delaunay 0.7.5

//! Coordinate traits and implementations for geometric computations.
//!
//! This module provides a comprehensive set of traits for working with coordinates
//! in d-dimensional space, including the main `Coordinate` trait that unifies all
//! coordinate-related functionality, along with supporting traits for validation,
//! hashing, and equality comparison of floating-point coordinate values.
//!
//! # Overview
//!
//! The coordinate system is built around several key traits that work together:
//!
//! ## Core Traits
//!
//! - **`Coordinate<T, D>`**: Main abstraction for coordinate storage and operations
//! - **`CoordinateScalar`**: Trait alias consolidating all scalar type requirements
//! - **`FiniteCheck`**: Validation of coordinate values (no NaN or infinity)
//! - **`OrderedEq`**: NaN-aware equality that treats NaN values as equal to themselves
//! - **`HashCoordinate`**: Consistent hashing of floating-point values
//!
//! ## Key Features
//!
//! - **Generic dimensions**: Supports arbitrary dimensions via `const D: usize`
//! - **Multiple scalar types**: Works with `f32`, `f64`, and other floating-point types
//! - **Storage abstraction**: Abstracts arrays, vectors, and other storage mechanisms
//! - **Special value handling**: Proper handling of NaN, infinity, and zero values
//! - **Serialization support**: Built-in serde serialization/deserialization
//!
//! # Benefits
//!
//! 1. **Unified Interface**: All coordinate operations through a single trait system
//! 2. **Type Safety**: Strong type bounds ensure correct usage at compile time
//! 3. **Flexible Storage**: Abstract storage mechanism allows future extensibility
//! 4. **Robust Equality**: NaN-aware comparisons enable use in hash collections
//! 5. **Validation**: Built-in finite value checking prevents geometric errors
//!
//! # Usage Examples
//!
//! ```rust
//! use delaunay::geometry::traits::coordinate::*;
//! use delaunay::geometry::point::Point;
//!
//! // Create coordinates using Point (which implements Coordinate)
//! let coord: Point<f64, 3> = Coordinate::new([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
//!
//! // All coordinate operations are available
//! assert_eq!(coord.dim(), 3);
//! assert_eq!(coord.to_array(), [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
//! assert!(coord.validate().is_ok());
//!
//! // Special value handling
//! let nan_coord: Point<f64, 2> = Coordinate::new([f64::NAN, 1.0]);
//! assert!(nan_coord.validate().is_err());  // NaN detected
//!
//! // But NaN coordinates can still be compared and hashed consistently
//! let nan_coord2: Point<f64, 2> = Coordinate::new([f64::NAN, 1.0]);
//! assert!(nan_coord.ordered_equals(&nan_coord2));  // NaN == NaN
//! ```
//!
//! The coordinate trait system enables geometric structures (`Point`, `Vertex`,
//! `Cell`, etc.) to work consistently across different scalar types and storage
//! mechanisms while maintaining mathematical correctness and type safety.

#![forbid(unsafe_code)]

use num_traits::{Float, Zero};
use ordered_float::OrderedFloat;
use serde::{Serialize, de::DeserializeOwned};
use std::{
    fmt::Debug,
    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
    iter::Sum,
    ops::{AddAssign, SubAssign},
};

/// Errors that can occur during coordinate conversion in geometric predicates.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// use delaunay::geometry::traits::coordinate::CoordinateConversionError;
///
/// let err = CoordinateConversionError::ConversionFailed {
///     coordinate_index: 0,
///     coordinate_value: "NaN".to_string(),
///     from_type: "f64",
///     to_type: "f32",
/// };
/// assert!(matches!(err, CoordinateConversionError::ConversionFailed { .. }));
/// ```
#[derive(Clone, Debug, thiserror::Error, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum CoordinateConversionError {
    /// Coordinate conversion failed during matrix operations
    #[error(
        "Failed to convert coordinate at index {coordinate_index} from {from_type} to {to_type}: {coordinate_value}"
    )]
    ConversionFailed {
        /// Index of the coordinate that failed to convert.
        ///
        /// Some conversion failures are not associated with a particular coordinate (for example,
        /// matrix dimension dispatch or linear algebra errors). In those cases, this field may be
        /// set to `0` as a placeholder.
        coordinate_index: usize,
        /// String representation of the problematic coordinate value
        coordinate_value: String,
        /// Source type name
        from_type: &'static str,
        /// Target type name
        to_type: &'static str,
    },
    /// Non-finite value (NaN or infinity) encountered during coordinate conversion
    #[error(
        "Non-finite value (NaN or infinity) at coordinate index {coordinate_index}: {coordinate_value}"
    )]
    NonFiniteValue {
        /// Index of the coordinate that contains the non-finite value
        coordinate_index: usize,
        /// String representation of the non-finite coordinate value
        coordinate_value: String,
    },
    /// Strict robust-insphere consistency check failed.
    #[error("Insphere consistency check failed: {details}")]
    InsphereInconsistency {
        /// Debug representation of simplex points participating in the check.
        simplex_points: String,
        /// Debug representation of the test point participating in the check.
        test_point: String,
        /// Detailed inconsistency message.
        details: String,
    },
}

impl From<crate::geometry::matrix::StackMatrixDispatchError> for CoordinateConversionError {
    fn from(source: crate::geometry::matrix::StackMatrixDispatchError) -> Self {
        match source {
            crate::geometry::matrix::StackMatrixDispatchError::UnsupportedDim { k, max } => {
                Self::ConversionFailed {
                    coordinate_index: 0,
                    coordinate_value: format!("unsupported stack matrix size: {k} (max {max})"),
                    from_type: "matrix dimension",
                    to_type: "stack matrix",
                }
            }
            crate::geometry::matrix::StackMatrixDispatchError::La(source) => {
                Self::ConversionFailed {
                    coordinate_index: 0,
                    coordinate_value: source.to_string(),
                    from_type: "la-stack",
                    to_type: "linear algebra",
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Errors that can occur during coordinate validation.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// use delaunay::geometry::traits::coordinate::CoordinateValidationError;
///
/// let err = CoordinateValidationError::InvalidCoordinate {
///     coordinate_index: 1,
///     coordinate_value: "NaN".to_string(),
///     dimension: 3,
/// };
/// assert!(matches!(err, CoordinateValidationError::InvalidCoordinate { .. }));
/// ```
#[derive(Clone, Debug, thiserror::Error, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum CoordinateValidationError {
    /// A coordinate value is invalid (NaN or infinite).
    #[error(
        "Invalid coordinate at index {coordinate_index} in dimension {dimension}: {coordinate_value}"
    )]
    InvalidCoordinate {
        /// Index of the invalid coordinate.
        coordinate_index: usize,
        /// Value of the invalid coordinate, as a string.
        coordinate_value: String,
        /// The dimensionality of the coordinate system.
        dimension: usize,
    },
}

/// Default tolerance for f32 floating-point comparisons.
///
/// This value is set to 1e-6, which is appropriate for f32 precision and provides
/// a reasonable margin for floating-point comparison errors.
pub const DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F32: f32 = 1e-6;

/// Default tolerance for f64 floating-point comparisons.
///
/// This value is set to 1e-15, which is appropriate for f64 precision and provides
/// a reasonable margin for floating-point comparison errors.
pub const DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F64: f64 = 1e-15;

// =============================================================================
// SUPPORTING TRAITS
// =============================================================================

/// Helper trait for checking finiteness of coordinates.
///
/// This trait provides a unified interface for checking whether a numeric value
/// is finite (not NaN or infinite). It's primarily used to validate coordinate
/// values in geometric types like points and vectors.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use delaunay::geometry::traits::coordinate::FiniteCheck;
///
/// let valid_value = 3.14f64;
/// assert!(valid_value.is_finite_generic());
///
/// let invalid_nan = f64::NAN;
/// assert!(!invalid_nan.is_finite_generic());
///
/// let invalid_inf = f64::INFINITY;
/// assert!(!invalid_inf.is_finite_generic());
/// ```
pub trait FiniteCheck {
    /// Returns true if the value is finite (not NaN or infinite).
    ///
    /// This method provides a consistent way to check finiteness across
    /// different numeric types, particularly floating-point types where
    /// NaN and infinity values are possible.
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// - `true` if the value is finite
    /// - `false` if the value is NaN, positive infinity, or negative infinity
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use delaunay::geometry::traits::coordinate::FiniteCheck;
    ///
    /// // Valid finite values
    /// assert!(1.0f64.is_finite_generic());
    /// assert!((-42.5f32).is_finite_generic());
    /// assert!(0.0f64.is_finite_generic());
    /// assert!(f64::MAX.is_finite_generic());
    /// assert!(f64::MIN.is_finite_generic());
    ///
    /// // Invalid non-finite values
    /// assert!(!f64::NAN.is_finite_generic());
    /// assert!(!f64::INFINITY.is_finite_generic());
    /// assert!(!f64::NEG_INFINITY.is_finite_generic());
    /// assert!(!f32::NAN.is_finite_generic());
    /// assert!(!f32::INFINITY.is_finite_generic());
    /// ```
    fn is_finite_generic(&self) -> bool;
}

// Unified macro for implementing FiniteCheck for floating-point types
macro_rules! impl_finite_check {
    (float: $($t:ty),*) => {
        $(
            impl FiniteCheck for $t {
                #[inline(always)]
                fn is_finite_generic(&self) -> bool {
                    self.is_finite()
                }
            }
        )*
    };
}

// Implement FiniteCheck for standard floating-point types
impl_finite_check!(float: f32, f64);

/// Helper trait for OrderedFloat-based equality comparison that handles NaN properly.
///
/// This trait provides a way to compare floating-point numbers that treats
/// NaN values as equal to themselves, which is different from the default
/// floating-point equality comparison where NaN != NaN.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use delaunay::geometry::traits::coordinate::OrderedEq;
///
/// // Normal values work as expected
/// assert!(1.0f64.ordered_eq(&1.0f64));
/// assert!(!1.0f64.ordered_eq(&2.0f64));
///
/// // NaN values are treated as equal to themselves
/// assert!(f64::NAN.ordered_eq(&f64::NAN));
///
/// // Infinity values work correctly
/// assert!(f64::INFINITY.ordered_eq(&f64::INFINITY));
/// assert!(f64::NEG_INFINITY.ordered_eq(&f64::NEG_INFINITY));
/// assert!(!f64::INFINITY.ordered_eq(&f64::NEG_INFINITY));
/// assert!(0.0f64.ordered_eq(&(-0.0f64))); // 0.0 == -0.0
/// ```
pub trait OrderedEq {
    /// Compares two values for equality using ordered comparison semantics.
    ///
    /// This method provides a way to compare floating-point numbers that treats
    /// NaN values as equal to themselves, which is different from the default
    /// floating-point equality comparison where NaN != NaN.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `other` - The other value to compare with
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// Returns `true` if the values are equal according to ordered comparison,
    /// `false` otherwise.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use delaunay::geometry::traits::coordinate::OrderedEq;
    ///
    /// // Standard comparisons
    /// assert!(1.0f64.ordered_eq(&1.0f64));
    /// assert!(!1.0f64.ordered_eq(&2.0f64));
    ///
    /// // NaN comparison (key difference from standard ==)
    /// assert!(f64::NAN.ordered_eq(&f64::NAN)); // This is true!
    ///
    /// // Zero comparisons
    /// assert!(0.0f64.ordered_eq(&(-0.0f64))); // 0.0 == -0.0
    /// ```
    fn ordered_eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;
}

// Unified macro for implementing OrderedEq
macro_rules! impl_ordered_eq {
    (float: $($t:ty),*) => {
        $(
            impl OrderedEq for $t {
                #[inline(always)]
                fn ordered_eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
                    OrderedFloat(*self) == OrderedFloat(*other)
                }
            }
        )*
    };
}

// Implement OrderedEq for standard floating-point types
impl_ordered_eq!(float: f32, f64);

/// Helper trait for OrderedFloat-based partial comparison that handles NaN properly.
///
/// This trait provides a way to compare floating-point numbers using `OrderedFloat`
/// semantics, which ensures consistent ordering even with special values like NaN
/// and infinity. This is different from the default floating-point comparison where
/// NaN comparisons always return None.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use delaunay::geometry::traits::coordinate::OrderedCmp;
/// use std::cmp::Ordering;
///
/// // Normal values work as expected
/// assert_eq!(1.0f64.ordered_partial_cmp(&2.0f64), Some(Ordering::Less));
/// assert_eq!(2.0f64.ordered_partial_cmp(&1.0f64), Some(Ordering::Greater));
/// assert_eq!(1.0f64.ordered_partial_cmp(&1.0f64), Some(Ordering::Equal));
///
/// // NaN values have consistent ordering
/// assert_eq!(f64::NAN.ordered_partial_cmp(&f64::NAN), Some(Ordering::Equal));
/// assert_eq!(f64::NAN.ordered_partial_cmp(&1.0f64), Some(Ordering::Greater)); // NaN > all other values in OrderedFloat
/// assert_eq!(1.0f64.ordered_partial_cmp(&f64::NAN), Some(Ordering::Less));
///
/// // Infinity values work correctly
/// assert_eq!(f64::INFINITY.ordered_partial_cmp(&f64::NEG_INFINITY), Some(Ordering::Greater));
/// assert_eq!(f64::NEG_INFINITY.ordered_partial_cmp(&1.0f64), Some(Ordering::Less));
/// ```
pub trait OrderedCmp {
    /// Performs a partial comparison using `OrderedFloat` semantics.
    ///
    /// This method provides consistent comparison results for all floating-point
    /// values, including NaN and infinity. Unlike standard floating-point
    /// `partial_cmp` which returns None for NaN comparisons, this method always
    /// returns Some(Ordering) by using `OrderedFloat`'s total ordering.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `other` - The other value to compare with
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// Returns Some(Ordering) indicating the relationship between self and other.
    /// In `OrderedFloat` semantics:
    /// - NaN is considered equal to NaN
    /// - NaN is greater than all other values (including positive infinity)
    /// - Normal ordering applies to all other values
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use delaunay::geometry::traits::coordinate::OrderedCmp;
    /// use std::cmp::Ordering;
    ///
    /// // Standard comparisons
    /// assert_eq!(1.0f64.ordered_partial_cmp(&2.0f64), Some(Ordering::Less));
    /// assert_eq!(2.0f64.ordered_partial_cmp(&1.0f64), Some(Ordering::Greater));
    ///
    /// // NaN comparison (key difference from standard partial_cmp)
    /// assert_eq!(f64::NAN.ordered_partial_cmp(&f64::NAN), Some(Ordering::Equal));
    ///
    /// // Zero comparisons
    /// assert_eq!(0.0f64.ordered_partial_cmp(&(-0.0f64)), Some(Ordering::Equal)); // 0.0 == -0.0
    /// ```
    fn ordered_partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering>;
}

// Unified macro for implementing OrderedCmp
macro_rules! impl_ordered_cmp {
    (float: $($t:ty),*) => {
        $(
            impl OrderedCmp for $t {
                #[inline(always)]
                fn ordered_partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
                    Some(OrderedFloat(*self).cmp(&OrderedFloat(*other)))
                }
            }
        )*
    };
}

// Implement OrderedCmp for standard floating-point types
impl_ordered_cmp!(float: f32, f64);

/// Helper trait for hashing individual coordinates for non-hashable types like f32 and f64.
///
/// This trait provides consistent hashing of floating-point coordinate values,
/// including proper handling of special values like NaN and infinity. It uses
/// `OrderedFloat` internally to ensure that NaN values hash consistently.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use delaunay::geometry::traits::coordinate::HashCoordinate;
/// use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
/// use std::hash::Hasher;
///
///     // NaN values hash consistently
///     let mut hasher1 = DefaultHasher::new();
///     let mut hasher2 = DefaultHasher::new();
///     f64::NAN.hash_scalar(&mut hasher1);
///
///     f64::NAN.hash_scalar(&mut hasher2);
///
///     assert_eq!(hasher1.finish(), hasher2.finish());
/// ```
pub trait HashCoordinate {
    /// Hashes a single coordinate value using the provided hasher.
    ///
    /// This method provides a consistent way to hash coordinate values,
    /// including floating-point types that don't normally implement Hash.
    /// For floating-point types, this uses `OrderedFloat` to ensure consistent
    /// hashing behavior, including proper handling of NaN values.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `state` - The hasher state to write the hash value to
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use delaunay::geometry::traits::coordinate::HashCoordinate;
    /// use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
    /// use std::hash::Hasher;
    ///
    ///     // Hash a normal floating-point value
    ///     let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
    ///     let value = 42.0f64;
    ///     value.hash_scalar(&mut hasher);
    ///     let hash1 = hasher.finish();
    ///
    ///     // Hash the same value again
    ///     let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
    ///     let value = 42.0f64;
    ///     value.hash_scalar(&mut hasher);
    ///     let hash2 = hasher.finish();
    ///
    ///     assert_eq!(hash1, hash2); // Same values produce same hash
    ///
    ///     // NaN values also hash consistently
    ///     let mut hasher1 = DefaultHasher::new();
    ///     let mut hasher2 = DefaultHasher::new();
    ///     f64::NAN.hash_scalar(&mut hasher1);
    ///     f64::NAN.hash_scalar(&mut hasher2);
    ///     assert_eq!(hasher1.finish(), hasher2.finish());
    /// ```
    fn hash_scalar<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H);
}

// Unified macro for implementing HashCoordinate
macro_rules! impl_hash_coordinate {
    (float: $($t:ty),*) => {
        $(
            impl HashCoordinate for $t {
                #[inline(always)]
                fn hash_scalar<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
                    OrderedFloat(*self).hash(state);
                }
            }
        )*
    };
}

// Implement HashCoordinate for standard floating-point types
impl_hash_coordinate!(float: f32, f64);

/// Consolidated trait for the scalar type requirements in coordinate systems.
///
/// This trait captures all the trait bounds required for a scalar type `T` to be used
/// in coordinate systems. It consolidates the requirements from line 116 of the
/// `Coordinate` trait definition to reduce code duplication.
///
/// # Required Traits
///
/// - `Float`: Floating-point arithmetic operations
/// - `Zero`: Zero value construction
/// - `OrderedEq`: NaN-aware equality comparison
/// - `HashCoordinate`: Consistent hashing of floating-point values
/// - `FiniteCheck`: Validation of coordinate values
/// - `Default`: Default value construction
/// - `Copy`: Copy semantics for efficient operations
/// - `Debug`: Debug formatting
/// - `Serialize`: Serialization support
/// - `DeserializeOwned`: Deserialization support
///
/// # Usage
///
/// ```rust
/// use delaunay::geometry::traits::coordinate::CoordinateScalar;
///
/// fn process_coordinate<T: CoordinateScalar>(value: T) {
///     // T has all the necessary bounds for coordinate operations
/// }
/// ```
pub trait CoordinateScalar:
    Float
    + Zero
    + OrderedEq
    + OrderedCmp
    + HashCoordinate
    + FiniteCheck
    + Default
    + Debug
    + Serialize
    + DeserializeOwned
{
    /// Returns the appropriate default tolerance for this coordinate scalar type.
    ///
    /// This method provides type-specific tolerance values that are appropriate
    /// for floating-point comparisons and geometric computations. The tolerance
    /// values are chosen to account for the precision limitations of each
    /// floating-point type.
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// The default tolerance value for this type:
    /// - For `f32`: `1e-6` (appropriate for single precision)
    /// - For `f64`: `1e-15` (appropriate for double precision)
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use delaunay::geometry::traits::coordinate::CoordinateScalar;
    ///
    /// // Get appropriate tolerance for f32
    /// let tolerance_f32 = f32::default_tolerance();
    /// assert_eq!(tolerance_f32, 1e-6_f32);
    ///
    /// // Get appropriate tolerance for f64
    /// let tolerance_f64 = f64::default_tolerance();
    /// assert_eq!(tolerance_f64, 1e-15_f64);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Usage in Generic Functions
    ///
    /// This method is particularly useful in generic functions that need
    /// appropriate tolerance values for the specific type being used:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use delaunay::geometry::traits::coordinate::CoordinateScalar;
    ///
    /// fn compare_with_tolerance<T: CoordinateScalar>(a: T, b: T) -> bool {
    ///     (a - b).abs() < T::default_tolerance()
    /// }
    /// ```
    fn default_tolerance() -> Self;

    /// Returns the number of mantissa digits for this floating-point type.
    ///
    /// This method provides the number of mantissa bits available for precision
    /// in the floating-point representation. This is useful for determining
    /// the maximum integer value that can be represented exactly.
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// The number of mantissa digits:
    /// - For `f32`: `24` bits (including implicit bit)
    /// - For `f64`: `53` bits (including implicit bit)
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use delaunay::geometry::traits::coordinate::CoordinateScalar;
    ///
    /// // f32 has 24 mantissa bits
    /// assert_eq!(f32::mantissa_digits(), 24);
    ///
    /// // f64 has 53 mantissa bits
    /// assert_eq!(f64::mantissa_digits(), 53);
    /// ```
    fn mantissa_digits() -> u32;
}

/// Trait for coordinate scalars that support summation operations.
///
/// This supertrait is a semantic alias for the common bound `CoordinateScalar + Sum`.
pub trait ScalarSummable: CoordinateScalar + Sum {}

/// Trait for coordinate scalars that support in-place accumulation.
///
/// This supertrait is a semantic alias for the common bound
/// `CoordinateScalar + AddAssign + SubAssign + Sum`.
pub trait ScalarAccumulative: CoordinateScalar + AddAssign + SubAssign + Sum {}

// Blanket implementations so any suitable scalar automatically implements these supertraits.
impl<T> ScalarSummable for T where T: CoordinateScalar + Sum {}
impl<T> ScalarAccumulative for T where T: CoordinateScalar + AddAssign + SubAssign + Sum {}

// Specific implementations for f32 and f64
impl CoordinateScalar for f32 {
    fn default_tolerance() -> Self {
        DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F32
    }

    fn mantissa_digits() -> u32 {
        Self::MANTISSA_DIGITS
    }
}

impl CoordinateScalar for f64 {
    fn default_tolerance() -> Self {
        DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F64
    }

    fn mantissa_digits() -> u32 {
        Self::MANTISSA_DIGITS
    }
}

/// A comprehensive trait that encapsulates all coordinate functionality.
///
/// This trait combines all the necessary traits for coordinate types used in
/// geometric computations, providing a single unified interface for coordinate
/// storage and operations. It abstracts the storage mechanism, allowing for
/// different implementations (arrays, vectors, hash maps, etc.) while ensuring
/// consistent behavior.
///
/// # Type Parameters
///
/// * `T` - The scalar type for coordinates (typically f32 or f64)
/// * `const D: usize` - The dimension of the coordinate system
///
/// # Required Functionality
///
/// The trait requires implementors to support:
/// - Floating-point arithmetic operations
/// - Ordered equality comparison (NaN-aware)
/// - Hashing for use in collections
/// - Validation of coordinate values
/// - Serialization/deserialization
/// - Coordinate access and manipulation
/// - Zero/origin creation
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use delaunay::geometry::{point::Point, traits::coordinate::Coordinate};
///
/// // Create coordinates using Point (which implements Coordinate)
/// let coord1: Point<f64, 3> = Coordinate::new([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
/// let coord2: Point<f64, 3> = Coordinate::new([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
///
/// // All coordinate types implement the same trait
/// assert_eq!(coord1.dim(), 3);
/// assert_eq!(coord1.to_array(), [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
/// assert_eq!(coord1, coord2);
///
/// // Validate coordinates
/// assert!(coord1.validate().is_ok());
///
/// // Create origin coordinate
/// let origin: Point<f64, 3> = Point::origin();
/// assert_eq!(origin.to_array(), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]);
/// ```
///
/// # Future Storage Implementations
///
/// The trait is designed to support various storage mechanisms:
///
/// ```
/// // Example of how future implementations could work:
/// use delaunay::geometry::{point::Point, traits::coordinate::Coordinate};
/// use std::collections::HashMap;
///
/// // Current Point implementation uses arrays
/// let point_coord: Point<f64, 2> = Coordinate::new([1.0, 2.0]);
/// assert_eq!(point_coord.dim(), 2);
/// assert_eq!(point_coord.to_array(), [1.0, 2.0]);
///
/// // Future implementations could use other storage types
/// // while maintaining the same Coordinate trait interface
/// ```
pub trait Coordinate<T, const D: usize>
where
    T: CoordinateScalar,
    Self: Copy
        + Clone
        + Default
        + Debug
        + PartialEq
        + Eq
        + Hash
        + PartialOrd
        + Serialize
        + DeserializeOwned
        + Sized,
{
    /// Get the dimensionality of the coordinate system.
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// The number of dimensions (D) in the coordinate system.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use delaunay::geometry::{point::Point, traits::coordinate::Coordinate};
    ///
    /// let coord: Point<f64, 3> = Coordinate::new([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
    /// assert_eq!(coord.dim(), 3);
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    fn dim(&self) -> usize {
        D
    }

    /// Create a new coordinate from an array of scalar values.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `coords` - Array of coordinates of type T with dimension D
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// A new coordinate instance with the specified values.
    fn new(coords: [T; D]) -> Self;

    /// Convert the coordinate to an array of scalar values.
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// An array containing the coordinate values.
    #[must_use]
    fn to_array(&self) -> [T; D];

    /// Get a specific coordinate by index.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `index` - The index of the coordinate to retrieve (0-based)
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// The coordinate value at the specified index, or None if index is out of bounds.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use delaunay::geometry::{point::Point, traits::coordinate::Coordinate};
    ///
    /// let coord: Point<f64, 3> = Coordinate::new([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
    /// assert_eq!(coord.get(0), Some(1.0));
    /// assert_eq!(coord.get(3), None);
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    fn get(&self, index: usize) -> Option<T>;

    /// Create a coordinate at the origin (all zeros).
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// A new coordinate with all values set to zero.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use delaunay::geometry::{point::Point, traits::coordinate::Coordinate};
    ///
    /// let origin: Point<f64, 3> = Coordinate::origin();
    /// assert_eq!(origin.to_array(), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]);
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    fn origin() -> Self
    where
        T: Zero,
    {
        Self::new([T::zero(); D])
    }

    /// Validate that all coordinate values are finite.
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// Returns `Ok(())` if all coordinates are finite (not NaN or infinite),
    /// otherwise returns an error describing which coordinate is invalid.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns `CoordinateValidationError::InvalidCoordinate` if any coordinate
    /// is NaN, infinite, or otherwise not finite. The error includes details about
    /// which coordinate index is invalid, its value, and the coordinate dimension.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use delaunay::geometry::{point::Point, traits::coordinate::Coordinate};
    ///
    /// let valid: Point<f64, 3> = Coordinate::new([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
    /// assert!(valid.validate().is_ok());
    ///
    /// let invalid: Point<f64, 3> = Coordinate::new([1.0, f64::NAN, 3.0]);
    /// assert!(invalid.validate().is_err());
    /// ```
    fn validate(&self) -> Result<(), CoordinateValidationError>;

    /// Compute the hash of this coordinate.
    ///
    /// This method provides consistent hashing across different coordinate
    /// implementations, including proper handling of special floating-point values.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `state` - The hasher state to write to
    fn hash_coordinate<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H);

    /// Test equality with another coordinate using ordered comparison.
    ///
    /// This method uses ordered comparison semantics that treat NaN values
    /// as equal to themselves, enabling coordinates with NaN to be used in
    /// hash-based collections.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `other` - The other coordinate to compare with
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// True if coordinates are equal using ordered comparison.
    #[must_use]
    fn ordered_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::geometry::point::Point;
    use approx::assert_relative_eq;
    use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
    use std::hash::Hasher;

    // Use the global tolerance constants

    #[test]
    fn coordinate_trait_basic_functionality() {
        // Test through Point implementation of Coordinate trait with multiple dimensions and types
        let coord: Point<f64, 3> = Point::new([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
        assert_eq!(coord.dim(), 3);
        assert_relative_eq!(
            coord.to_array().as_slice(),
            [1.0, 2.0, 3.0].as_slice(),
            epsilon = DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F64
        );
        assert_relative_eq!(coord.get(0).unwrap(), 1.0, epsilon = DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F64);
        assert_relative_eq!(coord.get(1).unwrap(), 2.0, epsilon = DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F64);
        assert_relative_eq!(coord.get(2).unwrap(), 3.0, epsilon = DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F64);
        assert_eq!(coord.get(3), None);
        assert_eq!(coord.get(10), None);

        // Test with f32
        let coord_f32: Point<f32, 3> = Point::new([1.5f32, 2.5f32, 3.5f32]);
        assert_eq!(coord_f32.dim(), 3);
        assert_relative_eq!(
            coord_f32.to_array().as_slice(),
            [1.5f32, 2.5f32, 3.5f32].as_slice(),
            epsilon = DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F32
        );
        assert!(coord_f32.validate().is_ok());

        // Test with different dimensions
        let coord_single: Point<f64, 1> = Point::new([42.0]);
        assert_eq!(coord_single.dim(), 1);
        assert_relative_eq!(
            coord_single.get(0).unwrap(),
            42.0,
            epsilon = DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F64
        );
        assert_eq!(coord_single.get(1), None);

        // Test zero-dimensional
        let coord_zero: Point<f64, 0> = Point::new([]);
        assert_eq!(coord_zero.dim(), 0);
        assert_eq!(coord_zero.to_array().len(), 0);
        assert_eq!(coord_zero.get(0), None);
        assert!(coord_zero.validate().is_ok());

        // Test large dimension
        let coord_large: Point<f64, 10> =
            Point::new([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0]);
        assert_eq!(coord_large.dim(), 10);
        assert_eq!(coord_large.get(10), None);
        assert!(coord_large.validate().is_ok());
    }

    #[test]
    fn coordinate_trait_new() {
        // Test new() method
        let coord1: Point<f64, 2> = Coordinate::new([5.0, 6.0]);
        assert_relative_eq!(
            coord1.to_array().as_slice(),
            [5.0, 6.0].as_slice(),
            epsilon = DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F64
        );

        // Test multiple creations with new()
        let coord2: Point<f64, 2> = Coordinate::new([5.0, 6.0]);
        assert_relative_eq!(
            coord2.to_array().as_slice(),
            [5.0, 6.0].as_slice(),
            epsilon = DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F64
        );

        // They should be equal
        assert_eq!(coord1, coord2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn coordinate_trait_origin() {
        // Test origin for different dimensions and types
        let origin_single: Point<f64, 1> = Point::origin();
        assert_relative_eq!(
            origin_single.to_array().as_slice(),
            [0.0].as_slice(),
            epsilon = DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F64
        );

        let origin_triple: Point<f64, 3> = Point::origin();
        assert_relative_eq!(
            origin_triple.to_array().as_slice(),
            [0.0, 0.0, 0.0].as_slice(),
            epsilon = DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F64
        );

        // Test with f32
        let origin_f32: Point<f32, 3> = Point::origin();
        assert_relative_eq!(
            origin_f32.to_array().as_slice(),
            [0.0f32, 0.0f32, 0.0f32].as_slice(),
            epsilon = DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F32
        );

        // Test zero-dimensional edge case
        let origin_zero: Point<f64, 0> = Point::origin();
        assert_eq!(origin_zero.to_array().len(), 0);

        // Test large dimension
        let origin_large: Point<f64, 10> = Point::origin();
        assert_relative_eq!(
            origin_large.to_array().as_slice(),
            [0.0; 10].as_slice(),
            epsilon = DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F64
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn coordinate_trait_validate_comprehensive() {
        // Test valid coordinates
        let valid_cases = [
            ([1.0, 2.0, 3.0], "positive values"),
            ([-1.0, -2.0, -3.0], "negative values"),
            ([0.0, 0.0, 0.0], "zeros"),
            ([1e10, 2e10, 3e10], "large values"),
            ([1e-10, 2e-10, 3e-10], "small values"),
        ];

        for &(coords, description) in &valid_cases {
            let coord: Point<f64, 3> = Point::new(coords);
            assert!(coord.validate().is_ok(), "Valid case failed: {description}");
        }

        // Test invalid coordinates with position and dimension validation
        let invalid_cases = [
            ([f64::NAN, 2.0, 3.0], 0, 3, "NaN at start"),
            ([1.0, f64::NAN, 3.0], 1, 3, "NaN in middle"),
            ([1.0, 2.0, f64::NAN], 2, 3, "NaN at end"),
            ([f64::INFINITY, 2.0, 3.0], 0, 3, "positive infinity"),
            ([1.0, f64::NEG_INFINITY, 3.0], 1, 3, "negative infinity"),
        ];

        for &(coords, expected_index, expected_dim, description) in &invalid_cases {
            let coord: Point<f64, 3> = Point::new(coords);
            let result = coord.validate();
            assert!(result.is_err(), "Invalid case should fail: {description}");

            if let Err(CoordinateValidationError::InvalidCoordinate {
                coordinate_index,
                dimension,
                ..
            }) = result
            {
                assert_eq!(
                    coordinate_index, expected_index,
                    "Wrong index for: {description}"
                );
                assert_eq!(
                    dimension, expected_dim,
                    "Wrong dimension for: {description}"
                );
            }
        }

        // Test first invalid coordinate is reported when multiple are invalid
        let multi_invalid: Point<f64, 4> = Point::new([f64::NAN, f64::INFINITY, f64::NAN, 1.0]);
        if let Err(CoordinateValidationError::InvalidCoordinate {
            coordinate_index,
            dimension,
            ..
        }) = multi_invalid.validate()
        {
            assert_eq!(
                coordinate_index, 0,
                "Should report first invalid coordinate"
            );
            assert_eq!(dimension, 4);
        }

        // Test different dimensions
        let invalid_1d: Point<f64, 1> = Point::new([f64::NAN]);
        if let Err(CoordinateValidationError::InvalidCoordinate { dimension, .. }) =
            invalid_1d.validate()
        {
            assert_eq!(dimension, 1);
        }

        let invalid_5d: Point<f64, 5> = Point::new([1.0, 2.0, f64::INFINITY, 4.0, 5.0]);
        if let Err(CoordinateValidationError::InvalidCoordinate {
            coordinate_index,
            dimension,
            ..
        }) = invalid_5d.validate()
        {
            assert_eq!(coordinate_index, 2);
            assert_eq!(dimension, 5);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn coordinate_trait_hash_coordinate_comprehensive() {
        // Test normal coordinates - same values should produce same hash
        let coord1: Point<f64, 3> = Point::new([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
        let coord2: Point<f64, 3> = Point::new([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
        let coord3: Point<f64, 3> = Point::new([1.0, 2.0, 4.0]);

        let mut hasher1 = DefaultHasher::new();
        let mut hasher2 = DefaultHasher::new();
        let mut hasher3 = DefaultHasher::new();
        coord1.hash_coordinate(&mut hasher1);
        coord2.hash_coordinate(&mut hasher2);
        coord3.hash_coordinate(&mut hasher3);

        assert_eq!(
            hasher1.finish(),
            hasher2.finish(),
            "Same coordinates should have same hash"
        );
        assert_ne!(
            hasher1.finish(),
            hasher3.finish(),
            "Different coordinates should have different hash"
        );

        // Test special floating-point values - NaN should hash consistently
        let nan_coord1: Point<f64, 2> = Point::new([f64::NAN, 1.0]);
        let nan_coord2: Point<f64, 2> = Point::new([f64::NAN, 1.0]);
        let mut hasher_nan1 = DefaultHasher::new();
        let mut hasher_nan2 = DefaultHasher::new();
        nan_coord1.hash_coordinate(&mut hasher_nan1);
        nan_coord2.hash_coordinate(&mut hasher_nan2);
        assert_eq!(
            hasher_nan1.finish(),
            hasher_nan2.finish(),
            "NaN coordinates should hash consistently"
        );

        // Test infinity values
        let inf_coord1: Point<f64, 2> = Point::new([f64::INFINITY, 1.0]);
        let inf_coord2: Point<f64, 2> = Point::new([f64::INFINITY, 1.0]);
        let mut hasher_inf1 = DefaultHasher::new();
        let mut hasher_inf2 = DefaultHasher::new();
        inf_coord1.hash_coordinate(&mut hasher_inf1);
        inf_coord2.hash_coordinate(&mut hasher_inf2);
        assert_eq!(
            hasher_inf1.finish(),
            hasher_inf2.finish(),
            "Infinity coordinates should hash consistently"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn coordinate_trait_ordered_equals_comprehensive() {
        // Test normal values
        let coord1: Point<f64, 3> = Point::new([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
        let coord2: Point<f64, 3> = Point::new([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
        let coord3: Point<f64, 3> = Point::new([1.0, 2.0, 4.0]);
        assert!(coord1.ordered_equals(&coord2));
        assert!(coord2.ordered_equals(&coord1));
        assert!(!coord1.ordered_equals(&coord3));

        // Test NaN values - should be equal to themselves
        let nan_coord1: Point<f64, 3> = Point::new([f64::NAN, 2.0, 3.0]);
        let nan_coord2: Point<f64, 3> = Point::new([f64::NAN, 2.0, 3.0]);
        let normal_coord: Point<f64, 3> = Point::new([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
        assert!(nan_coord1.ordered_equals(&nan_coord2));
        assert!(!nan_coord1.ordered_equals(&normal_coord));

        // Multiple NaN coordinates
        let multi_nan1: Point<f64, 3> = Point::new([f64::NAN, f64::NAN, 3.0]);
        let multi_nan2: Point<f64, 3> = Point::new([f64::NAN, f64::NAN, 3.0]);
        assert!(multi_nan1.ordered_equals(&multi_nan2));

        // Test infinity values
        let inf_coord1: Point<f64, 2> = Point::new([f64::INFINITY, 2.0]);
        let inf_coord2: Point<f64, 2> = Point::new([f64::INFINITY, 2.0]);
        let neg_inf_coord: Point<f64, 2> = Point::new([f64::NEG_INFINITY, 2.0]);
        assert!(inf_coord1.ordered_equals(&inf_coord2));
        assert!(!inf_coord1.ordered_equals(&neg_inf_coord));

        // Test mixed special values
        let mixed1: Point<f64, 4> = Point::new([f64::NAN, f64::INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY, 1.0]);
        let mixed2: Point<f64, 4> = Point::new([f64::NAN, f64::INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY, 1.0]);
        let mixed3: Point<f64, 4> = Point::new([f64::NAN, f64::INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY, 2.0]);
        assert!(mixed1.ordered_equals(&mixed2));
        assert!(!mixed1.ordered_equals(&mixed3));
    }

    #[test]
    fn coordinate_validation_error_properties() {
        // Test CoordinateValidationError properties
        let error = CoordinateValidationError::InvalidCoordinate {
            coordinate_index: 1,
            coordinate_value: "NaN".to_string(),
            dimension: 3,
        };

        // Test Debug trait
        let debug_str = format!("{error:?}");
        assert!(debug_str.contains("InvalidCoordinate"));
        assert!(debug_str.contains("coordinate_index: 1"));
        assert!(debug_str.contains("dimension: 3"));

        // Test Display trait (from Error trait)
        let display_str = format!("{error}");
        assert!(display_str.contains("Invalid coordinate at index 1 in dimension 3: NaN"));

        // Test Clone and PartialEq
        let error_clone = error.clone();
        assert_eq!(error, error_clone);

        let different_error = CoordinateValidationError::InvalidCoordinate {
            coordinate_index: 2,
            coordinate_value: "inf".to_string(),
            dimension: 3,
        };
        assert_ne!(error, different_error);
    }

    #[test]
    fn coordinate_scalar_default_tolerance() {
        // Test using tolerance in generic function
        fn test_tolerance<T: CoordinateScalar>(a: T, b: T) -> bool {
            (a - b).abs() < T::default_tolerance()
        }

        // Test that default_tolerance returns the expected values
        assert_relative_eq!(
            f32::default_tolerance(),
            DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F32,
            epsilon = f32::EPSILON
        );
        assert_relative_eq!(
            f64::default_tolerance(),
            DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F64,
            epsilon = f64::EPSILON
        );

        // Test that the tolerance values are reasonable
        assert_relative_eq!(f32::default_tolerance(), 1e-6_f32, epsilon = f32::EPSILON);
        assert_relative_eq!(f64::default_tolerance(), 1e-15_f64, epsilon = f64::EPSILON);

        // Test with f32
        let a_f32 = 1.0f32;
        let b_f32 = 1.0f32 + f32::default_tolerance() / 2.0;
        assert!(test_tolerance(a_f32, b_f32));

        // Test with f64
        let a_f64 = 1.0f64;
        let b_f64 = 1.0f64 + f64::default_tolerance() / 2.0;
        assert!(test_tolerance(a_f64, b_f64));

        // Test that tolerance values are different for different types
        assert!(f64::from(f32::default_tolerance()) > f64::default_tolerance());
    }

    #[test]
    fn coordinate_trait_hash_collision_resistance() {
        // Test that different coordinates produce different hashes (basic collision resistance)
        use std::collections::HashSet;
        let mut hashes = HashSet::new();

        // Generate diverse coordinates to test hash distribution
        let test_coords = [
            [1.0, 2.0, 3.0],
            [1.1, 2.0, 3.0],
            [1.0, 2.1, 3.0],
            [1.0, 2.0, 3.1],
            [0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
            [-1.0, -2.0, -3.0],
            [1e10, 1e-10, 0.0],
        ];

        for coords in test_coords {
            let coord: Point<f64, 3> = Point::new(coords);
            let mut hash_builder = DefaultHasher::new();
            coord.hash_coordinate(&mut hash_builder);
            hashes.insert(hash_builder.finish());
        }

        // All test coordinates should produce unique hashes
        assert_eq!(
            hashes.len(),
            test_coords.len(),
            "Hash collision detected in basic test set"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn coordinate_constants_correctness() {
        // Test that the tolerance constants are reasonable
        // (These are compile-time constants, so the assertions are about correctness, not runtime behavior)
        const _F32_POSITIVE: () = assert!(DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F32 > 0.0);
        const _F64_POSITIVE: () = assert!(DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F64 > 0.0);

        // Test relative ordering of tolerances
        assert!(f64::from(DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F32) > DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F64);

        // Test exact values using relative comparison to avoid float_cmp clippy warnings
        assert_relative_eq!(DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F32, 1e-6, epsilon = f32::EPSILON);
        assert_relative_eq!(DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_F64, 1e-15, epsilon = f64::EPSILON);
    }

    #[test]
    fn coordinate_scalar_trait_bounds_comprehensive() {
        // Test that CoordinateScalar implementations have all required trait bounds
        fn test_bounds<T: CoordinateScalar>() {
            let zero = T::zero();
            let nan = T::nan();

            // Test key trait requirements
            assert!(zero.ordered_eq(&T::zero()));
            assert!(nan.ordered_eq(&T::nan())); // NaN should equal itself
            assert!(zero.is_finite_generic());
            assert!(!nan.is_finite_generic());
            assert_eq!(T::default(), T::zero());
            assert!(T::default_tolerance() > T::zero());
            assert!(T::mantissa_digits() > 0);
        }

        // Test both scalar types
        test_bounds::<f32>();
        test_bounds::<f64>();

        // Verify expected values
        assert_eq!(f32::mantissa_digits(), 24);
        assert_eq!(f64::mantissa_digits(), 53);
        assert_relative_eq!(f32::default_tolerance(), 1e-6_f32, epsilon = f32::EPSILON);
        assert_relative_eq!(f64::default_tolerance(), 1e-15_f64, epsilon = f64::EPSILON);
    }

    #[test]
    fn coordinate_validation_error_source_trait() {
        // Test that CoordinateValidationError implements source() from std::error::Error
        use std::error::Error;

        let error = CoordinateValidationError::InvalidCoordinate {
            coordinate_index: 1,
            coordinate_value: "NaN".to_string(),
            dimension: 3,
        };

        // Test source() method - should return None for this error type
        assert!(error.source().is_none());

        // Test that it can be converted to a boxed error
        let _boxed_error: Box<dyn Error> = Box::new(error.clone());

        // Test error chain handling
        let error_ref: &dyn Error = &error;
        assert_eq!(error_ref.to_string(), error.to_string());
    }

    #[test]
    fn coordinate_trait_dimension_consistency() {
        // Test that dimension is compile-time constant
        const DIM_1D: usize = 1;
        const DIM_7D: usize = 7;

        // Test that dimension methods are consistent across different coordinate types

        // Test various dimensions to ensure const generic consistency
        let coord_1d: Point<f64, 1> = Point::new([42.0]);
        assert_eq!(coord_1d.dim(), 1);
        assert_eq!(coord_1d.to_array().len(), 1);

        let coord_7d: Point<f64, 7> = Point::new([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0]);
        assert_eq!(coord_7d.dim(), 7);
        assert_eq!(coord_7d.to_array().len(), 7);

        // Test dimension consistency with compile-time constants
        assert_eq!(coord_1d.dim(), DIM_1D);
        assert_eq!(coord_7d.dim(), DIM_7D);
    }
}