deno_core 0.394.0

// Copyright 2018-2026 the Deno authors. MIT license.

use std::borrow::Cow;
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::ffi::c_void;
use std::future::Future;
use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
use std::ptr::NonNull;

use deno_error::JsErrorClass;
use serde::Deserialize;
use serde_v8::V8Sliceable;
use serde_v8::from_v8;

use super::op_driver::OpDriver;
use super::op_driver::OpScheduling;
use super::op_driver::V8RetValMapper;
use crate::ops::*;

/// The default string buffer size on the stack that prevents mallocs in some
/// string functions. Keep in mind that Windows only offers 1MB stacks by default,
/// so this is a limited resource!
pub const STRING_STACK_BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 1024 * 8;

fn op_scheduling(lazy: bool, deferred: bool) -> OpScheduling {
  if lazy {
    OpScheduling::Lazy
  } else if deferred {
    OpScheduling::Deferred
  } else {
    OpScheduling::Eager
  }
}

#[inline(always)]
pub fn map_async_op_infallible<R: 'static>(
  ctx: &OpCtx,
  lazy: bool,
  deferred: bool,
  promise_id: i32,
  op: impl Future<Output = R> + 'static,
  rv_map: V8RetValMapper<R>,
) -> Option<R> {
  ctx.op_driver().submit_op_infallible_scheduling(
    op_scheduling(lazy, deferred),
    ctx.id,
    promise_id,
    op,
    rv_map,
  )
}

#[inline(always)]
pub fn map_async_op_fallible<R: 'static, E: JsErrorClass + 'static>(
  ctx: &OpCtx,
  lazy: bool,
  deferred: bool,
  promise_id: i32,
  op: impl Future<Output = Result<R, E>> + 'static,
  rv_map: V8RetValMapper<R>,
) -> Option<Result<R, E>> {
  ctx.op_driver().submit_op_fallible_scheduling(
    op_scheduling(lazy, deferred),
    ctx.id,
    promise_id,
    op,
    rv_map,
  )
}

macro_rules! try_integer_some {
  ($n:ident $type:ident $is:ident) => {
    if $n.$is() {
      // SAFETY: v8 handles can be transmuted
      let n: &v8::$type = unsafe { std::mem::transmute($n) };
      return Some(az::wrapping_cast::<_, _>(n.value()));
    }
  };
}

macro_rules! try_number_int_some {
  ($n:ident $type:ident $is:ident $trunc:ident) => {
    if $n.$is() {
      // SAFETY: v8 handles can be transmuted
      let n: &v8::$type = unsafe { std::mem::transmute($n) };
      return Some(az::wrapping_cast::<_, _>(n.value().trunc() as $trunc));
    }
  };
}

macro_rules! try_number_some {
  ($n:ident $type:ident $is:ident) => {
    if $n.$is() {
      // SAFETY: v8 handles can be transmuted
      let n: &v8::$type = unsafe { std::mem::transmute($n) };
      return Some(n.value() as _);
    }
  };
}

macro_rules! try_bignum {
  ($n:ident $method:ident) => {
    if $n.is_big_int() {
      // SAFETY: v8 handles can be transmuted
      let $n: &v8::BigInt = unsafe { std::mem::transmute($n) };
      return Some($n.$method().0 as _);
    }
  };
}

pub fn to_u32_option(number: &v8::Value) -> Option<u32> {
  try_integer_some!(number Integer is_uint32);
  try_integer_some!(number Int32 is_int32);
  try_number_int_some!(number Number is_number u64);
  try_bignum!(number u64_value);
  None
}

pub fn to_i32_option(number: &v8::Value) -> Option<i32> {
  try_integer_some!(number Uint32 is_uint32);
  try_integer_some!(number Int32 is_int32);
  try_number_int_some!(number Number is_number i64);
  try_bignum!(number i64_value);
  None
}

pub fn to_u64_option(number: &v8::Value) -> Option<u64> {
  try_integer_some!(number Integer is_uint32);
  try_integer_some!(number Int32 is_int32);
  try_number_some!(number Number is_number);
  try_bignum!(number u64_value);
  None
}

pub fn to_i64_option(number: &v8::Value) -> Option<i64> {
  try_integer_some!(number Integer is_uint32);
  try_integer_some!(number Int32 is_int32);
  try_number_some!(number Number is_number);
  try_bignum!(number u64_value);
  None
}

pub fn to_f32_option(number: &v8::Value) -> Option<f32> {
  try_number_some!(number Number is_number);
  try_bignum!(number i64_value);
  None
}

pub fn to_f64_option(number: &v8::Value) -> Option<f64> {
  try_number_some!(number Number is_number);
  try_bignum!(number i64_value);
  None
}

pub fn to_external_option(external: &v8::Value) -> Option<*mut c_void> {
  if external.is_external() {
    // SAFETY: We know this is an external
    let external: &v8::External = unsafe { std::mem::transmute(external) };
    Some(external.value())
  } else if external.is_null() {
    Some(0 as _)
  } else {
    None
  }
}

/// Converts a [`v8::fast_api::FastApiOneByteString`] to either an owned string, or a borrowed string, depending on whether it fits into the
/// provided buffer.
pub fn to_str_ptr<'a, const N: usize>(
  string: &'a mut v8::fast_api::FastApiOneByteString,
  buffer: &'a mut [MaybeUninit<u8>; N],
) -> Cow<'a, str> {
  let input_buf = string.as_bytes();

  // Per benchmarking results, it's faster to do this check than to copy latin-1 -> utf8
  if input_buf.is_ascii() {
    // SAFETY: We just checked that it was ASCII
    return Cow::Borrowed(unsafe { std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(input_buf) });
  }

  let input_len = input_buf.len();
  let output_len = buffer.len();

  // We know that this string is full of either one or two-byte UTF-8 chars, so if it's < 1/2 of N we
  // can skip the ASCII check and just start copying.
  if input_len < N / 2 {
    debug_assert!(output_len >= input_len * 2);
    let buffer = buffer.as_mut_ptr() as *mut u8;

    let written =
      // SAFETY: We checked that buffer is at least 2x the size of input_buf
      unsafe { v8::latin1_to_utf8(input_buf.len(), input_buf.as_ptr(), buffer) };

    debug_assert!(written <= output_len);

    let slice = std::ptr::slice_from_raw_parts(buffer, written);
    // SAFETY: We know it's valid UTF-8, so make a string
    Cow::Borrowed(unsafe { std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(&*slice) })
  } else {
    // TODO(mmastrac): We could be smarter here about not allocating
    Cow::Owned(to_string_ptr(string))
  }
}

/// Converts a [`v8::fast_api::FastApiOneByteString`] to an owned string. May over-allocate to avoid
/// re-allocation.
pub fn to_string_ptr(string: &v8::fast_api::FastApiOneByteString) -> String {
  let input_buf = string.as_bytes();
  let capacity = input_buf.len() * 2;

  // SAFETY: We're allocating a buffer of 2x the input size, writing valid UTF-8, then turning that into a string
  unsafe {
    // Create an uninitialized buffer of `capacity` bytes.
    let mut buffer = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(capacity);

    let written = v8::latin1_to_utf8(
      input_buf.len(),
      input_buf.as_ptr(),
      buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
    );

    debug_assert!(written <= capacity);
    buffer.set_len(written);
    // We know it's valid UTF-8, so make a string
    String::from_utf8_unchecked(buffer)
  }
}

pub fn to_cow_byte_ptr(
  string: &v8::fast_api::FastApiOneByteString,
) -> Cow<'_, [u8]> {
  string.as_bytes().into()
}

/// Converts a [`v8::Value`] to an owned string.
///
/// Uses a thread-local reusable buffer with [`v8::String::write_utf8_into`] to
/// avoid repeated heap allocation. After warmup the thread-local buffer's
/// capacity is large enough for most strings, so `write_utf8_into` performs a
/// single-pass write (via `ValueView` internally) with no malloc. The final
/// `clone()` is a simple memcpy.
#[inline(always)]
pub fn to_string(scope: &mut v8::Isolate, string: &v8::Value) -> String {
  if !string.is_string() {
    return String::new();
  }

  let string: &v8::String = unsafe { std::mem::transmute(string) };

  thread_local! {
    static BUF: RefCell<String> = const { RefCell::new(String::new()) };
  }

  BUF.with(|buf| {
    let mut buf = buf.borrow_mut();
    string.write_utf8_into(scope, &mut buf);
    buf.clone()
  })
}

/// Converts a [`v8::String`] to either an owned string, or a borrowed string, depending on whether it fits into the
/// provided buffer.
#[inline(always)]
pub fn to_str<'a, const N: usize>(
  scope: &mut v8::Isolate,
  string: &v8::Value,
  buffer: &'a mut [MaybeUninit<u8>; N],
) -> Cow<'a, str> {
  if !string.is_string() {
    return Cow::Borrowed("");
  }

  // SAFETY: We checked is_string above
  let string: &v8::String = unsafe { std::mem::transmute(string) };

  string.to_rust_cow_lossy(scope, buffer)
}

#[inline(always)]
pub fn to_cow_one_byte(
  scope: &mut v8::Isolate,
  string: &v8::Value,
) -> Result<Cow<'static, [u8]>, &'static str> {
  if !string.is_string() {
    return Err("expected String");
  }

  // SAFETY: We checked is_string above
  let string: &v8::String = unsafe { std::mem::transmute(string) };

  let capacity = string.length();
  if capacity == 0 {
    return Ok(Cow::Borrowed(&[]));
  }

  if !string.is_onebyte() && !string.contains_only_onebyte() {
    return Err("expected one-byte String");
  }

  // Create an uninitialized buffer of `capacity` bytes.
  let mut buffer = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(capacity);
  // Write the buffer to a slice made from this uninitialized data
  string.write_one_byte_uninit_v2(
    scope,
    0,
    buffer.spare_capacity_mut(),
    v8::WriteFlags::empty(),
  );

  // SAFETY: We initialized bytes from `0..capacity` in
  // `write_one_byte_uninit` above.
  unsafe { buffer.set_len(capacity) };

  Ok(Cow::Owned(buffer))
}

/// Converts from a raw [`v8::Value`] to the expected V8 data type.
#[inline(always)]
#[allow(clippy::result_unit_err, reason = "error details not needed")]
pub fn v8_try_convert<'a, T>(
  value: v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>,
) -> Result<v8::Local<'a, T>, ()>
where
  v8::Local<'a, T>: TryFrom<v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>>,
{
  v8::Local::<T>::try_from(value).map_err(drop)
}

/// Converts from a raw [`v8::Value`] to the expected V8 data type, wrapped in an [`Option`].
#[inline(always)]
#[allow(clippy::result_unit_err, reason = "error details not needed")]
pub fn v8_try_convert_option<'a, T>(
  value: v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>,
) -> Result<Option<v8::Local<'a, T>>, ()>
where
  v8::Local<'a, T>: TryFrom<v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>>,
{
  if value.is_null_or_undefined() {
    Ok(None)
  } else {
    Ok(Some(v8::Local::<T>::try_from(value).map_err(drop)?))
  }
}

pub fn serde_v8_to_rust<'a, 's, 'i, T: Deserialize<'a>>(
  scope: &mut v8::PinScope<'s, 'i>,
  input: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
) -> serde_v8::Result<T> {
  from_v8(scope, input)
}

/// Retrieve a [`serde_v8::V8Slice`] from a typed array in an [`v8::ArrayBufferView`].
pub fn to_v8_slice<'a, T>(
  input: v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>,
) -> Result<serde_v8::V8Slice<T>, &'static str>
where
  T: V8Sliceable,
  v8::Local<'a, T::V8>: TryFrom<v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>>,
  v8::Local<'a, v8::ArrayBufferView>: From<v8::Local<'a, T::V8>>,
{
  let (store, offset, length) = match v8::Local::<T::V8>::try_from(input) {
    Ok(buf) => {
      let buf: v8::Local<v8::ArrayBufferView> = buf.into();
      let Some(buffer) = buf.get_backing_store() else {
        return Err("buffer missing");
      };
      (buffer, buf.byte_offset(), buf.byte_length())
    }
    _ => {
      return Err("expected typed ArrayBufferView");
    }
  };
  let slice =
    unsafe { serde_v8::V8Slice::from_parts(store, offset..(offset + length)) };
  Ok(slice)
}

/// Retrieve a [`serde_v8::V8Slice`] from a typed array in an [`v8::ArrayBufferView`].
pub fn to_v8_slice_detachable<'s, 'i, T>(
  scope: &mut v8::PinScope<'s, 'i>,
  input: v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>,
) -> Result<serde_v8::V8Slice<T>, &'static str>
where
  T: V8Sliceable,
  v8::Local<'s, T::V8>: TryFrom<v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>>,
  v8::Local<'s, v8::ArrayBufferView>: From<v8::Local<'s, T::V8>>,
{
  let (store, offset, length) = match v8::Local::<T::V8>::try_from(input) {
    Ok(buf) => {
      let buf: v8::Local<v8::ArrayBufferView> = buf.into();
      let Some(buffer) = buf.buffer(scope) else {
        return Err("buffer missing");
      };
      let res = (
        buffer.get_backing_store(),
        buf.byte_offset(),
        buf.byte_length(),
      );
      if !buffer.is_detachable() {
        return Err("invalid type; expected: detachable");
      }
      buffer.detach(None);
      res
    }
    _ => {
      return Err("expected typed ArrayBufferView");
    }
  };
  let slice =
    unsafe { serde_v8::V8Slice::from_parts(store, offset..(offset + length)) };
  Ok(slice)
}

/// Retrieve a byte slice from a [`v8::ArrayBuffer`], avoiding the intermediate [`v8::BackingStore`].
///
/// # Safety
///
/// Callers must ensure that the returned slice does not outlive the [`v8::BackingStore`] of the
/// [`v8::ArrayBuffer`].
pub unsafe fn to_slice_buffer(
  input: v8::Local<'_, v8::Value>,
) -> Result<&mut [u8], &'static str> {
  unsafe {
    let Ok(buf) = v8::Local::<v8::ArrayBuffer>::try_from(input) else {
      return Err("expected ArrayBuffer");
    };
    let len = buf.byte_length();
    let slice = if len > 0 {
      if let Some(ptr) = buf.data() {
        std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(ptr.as_ptr() as _, len)
      } else {
        &mut []
      }
    } else {
      &mut []
    };
    Ok(slice)
  }
}

/// Retrieve a byte slice from a [`v8::ArrayBuffer`], avoiding the intermediate [`v8::BackingStore`].
///
/// # Safety
///
/// Callers must ensure that the returned slice does not outlive the [`v8::BackingStore`] of the
/// [`v8::ArrayBuffer`].
pub unsafe fn to_slice_buffer_any(
  input: v8::Local<'_, v8::Value>,
) -> Result<&mut [u8], &'static str> {
  unsafe {
    let (data, len) = {
      if let Ok(buf) = v8::Local::<v8::ArrayBufferView>::try_from(input) {
        (NonNull::new(buf.data()), buf.byte_length())
      } else if let Ok(buf) = v8::Local::<v8::ArrayBuffer>::try_from(input) {
        (buf.data(), buf.byte_length())
      } else {
        return Err("expected ArrayBuffer or ArrayBufferView");
      }
    };
    let slice = if len > 0 {
      if let Some(ptr) = data {
        std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(ptr.as_ptr() as _, len)
      } else {
        &mut []
      }
    } else {
      &mut []
    };
    Ok(slice)
  }
}

/// Retrieve a [`serde_v8::V8Slice`] from a [`v8::ArrayBuffer`].
pub fn to_v8_slice_buffer(
  input: v8::Local<v8::Value>,
) -> Result<serde_v8::V8Slice<u8>, &'static str> {
  let Ok(buf) = v8::Local::<v8::ArrayBuffer>::try_from(input) else {
    return Err("expected ArrayBuffer");
  };
  let slice = unsafe {
    serde_v8::V8Slice::from_parts(buf.get_backing_store(), 0..buf.byte_length())
  };
  Ok(slice)
}

/// Retrieve a [`serde_v8::V8Slice`] from a [`v8::ArrayBuffer`].
pub fn to_v8_slice_buffer_detachable(
  input: v8::Local<v8::Value>,
) -> Result<serde_v8::V8Slice<u8>, &'static str> {
  let (store, length) =
    if let Ok(buf) = v8::Local::<v8::ArrayBuffer>::try_from(input) {
      let res = (buf.get_backing_store(), buf.byte_length());
      if !buf.is_detachable() {
        return Err("invalid type; expected: detachable");
      }
      buf.detach(None);
      res
    } else {
      return Err("expected ArrayBuffer");
    };
  let slice = unsafe { serde_v8::V8Slice::from_parts(store, 0..length) };
  Ok(slice)
}

/// Retrieve a [`serde_v8::V8Slice`] from a [`v8::ArrayBuffer`].
pub fn to_v8_slice_any(
  input: v8::Local<v8::Value>,
) -> Result<serde_v8::V8Slice<u8>, &'static str> {
  if let Ok(buf) = v8::Local::<v8::ArrayBufferView>::try_from(input) {
    let offset = buf.byte_offset();
    let len = buf.byte_length();
    let Some(buf) = buf.get_backing_store() else {
      return Err("buffer missing");
    };
    return Ok(unsafe {
      serde_v8::V8Slice::<u8>::from_parts(buf, offset..offset + len)
    });
  }
  if let Ok(buf) = to_v8_slice_buffer(input) {
    return Ok(buf);
  }
  Err("expected ArrayBuffer or ArrayBufferView")
}

#[allow(
  clippy::print_stdout,
  clippy::print_stderr,
  clippy::unused_async,
  reason = "test module uses prints for diagnostics and async signatures for op2 macro"
)]
#[cfg(all(test, not(miri)))]
mod tests {
  use std::borrow::Cow;
  use std::cell::Cell;
  use std::cell::RefCell;
  use std::future::Future;
  use std::rc::Rc;
  use std::time::Duration;

  use bytes::BytesMut;
  use deno_error::JsErrorBox;
  use serde::Deserialize;
  use serde::Serialize;
  use serde_v8::JsBuffer;

  use crate::FromV8;
  use crate::GarbageCollected;
  use crate::JsRuntime;
  use crate::OpState;
  use crate::RuntimeOptions;
  use crate::ToV8;
  use crate::convert::Number;
  use crate::convert::Smi;
  use crate::convert::Uint8Array;
  use crate::error::CoreError;
  use crate::error::CoreErrorKind;
  use crate::external;
  use crate::external::ExternalPointer;
  use crate::op2;
  use crate::runtime::JsRuntimeState;

  /// Enough to get functions to JIT.
  pub const JIT_ITERATIONS: usize = 6000;
  /// For slower tests. Doesn't guarantee a JIT.
  pub const JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS: usize = 500;

  deno_core::extension!(
    testing,
    ops = [
      op_test_fail,
      op_test_print_debug,

      op_test_add,
      op_test_add_smi_unsigned,
      op_test_add_option,
      op_test_result_void_switch,
      op_test_result_void_ok,
      op_test_result_void_err,
      op_test_result_primitive_ok,
      op_test_result_primitive_err,
      op_test_bool,
      op_test_bool_result,
      op_test_float,
      op_test_float_result,
      op_test_bigint_i64,
      op_test_bigint_i64_as_number,
      op_test_bigint_u64,
      op_test_string_owned,
      op_test_string_ref,
      op_test_string_cow,
      op_test_string_roundtrip_char,
      op_test_string_roundtrip_char_onebyte,
      op_test_string_return,
      op_test_string_option_return,
      op_test_string_roundtrip,
      op_test_string_roundtrip_onebyte,
      op_test_generics<String>,
      op_test_v8_types,
      op_test_v8_option_string,
      op_test_v8_type_return,
      op_test_v8_type_return_option,
      op_test_v8_type_handle_scope,
      op_test_v8_type_handle_scope_obj,
      op_test_v8_type_handle_scope_result,
      op_test_serde_v8,
      op_jsruntimestate,
      op_state_rc,
      op_state_ref,
      op_state_mut,
      op_buffer_slice,
      op_buffer_jsbuffer,
      op_buffer_ptr,
      op_buffer_slice_32,
      op_buffer_ptr_32,
      op_buffer_slice_f32,
      op_buffer_ptr_f32,
      op_buffer_slice_f64,
      op_buffer_ptr_f64,
      op_buffer_slice_unsafe_callback,
      op_buffer_copy,
      op_buffer_bytesmut,
      op_buffer_any,
      op_buffer_any_length,
      op_arraybuffer_slice,
      op_test_get_cppgc_resource,
      op_test_get_cppgc_resource_option,
      op_test_make_cppgc_resource,
      op_test_make_cppgc_resource_option,
      op_external_make,
      op_external_process,
      op_external_make_ptr,
      op_external_process_ptr,
      op_typed_external,
      op_typed_external_process,
      op_typed_external_take,
      op_isolate_queue_microtask,
      op_isolate_run_microtasks,

      op_async_void,
      op_async_number,
      op_async_add,
      op_async_add_smi,
      op_async_sleep,
      op_async_sleep_impl,
      op_async_sleep_error,
      op_async_deferred_error,
      op_async_deferred_success,
      op_async_lazy_error,
      op_async_lazy_success,
      op_async_result_impl,
      op_async_state_rc,
      op_async_buffer,
      op_async_buffer_vec,
      op_async_buffer_impl,
      op_async_external,
      op_async_serde_option_v8,

      op_smi_to_from_v8,
      op_number_to_from_v8,
      op_bool_to_from_v8,

      op_create_buf_u8,
      op_create_buf_u16,
      op_create_buf_u32,
      op_create_buf_u64,
      op_create_buf_i8,
      op_create_buf_i16,
      op_create_buf_i32,
      op_create_buf_i64,
      op_create_buf_f32,
      op_create_buf_f64,
    ],
    state = |state| {
      state.put(1234u32);
      state.put(10000u16);
    }
  );

  thread_local! {
    static FAIL: Cell<bool> = const { Cell::new(false) }
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_fail() {
    FAIL.with(|b| b.set(true))
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_print_debug(#[string] s: &str) {
    println!("{s}")
  }

  /// Run a test for a single op.
  fn run_test2(repeat: usize, op: &str, test: &str) -> Result<(), CoreError> {
    let mut runtime = JsRuntime::new(RuntimeOptions {
      extensions: vec![testing::init()],
      ..Default::default()
    });
    let err_mapper =
      |err| JsErrorBox::generic(format!("{op} test failed ({test}): {err:?}"));
    runtime
      .execute_script(
        "",
        format!(
          r"
          const {{ op_test_fail, op_test_print_debug, {op} }} = Deno.core.ops;
          function assert(b) {{
            if (!b) {{
              op_test_fail();
            }}
          }}
          function assertErrorContains(e, s) {{
            assert(String(e).indexOf(s) != -1)
          }}
          function log(s) {{
            op_test_print_debug(String(s))
          }}
        "
        ),
      )
      .map_err(err_mapper)?;
    FAIL.with(|b| b.set(false));
    runtime.execute_script(
      "",
      format!(
        r"
        for (let __index__ = 0; __index__ < {repeat}; __index__++) {{
          {test}
        }}
      "
      ),
    )?;
    if FAIL.with(|b| b.get()) {
      Err(JsErrorBox::generic(format!("{op} test failed ({test})")).into())
    } else {
      Ok(())
    }
  }

  /// Run a test for a single op.
  async fn run_async_test(
    repeat: usize,
    op: &str,
    test: &str,
  ) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
    let mut runtime = JsRuntime::new(RuntimeOptions {
      extensions: vec![testing::init()],
      ..Default::default()
    });
    let err_mapper =
      |err| JsErrorBox::generic(format!("{op} test failed ({test}): {err:?}"));
    runtime
      .execute_script(
        "",
        format!(
          r"
          const {{ op_test_fail, op_test_print_debug, {op} }} = Deno.core.ops;
          function assert(b) {{
            if (!b) {{
              op_test_fail();
            }}
          }}
          function assertErrorContains(e, s) {{
            assert(String(e).indexOf(s) != -1)
          }}
          function log(s) {{
            op_test_print_debug(String(s))
          }}
        "
        ),
      )
      .map_err(err_mapper)?;
    FAIL.with(|b| b.set(false));
    runtime.execute_script(
      "",
      format!(
        r"
        (async () => {{
          for (let __index__ = 0; __index__ < {repeat}; __index__++) {{
            {test}
          }}
        }})()
      "
      ),
    )?;

    runtime.run_event_loop(Default::default()).await?;
    if FAIL.with(|b| b.get()) {
      Err(JsErrorBox::generic(format!("{op} test failed ({test})")).into())
    } else {
      Ok(())
    }
  }

  #[tokio::test(flavor = "current_thread")]
  pub async fn test_op_fail() {
    assert!(run_test2(1, "", "assert(false)").is_err());
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_add(a: u32, b: i32) -> u32 {
    (a as i32 + b) as u32
  }

  /// Test various numeric coercions in fast and slow mode.
  #[tokio::test(flavor = "current_thread")]
  pub async fn test_op_add() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_add",
      "assert(op_test_add(1, 11) == 12)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_add",
      "assert(op_test_add(11, -1) == 10)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_add",
      "assert(op_test_add(1.5, 11.5) == 12)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_add",
      "assert(op_test_add(11.5, -1) == 10)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_add",
      "assert(op_test_add(4096n, 4096n) == 4096 + 4096)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_add",
      "assert(op_test_add(8192n, -4096n) == 4096)",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  // Note: #[smi] parameters are signed in JS regardless of the sign in Rust. Overflow and underflow
  // of valid ranges result in automatic wrapping.
  #[op2(fast)]
  #[smi]
  pub fn op_test_add_smi_unsigned(#[smi] a: u32, #[smi] b: u16) -> u32 {
    a + b as u32
  }

  /// Test various numeric coercions in fast and slow mode.
  #[tokio::test(flavor = "current_thread")]
  pub async fn test_op_add_smi() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_add_smi_unsigned",
      "assert(op_test_add_smi_unsigned(1000, 2000) == 3000)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_add_smi_unsigned",
      "assert(op_test_add_smi_unsigned(-1000, 10) == -990)",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2]
  pub fn op_test_add_option(a: u32, b: Option<u32>) -> u32 {
    a + b.unwrap_or(100)
  }

  #[tokio::test(flavor = "current_thread")]
  pub async fn test_op_add_option() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    // This isn't fast, so we don't repeat it
    run_test2(
      1,
      "op_test_add_option",
      "assert(op_test_add_option(1, 11) == 12)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      1,
      "op_test_add_option",
      "assert(op_test_add_option(1, null) == 101)",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  thread_local! {
    static RETURN_COUNT: Cell<usize> = const { Cell::new(0) };
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_result_void_switch() -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
    let count = RETURN_COUNT.with(|count| {
      let new = count.get() + 1;
      count.set(new);
      new
    });
    if count > 5000 {
      Err(JsErrorBox::generic("failed!!!"))
    } else {
      Ok(())
    }
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_result_void_err() -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
    Err(JsErrorBox::generic("failed!!!"))
  }

  #[allow(
    clippy::unnecessary_wraps,
    reason = "tests Result-returning op signature"
  )]
  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_result_void_ok() -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
    Ok(())
  }

  #[tokio::test(flavor = "current_thread")]
  pub async fn test_op_result_void() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    // Test the non-switching kinds
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_result_void_err",
      "try { op_test_result_void_err(); assert(false) } catch (e) {}",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_result_void_ok",
      "op_test_result_void_ok()",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[tokio::test(flavor = "current_thread")]
  pub async fn test_op_result_void_switch()
  -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    RETURN_COUNT.with(|count| count.set(0));
    let err = run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_result_void_switch",
      "op_test_result_void_switch();",
    )
    .expect_err("Expected this to fail");
    let CoreErrorKind::Js(js_err) = err.into_kind() else {
      unreachable!();
    };
    assert_eq!(js_err.message, Some("failed!!!".into()));
    assert_eq!(RETURN_COUNT.with(|count| count.get()), 5001);
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_result_primitive_err() -> Result<u32, JsErrorBox> {
    Err(JsErrorBox::generic("failed!!!"))
  }

  #[allow(
    clippy::unnecessary_wraps,
    reason = "tests Result-returning op signature"
  )]
  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_result_primitive_ok() -> Result<u32, JsErrorBox> {
    Ok(123)
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_result_primitive()
  -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_result_primitive_err",
      "try { op_test_result_primitive_err(); assert(false) } catch (e) {}",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_result_primitive_ok",
      "op_test_result_primitive_ok()",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_bool(b: bool) -> bool {
    b
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_bool_result(b: bool) -> Result<bool, JsErrorBox> {
    if b {
      Ok(true)
    } else {
      Err(JsErrorBox::generic("false!!!"))
    }
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_bool() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_bool",
      "assert(op_test_bool(true) === true && op_test_bool(false) === false)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_bool_result",
      "assert(op_test_bool_result(true) === true)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      1,
      "op_test_bool_result",
      "try { op_test_bool_result(false); assert(false) } catch (e) {}",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_float(a: f32, b: f64) -> f32 {
    a + b as f32
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_float_result(a: f32, b: f64) -> Result<f64, JsErrorBox> {
    let a = a as f64;
    if a + b >= 0. {
      Ok(a + b)
    } else {
      Err(JsErrorBox::generic("negative!!!"))
    }
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_float() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_float",
      "assert(op_test_float(1, 10) == 11)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_float_result",
      "assert(op_test_float_result(1, 10) == 11)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      1,
      "op_test_float_result",
      "try { op_test_float_result(-1, -1); assert(false) } catch (e) {}",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  #[bigint]
  pub fn op_test_bigint_u64(#[bigint] input: u64) -> u64 {
    input
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  #[bigint]
  pub fn op_test_bigint_i64(#[bigint] input: i64) -> i64 {
    input
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  #[number]
  pub fn op_test_bigint_i64_as_number(#[number] input: i64) -> i64 {
    input
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_64() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      10,
      "op_test_bigint_i64",
      &format!("assert(op_test_bigint_i64({}n) == {}n)", i64::MAX, i64::MAX),
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_bigint_i64_as_number",
      "assert(op_test_bigint_i64_as_number(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER) == Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_bigint_i64_as_number",
      "assert(op_test_bigint_i64_as_number(Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER) == Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      10,
      "op_test_bigint_i64",
      &format!("assert(op_test_bigint_i64({}n) == {}n)", i64::MIN, i64::MIN),
    )?;
    run_test2(
      10,
      "op_test_bigint_u64",
      &format!("assert(op_test_bigint_u64({}n) == {}n)", u64::MAX, u64::MAX),
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_string_owned(#[string] s: String) -> u32 {
    s.len() as _
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_string_ref(#[string] s: &str) -> u32 {
    s.len() as _
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_string_cow(#[string] s: Cow<str>) -> u32 {
    s.len() as _
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_string_roundtrip_char(#[string] s: Cow<str>) -> u32 {
    s.chars().next().unwrap() as u32
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_string_roundtrip_char_onebyte(
    #[string(onebyte)] s: Cow<[u8]>,
  ) -> u32 {
    s[0] as u32
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_strings() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    for op in [
      "op_test_string_owned",
      "op_test_string_cow",
      "op_test_string_ref",
    ] {
      for (len, str) in [
        // ASCII
        (3, "'abc'"),
        // Latin-1 (one byte but two UTF-8 chars)
        (2, "'\\u00a0'"),
        // ASCII
        (1000, "'a'.repeat(1000)"),
        // Latin-1
        (2000, "'\\u00a0'.repeat(1000)"),
        // 4-byte UTF-8 emoji (1F995 = 🦕)
        (4000, "'\\u{1F995}'.repeat(1000)"),
        // ASCII
        (10000, "'a'.repeat(10000)"),
        // Latin-1
        (20000, "'\\u00a0'.repeat(10000)"),
        // 4-byte UTF-8 emoji (1F995 = 🦕)
        (40000, "'\\u{1F995}'.repeat(10000)"),
      ] {
        let test = format!("assert({op}({str}) == {len})");
        run_test2(JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS, op, &test)?;
      }
    }

    // Ensure that we're correctly encoding UTF-8
    run_test2(
      JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_string_roundtrip_char",
      "assert(op_test_string_roundtrip_char('\\u00a0') == 0xa0)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_string_roundtrip_char",
      "assert(op_test_string_roundtrip_char('\\u00ff') == 0xff)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_string_roundtrip_char",
      "assert(op_test_string_roundtrip_char('\\u0080') == 0x80)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_string_roundtrip_char",
      "assert(op_test_string_roundtrip_char('\\u0100') == 0x100)",
    )?;

    run_test2(
      JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_string_roundtrip_char_onebyte",
      "assert(op_test_string_roundtrip_char_onebyte('\\u00ff') == 0xff)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS,
      "op_test_string_roundtrip_char_onebyte",
      "assert(op_test_string_roundtrip_char_onebyte('\\u007f') == 0x7f)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      10,
      "op_test_string_roundtrip_char_onebyte",
      "try { op_test_string_roundtrip_char_onebyte('\\u1000'); assert(false); } catch (e) {}",
    )?;

    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2]
  #[string]
  pub fn op_test_string_return(
    #[string] a: Cow<str>,
    #[string] b: Cow<str>,
  ) -> String {
    (a + b).to_string()
  }

  #[op2]
  #[string]
  pub fn op_test_string_option_return(
    #[string] a: Cow<str>,
    #[string] b: Cow<str>,
  ) -> Option<String> {
    if a == "none" {
      return None;
    }
    Some((a + b).to_string())
  }

  #[op2]
  #[string]
  pub fn op_test_string_roundtrip(#[string] s: String) -> String {
    s
  }

  #[op2]
  #[string(onebyte)]
  pub fn op_test_string_roundtrip_onebyte(
    #[string(onebyte)] s: Cow<[u8]>,
  ) -> Cow<[u8]> {
    s
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_string_returns() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>
  {
    run_test2(
      1,
      "op_test_string_return",
      "assert(op_test_string_return('a', 'b') == 'ab')",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      1,
      "op_test_string_option_return",
      "assert(op_test_string_option_return('a', 'b') == 'ab')",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      1,
      "op_test_string_option_return",
      "assert(op_test_string_option_return('none', 'b') == null)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      1,
      "op_test_string_roundtrip",
      "assert(op_test_string_roundtrip('\\u0080\\u00a0\\u00ff') == '\\u0080\\u00a0\\u00ff')",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      1,
      "op_test_string_roundtrip_onebyte",
      "assert(op_test_string_roundtrip_onebyte('\\u0080\\u00a0\\u00ff') == '\\u0080\\u00a0\\u00ff')",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  // We don't actually test this one -- we just want it to compile
  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_generics<T: Clone>() {}

  /// Tests v8 types without a handle scope
  #[allow(
    clippy::needless_lifetimes,
    reason = "explicit lifetimes required by op2 macro"
  )]
  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_v8_types<'s>(
    s: &v8::String,
    s2: v8::Local<'s, v8::String>,
    s3: v8::Local<'s, v8::String>,
  ) -> u32 {
    if s.same_value(s2.into()) {
      1
    } else if s.same_value(s3.into()) {
      2
    } else {
      3
    }
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_test_v8_option_string(s: Option<&v8::String>) -> i32 {
    if let Some(s) = s {
      s.length() as i32
    } else {
      -1
    }
  }

  /// Tests v8 types without a handle scope
  #[op2]
  #[allow(
    clippy::needless_lifetimes,
    reason = "explicit lifetimes required by op2 macro"
  )]
  pub fn op_test_v8_type_return<'s>(
    s: v8::Local<'s, v8::String>,
  ) -> v8::Local<'s, v8::String> {
    s
  }

  /// Tests v8 types without a handle scope
  #[op2]
  #[allow(
    clippy::needless_lifetimes,
    reason = "explicit lifetimes required by op2 macro"
  )]
  pub fn op_test_v8_type_return_option<'s>(
    s: Option<v8::Local<'s, v8::String>>,
  ) -> Option<v8::Local<'s, v8::String>> {
    s
  }

  #[op2]
  pub fn op_test_v8_type_handle_scope<'s, 'i>(
    scope: &mut v8::PinScope<'s, 'i>,
    s: &v8::String,
  ) -> v8::Local<'s, v8::String> {
    let s = s.to_rust_string_lossy(scope);
    v8::String::new(scope, &s).unwrap()
  }

  /// Extract whatever lives in "key" from the object.
  #[op2]
  pub fn op_test_v8_type_handle_scope_obj<'s, 'i>(
    scope: &mut v8::PinScope<'s, 'i>,
    o: &v8::Object,
  ) -> Option<v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>> {
    let key = v8::String::new(scope, "key").unwrap().into();
    o.get(scope, key)
  }

  /// Extract whatever lives in "key" from the object.
  #[op2]
  pub fn op_test_v8_type_handle_scope_result<'s, 'i>(
    scope: &mut v8::PinScope<'s, 'i>,
    o: &v8::Object,
  ) -> Result<v8::Local<'s, v8::Value>, JsErrorBox> {
    let key = v8::String::new(scope, "key").unwrap().into();
    o.get(scope, key)
      .filter(|v| !v.is_null_or_undefined())
      .ok_or(JsErrorBox::generic("error!!!"))
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_v8_types() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    for (a, b) in [("a", 1), ("b", 2), ("c", 3)] {
      run_test2(
        JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS,
        "op_test_v8_types",
        &format!("assert(op_test_v8_types('{a}', 'a', 'b') == {b})"),
      )?;
    }
    // Fast ops
    for (a, b, c) in [
      ("op_test_v8_option_string", "'xyz'", "3"),
      ("op_test_v8_option_string", "null", "-1"),
    ] {
      run_test2(JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS, a, &format!("assert({a}({b}) == {c})"))?;
    }
    // Non-fast ops
    for (a, b, c) in [
      ("op_test_v8_type_return", "'xyz'", "'xyz'"),
      ("op_test_v8_type_return_option", "'xyz'", "'xyz'"),
      ("op_test_v8_type_return_option", "null", "null"),
      ("op_test_v8_type_handle_scope", "'xyz'", "'xyz'"),
      ("op_test_v8_type_handle_scope_obj", "{'key': 1}", "1"),
      (
        "op_test_v8_type_handle_scope_obj",
        "{'key': 'abc'}",
        "'abc'",
      ),
      (
        "op_test_v8_type_handle_scope_obj",
        "{'no_key': 'abc'}",
        "null",
      ),
      (
        "op_test_v8_type_handle_scope_result",
        "{'key': 'abc'}",
        "'abc'",
      ),
    ] {
      run_test2(1, a, &format!("assert({a}({b}) == {c})"))?;
    }

    // Test the error case for op_test_v8_type_handle_scope_result
    run_test2(
      1,
      "op_test_v8_type_handle_scope_result",
      "try { op_test_v8_type_handle_scope_result({}); assert(false); } catch (e) {}",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
  pub struct Serde {
    pub s: String,
  }

  #[op2]
  #[serde]
  pub fn op_test_serde_v8(#[serde] mut serde: Serde) -> Serde {
    serde.s += "!";
    serde
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_serde_v8() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      1,
      "op_test_serde_v8",
      "assert(op_test_serde_v8({s: 'abc'}).s == 'abc!')",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      1,
      "op_test_serde_v8",
      "try { op_test_serde_v8({}); assert(false) } catch (e) { assertErrorContains(e, 'missing field') }",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_jsruntimestate(_state: &JsRuntimeState) {}

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_jsruntimestate() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(JIT_ITERATIONS, "op_jsruntimestate", "op_jsruntimestate()")?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_state_rc(state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>, value: u32) -> u32 {
    let old_value: u32 = state.borrow_mut().take();
    state.borrow_mut().put(value);
    old_value
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_state_ref(state: &OpState) -> u32 {
    let old_value: &u32 = state.borrow();
    *old_value
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_state_mut(state: &mut OpState, value: u32) {
    *state.borrow_mut() = value;
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_state() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_state_rc",
      "if (__index__ == 0) { op_state_rc(__index__) } else { assert(op_state_rc(__index__) == __index__ - 1) }",
    )?;
    run_test2(JIT_ITERATIONS, "op_state_mut", "op_state_mut(__index__)")?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_state_ref",
      "assert(op_state_ref() == 1234)",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_buffer_slice(
    #[buffer] input: &[u8],
    #[number] inlen: usize,
    #[buffer] output: &mut [u8],
    #[number] outlen: usize,
  ) {
    assert_eq!(inlen, input.len());
    assert_eq!(outlen, output.len());
    if inlen > 0 && outlen > 0 {
      output[0] = input[0];
    }
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_buffer_ptr(
    #[buffer] input: *const u8,
    #[number] inlen: usize,
    #[buffer] output: *mut u8,
    #[number] outlen: usize,
  ) {
    if inlen > 0 && outlen > 0 {
      // SAFETY: for test
      unsafe { std::ptr::write(output, std::ptr::read(input)) }
    }
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_buffer_slice_32(
    #[buffer] input: &[u32],
    #[number] inlen: usize,
    #[buffer] output: &mut [u32],
    #[number] outlen: usize,
  ) {
    assert_eq!(inlen, input.len());
    assert_eq!(outlen, output.len());
    if inlen > 0 && outlen > 0 {
      output[0] = input[0];
    }
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_buffer_ptr_32(
    #[buffer] input: *const u32,
    #[number] inlen: usize,
    #[buffer] output: *mut u32,
    #[number] outlen: usize,
  ) {
    if inlen > 0 && outlen > 0 {
      // SAFETY: for test
      unsafe { std::ptr::write(output, std::ptr::read(input)) }
    }
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_buffer_slice_f64(
    #[buffer] input: &[f64],
    #[number] inlen: usize,
    #[buffer] output: &mut [f64],
    #[number] outlen: usize,
  ) {
    assert_eq!(inlen, input.len());
    assert_eq!(outlen, output.len());
    if inlen > 0 && outlen > 0 {
      output[0] = input[0];
    }
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_buffer_ptr_f64(
    #[buffer] input: *const f64,
    #[number] inlen: usize,
    #[buffer] output: *mut f64,
    #[number] outlen: usize,
  ) {
    if inlen > 0 && outlen > 0 {
      // SAFETY: for test
      unsafe { std::ptr::write(output, std::ptr::read(input)) }
    }
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_buffer_slice_f32(
    #[buffer] input: &[f32],
    #[number] inlen: usize,
    #[buffer] output: &mut [f32],
    #[number] outlen: usize,
  ) {
    assert_eq!(inlen, input.len());
    assert_eq!(outlen, output.len());
    if inlen > 0 && outlen > 0 {
      output[0] = input[0];
    }
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_buffer_ptr_f32(
    #[buffer] input: *const f32,
    #[number] inlen: usize,
    #[buffer] output: *mut f32,
    #[number] outlen: usize,
  ) {
    if inlen > 0 && outlen > 0 {
      // SAFETY: for test
      unsafe { std::ptr::write(output, std::ptr::read(input)) }
    }
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_buffer_slice() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>
  {
    for (op, op_ptr, arr, size) in [
      ("op_buffer_slice", "op_buffer_ptr", "Uint8Array", 1),
      ("op_buffer_slice_32", "op_buffer_ptr_32", "Uint32Array", 4),
      (
        "op_buffer_slice_f32",
        "op_buffer_ptr_f32",
        "Float32Array",
        4,
      ),
      (
        "op_buffer_slice_f64",
        "op_buffer_ptr_f64",
        "Float64Array",
        8,
      ),
    ] {
      // Zero-length buffers
      run_test2(
        JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS,
        op,
        &format!("{op}(new {arr}(0), 0, new {arr}(0), 0);"),
      )?;
      // Zero-length ptrs
      run_test2(
        JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS,
        op_ptr,
        &format!("{op_ptr}(new {arr}(0), 0, new {arr}(0), 0);"),
      )?;
      // UintXArray -> UintXArray
      run_test2(
        JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS,
        op,
        &format!(
          r"
        let out = new {arr}(10);
        {op}(new {arr}([1,2,3]), 3, out, 10);
        assert(out[0] == 1);"
        ),
      )?;
      // UintXArray -> UintXArray
      run_test2(
        JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS,
        op_ptr,
        &format!(
          r"
        let out = new {arr}(10);
        {op_ptr}(new {arr}([1,2,3]), 3, out, 10);
        assert(out[0] == 1);"
        ),
      )?;
      // UintXArray(ArrayBuffer) -> UintXArray(ArrayBuffer)
      run_test2(
        JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS,
        op,
        &format!(
          r"
        let inbuf = new ArrayBuffer(10 * {size});
        let in_u8 = new {arr}(inbuf);
        in_u8[0] = 1;
        let out = new ArrayBuffer(10 * {size});
        {op}(in_u8, 10, new {arr}(out), 10);
        assert(new {arr}(out)[0] == 1);"
        ),
      )?;
      // UintXArray(ArrayBuffer, 5, 5) -> UintXArray(ArrayBuffer)
      run_test2(
        JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS,
        op,
        &format!(
          r"
        let inbuf = new ArrayBuffer(10 * {size});
        let in_u8 = new {arr}(inbuf);
        in_u8[5] = 1;
        let out = new ArrayBuffer(10 * {size});
        {op}(new {arr}(inbuf, 5 * {size}, 5), 5, new {arr}(out), 10);
        assert(new {arr}(out)[0] == 1);"
        ),
      )?;
      // Resizable
      run_test2(
        JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS,
        op,
        &format!(
          r"
        let inbuf = new ArrayBuffer(10 * {size}, {{ maxByteLength: 100 * {size} }});
        let in_u8 = new {arr}(inbuf);
        in_u8[5] = 1;
        let out = new ArrayBuffer(10 * {size}, {{ maxByteLength: 100 * {size} }});
        {op}(new {arr}(inbuf, 5 * {size}, 5), 5, new {arr}(out), 10);
        assert(new {arr}(out)[0] == 1);"
        ),
      )?;
    }
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2]
  pub fn op_buffer_jsbuffer(
    #[buffer] input: JsBuffer,
    #[number] inlen: usize,
    #[buffer] mut output: JsBuffer,
    #[number] outlen: usize,
  ) {
    assert_eq!(inlen, input.len());
    assert_eq!(outlen, output.len());
    if inlen > 0 && outlen > 0 {
      output[0] = input[0];
    }
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_buffer_jsbuffer()
  -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_buffer_jsbuffer",
      r"
        let inbuf = new ArrayBuffer(10);
        let in_u8 = new Uint8Array(inbuf);
        in_u8[5] = 1;
        let out = new ArrayBuffer(10);
        op_buffer_jsbuffer(new Uint8Array(inbuf, 5, 5), 5, new Uint8Array(out), 10);
        assert(new Uint8Array(out)[0] == 1);",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2]
  pub fn op_buffer_any(#[anybuffer] buffer: &[u8]) -> u32 {
    let mut sum: u32 = 0;
    for i in buffer {
      sum += *i as u32;
    }
    sum
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_buffer_any() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_buffer_any",
      "const data = new ArrayBuffer(8);
      const view = new Uint8Array(data, 2);
      for (var i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
        view[i] = i;
      }
      assert(op_buffer_any(view) == 15);",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_buffer_any",
      "const data = new ArrayBuffer(8);
      const view = new Uint8Array(data, 2, 4);
      for (var i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
        view[i] = i;
      }
      assert(op_buffer_any(view) == 6);",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_buffer_any",
      "assert(op_buffer_any(new Uint8Array([1,2,3,4])) == 10);",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_buffer_any",
      "assert(op_buffer_any(new Uint8Array([1,2,3,4]).buffer) == 10);",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_buffer_any",
      "assert(op_buffer_any(new Uint32Array([1,2,3,4,0x01010101])) == 14);",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_buffer_any",
      "assert(op_buffer_any(new DataView(new Uint8Array([1,2,3,4]).buffer)) == 10);",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2]
  pub fn op_buffer_any_length(#[anybuffer] buffer: &[u8]) -> u32 {
    buffer.len() as _
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_buffer_any_length()
  -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_buffer_any_length",
      "const data = new ArrayBuffer(8);
      const view = new Uint8Array(data, 2);
      for (var i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
        view[i] = i;
      }
      assert(op_buffer_any_length(view) == 6);",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_buffer_any_length",
      "const data = new ArrayBuffer(8);
      const view = new Uint8Array(data, 2, 4);
      for (var i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
        view[i] = i;
      }
      assert(op_buffer_any_length(view) == 4);",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_buffer_any_length",
      "assert(op_buffer_any_length(new Uint8Array(10)) == 10);",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_buffer_any_length",
      "assert(op_buffer_any_length(new ArrayBuffer(10)) == 10);",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_buffer_any_length",
      "assert(op_buffer_any_length(new Uint32Array(10)) == 40);",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_buffer_any_length",
      "assert(op_buffer_any_length(new DataView(new ArrayBuffer(10))) == 10);",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_arraybuffer_slice(
    #[arraybuffer] input: &[u8],
    #[number] inlen: usize,
    #[arraybuffer] output: &mut [u8],
    #[number] outlen: usize,
  ) {
    assert_eq!(inlen, input.len());
    assert_eq!(outlen, output.len());
    if inlen > 0 && outlen > 0 {
      output[0] = input[0];
    }
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_arraybuffer_slice()
  -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    // Zero-length buffers
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_arraybuffer_slice",
      "op_arraybuffer_slice(new ArrayBuffer(0), 0, new ArrayBuffer(0), 0);",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_arraybuffer_slice",
      r"let inbuf = new ArrayBuffer(10);
      (new Uint8Array(inbuf))[0] = 1;
      let outbuf = new ArrayBuffer(10);
      op_arraybuffer_slice(inbuf, 10, outbuf, 10);
      assert((new Uint8Array(outbuf))[0] == 1);",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  // TODO(mmastrac): This is a dangerous op that we'll use to test resizable buffers in a later pass.
  #[op2(fast)]
  pub fn op_buffer_slice_unsafe_callback<'s, 'i>(
    scope: &mut v8::PinScope<'s, 'i>,
    buffer: v8::Local<'s, v8::ArrayBuffer>,
    callback: v8::Local<'s, v8::Function>,
  ) {
    println!("{:?}", buffer.data());
    let recv = callback.into();
    callback.call(scope, recv, &[]);
    println!("{:?}", buffer.data());
  }

  #[ignore]
  #[tokio::test]
  async fn test_op_unsafe() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      1,
      "op_buffer_slice_unsafe_callback",
      r"
      let inbuf = new ArrayBuffer(1024 * 1024, { maxByteLength: 10 * 1024 * 1024 });
      op_buffer_slice_unsafe_callback(inbuf, () => {
        inbuf.resize(0);
      });
      ",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  /// Ensures that three copies are independent. Note that we cannot mutate the
  /// `bytes::Bytes`.
  #[op2(fast)]
  #[allow(
    clippy::boxed_local,
    reason = "clippy false positive on copy buffer parameter"
  )]
  pub fn op_buffer_copy(
    #[buffer(copy)] mut input1: Vec<u8>,
    #[buffer(copy)] mut input2: Box<[u8]>,
    #[buffer(copy)] input3: bytes::Bytes,
  ) {
    assert_eq!(input1[0], input2[0]);
    assert_eq!(input2[0], input3[0]);
    input1[0] = 0xff;
    assert_ne!(input1[0], input2[0]);
    assert_eq!(input2[0], input3[0]);
    input2[0] = 0xff;
    assert_eq!(input1[0], input2[0]);
    assert_ne!(input2[0], input3[0]);
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_buffer_copy() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_buffer_copy",
      r"
      let input = new Uint8Array(10);
      input[0] = 1;
      op_buffer_copy(input, input, input);
      assert(input[0] == 1);",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2]
  #[buffer]
  pub fn op_buffer_bytesmut() -> BytesMut {
    let mut buffer = BytesMut::new();
    buffer.extend_from_slice(&[1, 2, 3]);
    buffer
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_buffer_bytesmut()
  -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      10,
      "op_buffer_bytesmut",
      r"
      const array = op_buffer_bytesmut();
      assert(array.length == 3);",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  pub struct TestResource {
    pub value: u32,
  }

  unsafe impl GarbageCollected for TestResource {
    fn trace(&self, _visitor: &mut v8::cppgc::Visitor) {}

    fn get_name(&self) -> &'static std::ffi::CStr {
      c"TestResource"
    }
  }

  #[op2]
  #[cppgc]
  pub fn op_test_make_cppgc_resource() -> TestResource {
    TestResource { value: 42 }
  }

  #[op2]
  #[cppgc]
  pub fn op_test_make_cppgc_resource_option(
    create: bool,
  ) -> Option<TestResource> {
    if create {
      Some(TestResource { value: 42 })
    } else {
      None
    }
  }

  #[op2]
  #[smi]
  pub async fn op_test_get_cppgc_resource(
    #[cppgc] resource: &TestResource,
  ) -> u32 {
    tokio::task::yield_now().await;
    resource.value
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  #[smi]
  pub fn op_test_get_cppgc_resource_option(
    #[cppgc] resource: Option<&TestResource>,
  ) -> u32 {
    if let Some(resource) = resource {
      resource.value
    } else {
      0
    }
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_cppgc_object() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>
  {
    run_async_test(
      10,
      "op_test_make_cppgc_resource, op_test_get_cppgc_resource, op_test_get_cppgc_resource_option, op_test_make_cppgc_resource_option",
      r"
      const resource = op_test_make_cppgc_resource();
      assert((await op_test_get_cppgc_resource(resource)) === 42);
      assert(op_test_get_cppgc_resource_option(resource) === 42);
      assert(op_test_get_cppgc_resource_option(null) === 0);
      const resource2 = op_test_make_cppgc_resource_option(false);
      assert(resource2 === null);
      const resource3 = op_test_make_cppgc_resource_option(true);
      assert((await op_test_get_cppgc_resource(resource3)) === 42);",
    ).await?;
    Ok(())
  }

  static STRING: &str = "hello world";

  #[op2(fast)]
  fn op_external_make() -> *const std::ffi::c_void {
    STRING.as_ptr() as _
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  fn op_external_process(
    input: *const std::ffi::c_void,
  ) -> *const std::ffi::c_void {
    assert_eq!(input, STRING.as_ptr() as _);
    input
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_external() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_external_make, op_external_process",
      "op_external_process(op_external_make())",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  fn op_external_make_ptr(#[bigint] value: u64) -> *const std::ffi::c_void {
    value as _
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  fn op_external_process_ptr(
    input: *const std::ffi::c_void,
    #[number] offset: isize,
  ) -> *const std::ffi::c_void {
    // NOTE: This doesn't work with `ptr::offset` because the unsafe behaviour is actually UB!
    input.wrapping_offset(offset)
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_external_null() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_external_make_ptr, op_external_process_ptr",
      "assert(op_external_process_ptr(op_external_make_ptr(0), 0) === null)",
    )?;
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_external_make_ptr, op_external_process_ptr",
      "assert(op_external_process_ptr(op_external_make_ptr(6), -6) === null)",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  struct ExternalObject(RefCell<u32>);

  external!(ExternalObject, "test external object");

  #[op2(fast)]
  fn op_typed_external() -> *const std::ffi::c_void {
    // This operation is safe because we know
    ExternalPointer::new(ExternalObject(RefCell::new(42))).into_raw()
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  fn op_typed_external_process(ptr: *const std::ffi::c_void) {
    let ptr = ExternalPointer::<ExternalObject>::from_raw(ptr);
    *(unsafe { ptr.unsafely_deref() }.0.borrow_mut()) += 1;
  }

  #[op2(fast)]
  fn op_typed_external_take(ptr: *const std::ffi::c_void) -> u32 {
    let ptr = ExternalPointer::<ExternalObject>::from_raw(ptr);
    *unsafe { ptr.unsafely_take() }.0.borrow()
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_typed_external() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_typed_external, op_typed_external_process, op_typed_external_take",
      "let external = op_typed_external(); op_typed_external_process(external); assert(op_typed_external_take(external) == 43);",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2(nofast)]
  fn op_isolate_run_microtasks(isolate: &mut v8::Isolate) {
    isolate.perform_microtask_checkpoint();
  }

  #[op2(nofast)]
  fn op_isolate_queue_microtask(
    isolate: &mut v8::Isolate,
    cb: v8::Local<'_, v8::Function>,
  ) {
    isolate.enqueue_microtask(cb);
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_isolate() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_isolate_queue_microtask,op_isolate_run_microtasks",
      "op_isolate_queue_microtask(() => {}); op_isolate_run_microtasks();",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2]
  async fn op_async_void() {}

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_async_void() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_async_test(JIT_ITERATIONS, "op_async_void", "await op_async_void()")
      .await?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2]
  async fn op_async_number(x: u32) -> u32 {
    x
  }

  #[op2]
  async fn op_async_add(x: u32, y: u32) -> u32 {
    x.wrapping_add(y)
  }

  // Note: #[smi] parameters are signed in JS regardless of the sign in Rust. Overflow and underflow
  // of valid ranges result in automatic wrapping.
  #[op2]
  #[smi]
  async fn op_async_add_smi(#[smi] x: u32, #[smi] y: u32) -> u32 {
    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
    x.wrapping_add(y)
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_async_number() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>
  {
    run_async_test(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_async_number",
      "assert(await op_async_number(__index__) == __index__)",
    )
    .await?;
    run_async_test(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_async_add",
      "assert(await op_async_add(__index__, 100) == __index__ + 100)",
    )
    .await?;
    run_async_test(
      10,
      "op_async_add_smi",
      "assert(await op_async_add_smi(__index__, 100) == __index__ + 100)",
    )
    .await?;
    // See note about overflow on the op method
    run_async_test(
      10,
      "op_async_add_smi",
      "assert(await op_async_add_smi(__index__ * -100, 100) == __index__ * -100 + 100)",
    ).await?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2]
  async fn op_async_sleep() {
    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await
  }

  #[op2]
  fn op_async_sleep_impl() -> impl Future<Output = ()> {
    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500))
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_async_sleep() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_async_test(5, "op_async_sleep", "await op_async_sleep()").await?;
    run_async_test(5, "op_async_sleep_impl", "await op_async_sleep_impl()")
      .await?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2]
  pub async fn op_async_sleep_error() -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;
    Err(JsErrorBox::generic("whoops"))
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_async_sleep_error()
  -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_async_test(
      5,
      "op_async_sleep_error",
      "try { await op_async_sleep_error(); assert(false) } catch (e) {}",
    )
    .await?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2(async(deferred), fast)]
  pub async fn op_async_deferred_success() -> Result<u32, JsErrorBox> {
    Ok(42)
  }

  #[op2(async(deferred), fast)]
  pub async fn op_async_deferred_error() -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
    Err(JsErrorBox::generic("whoops"))
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_async_deferred() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>
  {
    run_async_test(
      JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS,
      "op_async_deferred_success",
      "assert(await op_async_deferred_success() == 42)",
    )
    .await?;
    run_async_test(
      JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS,
      "op_async_deferred_error",
      "try { await op_async_deferred_error(); assert(false) } catch (e) {{ assertErrorContains(e, 'whoops') }}",
    )
      .await?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2(async(lazy), fast)]
  pub async fn op_async_lazy_success() -> Result<u32, JsErrorBox> {
    Ok(42)
  }

  #[op2(async(lazy), fast)]
  pub async fn op_async_lazy_error() -> Result<(), JsErrorBox> {
    Err(JsErrorBox::generic("whoops"))
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_async_lazy() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_async_test(
      JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS,
      "op_async_lazy_success",
      "assert(await op_async_lazy_success() == 42)",
    )
    .await?;
    run_async_test(
      JIT_SLOW_ITERATIONS,
      "op_async_lazy_error",
      "try { await op_async_lazy_error(); assert(false) } catch (e) {{ assertErrorContains(e, 'whoops') }}",
    )
      .await?;
    Ok(())
  }

  /// Test exits from the three possible routes -- before future, future immediate,
  /// future polled failed, future polled success.
  #[op2]
  pub fn op_async_result_impl(
    mode: u8,
  ) -> Result<impl Future<Output = Result<(), JsErrorBox>>, JsErrorBox> {
    if mode == 0 {
      return Err(JsErrorBox::generic("early exit"));
    }
    Ok(async move {
      if mode == 1 {
        return Err(JsErrorBox::generic("early async exit"));
      }
      tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;
      if mode == 2 {
        return Err(JsErrorBox::generic("late async exit"));
      }
      Ok(())
    })
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_async_result_impl()
  -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    for (n, msg) in [
      (0, "early exit"),
      (1, "early async exit"),
      (2, "late async exit"),
    ] {
      run_async_test(
        5,
        "op_async_result_impl",
        &format!("try {{ await op_async_result_impl({n}); assert(false) }} catch (e) {{ assertErrorContains(e, '{msg}') }}"),
      )
        .await?;
    }
    run_async_test(5, "op_async_result_impl", "await op_async_result_impl(3);")
      .await?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2]
  pub async fn op_async_state_rc(
    state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
    value: u32,
  ) -> u32 {
    let old_value: u32 = state.borrow_mut().take();
    state.borrow_mut().put(value);
    old_value
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_async_state() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_async_test(
      5,
      "op_async_state_rc",
      "if (__index__ == 0) { await op_async_state_rc(__index__) } else { assert(await op_async_state_rc(__index__) == __index__ - 1) }",
    ).await?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2]
  #[buffer]
  async fn op_async_buffer(#[buffer] input: JsBuffer) -> JsBuffer {
    input
  }

  #[op2]
  async fn op_async_buffer_vec(#[buffer] input: JsBuffer) -> Uint8Array {
    let mut output = input.to_vec();
    output.reverse();
    output.into()
  }

  #[op2]
  fn op_async_buffer_impl(
    #[buffer] input: &[u8],
  ) -> impl Future<Output = u32> + use<> {
    let l = input.len();
    async move { l as _ }
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_async_buffer() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>
  {
    run_async_test(
      2,
      "op_async_buffer",
      "let output = await op_async_buffer(new Uint8Array([1,2,3])); assert(output.length == 3); assert(output[0] == 1);",
    )
      .await?;
    run_async_test(
      2,
      "op_async_buffer_vec",
      "let output = await op_async_buffer_vec(new Uint8Array([3,2,1])); assert(output.length == 3); assert(output[0] == 1);",
    )
      .await?;
    run_async_test(
      2,
      "op_async_buffer_impl",
      "assert(await op_async_buffer_impl(new Uint8Array(10)) == 10)",
    )
    .await?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2]
  async fn op_async_external(
    input: *const std::ffi::c_void,
  ) -> *const std::ffi::c_void {
    assert_eq!(input, STRING.as_ptr() as _);
    input
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_async_external() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>
  {
    run_async_test(
      2,
      "op_external_make, op_async_external",
      "await op_async_external(op_external_make())",
    )
    .await?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2]
  #[serde]
  pub async fn op_async_serde_option_v8(
    #[serde] mut serde: Serde,
  ) -> Result<Option<Serde>, JsErrorBox> {
    serde.s += "!";
    Ok(Some(serde))
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_async_serde_option_v8()
  -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_async_test(
      2,
      "op_async_serde_option_v8",
      "assert((await op_async_serde_option_v8({s: 'abc'})).s == 'abc!')",
    )
    .await?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2]
  pub fn op_smi_to_from_v8(value: Smi<i32>) -> Smi<i32> {
    value
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_smi_to_from_v8() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>
  {
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_smi_to_from_v8",
      r"
        for (const n of [-Math.pow(2, 31), -1, 0, 1, Math.pow(2, 31) - 1]) {
          assert(op_smi_to_from_v8(n) == n);
        }",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[op2]
  pub fn op_number_to_from_v8(value: Number<f64>) -> Number<f64> {
    value
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_number_to_from_v8()
  -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_number_to_from_v8",
      r"
      for (
        const n of [
          Number.MIN_VALUE,
          Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER,
          -1,
          0,
          1,
          Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER,
          Number.MAX_VALUE,
          Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
          Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
        ]
      ) {
        assert(op_number_to_from_v8(n) === n);
      }

      assert(isNaN(op_number_to_from_v8(Number.NaN)));
    ",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  struct Bool(bool);

  impl<'a> ToV8<'a> for Bool {
    type Error = std::convert::Infallible;

    fn to_v8<'i>(
      self,
      scope: &mut v8::PinScope<'a, 'i>,
    ) -> Result<v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>, Self::Error> {
      self.0.to_v8(scope)
    }
  }

  impl<'a> FromV8<'a> for Bool {
    type Error = crate::error::DataError;

    fn from_v8<'i>(
      scope: &mut v8::PinScope<'a, 'i>,
      value: v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>,
    ) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
      bool::from_v8(scope, value).map(Bool)
    }
  }

  #[op2]
  fn op_bool_to_from_v8(#[scoped] value: Bool) -> Bool {
    value
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_bool_to_from_v8()
  -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_bool_to_from_v8",
      r"
        for (const v of [true, false]) {
          assert(op_bool_to_from_v8(v) == v);
        }",
    )?;
    Ok(())
  }

  #[tokio::test]
  pub async fn test_op_bool_to_from_v8_error()
  -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let err = run_test2(
      JIT_ITERATIONS,
      "op_bool_to_from_v8",
      r#"
      op_bool_to_from_v8("true");
      "#,
    )
    .unwrap_err();
    assert_eq!(
      err.to_string(),
      "TypeError: expected type `v8::data::Boolean`, got `v8::data::Value`\n    at <anonymous>:4:7"
    );
    Ok(())
  }

  macro_rules! op_create_buf {
    ($size:ident) => {
      paste::paste! {
        #[op2]
        #[buffer]
        fn [< op_create_buf_ $size >] () -> Vec<$size> {
          vec![1 as _, 2 as _, 3 as _, 4 as _]
        }
      }
    };
  }
  op_create_buf!(u8);
  op_create_buf!(u16);
  op_create_buf!(u32);
  op_create_buf!(u64);
  op_create_buf!(i8);
  op_create_buf!(i16);
  op_create_buf!(i32);
  op_create_buf!(i64);
  op_create_buf!(f32);
  op_create_buf!(f64);

  #[test]
  fn return_buffers() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    fn test(size: &str) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
      run_test2(
        1,
        &format!("op_create_buf_{size}"),
        &format!(
          r"
        let buf = op_create_buf_{size}();
        assert(Number(buf[0]) === 1);
        assert(Number(buf[1]) === 2);
        assert(Number(buf[2]) === 3);
        assert(Number(buf[3]) === 4);
        "
        ),
      )?;
      Ok(())
    }
    test("u8")?;
    test("u16")?;
    test("u32")?;
    test("u64")?;
    test("i8")?;
    test("i16")?;
    test("i32")?;
    test("i64")?;
    test("f32")?;
    test("f64")?;
    Ok(())
  }
}