab_st"><div id="gs_ab_ico" class="gs_btnGSL"><span class="gs_ico"></span></div><div id="gs_ab_ttl"><div class="gs_ab_mdw"><span class="gs_nph gs_nta">Articles</span><div class="gs_oph gs_ota">Scholar</div></div></div><div id="gs_ab_md"><div class="gs_ab_mdw">About 8,390,000 results (<b>0.13</b> sec)</div></div><div id="gs_ab_btns"><a href="/citations?hl=en" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_in_gray gs_nph gs_nta"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My profile</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&amp;scioq=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_in_gray gs_nph gs_nta gs_mylib"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My library</span></a><div id="gs_res_ab_yy-r" class="gs_md_r gs_md_rmb gs_md_rmbl"><button type="button" id="gs_res_ab_yy-b" aria-controls="gs_res_ab_yy-d" aria-haspopup="true" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" class=" gs_in_se gs_btn_mnu gs_btn_flat gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gs_press gs_md_tb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Year</span><span class="gs_icm"></span></span></button><div id="gs_res_ab_yy-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><div class="gs_res_ab_dd_bdy"><div class="gs_res_ab_dd_sec"><a href="/scholar?q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_md_li gs_res_ab_sel" aria-checked="true" role="menuitemradio" tabindex="-1">Any time</a><a href="/scholar?as_ylo=2026&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_md_li" role="menuitemradio" tabindex="-1">Since 2026</a><a href="/scholar?as_ylo=2025&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_md_li" role="menuitemradio" tabindex="-1">Since 2025</a><a href="/scholar?as_ylo=2022&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_md_li" role="menuitemradio" tabindex="-1">Since 2022</a></div><div class="gs_res_ab_dd_sec"><a href="/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;q=%22attention+mechanism%22" class="gs_md_li gs_res_ab_sel" aria-checked="true" role="menuitemradio" tabindex="-1">Sort by relevance</a><a href="/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;q=%22attention+mechanism%22&amp;scisbd=1" class="gs_md_li" role="menuitemradio" tabindex="-1">Sort by date</a></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_res_ab_ad-r" class="gs_md_r gs_md_rmb gs_md_rmbl"><button type="button" id="gs_res_ab_ad-b" aria-label="More" aria-controls="gs_res_ab_ad-d" aria-haspopup="true" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" class="gs_btnFLT gs_in_ib gs_btn_flat gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gs_press gs_md_tb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button><div id="gs_res_ab_ad-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><div class="gs_res_ab_dd_bdy"><div class="gs_res_ab_dd_sec"><a href="/scholar?q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_md_li gs_res_ab_sel" aria-checked="true" role="menuitemradio" tabindex="-1">Any type</a><a href="/scholar?q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;as_rr=1" class="gs_md_li" role="menuitemradio" tabindex="-1">Review articles</a></div><div class="gs_res_ab_dd_sec"><a href="/scholar?as_sdt=2007&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en" tabindex="-1" role="menuitemcheckbox" aria-checked="false" data-s="0" class="gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb gs_md_li"><span class="gs_lbl">include patents</span><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></a><a href="/scholar?as_vis=1&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" tabindex="-1" role="menuitemcheckbox" aria-checked="true" data-s="1" class="gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb gs_md_li gs_sel"><span class="gs_lbl">include citations</span><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_bdy"><div id="gs_bdy_sb" role="navigation"><div id="gs_bdy_sb_in"><div class="gs_bdy_sb_sec"><ul id="gs_res_sb_yyl"><li class="gs_ind gs_bdy_sb_sel"><a href="/scholar?q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">Any time</a></li><li class="gs_ind"><a href="/scholar?as_ylo=2026&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">Since 2026</a></li><li class="gs_ind"><a href="/scholar?as_ylo=2025&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">Since 2025</a></li><li class="gs_ind"><a href="/scholar?as_ylo=2022&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">Since 2022</a></li><li class="gs_ind"><a id="gs_res_sb_yyc" href="javascript:void(0)">Custom range...</a></li></ul><form id="gs_res_sb_yyf" class="gs_pad" action="/scholar" style="display:none"><input type=hidden name="q" value="attention mechanism"><input type=hidden name="hl" value="en"><input type=hidden name="as_sdt" value="0,5"><div class="gs_res_sb_yyr"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_ylo" value="" id="gs_as_ylo" size="4" maxlength="4" autocapitalize="off" pattern="[0-9]*"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div> — <div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_yhi" value="" size="4" maxlength="4" autocapitalize="off" pattern="[0-9]*"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div><div class="gs_res_sb_yyr"><button type="submit" class=" gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Search</span></span></button></div></form></div><ul class="gs_bdy_sb_sec"><li class="gs_ind gs_bdy_sb_sel"><a href="/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;q=%22attention+mechanism%22">Sort by relevance</a></li><li class="gs_ind"><a href="/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;q=%22attention+mechanism%22&amp;scisbd=1">Sort by date</a></li></ul><ul class="gs_bdy_sb_sec"><li class="gs_ind gs_bdy_sb_sel"><a href="/scholar?q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">Any type</a></li><li class="gs_ind"><a href="/scholar?q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;as_rr=1">Review articles</a></li></ul><ul class="gs_bdy_sb_sec"><li class="gs_inw"><a href="/scholar?as_sdt=2007&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en" role="checkbox" aria-checked="false" data-s="0" class="gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb"><span class="gs_lbl">include patents</span><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></a></li><li class="gs_inw"><a href="/scholar?as_vis=1&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" role="checkbox" aria-checked="true" data-s="1" class="gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb gs_sel"><span class="gs_lbl">include citations</span><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></a></li></ul><div class="gs_bdy_sb_sec"><a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=create_alert_options&amp;hl=en&amp;alert_query=%22attention+mechanism%22&amp;alert_params=%3Fhl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0,5" id="gs_bdy_sb_ca" class="gs_btnM gs_in_ib"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Create alert</span></a></div></div></div><div id="gs_bdy_ccl" role="main"><div id="gs_res_glb" style="display:none" data-ttl="attention mechanism - Google Scholar" data-lph="" data-ahq="attention mechanism" data-gsb="" data-gsr="" data-rfr="/scholar?q=related:{id}:scholar.google.com/&amp;output=rfrra&amp;scioq=attention%2Bmechanism&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU&amp;hl=en" data-usv="" data-fmat="" data-sva="/citations?hl=en&amp;xsrf=&amp;continue=/scholar%3Fq%3Dattention%2Bmechanism%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0,5&amp;citilm=1&amp;update_op=library_add&amp;info={id}&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU&amp;json=" data-tra="/citations?hl=en&amp;xsrf=&amp;continue=/scholar%3Fq%3Dattention%2Bmechanism%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0,5&amp;citilm=1&amp;json=&amp;update_op=trash_citations&amp;s={id}" data-lsl="" data-lui="" data-lpn="" data-sval="/citations?hl=en&amp;xsrf=&amp;continue=/scholar%3Fq%3Dattention%2Bmechanism%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0,5%26scisig%3DADi0EEUAAAAAacYfyoWn84I5xUeBw4EG3Wa8llI%26dts%3D%7Bid%7D&amp;citilm=1&amp;update_op=library_add&amp;info={id}&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU&amp;view_op=list_article_labels" data-lslbl="/citations?hl=en&amp;xsrf=&amp;continue=/scholar%3Fq%3Dattention%2Bmechanism%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0,5&amp;citilm=1&amp;view_op=list_article_labels&amp;s={id}&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-via="/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;continue=/scholar%3Fq%3Dattention%2Bmechanism%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0,5&amp;citilm=1&amp;citation_for_view={id}&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=saved" data-lhlt=""></div><div id="gs_res_lbtpl" style="display:none"></div><div id="gs_res_ccl"><div id="gs_res_ccl_top"></div><div id="gs_res_ccl_mid">  <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="2BmMArIDz08J" data-did="2BmMArIDz08J" data-lid="" data-aid="2BmMArIDz08J" data-rp="0"><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="2BmMArIDz08J" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092523122100477X" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;ct=res&amp;cd=0&amp;d=5750819312257210840&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="2BmMArIDz08J">A review on the <b>attention mechanism </b>of deep learning</a></h3><div class="gs_a">Z Niu, <a href="/citations?user=HqKD-fwAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">G Zhong</a>, <a href="/citations?user=K9bBXkYAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">H Yu</a> - Neurocomputing, 2021 - Elsevier</div><div class="gs_rs">… -art <b>attention</b> models proposed in recent years. Toward a better general understanding of <br>
<b>attention</b> <b>mechanisms</b>, we define a unified model that is suitable for most <b>attention</b> structures. …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?cites=5750819312257210840&amp;as_sdt=2005&amp;sciodt=0,5&amp;hl=en">Cited by 3863</a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:2BmMArIDz08J:scholar.google.com/&amp;scioq=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="/scholar?cluster=5750819312257210840&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_nph">All 4 versions</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor gs_oph" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div>  <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="2ZhjgA76ftYJ" data-did="2ZhjgA76ftYJ" data-lid="" data-aid="2ZhjgA76ftYJ" data-rp="1"><div class="gs_ggs gs_fl"><div class="gs_ggsd"><div class="gs_or_ggsm" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel8/10750449/10897528/10897531.pdf" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;oi=gga&amp;ct=gga&amp;cd=1&amp;d=15456065911372617945&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="2ZhjgA76ftYJ"><span class=gs_ctg2>[PDF]</span> ieee.org</a><a href="/scholar?output=instlink&amp;q=info:2ZhjgA76ftYJ:scholar.google.com/&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;scillfp=9601665439149024922&amp;oi=lle">Full View</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="2ZhjgA76ftYJ" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10897531/" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;ct=res&amp;cd=1&amp;d=15456065911372617945&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="2ZhjgA76ftYJ"><b>Attention mechanisms </b>in computer vision: A survey</a></h3><div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=DnXVAgcAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">MH Guo</a>, <a href="/citations?user=zHp0rMIAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">TX Xu</a>, <a href="/citations?user=lpFrrs8AAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">JJ Liu</a>, <a href="/citations?user=wjPqa9EAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">ZN Liu</a>, <a href="/citations?user=85QJ_i4AAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">PT Jiang</a>… - Computational visual …, 2022 - ieeexplore.ieee.org</div><div class="gs_rs">… In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of various <b>attention</b> <b>mechanisms</b> in … <br>
We also suggest future directions for <b>attention</b> <b>mechanism</b> research. Keywords <b>attention</b>; …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?cites=15456065911372617945&amp;as_sdt=2005&amp;sciodt=0,5&amp;hl=en">Cited by 2848</a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:2ZhjgA76ftYJ:scholar.google.com/&amp;scioq=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="/scholar?cluster=15456065911372617945&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_nph">All 13 versions</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="/scholar?output=instlink&amp;q=info:2ZhjgA76ftYJ:scholar.google.com/&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;scillfp=9306571622150546358&amp;oi=llo" class="gs_or_nvi">Full View</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div>  <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="tSXH40rzg04J" data-did="tSXH40rzg04J" data-lid="" data-aid="tSXH40rzg04J" data-rp="2"><div class="gs_ggs gs_fl"><div class="gs_ggsd"><div class="gs_or_ggsm" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2204.13154" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;oi=gga&amp;ct=gga&amp;cd=2&amp;d=5657633059882083765&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="tSXH40rzg04J"><span class=gs_ctg2>[PDF]</span> arxiv.org</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="tSXH40rzg04J" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00521-022-07366-3" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;ct=res&amp;cd=2&amp;d=5657633059882083765&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="tSXH40rzg04J"><b>Attention mechanism </b>in neural networks: where it comes and where it goes</a></h3><div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=FPXh-WkAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">D Soydaner</a> - Neural Computing and Applications, 2022 - Springer</div><div class="gs_rs">… <b>attention</b> <b>mechanisms</b> over the years, and recent trends. We begin with the first attempts to <br>
integrate the visual <b>attention</b> … neural networks armed with <b>attention</b> <b>mechanisms</b>. One of them …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?cites=5657633059882083765&amp;as_sdt=2005&amp;sciodt=0,5&amp;hl=en">Cited by 500</a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:tSXH40rzg04J:scholar.google.com/&amp;scioq=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="/scholar?cluster=5657633059882083765&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_nph">All 10 versions</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor gs_oph" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div>  <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="1GbGU5H7rmsJ" data-did="1GbGU5H7rmsJ" data-lid="" data-aid="1GbGU5H7rmsJ" data-rp="3"><div class="gs_ggs gs_fl"><div class="gs_ggsd"><div class="gs_or_ggsm" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" tabindex="-1"><a href="http://cje.ustb.edu.cn/en/article/pdf/preview/10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2021.01.30.005.pdf" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;oi=gga&amp;ct=gga&amp;cd=3&amp;d=7759415809600284372&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="1GbGU5H7rmsJ"><span class=gs_ctg2>[PDF]</span> ustb.edu.cn</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="1GbGU5H7rmsJ" href="http://cje.ustb.edu.cn/en/article/doi/10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2021.01.30.005" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;ct=res&amp;cd=3&amp;d=7759415809600284372&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="1GbGU5H7rmsJ">Research progress in <b>attention mechanism </b>in deep learning</a></h3><div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=Lw5L1GYAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">JW Liu</a>, J LIU, <a href="/citations?user=Y6iZkJkAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">X LUO</a> - Chinese Journal of Engineering, 2021 - cje.ustb.edu.cn</div><div class="gs_rs">… <b>attention</b> <b>mechanism</b> is then provided to a certain extent, and roles of <b>attention</b> <b>mechanism</b> <br>
… Finally, this survey identified the future direction and challenges of the <b>attention</b> <b>mechanism</b>. …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?cites=7759415809600284372&amp;as_sdt=2005&amp;sciodt=0,5&amp;hl=en">Cited by 180</a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:1GbGU5H7rmsJ:scholar.google.com/&amp;scioq=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="/scholar?cluster=7759415809600284372&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_nph">All 2 versions</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:1GbGU5H7rmsJ:scholar.google.com/+attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_or_nvi">View as HTML</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div><div class="gs_qsuggest_wrap gs_r"><div class="gs_qsuggest gs_qsuggest_regular"><h2>Related searches</h2><ul><li><a href="/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;qsp=1&amp;q=attention+mechanism+neural+network&amp;qst=ib">attention mechanism <b>neural network</b></a></li><li><a href="/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;qsp=2&amp;q=attention+mechanism+deep+learning&amp;qst=ib">attention mechanism <b>deep learning</b></a></li><li><a href="/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;qsp=3&amp;q=recognition+attention+mechanism&amp;qst=ib"><b>recognition </b>attention mechanism</a></li><li><a href="/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;qsp=4&amp;q=attention+mechanism+segmentation&amp;qst=ib">attention mechanism <b>segmentation</b></a></li><li><a href="/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;qsp=5&amp;q=attention+mechanism+classification&amp;qst=ib">attention mechanism <b>classification</b></a></li><li><a href="/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;qsp=6&amp;q=convolutional+attention+mechanism&amp;qst=ib"><b>convolutional </b>attention mechanism</a></li><li><a href="/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;qsp=7&amp;q=attention+mechanism+prediction&amp;qst=ib">attention mechanism <b>prediction</b></a></li><li><a href="/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;qsp=8&amp;q=attention+mechanism+lstm&amp;qst=ib">attention mechanism <b>lstm</b></a></li></ul></div></div>  <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="TviOBmxJFYQJ" data-did="TviOBmxJFYQJ" data-lid="" data-aid="TviOBmxJFYQJ" data-rp="4"><div class="gs_ggs gs_fl"><div class="gs_ggsd"><div class="gs_or_ggsm" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_CVPR_2019/papers/Fukui_Attention_Branch_Network_Learning_of_Attention_Mechanism_for_Visual_Explanation_CVPR_2019_paper.pdf" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;oi=gga&amp;ct=gga&amp;cd=4&amp;d=9517594115832739918&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="TviOBmxJFYQJ"><span class=gs_ctg2>[PDF]</span> thecvf.com</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="TviOBmxJFYQJ" href="http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_CVPR_2019/html/Fukui_Attention_Branch_Network_Learning_of_Attention_Mechanism_for_Visual_Explanation_CVPR_2019_paper.html" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;ct=res&amp;cd=4&amp;d=9517594115832739918&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="TviOBmxJFYQJ"><b>Attention </b>branch network: Learning of <b>attention mechanism </b>for visual explanation</a></h3><div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=SBb5fEcAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">H Fukui</a>, <a href="/citations?user=90kbhDMAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">T Hirakawa</a>, <a href="/citations?user=hkguTPgAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">T Yamashita</a>… - Proceedings of the …, 2019 - openaccess.thecvf.com</div><div class="gs_rs">… In this work, we propose <b>Attention</b> Branch Network (… <b>attention</b> <b>mechanism</b>. ABN can be <br>
applicable to several image recognition tasks by introducing a branch for the <b>attention</b> <b>mechanism</b> …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?cites=9517594115832739918&amp;as_sdt=2005&amp;sciodt=0,5&amp;hl=en">Cited by 708</a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:TviOBmxJFYQJ:scholar.google.com/&amp;scioq=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="/scholar?cluster=9517594115832739918&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_nph">All 9 versions</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:TviOBmxJFYQJ:scholar.google.com/+attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_or_nvi">View as HTML</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div>  <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="-ZGlTxy8jysJ" data-did="-ZGlTxy8jysJ" data-lid="" data-aid="-ZGlTxy8jysJ" data-rp="5"><div class="gs_ggs gs_fl"><div class="gs_ggsd"><div class="gs_or_ggsm" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.14263" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;oi=gga&amp;ct=gga&amp;cd=5&amp;d=3138934295081882105&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="-ZGlTxy8jysJ"><span class=gs_ctg2>[PDF]</span> arxiv.org</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="-ZGlTxy8jysJ" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9609539/" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;ct=res&amp;cd=5&amp;d=3138934295081882105&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="-ZGlTxy8jysJ">A general survey on <b>attention mechanisms </b>in deep learning</a></h3><div class="gs_a">G Brauwers, <a href="/citations?user=fzsYCecAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">F Frasincar</a> - IEEE transactions on knowledge and …, 2021 - ieeexplore.ieee.org</div><div class="gs_rs">… In this section, <b>attention</b> <b>mechanisms</b> are explained and categorized according to the <br>
presented taxonomy. Section 4 provides an overview of performance measures and methods for …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?cites=3138934295081882105&amp;as_sdt=2005&amp;sciodt=0,5&amp;hl=en">Cited by 794</a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:-ZGlTxy8jysJ:scholar.google.com/&amp;scioq=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="/scholar?cluster=3138934295081882105&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_nph">All 13 versions</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor gs_oph" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div>  <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="0TNTxxABMYEJ" data-did="0TNTxxABMYEJ" data-lid="" data-aid="0TNTxxABMYEJ" data-rp="6"><div class="gs_ggs gs_fl"><div class="gs_ggsd"><div class="gs_or_ggsm" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1693/1/012173/pdf" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;oi=gga&amp;ct=gga&amp;cd=6&amp;d=9309223076326749137&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="0TNTxxABMYEJ"><span class=gs_ctg2>[PDF]</span> iop.org</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="0TNTxxABMYEJ" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1693/1/012173/meta" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;ct=res&amp;cd=6&amp;d=9309223076326749137&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="0TNTxxABMYEJ">An overview of the <b>attention mechanisms </b>in computer vision</a></h3><div class="gs_a">X Yang - Journal of physics: Conference series, 2020 - iopscience.iop.org</div><div class="gs_rs">… breakthroughs of <b>attention</b> <b>mechanisms</b> have been made in … <b>attention</b> <b>mechanisms</b> can <br>
improve the performance of models, and they are also consistent with the perceptual <b>mechanism</b> …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?cites=9309223076326749137&amp;as_sdt=2005&amp;sciodt=0,5&amp;hl=en">Cited by 180</a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:0TNTxxABMYEJ:scholar.google.com/&amp;scioq=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="/scholar?cluster=9309223076326749137&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_nph">All 3 versions</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor gs_oph" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div>  <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="fx3HjcETuEIJ" data-did="fx3HjcETuEIJ" data-lid="" data-aid="fx3HjcETuEIJ" data-rp="7"><div class="gs_ggs gs_fl"><div class="gs_ggsd"><div class="gs_or_ggsm" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/3/283" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;oi=gga&amp;ct=gga&amp;cd=7&amp;d=4807614324246257023&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="fx3HjcETuEIJ"><span class=gs_ctg2>[HTML]</span> mdpi.com</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><span class="gs_ctc"><span class="gs_ct1">[HTML]</span><span class="gs_ct2">[HTML]</span></span> <a id="fx3HjcETuEIJ" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/23/3/283" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;oi=ggp&amp;ct=res&amp;cd=7&amp;d=4807614324246257023&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="fx3HjcETuEIJ"><b>Attention mechanisms </b>and their applications to complex systems</a></h3><div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=gX8raCUAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">A Hernández</a>, <a href="/citations?user=TIJc8QkAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">JM Amigó</a> - Entropy, 2021 - mdpi.com</div><div class="gs_rs">… years, <b>attention</b> <b>mechanisms</b> have emerged as a promising solution to these problems. In <br>
this review, we describe the key aspects of <b>attention</b> <b>mechanisms</b> and some relevant <b>attention</b> …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?cites=4807614324246257023&amp;as_sdt=2005&amp;sciodt=0,5&amp;hl=en">Cited by 167</a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:fx3HjcETuEIJ:scholar.google.com/&amp;scioq=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="/scholar?cluster=4807614324246257023&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_nph">All 10 versions</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:fx3HjcETuEIJ:scholar.google.com/+attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_or_nvi">Cached</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div>  <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="w-gtTWbKemwJ" data-did="w-gtTWbKemwJ" data-lid="" data-aid="w-gtTWbKemwJ" data-rp="8"><div class="gs_ggs gs_fl"><div class="gs_ggsd"><div class="gs_or_ggsm" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-67529-x" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;oi=gga&amp;ct=gga&amp;cd=8&amp;d=7816782643985246403&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="w-gtTWbKemwJ"><span class=gs_ctg2>[HTML]</span> nature.com</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><span class="gs_ctc"><span class="gs_ct1">[HTML]</span><span class="gs_ct2">[HTML]</span></span> <a id="w-gtTWbKemwJ" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-67529-x" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;oi=ggp&amp;ct=res&amp;cd=8&amp;d=7816782643985246403&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="w-gtTWbKemwJ">Object detection based on an adaptive <b>attention mechanism</b></a></h3><div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=E9LF2j8AAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">W Li</a>, K Liu, L Zhang, F Cheng - Scientific Reports, 2020 - nature.com</div><div class="gs_rs">… <b>attention</b> <b>mechanism</b> was proposed to build up <b>attention</b> units … <b>attention</b> units, namely, an <br>
adaptive channel-wise <b>attention</b> … domain <b>attention</b> unit and an adaptive spatial-wise <b>attention</b> …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?cites=7816782643985246403&amp;as_sdt=2005&amp;sciodt=0,5&amp;hl=en">Cited by 177</a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:w-gtTWbKemwJ:scholar.google.com/&amp;scioq=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="/scholar?cluster=7816782643985246403&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_nph">All 7 versions</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor gs_oph" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div>  <div class="gs_r gs_or gs_scl" data-cid="eflKrQ8HZFgJ" data-did="eflKrQ8HZFgJ" data-lid="" data-aid="eflKrQ8HZFgJ" data-rp="9"><div class="gs_ggs gs_fl"><div class="gs_ggsd"><div class="gs_or_ggsm" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_ICCV_2019/papers/Zhu_An_Empirical_Study_of_Spatial_Attention_Mechanisms_in_Deep_Networks_ICCV_2019_paper.pdf" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;oi=gga&amp;ct=gga&amp;cd=9&amp;d=6369223536921999737&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="eflKrQ8HZFgJ"><span class=gs_ctg2>[PDF]</span> thecvf.com</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_ri"><h3 class="gs_rt" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)"><a id="eflKrQ8HZFgJ" href="http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_ICCV_2019/html/Zhu_An_Empirical_Study_of_Spatial_Attention_Mechanisms_in_Deep_Networks_ICCV_2019_paper.html" data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;ct=res&amp;cd=9&amp;d=6369223536921999737&amp;ei=cR3GaZ_tOaqtieoPy-fC4AU" data-clk-atid="eflKrQ8HZFgJ">An empirical study of spatial <b>attention mechanisms </b>in deep networks</a></h3><div class="gs_a"><a href="/citations?user=02RXI00AAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">X Zhu</a>, <a href="/citations?user=xzr7na8AAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">D Cheng</a>, Z Zhang, <a href="/citations?user=c3PYmxUAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=sra">S Lin</a>… - Proceedings of the IEEE …, 2019 - openaccess.thecvf.com</div><div class="gs_rs">… Towards disentangling the effects of different <b>attention</b> factors and <b>mechanisms</b>, … <b>attention</b>, <br>
in which various elements of <b>attention</b> <b>mechanisms</b> are ablated within a generalized <b>attention</b> …</div><div class="gs_fl gs_flb"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_sav gs_or_btn" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.5 11.57l3.824 2.308-1.015-4.35 3.379-2.926-4.45-.378L7.5 2.122 5.761 6.224l-4.449.378 3.379 2.926-1.015 4.35z"/></svg><span class="gs_or_btn_lbl">Save</span></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_or_cit gs_or_btn gs_nph" role="button" aria-controls="gs_cit" aria-haspopup="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M6.5 3.5H1.5V8.5H3.75L1.75 12.5H4.75L6.5 9V3.5zM13.5 3.5H8.5V8.5H10.75L8.75 12.5H11.75L13.5 9V3.5z"/></svg><span>Cite</span></a> <a href="/scholar?cites=6369223536921999737&amp;as_sdt=2005&amp;sciodt=0,5&amp;hl=en">Cited by 808</a> <a href="/scholar?q=related:eflKrQ8HZFgJ:scholar.google.com/&amp;scioq=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">Related articles</a> <a href="/scholar?cluster=6369223536921999737&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_nph">All 8 versions</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="More" class="gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M0.75 5.5l2-2L7.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L3.25 8zM7.75 5.5l2-2L14.25 8l-4.5 4.5-2-2L10.25 8z"/></svg></a> <a href="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:eflKrQ8HZFgJ:scholar.google.com/+attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5" class="gs_or_nvi">View as HTML</a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Fewer" class="gs_or_nvi gs_or_mor" role="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 16" class="gs_or_svg"><path d="M7.25 5.5l-2-2L0.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L4.75 8zM14.25 5.5l-2-2L7.75 8l4.5 4.5 2-2L11.75 8z"/></svg></a></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_res_ccl_bot"><div class="gs_r gs_alrt_btm gs_oph gs_ota"><a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=create_alert_options&amp;hl=en&amp;alert_query=%22attention+mechanism%22&amp;alert_params=%3Fhl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0,5" class="gs_btnM gs_in_ib"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Create alert</span></a></div><div id="gs_n" role="navigation"><center><table cellpadding="0" width="1%"><tr align="center" valign="top"><td align="right" nowrap><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_first"></span><b style="display:block;margin-right:35px;visibility:hidden">Previous</b></td><td><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_current"></span><b>1</b></td><td><a href="/scholar?start=10&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_page"></span>2</a></td><td><a href="/scholar?start=20&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_page"></span>3</a></td><td><a href="/scholar?start=30&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_page"></span>4</a></td><td><a href="/scholar?start=40&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_page"></span>5</a></td><td><a href="/scholar?start=50&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_page"></span>6</a></td><td><a href="/scholar?start=60&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_page"></span>7</a></td><td><a href="/scholar?start=70&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_page"></span>8</a></td><td><a href="/scholar?start=80&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_page"></span>9</a></td><td><a href="/scholar?start=90&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_page"></span>10</a></td><td align="left" nowrap><a href="/scholar?start=10&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_nav_next"></span><b style="display:block;margin-left:53px">Next</b></a></td></tr></table></center></div><div id="gs_nm" role="navigation"><button type="button" aria-label="Previous" disabled class="gs_btnPL gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button><button type="button" onclick="window.location='/scholar?start\x3d10\x26q\x3dattention+mechanism\x26hl\x3den\x26as_sdt\x3d0,5'" aria-label="Next" class="gs_btnPR gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button><div id="gs_nml"><b class="gs_nma">1</b><a class="gs_nma" href="/scholar?start=10&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">2</a><a class="gs_nma" href="/scholar?start=20&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">3</a><a class="gs_nma" href="/scholar?start=30&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">4</a><a class="gs_nma" href="/scholar?start=40&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">5</a><a class="gs_nma" href="/scholar?start=50&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">6</a><a class="gs_nma" href="/scholar?start=60&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">7</a><a class="gs_nma" href="/scholar?start=70&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">8</a><a class="gs_nma" href="/scholar?start=80&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">9</a><a class="gs_nma" href="/scholar?start=90&amp;q=attention+mechanism&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5">10</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_ftr_sp" role="presentation"></div><div id="gs_ftr" class="gs_md_rmb" role="contentinfo"><div id="gs_ftr_rt"><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/">Privacy</a><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/terms/">Terms</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" role="button" aria-controls="gs_ftr_mnu" aria-haspopup="true" class="gs_press gs_md_tb">Help</a></div><div id="gs_ftr_mnu" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><a role="menuitem" href="/intl/en/scholar/about.html" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">About Scholar</a><a role="menuitem" href="//support.google.com/websearch?p=scholar_dsa&amp;hl=en" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Search help</a></div></div></div></body></html>