#![allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
use std::error::Error;
use std::io;
use std::str::FromStr;
use std::fmt::Debug;
pub type Er = anyhow::Error;
pub type Res<T> = anyhow::Result<T>;
pub type Maybe = Res<()>;
pub const ok: Maybe = Ok(());
pub fn cin<T>() -> Res<T>
where T: FromStr, <T as FromStr>::Err: Error + Send + Sync + 'static
{
let mut input = String::new();
io::stdin().read_line(&mut input)?;
Ok(input.trim().parse()?)
}
pub fn cout<T: Debug>(output: T){
println!("{output:#?}");
}
pub trait Utf8Container {
fn slice(&self, start: usize, end: usize) -> Option<&str>;
fn from(&self, start: usize) -> Option<&str>;
fn to(&self, end: usize) -> Option<&str>;
}
impl Utf8Container for str {
fn slice(&self, start: usize, end: usize) -> Option<&str> {
let start = self.char_indices().nth(start)?.0;
let end = self.char_indices().nth(end)?.0;
Some(&self[start..end])
}
fn from(&self, start: usize) -> Option<&str> {
let start = self.char_indices().nth(start)?.0;
Some(&self[start..])
}
fn to(&self, end: usize) -> Option<&str> {
let end = self.char_indices().nth(end)?.0;
Some(&self[..end])
}
}