Synthetic data generator for record linkage benchmarking.
Rust + Python — 40 domains, 500K+ rec/s.
Generate synthetic multi-entity datasets with realistic schemas, controlled duplicates, hard negatives, and ground-truth labels. Designed for benchmarking entity resolution (deduplication) and record linkage pipelines.
Quick start
Python (pip)
=
# ./publishing_<hash>.parquet
# ./publishing_<hash>_ground_truth.parquet
# ~10150
CLI (Rust)
Output
| Format | Extension | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Parquet | .parquet |
Default, ZSTD compressed |
| IPC (Arrow) | .ipc |
Via --output-format ipc, fastest write |
Each run produces:
{domain}_{hash}.parquet— main dataset{domain}_{hash}_ground_truth.parquet— ground-truth labels{domain}_{hash}_nodes.parquet/{domain}_{hash}_edges.parquet— property graph (only with--graph/generate_graph=True, see below)
CLI options
| Option | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|
--domain |
kyc |
Domain name |
--size |
1000000 |
Base records |
--seed |
42 |
PRNG seed |
--difficulty |
medium |
light / medium / hell |
--output-format |
parquet |
parquet or ipc |
--output-dir |
. |
Output directory |
--graph |
off | Also emit a property graph (nodes + edges) |
--graph-format |
parquet |
parquet or ipc, only used with --graph |
Graph generation
Add --graph (CLI) or generate_graph=True (Python) to additionally emit a
property graph alongside the usual tabular dataset — nodes (one per record,
same attributes as the dataset) and typed edges (fk, exact_dup,
fuzzy_dup, hard_neg) linking record_ids that a record-linkage/graph
pipeline should resolve to the same entity or a hard negative. Disabled by default: tabular
output, RNG sequence, and memory footprint are unchanged when omitted.
=
# ./fintech_<hash>_nodes.parquet
# ./fintech_<hash>_edges.parquet
Features
- 40 domains — KYC, publishing, fintech, blockchain, technology, banking, healthcare, ecommerce, automotive, cybersecurity, gaming, and 30 more
- Multi-entity schemas — 3–5 entity types per domain (person, account, address, transaction)
- Controlled noise — typos, OCR errors, homoglyphs, date swaps, phonetic variants, Unicode pollution
- Hard negatives —
same_field,mix_identifier,mix_arraysprimitives - Ground truth — full match labels (exact_dup, hard_neg, singleton) with cluster statistics
- Graph generation — optional property graph output (nodes, typed edges) for graph-based entity resolution and community detection benchmarking
- Deterministic — seeded RNG (
rand_pcg) for reproducible output
Performance
All runs on Lenovo ThinkPad P16 Gen 2 — Intel Core i7 13th, 32 GB DDR5, SK Hynix 1 TB NVMe. Difficulty hell, IPC format. Throughput averaged across all 40 domains.
Multi-domain throughput (hell, IPC)
| Size | Ø rec/s | Fastest domain | Slowest domain | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1M | 695,476 | renewable_energy 1.0s | kyc 3.2s | 2.2s |
| 10M | 718,822 | renewable_energy 9.6s | kyc 34.7s | 25.1s |
| 20M | 704,888 | renewable_energy 20.1s | kyc 72.6s | 52.5s |
| 50M | 659,987 | social_media 56.4s | kyc 165.2s | 108.8s |
Refreshed against the current pipeline, all 40 domains, single consistent
sweep (see docs/BENCHMARK.md for the full per-domain
table). kyc is a persistent outlier at every scale — its
natural_person entity is the widest, most PII-dense schema in the crate,
and at hell all 9 noise categories are simultaneously active on it (vs.
often a single active category on sparser schemas). Excluding kyc, the 1M
average is 705,333 rec/s. Throughput drops noticeably at 50M for the
heavier/denser schemas (crm, ecommerce, insurance, technology,
supplychain, telecom) — a known non-monotonic slowdown at higher
record counts, tracked separately.
IPC vs Parquet
Difficulty hell, domain-average throughput across all 40 domains. Parquet is the CLI default (ZSTD(3) compressed); IPC is the internal/streaming-oriented format.
| Size | IPC | Parquet | Overhead |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1M | 695.5K rec/s | 650.9K rec/s | -6.4% |
| 5M | 734.8K rec/s | 705.8K rec/s | -3.9% |
| 10M | 718.8K rec/s | 700.2K rec/s | -2.6% |
| 20M | 704.9K rec/s | 690.2K rec/s | -2.1% |
Parquet's cost shrinks as scale grows — the fixed per-file ZSTD compression overhead gets amortized over more rows. Parquet is a reasonable default at any scale tested here; IPC remains the better choice for pure raw-throughput or internal streaming use cases.
See docs/BENCHMARK.md for the full per-domain matrix
(all 3 difficulties, --graph overhead, FK edge weighting) and single-domain
metrics at scale.
Architecture
lib.rs / main.rs → Context (151 pools) → PipelineConfig → run_pipeline()
│
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────┼────────────────────┐
▼ ▼ ▼
entity_gen.rs fk_remap.rs hn_common.rs
(batch gen) (FK cross-ref) (hard negatives)
│ │ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────┴────────────────────┘
▼
pipeline.rs
(merge + GT + IPC write)
▼
{domain}.ipc + GT.ipc
Documentation
| File | Description |
|---|---|
| docs/GETTING_STARTED.md | Installation, quick start, output formats |
| docs/API.md | Full Python & Rust API reference |
| docs/CONTRIBUTING.md | Architecture, development workflow |
| docs/BENCHMARK.md | Performance metrics (up to 50M records) |
| docs/SECURITY.md | Security policy & vulnerability reporting |
Domains
Academia · Agriculture · Automotive · Aviation · Banking · Biotech · Blockchain · Construction · CRM · Cybersecurity · Ecommerce · Education · Energy · Fashion · Fintech · Food & Beverage · Gaming · Healthcare · Hospitality · HR · Insurance · KYC · Legal · Logistics · Manufacturing · Maritime · Media · Mining · Nonprofit · Pharma · Publishing · Real Estate · Renewable Energy · Retail · Social Media · Sports · Supply Chain · Technology · Telecom · Travel
Development
Python wheel
License
MIT.
This software is intended for research and educational use: generating synthetic data for record linkage / entity resolution benchmarking. It must not be used for fraud, identity theft, surveillance, or any illegal activity. See ETHICS.md for the full list of prohibited uses and responsible disclosure policy.
If you use DupeHell in your research, please cite: