envseal 0.3.5

//! Encrypted secret vault.
//!
//! Stores secrets encrypted with AES-256-GCM. The encryption key is a
//! passphrase-protected master key (see [`crate::keychain`]) that CANNOT be
//! reconstructed from disk alone — it requires a GUI-entered passphrase.
//!
//! # Security Properties
//!
//! - Master key protected by Argon2id-wrapped passphrase (GUI-only entry)
//! - Key material held in `mlock`'d memory, zeroized on drop
//! - File permissions restricted to owner only (0o600)
//! - Secret file names validated against path traversal attacks
//!
//! # Storage Layout
//!
//! ```text
//! ~/.config/envseal/
//! ├── vault/
//! │   ├── <name>.seal    # encrypted secret (nonce || ciphertext || tag)
//! │   └── ...
//! ├── master.key         # passphrase-wrapped master key
//! ├── policy.toml        # whitelist rules
//! └── policy.sig         # HMAC signature of policy.toml
//! ```

use std::fs;
use std::io::{Read, Seek, SeekFrom, Write};
#[cfg(unix)]
use std::os::unix::fs::OpenOptionsExt;
use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};

use aes_gcm::aead::{Aead, OsRng};
use aes_gcm::{AeadCore, Aes256Gcm, KeyInit};
use zeroize::Zeroizing;

use crate::error::Error;
use crate::keychain::MasterKey;

/// Size of the AES-256-GCM nonce in bytes.
const NONCE_SIZE: usize = 12;

/// Maximum permitted plaintext size for a single secret. The vault
/// is the canonical owner of this limit — every other layer
/// (`ops::store_secret`, MCP tools) re-uses this constant rather
/// than redefining it.
pub const MAX_SECRET_SIZE_BYTES: usize = 64 * 1024;

/// The encrypted secret vault.
///
/// Holds a reference to the root directory and the unlocked master key.
/// The master key is zeroized when the vault is dropped.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Vault {
    /// Root directory for all vault data.
    root: PathBuf,
    /// The unlocked master key (mlock'd, zeroized on drop).
    master_key: MasterKey,
}

impl Vault {
    /// Validate a vault root path — rejects world-writable dirs, /tmp, etc.
    ///
    /// This is the public API for the internal `reject_unsafe_vault_root` check.
    /// Used by security test suites.
    pub fn validate_root(root: &Path) -> Result<(), Error> {
        reject_unsafe_vault_root(root)
    }

    /// Open or initialize the vault at the default location.
    ///
    /// Prompts for the passphrase via GUI popup.
    pub fn open_default() -> Result<Self, Error> {
        let root = default_vault_root()?;
        Self::open(&root)
    }

    /// Open or initialize the vault at the default location using a
    /// caller-supplied passphrase. Never spawns a platform GUI dialog.
    ///
    /// Used by the desktop GUI worker thread so the passphrase entry
    /// stays inside the egui window and never blocks the render thread
    /// on a `PowerShell` / zenity / osascript subprocess.
    ///
    /// # TOTP
    /// If the loaded security config has TOTP enabled, this returns
    /// `Error::CryptoFailure("vault has TOTP enabled — use envseal CLI
    /// to unlock; GUI TOTP support is planned for v0.3")`. Vaults
    /// without TOTP unlock fully through this API.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    /// Same as [`Vault::open`] plus the TOTP deferral noted above.
    pub fn open_default_with_passphrase(
        passphrase: &zeroize::Zeroizing<String>,
    ) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        let root = default_vault_root()?;
        Self::open_with_passphrase(&root, passphrase)
    }

    /// Open or initialize the vault at `root` using a caller-supplied
    /// passphrase. See [`Vault::open_default_with_passphrase`] for
    /// the design rationale.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    /// Same as [`Vault::open`] plus the TOTP deferral.
    pub fn open_with_passphrase(
        root: &Path,
        passphrase: &zeroize::Zeroizing<String>,
    ) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        Self::open_inner(root, Some(passphrase))
    }

    /// Open or initialize the vault at the given root directory.
    ///
    /// If the vault doesn't exist, prompts for a new passphrase.
    /// If it does, prompts for the existing passphrase to unlock.
    pub fn open(root: &Path) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        Self::open_inner(root, None)
    }

    /// Shared open path. When `passphrase` is `Some`, never prompts via
    /// the platform GUI; when `None`, falls back to the historical
    /// GUI-prompting flow used by CLI/MCP.
    fn open_inner(
        root: &Path,
        passphrase: Option<&zeroize::Zeroizing<String>>,
    ) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        // GUARD: Hard-block vault in world-writable directories (ALWAYS ON — not configurable)
        reject_unsafe_vault_root(root)?;

        // GUARD: Check for library injection on this process itself
        crate::guard::check_self_preload()?;

        // GUARD: Harden process before touching any key material
        crate::guard::harden_process();

        // GUARD: Verify vault root isn't a symlink
        crate::guard::verify_not_symlink(root)?;

        let vault_dir = root.join("vault");
        crate::guard::verify_not_symlink(&vault_dir)?;
        // Atomic-ish directory creation: set restrictive permissions
        // at creation time on Unix so there's no race window where the
        // directory is world-readable.
        #[cfg(unix)]
        {
            use std::os::unix::fs::DirBuilderExt;
            if !vault_dir.exists() {
                // `recursive(true)` auto-creates any missing parent
                // directories. Without it, opening a vault at a path
                // like `~/.cache/foo/bar/vault-root/` fails on Linux
                // when the intermediate `bar/` doesn't exist — even
                // though the equivalent Windows path uses
                // `create_dir_all` and works. Match Windows semantics
                // so callers don't have to special-case Unix.
                fs::DirBuilder::new()
                    .recursive(true)
                    .mode(0o700)
                    .create(&vault_dir)
                    .map_err(Error::StorageIo)?;
            }
        }
        #[cfg(not(unix))]
        {
            fs::create_dir_all(&vault_dir).map_err(Error::StorageIo)?;
        }

        // GUARD: Harden directory permissions (prevent other users from reading)
        #[cfg(unix)]
        {
            use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
            // Set vault root and vault dir to 0o700 (owner only)
            fs::set_permissions(root, fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o700))
                .map_err(Error::StorageIo)?;
            fs::set_permissions(&vault_dir, fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o700))
                .map_err(Error::StorageIo)?;
        };

        // GUARD: Verify master.key isn't a symlink
        let mk_path = root.join("master.key");
        crate::guard::verify_not_symlink(&mk_path)?;
        crate::guard::verify_not_symlink(&root.join("policy.toml"))?;
        crate::guard::verify_not_symlink(&root.join("security.toml"))?;

        let master_key = match passphrase {
            Some(p) => crate::keychain::open_master_key_with_passphrase(root, p)?,
            None => crate::keychain::open_master_key(root)?,
        };

        // TOTP verification — second factor after passphrase
        let sec_config = crate::security_config::load_config(root, master_key.as_bytes())?;

        if sec_config.totp_required {
            if passphrase.is_some() {
                // Caller supplied passphrase non-interactively (desktop GUI
                // worker). TOTP entry is also a GUI prompt that we don't
                // yet route through the egui modal — defer with a clear
                // pointer to the CLI rather than spawning the platform
                // dialog (which is what made the GUI freeze in the first
                // place).
                return Err(Error::CryptoFailure(
                    "this vault has TOTP enabled — use the `envseal` CLI \
                     to unlock; in-window TOTP entry is planned for v0.3"
                        .to_string(),
                ));
            }
            verify_totp_factor(root, &sec_config, master_key.as_bytes())?;
        }

        Ok(Self {
            root: root.to_path_buf(),
            master_key,
        })
    }

    /// Open a vault with a provided master key (testing only).
    ///
    /// Skips the GUI passphrase and TOTP flow. Otherwise applies the same
    /// startup guards as [`Vault::open`].
    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-backdoors"))]
    #[doc(hidden)]
    pub fn open_with_key(root: &Path, master_key: MasterKey) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        reject_unsafe_vault_root(root)?;
        crate::guard::check_self_preload()?;
        crate::guard::harden_process();
        crate::guard::verify_not_symlink(root)?;

        let vault_dir = root.join("vault");
        crate::guard::verify_not_symlink(&vault_dir)?;
        fs::create_dir_all(&vault_dir)?;

        let mk_path = root.join("master.key");
        crate::guard::verify_not_symlink(&mk_path)?;
        crate::guard::verify_not_symlink(&root.join("policy.toml"))?;
        crate::guard::verify_not_symlink(&root.join("security.toml"))?;

        #[cfg(unix)]
        {
            use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
            let _ = fs::set_permissions(root, fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o700));
            let _ = fs::set_permissions(&vault_dir, fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o700));
        }

        Ok(Self {
            root: root.to_path_buf(),
            master_key,
        })
    }

    /// Store a secret. The value is encrypted and written to disk.
    ///
    /// Returns an error if a secret with this name already exists
    /// and `force` is false.
    pub fn store(&self, name: &str, value: &[u8], force: bool) -> Result<(), Error> {
        if value.len() > MAX_SECRET_SIZE_BYTES {
            return Err(Error::CryptoFailure(format!(
                "secret exceeds max size: {} bytes > {} bytes",
                value.len(),
                MAX_SECRET_SIZE_BYTES
            )));
        }
        validate_name(name)?;
        let path = self.secret_path(name);
        crate::guard::verify_not_symlink(&path)?;

        let cipher = Aes256Gcm::new(self.master_key.as_aes_key());
        let nonce = Aes256Gcm::generate_nonce(&mut OsRng);

        let ciphertext = cipher
            .encrypt(
                &nonce,
                aes_gcm::aead::Payload {
                    msg: value,
                    aad: name.as_bytes(),
                },
            )
            .map_err(|e| Error::CryptoFailure(format!("encryption failed: {e}")))?;

        // Write: nonce (12 bytes) || ciphertext+tag
        let mut sealed = Vec::with_capacity(NONCE_SIZE + ciphertext.len());
        sealed.extend_from_slice(&nonce);
        sealed.extend_from_slice(&ciphertext);

        if force {
            // The tmp filename must be unique across concurrent stores in
            // the same process. PID + nanos alone collides under load
            // (multiple threads in one millisecond on coarse clocks). We
            // also include the OS thread id and a process-wide atomic
            // counter so the chance of two stores ever picking the same
            // tmp_name is zero.
            use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
            static TMP_COUNTER: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
            let counter = TMP_COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
            let thread_id = format!("{:?}", std::thread::current().id());
            let tmp_name = format!(
                ".{}.seal.tmp.{}.{}.{counter}.{thread_id}",
                name,
                std::process::id(),
                std::time::SystemTime::now()
                    .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
                    .unwrap_or_default()
                    .as_nanos(),
            );
            let tmp_path = self.root.join("vault").join(tmp_name);
            let mut file = open_secret_for_create(&tmp_path, name)?;
            file.write_all(&sealed).map_err(Error::StorageIo)?;
            file.sync_all().map_err(Error::StorageIo)?;
            fs::rename(&tmp_path, &path)?;
        } else {
            let mut file = open_secret_for_create(&path, name)?;
            file.write_all(&sealed).map_err(Error::StorageIo)?;
            file.sync_all().map_err(Error::StorageIo)?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Decrypt a secret by name. Returns the plaintext bytes.
    ///
    /// The plaintext is returned in a [`Zeroizing`] wrapper that
    /// scrubs memory on drop.
    pub fn decrypt(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Zeroizing<Vec<u8>>, Error> {
        // CTF integrity: the flag is write-once, verify-only-via-hash.
        // Refusing decrypt at the vault level closes off every leak path
        // that would otherwise need its own block — peek (4-char prefix
        // leak), copy/rename (launder to another name then peek), health
        // (entropy report), execution injection, and any future caller.
        // `ctf_setup` writes via `store`; `ctf_verify` reads `ctf-hash.txt`;
        // `ctf_reset` deletes the sealed file without decrypting. No
        // legitimate path needs the plaintext.
        // Case-insensitive: NTFS (Windows) and HFS+/APFS-default (macOS)
        // are case-insensitive, so `vault/CTF-FLAG.seal` resolves to the
        // same file as `vault/ctf-flag.seal`. A case-sensitive `==` here
        // would let `vault.decrypt("CTF-FLAG")` slip past the gate and
        // leak the plaintext via the underlying open(). Compare ASCII-
        // case-insensitively so the structural refusal holds on every
        // platform regardless of FS quirks.
        if name.eq_ignore_ascii_case("ctf-flag") {
            crate::audit::log_required_at(
                self.root(),
                &crate::audit::AuditEvent::SignalRecorded {
                    tier: "Lockdown".to_string(),
                    classification:
                        "critical [ctf.flag.decrypt_attempt] refused vault.decrypt(\"ctf-flag\")"
                            .to_string(),
                },
            )
            .map_err(|e| Error::AuditLogFailed(e.to_string()))?;
            return Err(Error::CryptoFailure(
                "ctf-flag is non-decryptable by design. The CTF flag can only \
                 be checked via `envseal ctf verify <flag>`, which compares \
                 SHA-256 hashes — never the plaintext. Tear down the challenge \
                 with `envseal ctf reset` if you need to clear it."
                    .to_string(),
            ));
        }
        let path = self.secret_path(name);
        // SECURITY: Open with O_NOFOLLOW to prevent TOCTOU symlink attacks.
        // This prevents an attacker from replacing a secret file with a symlink
        // to a sensitive file (leak) or /dev/zero (DoS) between check and read.
        let mut file = std::fs::OpenOptions::new();
        file.read(true);
        #[cfg(unix)]
        {
            file.custom_flags(libc::O_NOFOLLOW | libc::O_CLOEXEC);
        }
        let handle = file.open(&path).map_err(|e| {
            if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound {
                Error::SecretNotFound(name.to_string())
            } else {
                Error::StorageIo(e)
            }
        })?;

        let mut sealed = Vec::new();
        // Limit read size to prevent DoS via /dev/zero symlink (if O_NOFOLLOW failed)
        handle
            .take(MAX_SECRET_SIZE_BYTES as u64 + 100)
            .read_to_end(&mut sealed)
            .map_err(Error::StorageIo)?;

        if sealed.len() < NONCE_SIZE {
            return Err(Error::CryptoFailure(
                "sealed file too short: possible corruption".to_string(),
            ));
        }

        let (nonce_bytes, ciphertext) = sealed.split_at(NONCE_SIZE);
        let nonce = aes_gcm::Nonce::from_slice(nonce_bytes);

        let cipher = Aes256Gcm::new(self.master_key.as_aes_key());
        let plaintext = cipher
            .decrypt(
                nonce,
                aes_gcm::aead::Payload {
                    msg: ciphertext,
                    aad: name.as_bytes(),
                },
            )
            .map_err(|e| Error::CryptoFailure(format!("decryption failed: {e}")))?;

        Ok(Zeroizing::new(plaintext))
    }

    /// List all secret names in the vault.
    pub fn list(&self) -> Result<Vec<String>, Error> {
        let vault_dir = self.root.join("vault");
        let mut names = Vec::new();

        if vault_dir.exists() {
            for entry in fs::read_dir(&vault_dir)? {
                let entry = entry?;
                let path = entry.path();
                if path.extension().and_then(|e| e.to_str()) == Some("seal") {
                    crate::guard::verify_not_symlink(&path)?;
                    if let Some(stem) = path.file_stem().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) {
                        names.push(stem.to_string());
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        names.sort();
        Ok(names)
    }

    /// Delete a secret from the vault.
    ///
    /// Overwrites the file with zeros before deleting (best-effort secure
    /// delete to prevent recovery from filesystem journal/snapshots).
    pub fn revoke(&self, name: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
        let path = self.secret_path(name);
        crate::guard::verify_not_symlink(&path)?;
        let mut file = open_secret_for_revoke(&path).map_err(|e| match e {
            Error::StorageIo(ref io) if io.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {
                Error::SecretNotFound(name.to_string())
            }
            other => other,
        })?;
        let len = usize::try_from(file.metadata().map_err(Error::StorageIo)?.len()).unwrap_or(0);
        if len > 0 {
            file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(0)).map_err(Error::StorageIo)?;
            let buf = [0u8; 8192];
            let mut remaining = len;
            while remaining > 0 {
                let n = remaining.min(buf.len());
                file.write_all(&buf[..n]).map_err(Error::StorageIo)?;
                remaining -= n;
            }
            file.sync_all().map_err(Error::StorageIo)?;
        }
        drop(file);
        fs::remove_file(&path)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Path to the policy file.
    pub fn policy_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
        self.root.join("policy.toml")
    }

    /// Path to the policy signature file.
    pub fn policy_sig_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
        self.root.join("policy.sig")
    }

    /// Get a reference to the master key (for HMAC signing).
    pub fn master_key(&self) -> &MasterKey {
        &self.master_key
    }

    /// Path to a specific secret file.
    pub fn secret_path(&self, name: &str) -> PathBuf {
        self.root.join("vault").join(format!("{name}.seal"))
    }

    /// Cheap membership test — does a sealed file with this name
    /// exist on disk? Equivalent to `secret_path(name).exists()`
    /// but more readable at call sites that just want a boolean
    /// (e.g. preflighting `.envseal` mappings before prompting).
    /// Doesn't decrypt; the secret could be present-but-corrupt
    /// and `has_secret` would still report `true`.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn has_secret(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
        self.secret_path(name).exists()
    }

    /// Get the master key bytes for HMAC operations.
    ///
    /// Used internally by the inject pipeline to sign/verify policy files.
    pub fn master_key_bytes(&self) -> &[u8; 32] {
        self.master_key.as_bytes()
    }

    /// Get the vault root directory.
    pub fn root(&self) -> &std::path::Path {
        &self.root
    }
}

fn open_secret_for_revoke(path: &Path) -> Result<std::fs::File, Error> {
    #[cfg(unix)]
    {
        std::fs::OpenOptions::new()
            .read(true)
            .write(true)
            .custom_flags(libc::O_NOFOLLOW | libc::O_CLOEXEC)
            .open(path)
            .map_err(Error::StorageIo)
    }
    #[cfg(not(unix))]
    {
        std::fs::OpenOptions::new()
            .read(true)
            .write(true)
            .open(path)
            .map_err(Error::StorageIo)
    }
}

fn open_secret_for_create(path: &Path, secret_name: &str) -> Result<std::fs::File, Error> {
    let mut opts = std::fs::OpenOptions::new();
    opts.write(true).truncate(true);
    opts.create_new(true);
    #[cfg(unix)]
    {
        opts.mode(0o600)
            .custom_flags(libc::O_NOFOLLOW | libc::O_CLOEXEC);
    }
    opts.open(path).map_err(|e| {
        if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists {
            Error::SecretAlreadyExists(secret_name.to_string())
        } else {
            Error::StorageIo(e)
        }
    })
}

/// Validate that a secret name is safe for use as a filename.
///
/// Rejects:
/// - Empty names
/// - Path separators (/, \, ..)
/// - Hidden files (.name)
/// - Shell metacharacters that could be misinterpreted
/// - Non-ASCII (prevents encoding confusion attacks)
/// - Overly long names (filesystem limits)
fn validate_name(name: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
    // Block shell metacharacters that could cause issues if names are
    // ever interpolated into shell commands or log messages
    const BLOCKED_CHARS: &[char] = &[
        '$', '`', '!', '&', '|', ';', '(', ')', '{', '}', '<', '>', '"', '\'', '\n', '\r', '\t',
        '*', '?', '[', ']', '~', '#',
    ];

    if name.is_empty() {
        return Err(Error::CryptoFailure(
            "secret name must not be empty".to_string(),
        ));
    }
    if name.len() > 200 {
        return Err(Error::CryptoFailure(format!(
            "secret name too long ({} chars, max 200)",
            name.len()
        )));
    }
    if name.contains('/') || name.contains('\\') || name.contains('\0') || name.starts_with('.') {
        return Err(Error::CryptoFailure(format!(
            "invalid secret name '{name}': must not contain path separators or start with '.'"
        )));
    }
    if name.contains("..") {
        return Err(Error::CryptoFailure(format!(
            "invalid secret name '{name}': path traversal detected"
        )));
    }
    for ch in BLOCKED_CHARS {
        if name.contains(*ch) {
            return Err(Error::CryptoFailure(format!(
                "invalid secret name '{name}': contains forbidden character '{ch}'"
            )));
        }
    }
    // Only allow ASCII printable (alphanumeric, hyphens, underscores, dots, @, +, =, commas)
    if !name
        .chars()
        .all(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || "-_.@+=,".contains(c))
    {
        return Err(Error::CryptoFailure(format!(
            "invalid secret name '{name}': only ASCII alphanumeric, hyphens, underscores, \
             dots, @, +, =, and commas are allowed"
        )));
    }
    Ok(())
}

/// ALWAYS-ON: Reject vault roots in world-writable or agent-accessible directories.
///
/// This is NOT configurable — it has zero convenience impact (no real user would
/// store a vault in /tmp) and prevents a critical attack where an agent sets
/// `XDG_CONFIG_HOME=/tmp/evil` to create a vault it controls.
fn reject_unsafe_vault_root(root: &Path) -> Result<(), Error> {
    // Hard-block known dangerous prefixes
    const BLOCKED_PREFIXES: &[&str] = &[
        "/tmp",
        "/var/tmp",
        "/dev/shm",
        "/dev/mqueue",
        "/run/user", // systemd tmpfiles — often world-readable
    ];

    let root_str = root.to_string_lossy();

    for prefix in BLOCKED_PREFIXES {
        if root_str.starts_with(prefix) {
            return Err(Error::EnvironmentCompromised(format!(
                "vault root '{}' is in a world-writable directory ({prefix}). \
                 this is a hard block — envseal will never store secrets here. \
                 use the default location (~/.config/envseal) instead.",
                root.display()
            )));
        }
    }

    // On Unix, also check if the directory is world-writable
    #[cfg(unix)]
    {
        use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
        if root.exists() {
            if let Ok(meta) = fs::metadata(root) {
                let mode = meta.mode();
                // world-writable (o+w)
                if mode & 0o002 != 0 {
                    return Err(Error::EnvironmentCompromised(format!(
                        "vault root '{}' is world-writable (mode={mode:04o}). \
                         this is a hard block — secrets must not be stored in \
                         world-writable directories.",
                        root.display()
                    )));
                }
                // Not owned by current user
                if meta.uid() != unsafe { libc::geteuid() } {
                    return Err(Error::EnvironmentCompromised(format!(
                        "vault root '{}' is not owned by the current user (uid={}). \
                         this is a hard block.",
                        root.display(),
                        meta.uid()
                    )));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    Ok(())
}

/// Get the default vault root directory.
pub(crate) fn default_vault_root() -> Result<PathBuf, Error> {
    let config_dir = dirs_path()?;
    Ok(config_dir.join("envseal"))
}

/// Get the platform config directory.
///
/// Validates `XDG_CONFIG_HOME` against poisoning attacks:
/// - Must not be in /tmp, /var/tmp, or other world-writable locations
/// - Must be owned by the current user
/// - Falls back to `$HOME/.config` if invalid
fn dirs_path() -> Result<PathBuf, Error> {
    if let Ok(xdg) = std::env::var("XDG_CONFIG_HOME") {
        let xdg_path = PathBuf::from(&xdg);

        // GUARD: Reject obviously hostile paths
        let xdg_str = xdg_path.to_string_lossy();
        if xdg_str.starts_with("/tmp")
            || xdg_str.starts_with("/var/tmp")
            || xdg_str.starts_with("/dev/shm")
        {
            // Route through the unified policy/render pipeline so the
            // user's `security.toml` can demote this to `log` (CI use
            // case) or promote to `block` (paranoid setup) — and so
            // the audit trail records the rejection alongside every
            // other Signal.
            let _ = crate::guard::emit_signal_inline(
                crate::guard::Signal::new(
                    crate::guard::SignalId::new("disk.xdg_config.untrusted_prefix"),
                    crate::guard::Category::DiskPermissions,
                    crate::guard::Severity::Warn,
                    "XDG_CONFIG_HOME points to a world-writable location",
                    format!(
                        "XDG_CONFIG_HOME='{xdg}' resolves under /tmp, /var/tmp, or /dev/shm — \
                         falling back to $HOME/.config"
                    ),
                    "unset XDG_CONFIG_HOME or point it at a user-owned directory",
                ),
                &crate::security_config::load_system_defaults(),
            );
            // Fall through to $HOME/.config
        } else {
            #[cfg(unix)]
            {
                if xdg_path.exists() {
                    use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
                    if let Ok(meta) = std::fs::metadata(&xdg_path) {
                        if meta.uid() != unsafe { libc::geteuid() } {
                            return Err(Error::StorageIo(std::io::Error::new(
                                std::io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied,
                                format!("XDG_CONFIG_HOME ({xdg}) is not owned by the current user"),
                            )));
                        }
                        // Reject world-writable directories
                        let mode = meta.mode();
                        if mode & 0o002 != 0 {
                            let _ = crate::guard::emit_signal_inline(
                                crate::guard::Signal::new(
                                    crate::guard::SignalId::new("disk.xdg_config.world_writable"),
                                    crate::guard::Category::DiskPermissions,
                                    crate::guard::Severity::Warn,
                                    "XDG_CONFIG_HOME is world-writable",
                                    format!(
                                        "XDG_CONFIG_HOME='{xdg}' has mode {mode:04o} — \
                                         falling back to $HOME/.config"
                                    ),
                                    "chmod o-w on the directory or unset XDG_CONFIG_HOME",
                                ),
                                &crate::security_config::load_system_defaults(),
                            );
                        } else {
                            return Ok(xdg_path);
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    return Ok(xdg_path);
                }
            }
            #[cfg(not(unix))]
            {
                return Ok(xdg_path);
            }
        }
    }
    let home = std::env::var("HOME").map_err(|_| {
        Error::StorageIo(std::io::Error::new(
            std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound,
            "HOME environment variable not set",
        ))
    })?;
    Ok(PathBuf::from(home).join(".config"))
}

/// Verify TOTP second factor during vault open.
///
/// Decrypts the stored TOTP secret, shows a GUI popup asking for
/// the 6-digit code, and verifies it. Up to 3 attempts are allowed.
fn verify_totp_factor(
    root: &Path,
    config: &crate::security_config::SecurityConfig,
    master_key: &[u8; 32],
) -> Result<(), Error> {
    let encrypted_secret = config.totp_secret_encrypted.as_deref().ok_or_else(|| {
        Error::CryptoFailure(
            "TOTP is required but no secret is configured. \
             Run `envseal security totp-setup` first."
                .to_string(),
        )
    })?;

    let secret_b32 = crate::totp::decrypt_secret(encrypted_secret, master_key)?;

    // Allow up to 3 attempts
    for attempt in 1..=3 {
        let user_code = crate::gui::request_totp_code(attempt)?;

        match crate::totp::verify_code(&secret_b32, &user_code) {
            Ok(true) => {
                crate::audit::log_required_at(
                    root,
                    &crate::audit::AuditEvent::ChallengeAttempted { passed: true },
                )?;
                return Ok(());
            }
            Ok(false) => {
                crate::audit::log_required_at(
                    root,
                    &crate::audit::AuditEvent::ChallengeAttempted { passed: false },
                )?;
                if attempt < 3 {
                    eprintln!("envseal: invalid TOTP code (attempt {attempt}/3)");
                }
            }
            Err(e) => return Err(e),
        }
    }

    Err(Error::CryptoFailure(
        "TOTP verification failed after 3 attempts".to_string(),
    ))
}