[](https://anaconda.org/bioconda/deacon) [](https://crates.io/crates/deacon)  [](https://anaconda.org/bioconda/deacon) [](https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.09.658732)
# Deacon
<div align="center"><img src="deacon.png" width="180" alt="Logo"></div>
Fast minimizer-based search and depletion of FASTA/FASTQ files and streams. Default parameters balance sensitivity and specificity for microbial (meta)genomic host depletion, for which a validated prebuilt index is available. Classification sensitivity, specificity and memory requirements can be tuned by varying *k*-mer length (`-k`), minimizer window size (`-w`), and match thresholds (`-a` and `-r`) per query. Minimizer `k` and `w` are chosen at index time, while the match thresholds can be varied at filter time. Sequences must meet both an absolute threshold (`-a`, default 2 minimizer hits) and a relative threshold (`-r`, default 0.01 or 1% of minimizers) to be considered a match. Short and/or paired reads are supported: A match in either mate causes both mates in the pair to be retained or discarded. Sequences can optionally be renamed for privacy and smaller file sizes. Deacon reports filtering performance during execution and optionally writes a JSON summary on completion. Gzip, zst and xz compression formats are natively supported and detected by file extension.
Building on [simd-minimizers](https://github.com/rust-seq/simd-minimizers), Deacon is capable of filtering compressed long reads at >500Mbp/s and indexing a human genome in <30s (Apple M1). Filtering at >1Gbp/s is possible with uncompressed input. Peak memory usage during filtering is 5GB for the default panhuman index. Use Zstandard (zst) compression and/or pipe output to an external compressor such as `pigz` for best performance.
Benchmarks for panhuman host depletion of complex microbial metagenomes are described in a [preprint](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658732v1). Among tested approaches, Deacon with the panhuman-1 (*k*=31, w=15) index exhibited the highest balanced accuracy for both long and short simulated reads. Deacon was however less specific than Hostile for short reads.
> [!IMPORTANT]
> Deacon is still unstable, so please carefully review the CHANGELOG when updating. Version 0.7.0 for instance introduced a new index format (version 2) that is not backwards compatible. Please report any problems you encounter by creating an issue or using the email address in my profile.
## Install
### conda/mamba/pixi [](https://anaconda.org/bioconda/deacon)
```bash
conda install -c bioconda deacon
```
### cargo [](https://crates.io/crates/deacon)
```bash
cargo install deacon
```
## Usage
### Indexing
Build indexes with `deacon index build`. For human host depletion, the prebuilt validated panhuman index is recommended, available for download below from either Zenodo or fast object storage. Object storage is provided by the [ModMedMicro research unit](https://www.expmedndm.ox.ac.uk/modernising-medical-microbiology) at the University of Oxford.
```shell
deacon index build chm13v2.fa > human.k31w15.idx
# Discard very low entropy minimizers
deacon index build -e 0.5 chm13v2.fa > human.k31w15e5.idx
```
#### Prebuilt indexes
| Name/URL | Composition | Minimizers | Subtracted minimizers | Size | Date |
| :----------------------------------------------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------: | ----------- | --------------------- | ----- | ------- |
| **panhuman-1 (*k*=31, *w*=15)** [Cloud](https://objectstorage.uk-london-1.oraclecloud.com/n/lrbvkel2wjot/b/human-genome-bucket/o/deacon/2/panhuman-1.k31w15.idx), [Zenodo](https://zenodo.org/records/15838532) | ([HPRC Year 1](https://github.com/human-pangenomics/HPP_Year1_Assemblies/blob/main/assembly_index/Year1_assemblies_v2_genbank.index) ∪ [CHM13v2.0](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/11828891) ∪ [GRCh38.p14](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCF_000001405.40)) - bacteria (FDA-ARGOS) - viruses (RefSeq) | 409,913,780 | 20,781 (**0.0051%**) | 3.7GB | 2025-07 |
### Filtering
The command `deacon filter` accepts an index path followed by up to two query FASTA/FASTQ file paths, depending on whether query sequences originate from stdin, a single file, or paired input files. Paired queries are supported as either separate files or interleaved stdin, and written interleaved to either stdout or file, or else to separate paired output files. For paired reads, distinct minimizer hits originating from either mate are counted. By default, query sequences must meet both an absolute threshold of 2 minimizer hits (`-a 2`) and a relative threshold of 1% of minimizers (`-r 0.01`) to pass the filter. Filtering can be inverted for e.g. host depletion using the `--deplete` (`-d`) flag. Gzip, Zstandard, and xz compression formats are detected automatically by file extension. Use Zstandard compression rather than Gzip where possible for best performance.
**Examples**
```bash
# Keep only human sequences
deacon filter panhuman-1.k31w15.idx reads.fq.gz -o filt.fq.gz
# Host depletion using the panhuman-1 index and default thresholds
deacon filter -d panhuman-1.k31w15.idx reads.fq.gz -o filt.fq.gz
# Maximum sensitivity with absolute threshold of 1 and relative threshold of 0
deacon filter -d -a 1 -r 0 panhuman-1.k31w15.idx reads.fq.gz > filt.fq.gz
# More specific 10% relative match threshold
deacon filter -d -r 0.1 panhuman-1.k31w15.idx reads.fq.gz > filt.fq.gz
# Stdin and stdout
zcat reads.fq.gz | deacon filter -d panhuman-1.k31w15.idx > filt.fq
# Faster Zstandard compression
deacon filter -d panhuman-1.k31w15.idx reads.fq.zst -o filt.fq.zst
# Fast gzip with pigz
deacon filter -d panhuman-1.k31w15.idx reads.fq.gz | pigz > filt.fq.gz
# Paired reads
deacon filter -d panhuman-1.k31w15.idx r1.fq.gz r2.fq.gz > filt12.fq
deacon filter -d panhuman-1.k31w15.idx r1.fq.gz r2.fq.gz -o filt.r1.fq.gz -O filt.r2.fq.gz
zcat r12.fq.gz | deacon filter -d panhuman-1.k31w15.idx - - > filt12.fq
# Save summary JSON
deacon filter -d panhuman-1.k31w15.idx reads.fq.gz -o filt.fq.gz -s summary.json
# Replace read headers with incrementing integers
deacon filter -d -R panhuman-1.k31w15.idx reads.fq.gz > filt.fq
# Only look for minimizer hits inside the first 1000bp per record
deacon filter -d -p 1000 panhuman-1.k31w15.idx reads.fq.gz > filt.fq
# Debug mode: see sequences with minimizer hits in stderr
deacon filter -d --debug panhuman-1.k31w15.idx reads.fq.gz > filt.fq
```
## Command line reference
### Filtering
```bash
$ deacon filter -h
Keep or discard DNA fastx records with sufficient minimizer hits to the index
Usage: deacon filter [OPTIONS] <INDEX> [INPUT] [INPUT2]
Arguments:
<INDEX> Path to minimizer index file
[INPUT] Optional path to fastx file (or - for stdin) [default: -]
[INPUT2] Optional path to second paired fastx file (or - for interleaved stdin)
Options:
-o, --output <OUTPUT>
Path to output fastx file (or - for stdout; detects .gz and .zst) [default: -]
-O, --output2 <OUTPUT2>
Optional path to second paired output fastx file (detects .gz and .zst)
-a, --abs-threshold <ABS_THRESHOLD>
Minimum absolute number of minimizer hits for a match [default: 2]
-r, --rel-threshold <REL_THRESHOLD>
Minimum relative proportion (0.0-1.0) of minimizer hits for a match [default: 0.01]
-p, --prefix-length <PREFIX_LENGTH>
Search only the first N nucleotides per sequence (0 = entire sequence) [default: 0]
-d, --deplete
Discard matching sequences (invert filtering behaviour)
-R, --rename
Replace sequence headers with incrementing numbers
-s, --summary <SUMMARY>
Path to JSON summary output file
-t, --threads <THREADS>
Number of execution threads (0 = auto) [default: 8]
--compression-level <COMPRESSION_LEVEL>
Output compression level (1-9 for gz & xz; 1-22 for zstd) [default: 2]
--debug
Output sequences with minimizer hits to stderr
-q, --quiet
Suppress progress reporting
-h, --help
Print help
```
### Indexing
```bash
$ deacon index -h
Create and compose minimizer indexes
Usage: deacon index <COMMAND>
Commands:
build Index minimizers contained within a fastx file
info Show index information
union Combine multiple minimizer indexes (A ∪ B…)
diff Subtract minimizers in one index from another (A - B)
help Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)
Options:
-h, --help Print help
```
```bash
$ deacon index build -h
Index minimizers contained within a fastx file
Usage: deacon index build [OPTIONS] <INPUT>
Arguments:
<INPUT> Path to input fastx file (supports gz, zst and xz compression)
Options:
-k <KMER_LENGTH>
K-mer length used for indexing (1-32) [default: 31]
-w <WINDOW_SIZE>
Minimizer window size used for indexing [default: 15]
-o, --output <OUTPUT>
Path to output file (- for stdout) [default: -]
-c, --capacity <CAPACITY_MILLIONS>
Preallocated index capacity in millions of minimizers [default: 400]
-t, --threads <THREADS>
Number of execution threads (0 = auto) [default: 8]
-q, --quiet
Suppress sequence header output
-e, --entropy-threshold <ENTROPY_THRESHOLD>
Minimum scaled entropy threshold for k-mer filtering (0.0-1.0)
-h, --help
Print help
```
## Building custom indexes
Building custom Deacon indexes is quite fast. Nevertheless, when indexing many large genomes, it may be worthwhile separately indexing and subsequently combining indexes into one succinct index. Combine distinct minimizers from multiple indexes using `deacon index union`. Similarly, use `deacon index diff` to subtract the minimizers contained in one index from another. This can be helpful for e.g. eliminating shared minimizers between the target and host genomes when building custom (non-human) indexes for host depletion.
- Use `deacon index union 1.idx 2.idx 3.idx… > 1+2+3.idx` to succinctly combine two (or more!) deacon indexes.
- Use `deacon index diff 1.idx 2.idx > 1-2.idx` to subtract minimizers in fungi.idx from host.idx. Useful for masking out shared minimizer content between e.g. target and host genomes.
- In version `0.7.0` and above, `deacon index diff` also supports subtracting minimizers from an index using a fastx file or stream, e.g. `deacon index diff 1.idx 2.fa.gz > 1-2.idx` or ``zcat *.fa.gz | deacon index diff 1.idx - > 1-2.idx`.
For best performance, set the `--capacity` argument of `deacon index build` to a number of minimizers in millions greater than that you expect your index to contain. Setting this too low will cause delays during indexing for hash table resizing.
## Filtering summary statistics
Use `-s summary.json` to save detailed filtering statistics:
```json
{
"version": "deacon 0.8.0",
"index": "panhuman-1.k31w15.idx",
"input": "HG02334.1m.fastq.gz",
"input2": null,
"output": "-",
"output2": null,
"k": 31,
"w": 15,
"abs_threshold": 2,
"rel_threshold": 0.01,
"prefix_length": 0,
"deplete": true,
"rename": false,
"seqs_in": 1000000,
"seqs_out": 13452,
"seqs_removed": 986548,
"seqs_removed_proportion": 0.986548,
"bp_in": 5477122928,
"bp_out": 5710050,
"bp_removed": 5471412878,
"bp_removed_proportion": 0.9989574727324798,
"time": 125.755103875,
"seqs_per_second": 7951,
"bp_per_second": 43553881
}
```
## Citation
[](https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.09.658732)
> Bede Constantinides, John Lees, Derrick W Crook. "Deacon: fast sequence filtering and contaminant depletion" *bioRxiv* 2025.06.09.658732, https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.09.658732
Please also consider citing the SimdMinimizers paper:
> Ragnar Groot Koerkamp, Igor Martayan. "SimdMinimizers: Computing random minimizers, *fast*" *bioRxiv* 2025.01.27.634998, https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.27.634998
