fastalp 0.1.20

High-performance lossless floating-point compression in pure Rust / 基于 ALP 算法的高性能无损浮点数压缩库
Documentation

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crates.io docs.rs

fastalp : Adaptive Lossless Floating-Point Compression in Rust

Pure Rust implementation of the ALP (Adaptive Lossless Floating-Point Compression) algorithm with unified generic interfaces supporting f64 and f32 data streams.

Overview

Floating-point values in real-world applications (such as IoT sensor readings, financial transactions, GPS coordinates, and time-series metrics) frequently originate as decimal representations. Traditional general-purpose compression algorithms and integer bitpackers operate inefficiently on IEEE 754 representations due to distributed exponent and mantissa bit patterns.

fastalp implements the ALP compression algorithm:

  • Exact Lossless Reconstruction: Guarantees bit-exact IEEE 754 preservation for all inputs, including special values such as NaN, +Inf, -Inf, and -0.0.

  • Adaptive Parameter Estimation: Samples input sequences to derive optimal scaling parameters (exp, fac) that minimize bit-width requirements.

  • Frame-of-Reference & Bitpacking: Encodes converted integers using base subtraction (FOR) and dense bit-packing from 1 to 64 bits per value.

  • Dedicated Exception Handling: Unencodable values and floating-point anomalies are stored in a dedicated exception stream without compromising primary payload compression efficiency.

  • Raw Fallback Protection: Automatically falls back to uncompressed raw mode when noise or extreme precision values would cause negative compression.

  • Zero Extra Allocations: Exposes _into APIs to allow caller-managed buffer reuse across high-throughput streaming pipelines.

  • Unified Generic Interface: compress, compress_into, decompress, and decompress_into work across both f64 and f32.

Usage

Installation

cargo add fastalp

Basic Compression and Decompression

use fastalp::{compress, decompress, Result};

fn main() -> Result<()> {
  let sensor_data = vec![20.5, 20.6, 20.8, 21.0, 20.9, 21.2];

  // Compress floating-point slice into byte buffer (generic for f64 / f32)
  let compressed = compress(&sensor_data);

  // Decompress byte buffer back to exact f64 slice
  let decompressed: Vec<f64> = decompress(&compressed)?;

  assert_eq!(decompressed, sensor_data);
  Ok(())
}

In-Place Buffer Reuse

use fastalp::{compress_into, decompress_into, Result};

fn main() -> Result<()> {
  let batch = vec![100.12, 100.15, 100.18, 100.22];

  let mut compressed_buf = Vec::new();
  compress_into(&batch, &mut compressed_buf);

  let mut restored = Vec::new();
  decompress_into(&compressed_buf, &mut restored)?;

  assert_eq!(restored, batch);
  Ok(())
}

Single-Precision Floating-Point Data

use fastalp::{compress, decompress, Result};

fn main() -> Result<()> {
  let coordinates = vec![116.4074f32, 39.9042f32, 121.4737f32, 31.2304f32];

  let compressed = compress(&coordinates);
  let decompressed: Vec<f32> = decompress(&compressed)?;

  assert_eq!(decompressed, coordinates);
  Ok(())
}

Features

  • Bit-Exact Precision: Decoded floats match original bit patterns (a.to_bits() == b.to_bits()).

  • High Compression on Decimals: Delivers 3x to 8x+ compression ratios on typical decimal time-series data.

  • Unified Generic Support: Zero-cost abstraction for both 64-bit (f64) and 32-bit (f32) floating-point streams.

  • Robust Exception Handling: Encodes non-finite numbers (NaN, Inf) and unencodable values.

  • Zero-Heap Buffer Reuse: Direct writing into existing vectors via compress_into and decompress_into.

Architecture & Design

fastalp executes compression and decompression through modular pipeline stages:

graph TD
  Input["Input Floating-Point Slice (&[f64] / &[f32])"] --> Sampler["Parameter Sampler<br/>Determine optimal (exp, fac) via cost model"]
  Sampler --> Encoder["Lossless Integer Conversion<br/>Scaled rounding & bit-exact validation"]
  Encoder --> Split{"Losslessly Encodable?"}
  Split -- Yes --> IntStream["FOR Base Subtraction<br/>Calculate non-negative offsets"]
  Split -- No --> ExcStream["Exception Recording<br/>Store (index pos, raw IEEE 754 bits)"]
  IntStream --> Bitpacker["Dense Bitpacking<br/>W-bit word packing into byte stream"]
  ExcStream --> Frame["Binary Framing<br/>Header + Base + Bitpacked Stream + Exceptions"]
  Bitpacker --> Frame
  Frame --> Output["Compressed Byte Payload (Vec<u8>)"]

Compression Pipeline

  • Constant Detection & Fallback Filter (encoder.rs): Quickly evaluates bit-exact identical sequences (v.is_exact_same(first)). When identical, writes a 5-byte header and base value with zero heap allocation. When estimated payload exceeds raw size plus header overhead, switches to 3-byte raw mode to guarantee zero data inflation.

  • Sampling (sampler.rs): Evaluates up to 32 evenly distributed sample points across parameter combinations (exp, fac). Selects parameters minimizing total storage cost: bit_width * count + exceptions * penalty.

  • Lossless Verification (sampler.rs, float.rs): Multiplies float by $10{\text{exp}} \times 10{-\text{fac}}$, rounds via constants, and verifies exact inverse equality against raw IEEE 754 bit representations.

  • Base Offset & Bitpacking (bitpack/pack.rs, encoder.rs): Computes minimum integer value as base, subtracts base from valid integers, determines required bit width, and writes dense packed bits via a 128-bit register accumulator.

  • Exception Stream (encoder.rs): Appends position and raw bits for values that fail exact integer roundtrip.

Decompression Pipeline

  • Header Parsing (decoder.rs): Reads compact header, extracting format type and element count. For raw fallback chunks, performs direct zero-copy slice restoration. For ALP chunks, extracts packed (exp, fac, bit_width) parameters and base value.

  • Bit Unpacking & LUT Reconstruction (bitpack/unpack.rs): Small bit-widths (1, 2, 4, 8 bits) reconstruct floats via precomputed stack lookup tables in a single pass. General bit-widths unpack via register bit-stream sliding windows.

  • Exception Patching (decoder.rs): Overwrites positions listed in the exception table with raw IEEE 754 bit patterns.

Tech Stack

  • Language: Rust Edition 2024
  • Error Handling: thiserror
  • Testing & Benchmarking: anyhow, aok, fastrand

Directory Structure

fastalp/
├── Cargo.toml          # Crate manifest and dependency configuration
├── README.md           # Generated multilingual documentation
├── README.mdt          # Multilingual documentation template
├── readme/             # Documentation source files
│   ├── en.md           # English documentation
│   └── zh.md           # Chinese documentation
├── src/                # Library source code
│   ├── bitpack/        # Modular bit-level packing and unpacking
│   │   ├── mod.rs      # Module facade and re-exports
│   │   ├── pack.rs     # Dense bitpacking with 128-bit register accumulator
│   │   └── unpack.rs   # Direct bit unpacking with stack LUT acceleration
│   ├── constants.rs    # Precomputed static power tables and format constants
│   ├── decoder.rs      # Generic decompression logic and raw fallback restore
│   ├── encoder.rs      # Generic compression logic, O(1) constant fast path, raw fallback
│   ├── error.rs        # Error definitions and Result type alias
│   ├── float.rs        # AlpFloat abstraction trait and f32/f64 zero-cost implementation
│   ├── lib.rs          # Public crate exports and high-level API
│   ├── params.rs       # Compact bitfield parameter packing and bit-width utilities
│   └── sampler.rs      # Adaptive parameter optimization and lossless roundtrip verification
├── test.sh             # Test execution script
└── tests/              # Integration and stress tests
    ├── test_alp_dataset.rs # ALP paper 31 real-world datasets roundtrip & ratio tests
    └── test_roundtrip.rs   # Roundtrip integrity and boundary tests

Benchmarks & C++ Comparison

Benchmark Environment & Toolchain

All microbenchmarks were executed and measured side-by-side on the same physical host:

  • Processor (CPU): Apple M2 Max (12 Cores: 8 Performance @ 3.68 GHz + 4 Efficiency @ 2.42 GHz, ARMv8.6-A NEON ISA)
  • Host OS: macOS Sequoia 26.5.1 (Darwin Kernel Version 25.5.0 arm64)
  • Rust Toolchain: rustc 1.98.0 / nightly (flags: opt-level = 3, lto = "fat", codegen-units = 1)
  • C++ Compiler Toolchain: Homebrew LLVM Clang 22.1.8 (-O3 -std=c++17 -DNDEBUG -march=native) / CMake 4.4.2
  • Memory Allocator: mimalloc 0.1.52
  • Benchmark Suites: Rust divan 0.1.20 vs C++ std::chrono::high_resolution_clock (steady-state median sampling)

Side-by-Side Throughput Comparison

Scenario Data Size fastalp Throughput C++ Reference Throughput Throughput Ratio
f64 Compress (Identical Values) 1024 x f64 (8 KB) 23.34 GB/s 7.02 GB/s 3.32x
f64 Compress (Sensor Decimals) 1024 x f64 (8 KB) 1.37 GB/s 0.81 GB/s 1.69x
f64 Compress (Large Batch) 65535 x f64 (512 KB) 3.90 GB/s 6.22 GB/s 0.63x
f32 Compress (Sensor Decimals) 1024 x f32 (4 KB) 1.22 GB/s 2.52 GB/s 0.48x
f64 Decompress (Identical Values) 1024 x f64 (8 KB) 76.56 GB/s 98.70 GB/s 0.78x
f64 Decompress (Sensor Decimals) 1024 x f64 (8 KB) 24.09 GB/s 65.54 GB/s 0.37x
f64 Decompress (Large Batch) 65535 x f64 (512 KB) 24.85 GB/s 49.34 GB/s 0.50x
f32 Decompress (Sensor Decimals) 1024 x f32 (4 KB) 13.00 GB/s 97.52 GB/s 0.13x

Real-World Datasets Compression Ratio

Evaluated against all 31 standard real-world datasets from the original ALP paper (253,952 bytes of raw 64-bit doubles):

Dataset Name Raw Size fastalp Compressed Size fastalp Ratio C++ Ref ALP Ratio
gov26Government Stats 8192 B 13 B 630.15x (0.10 b/v) 455.11x
gov31Government Stats 8192 B 25 B 327.68x (0.20 b/v) 292.57x
gov30Government Stats 8192 B 55 B 148.95x (0.43 b/v) 141.24x
stocks_ukUK Stock Prices 8192 B 1165 B 7.03x (9.10 b/v) 7.00x
cms9Healthcare Billing 8192 B 1421 B 5.76x (11.10 b/v) 5.74x
medicare9Medical Monitoring 8192 B 1421 B 5.76x (11.10 b/v) 5.74x
neon_pm10_dustPM10 Sensor 8192 B 1553 B 5.27x (12.13 b/v) 5.26x
stocks_usa_cUS Stock Prices 8192 B 1951 B 4.20x (15.24 b/v) 4.19x
gov40Government Timestamps 8192 B 2445 B 3.35x (19.10 b/v) 3.34x
stocks_deGerman Stock Prices 8192 B 2625 B 3.12x (20.51 b/v) 3.12x
bird_migration_fGPS Coordinates 8192 B 2651 B 3.09x (20.71 b/v) 3.09x
neon_bio_temp_cBiology Sensor 8192 B 2957 B 2.77x (23.10 b/v) 2.77x
food_pricesConsumer Index 8192 B 3285 B 2.49x (25.66 b/v) 2.49x
city_temperature_fWeather Temp 8192 B 3363 B 2.44x (26.27 b/v) 2.43x
ssd_hdd_benchmarks_fDisk Benchmarks 8192 B 3621 B 2.26x (28.29 b/v) 2.26x
neon_wind_dirWind Direction 8192 B 3725 B 2.20x (29.10 b/v) 2.20x
neon_air_pressureAir Pressure 8192 B 3743 B 2.19x (29.24 b/v) 2.19x
basel_wind_fBasel Wind Speed 8192 B 3817 B 2.15x (29.82 b/v) 2.14x
arade4Hydrology Sensor 8192 B 4063 B 2.02x (31.74 b/v) 2.01x
basel_temp_fBasel Temperature 8192 B 4069 B 2.01x (31.79 b/v) 2.01x
bitcoin_fBitcoin Rates 8192 B 4195 B 1.95x (32.77 b/v) 1.95x
bitcoin_transactions_fOn-chain Tx 8192 B 4861 B 1.69x (37.98 b/v) 1.68x
medicare1Medical Records 8192 B 5249 B 1.56x (41.01 b/v) 1.56x
cms1Medical Records 8192 B 5363 B 1.53x (41.90 b/v) 1.53x
cms25Medical Records 8192 B 5451 B 1.50x (42.59 b/v) 1.50x
nyc29NYC Taxi Travel 8192 B 5441 B 1.51x (42.51 b/v) 1.50x
air_sensor_fAir Sensor Data 8192 B 8195 B (Fallback) 1.00x (Guaranteed) 0.52x (Expansion)
poi_latHigh-Precision Lat 8192 B 8195 B (Fallback) 1.00x (Guaranteed) 0.51x (Expansion)
poi_lonHigh-Precision Lon 8192 B 8195 B (Fallback) 1.00x (Guaranteed) 0.64x (Expansion)
TOTAL / Overall Average 253,952 B 110,773 B 2.29x 1.94x

Thanks to the raw fallback safeguard, fastalp completely eliminates negative compression on difficult datasets, reducing overall storage from 130,597 B to 110,773 B and elevating average compression ratio to 2.29x.

Architecture & Optimizations

fastalp achieves high throughput compression and decompression in pure Rust through modular architectural optimizations:

Constant Sequence Fast Detection & Zero-Heap Allocation

  • Constant and smooth sequences are checked at entry using bit-exact comparisons (v.is_exact_same(first)), properly differentiating +0.0 and -0.0.
  • Bypasses parameter sampling search and intermediate vector allocations, writing a 5-byte header and base value (bit_width = 0) directly, reducing compression time from microseconds to 351 nanoseconds.

Raw Fallback Mode Against Data Expansion

  • Under high-frequency noise or non-decimal doubles, exception lists can expand beyond original payload size.
  • fastalp detects when encoded size exceeds raw size plus header overhead, immediately switching to TYPE_F64_RAW or TYPE_F32_RAW mode.
  • Employs 3-byte minimal headers and zero-copy restoration via copy_nonoverlapping, strictly bounding worst-case overhead to 3 bytes.

Zero-Multiplication LUT Decompression Acceleration

  • For small bit-widths (1, 2, 4, 8 bits), there are only 2, 4, 16, or 256 possible offset states.
  • fastalp precomputes a compact (16 B – 2 KB) stack-allocated lookup table before entering the unpacking loop: lut[offset] = (offset + base) * 10^fac * 10^-exp.
  • In the unpacking inner loop, float reconstruction reduces to $O(1)$ direct array index lookups, eliminating integer and floating-point multiplication from the critical decode path, driving throughput to 24+ GB/s.

Zero-Allocation Single-Pass Direct Streaming

  • Conventional Codec Bottleneck: C++ ALP and other codecs employ a two-stage decoding model: stage 1 unpacks the bitstream into intermediate heap arrays (triggering cache pollution and allocator overhead), while stage 2 iterates over the array to compute inverse float scaling.
  • fastalp Optimization: Employs a single-pass direct reconstruction pipeline. As bits are unpacked within CPU registers, float values are written directly to the target destination buffer, resulting in zero intermediate heap allocations and high L1/L2 cache locality.

128-bit Register Bitpacker

  • Eliminates slice allocation and memory barriers in the critical bitpacking path.
  • Utilizes a single 128-bit register pair (acc: u128, bits_in_acc: u32) as a sliding bit-window.
  • Flushing and fetching are executed with single 64-bit integer instructions.

SIMD Auto-Vectorization with as_chunks

  • Dedicated fast-paths for bit-widths 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64:
    • bit_width == 0 (Identical / Constant streams): Executed via memory-bandwidth saturation (76+ GB/s).
    • bit_width == 1, 2, 4: Extracts 8 / 4 / 2 values per byte with zero accumulator shift overhead.
    • Leverages standard as_chunks::<N>() slices with compile-time fixed dimensions, allowing LLVM to emit optimal SIMD (ARM NEON / x86) vector loops.

Sample-Space Cost Lower-Bound Pruning

  • ALP parameter estimation tests up to 135 (exp, fac) combinations across sample vectors.
  • fastalp implements dynamic lower-bound pruning: If running exception penalty (exceptions * penalty) exceeds current global best_cost, the loop breaks immediately, cutting parameter search time significantly.

Branchless Arithmetic & Precomputed Constants

  • Exponent factor lookups are pre-extracted outside inner loops to eliminate repeated array dereferences.
  • Bit-width calculation maps directly to hardware leading_zeros() instruction (CLZ/BSR), and constant bitmasks avoid branch mispredictions.

fastalp : 基于 ALP 算法的无损浮点数压缩引擎

纯 Rust 实现的自适应无损浮点数压缩 ALP 算法库，通过统一泛型接口支持 f64 与 f32 数据流。

功能特性

在物联网传感器采集、金融量化交易、GPS 经纬度定位以及时序监控等场景中，浮点数据通常以十进制形式产生。 由于 IEEE 754 浮点数的阶码与尾数位分布离散，通用压缩算法与整型位打包算法难以获得理想的压缩效率。

fastalp 实现 ALP 压缩算法：

  • 严格无损重构： 保证解码数据与原始 IEEE 754 二进制位严格一致，支持 NaN、+Inf、-Inf 与 -0.0 等特殊值。

  • 自适应参数推导： 通过对输入数据进行采样，计算使编码位宽最小的最优参数组合 (exp, fac)。

  • 基准偏移与位打包： 将转换后的整型序列进行基准值消除（FOR），并按 1 至 64 位动态位宽进行密集位打包。

  • 独立异常值处理： 无法无损整型化的数值与特殊浮点数记录于独立异常流，避免降低主数据流压缩比。

  • 原始保底模式： 当随机噪声或不可压缩数据导致编码后体积膨胀时，自动回退至原始保底模式，杜绝负压缩。

  • 零额外分配复用： 提供 _into 系列接口，支持调用方直接复用已有内存缓冲区。

  • 统一泛型接口： compress、compress_into、decompress 与 decompress_into 统一适用于 f64 与 f32。

使用示例

添加依赖

cargo add fastalp

基础压缩与解压

use fastalp::{compress, decompress, Result};

fn main() -> Result<()> {
  let sensor_data = vec![20.5, 20.6, 20.8, 21.0, 20.9, 21.2];

  // 压缩浮点数切片为字节向量 (自动适配 f64 / f32)
  let compressed = compress(&sensor_data);

  // 解压字节向量恢复原始浮点数切片
  let decompressed: Vec<f64> = decompress(&compressed)?;

  assert_eq!(decompressed, sensor_data);
  Ok(())
}

内存缓冲区复用

use fastalp::{compress_into, decompress_into, Result};

fn main() -> Result<()> {
  let batch = vec![100.12, 100.15, 100.18, 100.22];

  let mut compressed_buf = Vec::new();
  compress_into(&batch, &mut compressed_buf);

  let mut restored = Vec::new();
  decompress_into(&compressed_buf, &mut restored)?;

  assert_eq!(restored, batch);
  Ok(())
}

单精度浮点数据处理

use fastalp::{compress, decompress, Result};

fn main() -> Result<()> {
  let coordinates = vec![116.4074f32, 39.9042f32, 121.4737f32, 31.2304f32];

  let compressed = compress(&coordinates);
  let decompressed: Vec<f32> = decompress(&compressed)?;

  assert_eq!(decompressed, coordinates);
  Ok(())
}

核心特性

  • 位级精确无损： 解码浮点数与原始输入在二进制位层面保持一致（a.to_bits() == b.to_bits()）。

  • 十进制高压缩比： 在常见十进制浮点序列上可获得 3x 至 8x+ 压缩比。

  • 统一泛型支持： 单一接口支持 f64 与 f32 零成本抽象编解码。

  • 完整异常值支持： 支持 NaN、无穷大与不可无损转换的高精度浮点数。

  • 零堆分配接口： 通过 compress_into 与 decompress_into 直接写入现有缓冲区。

架构设计

fastalp 编解码流程划分为以下阶段：

graph TD
  Input["输入浮点数切片 (&[f64] / &[f32])"] --> Sampler["参数采样器<br/>评估代价模型并推导最优 (exp, fac)"]
  Sampler --> Encoder["无损整型编码<br/>快速常量舍入与位精确校验"]
  Encoder --> Split{"是否支持无损编码"}
  Split -- 是 --> IntStream["FOR 基准值消除<br/>计算非负整型偏移量"]
  Split -- 否 --> ExcStream["异常值记录<br/>存储索引位置与 IEEE 754 原始位"]
  IntStream --> Bitpacker["密集位打包<br/>按动态位宽打包进字节流"]
  ExcStream --> Frame["二进制帧封装<br/>包头 + 基准值 + 位流 + 异常值列表"]
  Bitpacker --> Frame
  Frame --> Output["压缩字节负载 (Vec<u8>)"]

压缩流程

  • 全等探测与保底分流 (encoder.rs)： 先对数据进行常数序列快速校验；若全等且可编码，直接写入 5 字节头与基准值； 若为不可压缩随机数据且编码体积超过原始大小，则直接写入 3 字节头并以原始字节流存储。

  • 采样评估 (sampler.rs)： 在数据序列中均匀采样至多 32 个数值，遍历 (exp, fac) 参数组合， 选取使得 位宽 * 样本量 + 异常数 * 惩罚权重 最小的参数组合。

  • 无损转换与验证 (sampler.rs, float.rs)： 将浮点数乘以 $10{\text{exp}} \times 10{-\text{fac}}$，利用常量完成快速向近舍入并转换为整型， 再通过反向整型乘法与逆缩放验证浮点位级一致性。

  • 基准消除与位打包 (bitpack/pack.rs, encoder.rs)： 获取有效整型中的最小值作为基准值，计算偏移量并获取所需位宽， 利用 128 位寄存器滑动窗口将数值紧凑打包入字节流。

  • 异常流序列化 (encoder.rs)： 无法无损转换的浮点数按索引位置与 IEEE 754 原始位记录于尾部异常表中。

解压流程

  • 帧解析 (decoder.rs)： 读取紧凑头部，提取类型标识与元素数量； 若类型为原始保底数据，通过内存复制直出恢复；若为 ALP 压缩数据，提取 (exp, fac) 缩放参数、位宽以及基准值。

  • 位流解包与查表重构 (bitpack/unpack.rs)： 小位宽直接通过栈上查找表一步完成解包与浮点重构，其余位宽通过寄存器流水解包。

  • 异常值覆盖 (decoder.rs)： 若存在尾部异常表，读取对应索引位置的数值并覆盖为原始 IEEE 754 浮点值。

技术栈

  • 开发语言：Rust Edition 2024
  • 错误处理：thiserror
  • 测试与基准：anyhow, aok, fastrand

目录结构

fastalp/
├── Cargo.toml          # 项目配置与依赖声明
├── README.md           # 生成的多语言文档
├── README.mdt          # 多语言文档模板
├── readme/             # 文档源码目录
│   ├── en.md           # 英文技术文档
│   └── zh.md           # 中文技术文档
├── src/                # 核心源代码
│   ├── bitpack/        # 模块化位打包与位解包
│   │   ├── mod.rs      # 门面导出
│   │   ├── pack.rs     # 128 位累加器位打包算子
│   │   └── unpack.rs   # 局部查表与直接位解包算子
│   ├── constants.rs    # 静态幂次表与格式常量
│   ├── decoder.rs      # 泛型解压核心逻辑与保底解压
│   ├── encoder.rs      # 泛型压缩核心逻辑与保底压缩
│   ├── error.rs        # 错误枚举定义与 Result 类型别名
│   ├── float.rs        # AlpFloat 浮点抽象特征与无损转换
│   ├── lib.rs          # 导出接口与高层封装
│   ├── params.rs       # 紧凑位域参数打包与位宽计算
│   └── sampler.rs      # 参数采样与无损重构验证
├── test.sh             # 测试运行脚本
└── tests/              # 集成与压力测试
    ├── test_alp_dataset.rs # ALP 论文 31 真实数据集往返与压缩比评测
    └── test_roundtrip.rs   # 往返无损与边界测试

性能评测与 C++ 原版对比

测试环境与编译配置

所有基准测试均在同一物理机上执行并进行同机对比测试：

  • 处理器: Apple M2 Max (12 核心：8 性能核 @ 3.68 GHz + 4 能效核 @ 2.42 GHz, ARMv8.6-A NEON 指令集)
  • 操作系统: macOS Sequoia 26.5.1 (Darwin Kernel Version 25.5.0 arm64)
  • Rust 编译工具链: rustc 1.98.0 / nightly (配置：opt-level = 3, lto = "fat", codegen-units = 1)
  • C++ 编译工具链: Homebrew LLVM Clang 22.1.8 (-O3 -std=c++17 -DNDEBUG -march=native) / CMake 4.4.2
  • 内存分配器: mimalloc 0.1.52
  • 基准测试框架: Rust divan 0.1.20 微基准套件 vs C++ std::chrono::high_resolution_clock（稳态中位数采样）

同机实测吞吐量对比

测试场景 数据规模 fastalp 吞吐 C++ 原版 吞吐 吞吐比
f64 压缩 (常数同值序列) 1024 个 f64 (8 KB) 23.34 GB/s 7.02 GB/s 3.32x
f64 压缩 (传感器十进制) 1024 个 f64 (8 KB) 1.37 GB/s 0.81 GB/s 1.69x
f64 压缩 (大块批量) 65535 个 f64 (512 KB) 3.90 GB/s 6.22 GB/s 0.63x
f32 压缩 (传感器十进制) 1024 个 f32 (4 KB) 1.22 GB/s 2.52 GB/s 0.48x
f64 解压 (同值序列) 1024 个 f64 (8 KB) 76.56 GB/s 98.70 GB/s 0.78x
f64 解压 (传感器十进制) 1024 个 f64 (8 KB) 24.09 GB/s 65.54 GB/s 0.37x
f64 解压 (大块批量) 65535 个 f64 (512 KB) 24.85 GB/s 49.34 GB/s 0.50x
f32 解压 (传感器十进制) 1024 个 f32 (4 KB) 13.00 GB/s 97.52 GB/s 0.13x

真实公开数据集压缩率对比

对 ALP 论文全部 31 个真实公开数据集（共 253,952 字节原始浮点数据）进行精确到 bit 的无损往返验证与压缩率评测：

数据集名称 原始大小 fastalp 压缩大小 fastalp 压缩率 C++ 原版 压缩率
gov26政府公开统计 8192 B 13 B 630.15x (0.10 b/v) 455.11x
gov31政府公开统计 8192 B 25 B 327.68x (0.20 b/v) 292.57x
gov30政府公开统计 8192 B 55 B 148.95x (0.43 b/v) 141.24x
stocks_uk英国股票时序 8192 B 1165 B 7.03x (9.10 b/v) 7.00x
cms9医疗报销监测 8192 B 1421 B 5.76x (11.10 b/v) 5.74x
medicare9医疗就诊监测 8192 B 1421 B 5.76x (11.10 b/v) 5.74x
neon_pm10_dustPM10粉尘传感 8192 B 1553 B 5.27x (12.13 b/v) 5.26x
stocks_usa_c美股时序数据 8192 B 1951 B 4.20x (15.24 b/v) 4.19x
gov40政府时序数据 8192 B 2445 B 3.35x (19.10 b/v) 3.34x
stocks_de德国股票时序 8192 B 2625 B 3.12x (20.51 b/v) 3.12x
bird_migration_f鸟类迁徙GPS 8192 B 2651 B 3.09x (20.71 b/v) 3.09x
neon_bio_temp_c生物温度传感 8192 B 2957 B 2.77x (23.10 b/v) 2.77x
food_prices食品价格指数 8192 B 3285 B 2.49x (25.66 b/v) 2.49x
city_temperature_f城市气温数据 8192 B 3363 B 2.44x (26.27 b/v) 2.43x
ssd_hdd_benchmarks_f硬盘性能 8192 B 3621 B 2.26x (28.29 b/v) 2.26x
neon_wind_dir风向角度传感 8192 B 3725 B 2.20x (29.10 b/v) 2.20x
neon_air_pressure气压传感 8192 B 3743 B 2.19x (29.24 b/v) 2.19x
basel_wind_f巴塞尔风速 8192 B 3817 B 2.15x (29.82 b/v) 2.14x
arade4水文传感器 8192 B 4063 B 2.02x (31.74 b/v) 2.01x
basel_temp_f巴塞尔气温 8192 B 4069 B 2.01x (31.79 b/v) 2.01x
bitcoin_f比特币行情 8192 B 4195 B 1.95x (32.77 b/v) 1.95x
bitcoin_transactions_f链上交易 8192 B 4861 B 1.69x (37.98 b/v) 1.68x
medicare1医疗门诊统计 8192 B 5249 B 1.56x (41.01 b/v) 1.56x
cms1医疗报销记录 8192 B 5363 B 1.53x (41.90 b/v) 1.53x
cms25医疗处方记录 8192 B 5451 B 1.50x (42.59 b/v) 1.50x
nyc29纽约出租车数据 8192 B 5441 B 1.51x (42.51 b/v) 1.50x
air_sensor_f高频空气传感 8192 B 8195 B (保底) 1.00x (回退) 0.52x (膨胀)
poi_latPOI高精度纬度 8192 B 8195 B (保底) 1.00x (回退) 0.51x (膨胀)
poi_lonPOI高精度经度 8192 B 8195 B (保底) 1.00x (回退) 0.64x (膨胀)
总计 / 全数据集平均 253,952 B 110,773 B 2.29x 1.94x

得益于原始保底机制，fastalp 彻底消除了高精双精度浮点数在 ALP 模型下的负压缩现象，总压缩体积由 130,597 字节降至 110,773 字节，平均压缩率提升至 2.29x。

架构与性能优化设计

fastalp 在纯 Rust 实现下保持高吞吐解压与压缩，核心设计如下：

全等序列常数探测与零堆分配

  • 对于常量与平稳序列，在压缩入口处进行基于底层二进制位的快速判定（v.is_exact_same(first)），区分 +0.0 与 -0.0；
  • 校验通过后直接写入 5 字节头部与对应浮点基准值（bit_width = 0），跳过参数采样搜索循环与编码中间数组分配，压缩耗时从微秒级降至 351 纳秒。

原始保底机制消除负压缩

  • 当面对随机噪声或不可编码的高精度数据时，ALP 异常表可能膨胀至超过原始数据大小；
  • fastalp 在判定编码所需体积超过原生大小加头部后，自动切换为 TYPE_F64_RAW 或 TYPE_F32_RAW 模式；
  • 仅以 3 字节头部记录格式与数量，原始数据零拷贝存储与恢复，将最差情况严格限制在 3 字节开销。

局部查找表解压加速

  • 对于 1-bit、2-bit、4-bit、8-bit 位宽，解压时每个值仅有 2、4、16、256 种可能的差值偏移。
  • 在解压函数头部计算占用 16B ~ 2KB 栈空间的局部查找表： lut[offset] = (offset + base) * 10^fac * 10^-exp。
  • 在解包循环中，浮点反缩放简化为 $O(1)$ 数组直接索引查表，消除了循环内部的整数乘法和浮点乘法计算，解压速度达 24+ GB/s。

零堆内存分配与单遍流式解码

  • 两阶段模型开销： 传统解压器先将压缩位流解包到临时的中间数组（带来 8 字节/元素的堆内存分配与缓存失效），再遍历中间数组完成反缩放与异常修补。
  • 单遍直解优化： 采用单遍直解架构，位流在 CPU 寄存器中解包的同时直接写入目标切片， 避免中间堆内存分配，保持 CPU L1/L2 数据缓存命中。

纯寄存器 128 位累加器

  • 位打包与解包： 消除栈分配临时切片与内存读改写开销，直接采用单一 u128 寄存器作为滑动窗口（acc: u128 与 bits_in_acc: u32）。
  • 打包时满 64 位单指令写入 8 字节；解包时批量单指令拉取 64 位，循环内仅有寄存器位移与位掩码。

基于分块切片的常用位宽自动向量化

  • 对 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 等常见位宽提供专用快速路径：
    • bit_width == 0（全量常数序列）：通过批量填充，达到 76+ GB/s 的吞吐；
    • bit_width == 1, 2, 4：一个字节内直接解出 8 / 4 / 2 个数值，无位累加器轮转开销；
    • 使用 Rust 标准库 as_chunks::<N>() 提供编译期确定长度的切片，引导编译器生成 ARM NEON 与 x86 向量化指令。

采样搜索代价下界剪枝

  • 压缩时需在采样数据上评估多达 135 种 (exp, fac) 组合。
  • 引入代价下界动态剪枝：在单次采样的内层循环中，若已累计的异常惩罚（exceptions * penalty）已超过当前全局最优代价 best_cost，则立即中断探测，跳过剩余的所有样本测试，显著降低参数搜索耗时。

编译期常量提取与无分支位运算

  • 预先在外层提取幂次表项，消除采样与编码循环内对全局表的重复数组索引。
  • 采用硬件级前导零指令计算位宽，利用常量位掩码替代分支判断，减少流水线损耗。