desim 0.4.0

/* Copyright © 2018 Gianmarco Garrisi

This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. */

//! This crate implements a discrete time event simulation framework
//! inspired by the SimPy library for Python. It uses the coroutine
//! feature that is nightly. Once the feature is stabilized, also this
//! crate will use stable. Coroutines will be the only nightly feature
//! used in this crate.
//!
//! The examples directory in this repository contains full usage examples
//! of the desim crate as a simulation framework.
//!
//! # Simulation
//! A simulation is performed scheduling one or more processes that
//! models the environment you are going to simulate. Your model may
//! consider some kind of finite resource that must be shared among
//! the processes, e.g. a bunch of servers in a simulation on queues.
//!
//! After setting up the simulation, it can be run step-by-step, using
//! the `step()` method, or all at once, with `run()`, until and ending
//! condition is met.
//!
//! The simulation will generate a log of all the events with a state that
//! returns `true` to `should_log`.
//!
/*
//! `nonblocking_run` lets you run the simulation in another thread
//! so that your program can go on without waiting for the simulation
//! to finish.
//!
*/
//! # Process
//! A process is implemented using the rust coroutines syntax.
//! This let us avoid the overhead of spawning a new thread for each
//! process, while still keeping the use of this framework quite simple.
//!
//! When a new process is created in the simulation, an identifier, of type
//! `ProcessId` is assigned to it. That id can be used to schedule an event that
//! resumes the process.
//!
//! A process can be stopped and resumed later on. To stop the process, the
//! coroutine yields an `Effect` that specify what the simulator should do.
//! For example, a coroutine can set a timeout after which it is executed again.
//! The process may also return. In that case it can not be resumed anymore.
//!
//!
//! # Resource
//! A resource is a finite amount of entities, eachone of which can be used by one process
//! a time. When the process does not need the resource anymore, it must release it.
//!
//! A resource can be created in the simulation using the `create_resource`
//! method, which requires the resource to add to the simulation and returns an identifier
//! for that resource that can be used to require and release it.
//!
//! A resource can be required and reelased by a process yielding
//! the corresponding `Effect`. There is no check on the fact that a process
//! yielding `Release` was holding a resource with that ID.
//!
//! For more information about the `Resource` trait and the `SimpleResource` implementation,
//! see the [`resources`](crate::resources) module.

#![feature(coroutines, coroutine_trait)]
use std::cmp::{Ordering, Reverse};
use std::collections::BinaryHeap;
use std::ops::{Coroutine, CoroutineState};
use std::pin::Pin;

pub mod prelude;
pub mod resources;
use resources::{Resource, Store};

/// Data structures implementing this trait can be yielded from the coroutine
/// associated with a `Process`. This allows attaching application-specific data
/// to `Effect`s. This data is then carried arround by the Simulation, passed
/// into user callbacks for context or simply logged for later.
///
/// As a simple example, implementing SimState for a type (as shown for
/// ItemState below) allows users to track item stages.
///
/// A process can then yield `ItemState` instead of `Effect` types:
///
/// ```
/// #![feature (coroutines, coroutine_trait)]
/// use desim::{Effect, SimState, Simulation};
///
/// // enum used as part of state logged during simulation
/// #[derive(Clone)]
/// enum StageType {
///     FirstPass,
///     SecondPass,
/// }
///
/// // structure yielded from processes of the simulation
/// #[derive(Clone)]
/// struct ItemState {
///     stage: StageType,
///     effect: Effect,
///     log: bool,
/// }
///
/// impl SimState for ItemState {
///     fn get_effect(&self) -> Effect { self.effect }
///     fn set_effect(&mut self, e: Effect) { self.effect = e; }
///     fn should_log(&self) -> bool { self.log }
/// }
///
/// let mut sim = Simulation::new();
/// sim.create_process(Box::new(move |_| {
///     yield ItemState { stage: StageType::FirstPass,
///                       effect: Effect::TimeOut(10.0),
///                       log: true,
///                     };
/// }));
/// ```
///
/// Calling `sim.processed_steps()` then returns a vector of (Event, ItemState)
/// pairs, one for each yielded value where should_log() returned true.
///
/// For a full example, see examples/monitoring-state.rs
///
pub trait SimState {
    fn get_effect(&self) -> Effect;
    fn set_effect(&mut self, effect: Effect);
    fn should_log(&self) -> bool;
}

/// The effect is yelded by a process coroutine to
/// interact with the simulation environment.
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum Effect {
    /// The process that yields this effect will be resumed
    /// after the speified time
    TimeOut(f64),
    /// Yielding this effect it is possible to schedule the specified event
    Event {
        /// Time interval between the current simulation time and the event schedule
        time: f64,
        /// Process to execute when the event occur
        process: ProcessId,
    },
    /// This effect is yielded to request a resource
    Request(ResourceId),
    /// This effect is yielded to release a resource that is not needed anymore.
    Release(ResourceId),
    /// This effect is yielded to push into a store
    Push(StoreId),
    /// This effect is yielded to pull out of a store
    Pull(StoreId),
    /// Keep the process' state until it is resumed by another event.
    Wait,
    /// Logs the event and resume the process immediately.
    Trace,
}

/// Identifies a process. Can be used to resume it from another one and to schedule it.
pub type ProcessId = usize;
/// Identifies a resource. Can be used to request and release it.
pub type ResourceId = usize;
/// Identifies a store. Can be used to push into and pull out of it.
pub type StoreId = usize;
/// The type of each `Process` coroutine
pub type Process<T> = dyn Coroutine<SimContext<T>, Yield = T, Return = ()> + Unpin;

/// This struct provides the methods to create and run the simulation
/// in a single thread.
///
/// It provides methods to create processes and finite resources that
/// must be shared among them.
///
/// See the crate-level documentation for more information about how the
/// simulation framework works
pub struct Simulation<T: SimState + Clone> {
    time: f64,
    steps: usize,
    processes: Vec<Option<Box<Process<T>>>>,
    future_events: BinaryHeap<Reverse<Event<T>>>,
    processed_events: Vec<(Event<T>, T)>,
    resources: Vec<Box<dyn Resource<T>>>,
    stores: Vec<Box<dyn Store<T>>>,
    future_events_buffer: Vec<Event<T>>,
}

/// The Simulation Context is the argument used to resume the coroutine.
/// It can be used to retrieve the simulation time and the effect that caused the process' wake up.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct SimContext<T> {
    time: f64,
    state: T,
}

/*
pub struct ParallelSimulation {
    processes: Vec<Box<Coroutine<Yield = Effect, Return = ()>>>
}
 */

/// An event that can be scheduled by a process, yelding the `Event` `Effect`
/// or by the owner of a `Simulation` through the `schedule` method
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
pub struct Event<T> {
    /// Time interval between the current simulation time and the event schedule
    time: f64,
    /// Process to execute when the event occur
    process: ProcessId,
    /// Effect that generated the event
    state: T,
}

/// Specify which condition must be met for the simulation to stop.
pub enum EndCondition {
    /// Run the simulation until a certain point in time is reached.
    Time(f64),
    /// Run the simulation until there are no more events scheduled.
    NoEvents,
    /// Execute exactly N steps of the simulation.
    NSteps(usize),
}

impl<T: 'static + SimState + Clone> Simulation<T> {
    /// Create a new `Simulation` environment.
    pub fn new() -> Simulation<T> {
        Simulation::<T>::default()
    }

    /// Returns the current simulation time
    pub fn time(&self) -> f64 {
        self.time
    }

    /// Returns the log of processed events
    pub fn processed_events(&self) -> &[(Event<T>, T)] {
        self.processed_events.as_slice()
    }

    /// Create a process.
    ///
    /// For more information about a process, see the crate level documentation
    ///
    /// Returns the identifier of the process.
    pub fn create_process(
        &mut self,
        process: Box<dyn Coroutine<SimContext<T>, Yield = T, Return = ()> + Unpin>,
    ) -> ProcessId {
        let id = self.processes.len();
        self.processes.push(Some(process));
        id
    }

    /// Create a new resource.
    ///
    /// For more information about a resource, see the crate level documentation
    /// and the documentation of the [`resources`](crate::resources) module.
    ///
    /// Returns the identifier of the resource
    pub fn create_resource(&mut self, resource: Box<dyn Resource<T>>) -> ResourceId {
        let id = self.resources.len();
        self.resources.push(resource);
        id
    }

    /// Create a new store.
    ///
    /// For more information about a store, see the crate level documentation
    /// and the documentation of the [`resources`](crate::resources) module.
    ///
    /// Returns the identifier of the store
    pub fn create_store(&mut self, store: Box<dyn Store<T>>) -> StoreId {
        let id = self.stores.len();
        self.stores.push(store);
        id
    }

    /// Schedule a process to be executed after `time` time instants.
    /// Another way to schedule events is
    /// yielding `Effect::Event` from a process during the simulation.
    // TODO: Review this API
    pub fn schedule_event(&mut self, time: f64, process: ProcessId, state: T) {
        self.future_events
            .push(Reverse(Event::new(time, process, state)));
    }

    fn log_processed_event(&mut self, event: &Event<T>, sim_state: T) {
        if sim_state.should_log() {
            self.processed_events.push((event.clone(), sim_state));
        }
    }

    /// Proceed in the simulation by 1 step
    pub fn step(&mut self) {
        self.steps += 1;
        if let Some(Reverse(event)) = self.future_events.pop() {
            self.time = event.time();
            let gstatepin = Pin::new(
                self.processes[event.process]
                    .as_mut()
                    .expect("ERROR. Tried to resume a completed process."),
            )
            .resume(SimContext {
                time: self.time,
                state: event.state().clone(),
            });
            // log event
            // logging needs to happen before the processing because processing
            // can add further events (such as resource acquired/released) and
            // it becomes confusing if you first get a resource acquired event
            // and only log the request for it afterwards.
            match gstatepin.clone() {
                CoroutineState::Yielded(y) => {
                    self.log_processed_event(&event, y);
                }
                CoroutineState::Complete(_) => {}
            }
            // process event
            match gstatepin {
                CoroutineState::Yielded(y) => {
                    let effect = y.get_effect();
                    match effect {
                        Effect::TimeOut(t) => self.future_events.push(Reverse(Event {
                            time: self.time + t,
                            process: event.process(),
                            state: y,
                        })),
                        Effect::Event { time, process } => {
                            let e = Event::new(time + self.time, process, y);
                            self.future_events.push(Reverse(e))
                        }
                        Effect::Request(r) => {
                            let res = &mut self.resources[r];
                            let request_event = Event::new(self.time, event.process(), y);
                            if let Some(e) = res.allocate_or_enqueue(request_event) {
                                self.future_events.push(Reverse(e))
                            }
                        }
                        Effect::Release(r) => {
                            let res = &mut self.resources[r];
                            let release_event = Event::new(self.time, event.process(), y);
                            if let Some(e) = res.release_and_schedule_next(release_event.clone()) {
                                self.future_events.push(Reverse(e));
                            }
                            // after releasing the resource the process
                            // can be resumed
                            self.future_events.push(Reverse(release_event));
                        }
                        Effect::Wait => {}
                        Effect::Trace => {
                            // this event is only for tracing, reschedule
                            // immediately'
                            let e = Event::new(self.time, event.process(), y);
                            self.future_events.push(Reverse(e));
                        }
                        Effect::Push(s) => {
                            let store = &mut self.stores[s];
                            let request_event = Event::new(self.time, event.process(), y);
                            store.push_or_enqueue_and_schedule_next(
                                request_event,
                                &mut self.future_events_buffer,
                            );
                            self.future_events
                                .extend(self.future_events_buffer.drain(..).map(Reverse));
                        }
                        Effect::Pull(s) => {
                            let store = &mut self.stores[s];
                            let request_event = Event::new(self.time, event.process(), y);
                            store.pull_or_enqueue_and_schedule_next(
                                request_event,
                                &mut self.future_events_buffer,
                            );
                            self.future_events
                                .extend(self.future_events_buffer.drain(..).map(Reverse));
                        }
                    }
                }
                CoroutineState::Complete(_) => {
                    // FIXME: removing the process from the vector would invalidate
                    // all existing `ProcessId`s, but keeping it would be a
                    // waste of space since it is completed.
                    // May be worth to use another data structure.
                    // At least let's remove the coroutine itself.
                    self.processes[event.process()].take();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Run the simulation until and ending condition is met.
    pub fn run(mut self, until: EndCondition) -> Simulation<T> {
        while !self.check_ending_condition(&until) {
            self.step();
        }
        self
    }
    /*
        pub fn nonblocking_run(mut self, until: EndCondition) -> thread::JoinHandle<Simulation> {
            thread::spawn(move || {
                self.run(until)
            })
        }
    */

    /// Return `true` if the ending condition was met, `false` otherwise.
    fn check_ending_condition(&self, ending_condition: &EndCondition) -> bool {
        match &ending_condition {
            EndCondition::Time(t) => self.time >= *t,
            EndCondition::NoEvents => self.future_events.is_empty(),
            EndCondition::NSteps(n) => self.steps == *n,
        }
    }
}

impl<T> SimContext<T> {
    /// Returns current simulation time.
    pub fn time(&self) -> f64 {
        self.time
    }

    /// Returns the `Effect` that caused the process to wake up
    pub fn state(&self) -> &T {
        &self.state
    }
}

impl<T> Event<T> {
    pub fn new(time: f64, process: ProcessId, state: T) -> Event<T> {
        Event {
            time,
            process,
            state,
        }
    }
    pub fn time(&self) -> f64 {
        self.time
    }
    pub fn set_time(&mut self, time: f64) {
        self.time = time;
    }
    pub fn process(&self) -> ProcessId {
        self.process
    }
    pub fn set_process(&mut self, process: ProcessId) {
        self.process = process;
    }
    pub fn state(&self) -> &T {
        &self.state
    }
    pub fn state_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
        &mut self.state
    }
    pub fn set_state(&mut self, state: T) {
        self.state = state;
    }
}

impl<T: SimState> Event<T> {
    pub fn effect(&self) -> Effect {
        self.state.get_effect()
    }
    pub fn set_effect(&mut self, effect: Effect) {
        self.state.set_effect(effect)
    }
}

impl<T: SimState + Clone> Default for Simulation<T> {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Simulation::<T> {
            time: 0.0,
            steps: 0,
            processes: Vec::default(),
            future_events: BinaryHeap::default(),
            processed_events: Vec::default(),
            resources: Vec::default(),
            stores: Vec::default(),
            future_events_buffer: Vec::default(),
        }
    }
}

impl<T> PartialEq for Event<T> {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Event<T>) -> bool {
        self.time == other.time
    }
}

impl<T> Eq for Event<T> {}

impl<T> PartialOrd for Event<T> {
    #[allow(clippy::incorrect_partial_ord_impl_on_ord_type)]
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Event<T>) -> Option<Ordering> {
        self.time.partial_cmp(&other.time)
    }
}

impl<T> Ord for Event<T> {
    fn cmp(&self, other: &Event<T>) -> Ordering {
        match self.time.partial_cmp(&other.time) {
            Some(o) => o,
            None => panic!("Event time was uncomparable. Maybe a NaN"),
        }
    }
}

impl SimState for Effect {
    fn get_effect(&self) -> Effect {
        *self
    }
    fn set_effect(&mut self, e: Effect) {
        *self = e;
    }
    fn should_log(&self) -> bool {
        true
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn it_works() {
        use crate::{Effect, Simulation};

        let mut s = Simulation::new();
        let p = s.create_process(Box::new(|_| {
            let mut a = 0.0;
            loop {
                a += 1.0;

                yield Effect::TimeOut(a);
            }
        }));
        s.schedule_event(0.0, p, Effect::TimeOut(0.));
        s.step();
        s.step();
        assert_eq!(s.time(), 1.0);
        s.step();
        assert_eq!(s.time(), 3.0);
        s.step();
        assert_eq!(s.time(), 6.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn run() {
        use crate::{Effect, EndCondition, Simulation};

        let mut s = Simulation::new();
        let p = s.create_process(Box::new(|_| {
            let tik = 0.7;
            loop {
                println!("tik");
                yield Effect::TimeOut(tik);
            }
        }));
        s.schedule_event(0.0, p, Effect::TimeOut(0.));
        let s = s.run(EndCondition::Time(10.0));
        println!("{}", s.time());
        assert!(s.time() >= 10.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn resource() {
        use crate::resources::SimpleResource;
        use crate::{Effect, EndCondition::NoEvents, Simulation};

        let mut s = Simulation::new();
        let r = s.create_resource(Box::new(SimpleResource::new(1)));

        // simple process that lock the resource for 7 time units
        let p1 = s.create_process(Box::new(move |_| {
            yield Effect::Request(r);
            yield Effect::TimeOut(7.0);
            yield Effect::Release(r);
        }));
        // simple process that holds the resource for 3 time units
        let p2 = s.create_process(Box::new(move |_| {
            yield Effect::Request(r);
            yield Effect::TimeOut(3.0);
            yield Effect::Release(r);
        }));

        // let p1 start immediately...
        s.schedule_event(0.0, p1, Effect::TimeOut(0.));
        // let p2 start after 2 t.u., when r is not available
        s.schedule_event(2.0, p2, Effect::TimeOut(2.));
        // p2 will wait r to be free (time 7.0) and its timeout
        // of 3.0 t.u. The simulation will end at time 10.0

        let s = s.run(NoEvents);
        println!("{:?}", s.processed_events());
        assert_eq!(s.time(), 10.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn store() {
        use crate::resources::SimpleStore;
        use crate::{Effect, EndCondition::NoEvents, Simulation};

        let mut sim = Simulation::new();
        let store = sim.create_store(Box::new(SimpleStore::new(1)));

        // simple process that pulls out of the store immediately and after 7 time units
        let p1 = sim.create_process(Box::new(move |_| {
            yield Effect::Pull(store);
            yield Effect::TimeOut(7.0);
            yield Effect::Pull(store);
        }));
        // simple process that pushes into the store immediately and after 3 time units
        let p2 = sim.create_process(Box::new(move |_| {
            yield Effect::Push(store);
            yield Effect::TimeOut(3.0);
            yield Effect::Push(store);
        }));

        // let p1 start immediately...
        sim.schedule_event(0.0, p1, Effect::TimeOut(0.));
        // let p2 start after 2 t.u., when r is not available
        sim.schedule_event(2.0, p2, Effect::TimeOut(2.));
        // p2 will wait r to be free (time 7.0) and its timeout
        // of 3.0 t.u. The simulation will end at time 10.0

        let s = sim.run(NoEvents);
        println!("{:?}", s.processed_events());
        assert_eq!(s.time(), 9.0);
    }
}