use scraper::{Html, Selector};
use super::Paper;
const USER_AGENTS: &[&str] = &[
"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/120.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/120.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/120.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
];
pub fn search(base_url: &str, query: &str, max_results: u32) -> Result<Vec<Paper>, String> {
let ua_index = std::time::SystemTime::now()
.duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
.unwrap()
.as_nanos() as usize
% USER_AGENTS.len();
let ua = USER_AGENTS[ua_index];
let encoded = super::encode_query(query);
let url = format!(
"{}/scholar?q={}&start=0&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&num={}",
base_url, encoded, max_results
);
match ureq::get(&url).header("User-Agent", ua).call() {
Ok(resp) => {
let body = resp
.into_body()
.read_to_string()
.map_err(|e| format!("Failed to read response: {}", e))?;
parse_search_response(&body)
}
Err(ureq::Error::StatusCode(429)) => {
Err("Google Scholar rate limited (429). Try again later.".to_string())
}
Err(ureq::Error::StatusCode(403)) => {
Err("Google Scholar blocked request (403). May need different IP.".to_string())
}
Err(e) => Err(format!("HTTP error: {}", e)),
}
}
pub fn parse_search_response(html: &str) -> Result<Vec<Paper>, String> {
if html.contains("gs_captcha_f") || html.contains("name=\"captcha\"") {
return Err("Google Scholar CAPTCHA detected. Try again later.".to_string());
}
let document = Html::parse_document(html);
let result_sel = Selector::parse("div.gs_ri").unwrap();
let title_sel = Selector::parse("h3.gs_rt a").unwrap();
let meta_sel = Selector::parse("div.gs_a").unwrap();
let abstract_sel = Selector::parse("div.gs_rs").unwrap();
let mut papers = Vec::new();
for result in document.select(&result_sel) {
let (title, url) = if let Some(link) = result.select(&title_sel).next() {
let title = link.text().collect::<String>().trim().to_string();
let url = link.value().attr("href").map(|s| s.to_string());
(title, url)
} else {
continue;
};
if title.is_empty() {
continue;
}
let mut authors = Vec::new();
let mut year: Option<u16> = None;
let mut venue: Option<String> = None;
if let Some(meta_el) = result.select(&meta_sel).next() {
let meta_text = meta_el.text().collect::<String>();
let parts: Vec<&str> = meta_text.split(" - ").collect();
if !parts.is_empty() {
authors = parts[0]
.split(',')
.map(|a| a.trim().to_string())
.filter(|a| !a.is_empty() && !a.chars().all(|c| c == '…' || c.is_whitespace()))
.collect();
}
for part in &parts {
for word in part.split(|c: char| !c.is_ascii_digit()) {
if word.len() == 4 {
if let Ok(y) = word.parse::<u16>() {
if y >= 1900 && y <= 2100 {
year = Some(y);
}
}
}
}
}
if parts.len() >= 2 {
let venue_part = parts[1].trim();
let venue_clean = venue_part
.split(',')
.filter(|s| s.trim().parse::<u16>().is_err())
.collect::<Vec<&str>>()
.join(",")
.trim()
.to_string();
if !venue_clean.is_empty() {
venue = Some(venue_clean);
}
}
}
let abstract_text = result
.select(&abstract_sel)
.next()
.map(|el| el.text().collect::<String>().trim().to_string())
.filter(|s| !s.is_empty());
let id = url
.as_ref()
.map(|u| {
u.split('/')
.last()
.unwrap_or(u)
.to_string()
})
.unwrap_or_default();
papers.push(Paper {
id,
title,
authors,
abstract_text,
year,
doi: None,
url,
pdf_url: None,
venue,
citations: None,
fields: vec![],
open_access: None,
source: "scholar".to_string(),
});
}
Ok(papers)
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
const FIXTURE: &str = include_str!("../../tests/fixtures/scholar_search.html");
#[test]
fn parse_returns_ok() {
let result = parse_search_response(FIXTURE);
assert!(result.is_ok());
}
#[test]
fn parse_source_is_scholar() {
let papers = parse_search_response(FIXTURE).unwrap();
for p in &papers {
assert_eq!(p.source, "scholar");
}
}
#[test]
fn parse_title_not_empty() {
let papers = parse_search_response(FIXTURE).unwrap();
assert!(!papers.is_empty(), "should have results");
for p in &papers {
assert!(!p.title.is_empty(), "paper has empty title");
}
}
#[test]
fn parse_url_from_link() {
let papers = parse_search_response(FIXTURE).unwrap();
let with_url: Vec<_> = papers.iter().filter(|p| p.url.is_some()).collect();
assert!(!with_url.is_empty(), "no papers with url");
for p in &with_url {
assert!(p.url.as_ref().unwrap().starts_with("http"));
}
}
#[test]
fn parse_authors_year_venue() {
let papers = parse_search_response(FIXTURE).unwrap();
let with_authors: Vec<_> = papers.iter().filter(|p| !p.authors.is_empty()).collect();
assert!(!with_authors.is_empty(), "no papers with authors");
let with_year: Vec<_> = papers.iter().filter(|p| p.year.is_some()).collect();
assert!(!with_year.is_empty(), "no papers with year");
}
#[test]
fn parse_abstract() {
let papers = parse_search_response(FIXTURE).unwrap();
let with_abstract: Vec<_> = papers.iter().filter(|p| p.abstract_text.is_some()).collect();
assert!(!with_abstract.is_empty(), "no papers with abstract");
}
#[test]
fn parse_captcha_returns_err() {
let captcha_html = r#"<html><body><form id="gs_captcha_f"><input name="captcha"></form></body></html>"#;
let result = parse_search_response(captcha_html);
assert!(result.is_err());
assert!(result.unwrap_err().contains("CAPTCHA"));
}
#[test]
fn parse_open_access_is_none() {
let papers = parse_search_response(FIXTURE).unwrap();
for p in &papers {
assert!(p.open_access.is_none(), "Scholar should not have OA info");
}
}
#[test]
fn search_returns_papers() {
let mut server = mockito::Server::new();
let mock = server
.mock("GET", mockito::Matcher::Any)
.with_status(200)
.with_body(FIXTURE)
.create();
let papers = search(&server.url(), "attention mechanism", 10).unwrap();
assert!(!papers.is_empty());
mock.assert();
}
#[test]
fn search_sends_user_agent() {
let mut server = mockito::Server::new();
let mock = server
.mock("GET", mockito::Matcher::Any)
.match_header("User-Agent", mockito::Matcher::Regex("Mozilla".to_string()))
.with_status(200)
.with_body(FIXTURE)
.create();
let _ = search(&server.url(), "test", 10);
mock.assert();
}
#[test]
fn search_request_path_contains_scholar() {
let mut server = mockito::Server::new();
let mock = server
.mock("GET", mockito::Matcher::Regex("/scholar".to_string()))
.with_status(200)
.with_body(FIXTURE)
.create();
let _ = search(&server.url(), "test", 10);
mock.assert();
}
#[test]
fn search_request_contains_query() {
let mut server = mockito::Server::new();
let mock = server
.mock("GET", mockito::Matcher::Regex("q=test".to_string()))
.with_status(200)
.with_body(FIXTURE)
.create();
let _ = search(&server.url(), "test", 10);
mock.assert();
}
#[test]
fn search_request_contains_hl_en() {
let mut server = mockito::Server::new();
let mock = server
.mock("GET", mockito::Matcher::Regex("hl=en".to_string()))
.with_status(200)
.with_body(FIXTURE)
.create();
let _ = search(&server.url(), "test", 10);
mock.assert();
}
}