datum_net/

stream_ref.rs

//! Remote StreamRefs carriers.
//!
//! `datum-core` owns the protobuf protocol and state machine. This module is
//! the carrier layer: it length-prefixes protobuf frames and pumps them over
//! reliable, ordered bidirectional byte streams such as QUIC or plaintext TCP.

use std::{
    collections::VecDeque,
    future::Future,
    net::SocketAddr,
    sync::{
        Arc, Mutex, OnceLock,
        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
        mpsc,
    },
    thread,
};

use bytes::{Buf, BytesMut};
use datum::{
    NotUsed, Sink, Source, SourceRef, StreamCompletion, StreamError, StreamRefFrame, StreamRefId,
    StreamRefMessage, StreamRefOutbound, StreamRefPayload, StreamRefPayloadBatch,
    StreamRefProtoConsumer, StreamRefProtoEndpoint, StreamRefProtoProducer, StreamRefSettings,
    StreamResult,
    actor::stream_ref_proto::{StreamRefOutboundPoll, StreamRefProtoEndpointWake},
};
use tokio::{
    io::{AsyncRead, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWrite, AsyncWriteExt},
    net::{TcpListener, TcpStream, ToSocketAddrs},
    runtime::{Handle, Runtime},
    sync::mpsc as tokio_mpsc,
};

use crate::QuicBidirectionalStream;

const FRAME_LEN_BYTES: usize = 4;
const MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES: usize = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
const STREAM_REF_TCP_CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 8192;
const STREAM_REF_OUTBOUND_BATCH_FRAMES: usize = 64;

// Carrier wire v1 keeps protobuf for control frames. A high bit in the
// length-prefix marks compact SequencedOnNext batches: version, kind,
// stream_ref_id, first seqNr, count, then length-prefixed payloads.
const COMPACT_FRAME_FLAG: u32 = 0x8000_0000;
const COMPACT_FRAME_LEN_MASK: u32 = 0x7fff_ffff;
const COMPACT_FRAME_VERSION: u8 = 1;
const COMPACT_SEQUENCED_ON_NEXT_BATCH: u8 = 1;
const COMPACT_BATCH_HEADER_BYTES: usize = 1 + 1 + 16 + 8 + 2;
const COMPACT_BATCH_ELEMENT_LEN_BYTES: usize = 4;

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct CarrierReadMode {
    chunk_size: usize,
    emit_available: bool,
    fail_on_eof: bool,
}

impl CarrierReadMode {
    fn new(chunk_size: usize, emit_available: bool, fail_on_eof: bool) -> Self {
        assert!(chunk_size > 0, "chunk size must be greater than zero");
        Self {
            chunk_size,
            emit_available,
            fail_on_eof,
        }
    }
}

/// Counts selected StreamRefs protocol messages successfully written by a
/// carrier endpoint.
#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct StreamRefProtocolMessageCounts {
    pub cumulative_demand: u64,
    pub sequenced_on_next: u64,
    pub ack: u64,
}

/// Shared collector for StreamRefs protocol message-count diagnostics.
///
/// The carrier records counts only after the encoded frame has been written
/// successfully. This is intentionally transport-level instrumentation; it does
/// not change the protobuf protocol or wire format.
#[derive(Clone, Default)]
pub struct StreamRefProtocolDiagnostics {
    counts: Arc<Mutex<StreamRefProtocolMessageCounts>>,
}

impl StreamRefProtocolDiagnostics {
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self::default()
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn snapshot(&self) -> StreamRefProtocolMessageCounts {
        *self
            .counts
            .lock()
            .expect("stream ref protocol diagnostics poisoned")
    }

    fn record_written_outbound(&self, outbound: &StreamRefOutbound) {
        self.record_counts(outbound_counts(outbound));
    }

    fn record_counts(&self, delta: StreamRefProtocolMessageCounts) {
        if delta == StreamRefProtocolMessageCounts::default() {
            return;
        }
        let mut counts = self
            .counts
            .lock()
            .expect("stream ref protocol diagnostics poisoned");
        counts.cumulative_demand = counts
            .cumulative_demand
            .saturating_add(delta.cumulative_demand);
        counts.sequenced_on_next = counts
            .sequenced_on_next
            .saturating_add(delta.sequenced_on_next);
        counts.ack = counts.ack.saturating_add(delta.ack);
    }
}

fn outbound_counts(outbound: &StreamRefOutbound) -> StreamRefProtocolMessageCounts {
    let mut counts = StreamRefProtocolMessageCounts::default();
    match outbound {
        StreamRefOutbound::Frame(frame) => match &frame.message {
            StreamRefMessage::CumulativeDemand { .. } => {
                counts.cumulative_demand = 1;
            }
            StreamRefMessage::SequencedOnNext { .. } => {
                counts.sequenced_on_next = 1;
            }
            StreamRefMessage::Ack => {
                counts.ack = 1;
            }
            StreamRefMessage::OnSubscribeHandshake
            | StreamRefMessage::RemoteStreamCompleted { .. }
            | StreamRefMessage::RemoteStreamFailure { .. } => {}
        },
        StreamRefOutbound::SequencedBatch(batch) => {
            counts.sequenced_on_next = batch.count() as u64;
        }
    }
    counts
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct PendingDiagnostic {
    remaining: usize,
    counts: StreamRefProtocolMessageCounts,
}

/// Completion handle for a StreamRefs-over-QUIC carrier.
#[must_use = "wait for the QUIC StreamRefs carrier to observe completion or failure"]
pub struct StreamRefQuicHandle {
    receiver: mpsc::Receiver<StreamResult<NotUsed>>,
}

impl StreamRefQuicHandle {
    pub fn wait(self) -> StreamResult<NotUsed> {
        self.receiver
            .recv()
            .unwrap_or(Err(StreamError::AbruptTermination))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn try_wait(&self) -> Option<StreamResult<NotUsed>> {
        self.receiver.try_recv().ok()
    }
}

/// Local TCP listener binding used by StreamRefs-over-TCP producer endpoints.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct StreamRefTcpBinding {
    local_addr: SocketAddr,
}

impl StreamRefTcpBinding {
    #[must_use]
    pub fn local_addr(&self) -> SocketAddr {
        self.local_addr
    }
}

/// Completion handle for a StreamRefs-over-TCP carrier.
#[must_use = "wait for the TCP StreamRefs carrier to observe completion or failure"]
pub struct StreamRefTcpHandle {
    receiver: mpsc::Receiver<StreamResult<NotUsed>>,
}

impl StreamRefTcpHandle {
    pub fn wait(self) -> StreamResult<NotUsed> {
        self.receiver
            .recv()
            .unwrap_or(Err(StreamError::AbruptTermination))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn try_wait(&self) -> Option<StreamResult<NotUsed>> {
        self.receiver.try_recv().ok()
    }
}

/// Serves a local `SourceRef` over an accepted or opened QUIC bidi stream.
pub fn serve_source_ref_over_quic<T>(
    stream: QuicBidirectionalStream,
    source_ref: SourceRef<T>,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
) -> StreamResult<StreamRefQuicHandle>
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
{
    let producer = StreamRefProtoProducer::from_source_ref(source_ref, stream_ref_id, settings)?;
    Ok(drive_stream_ref_endpoint_over_quic(stream, producer, None))
}

/// Serves a local `Source` over an accepted or opened QUIC bidi stream.
pub fn serve_source_over_quic<T, Mat>(
    stream: QuicBidirectionalStream,
    source: Source<T, Mat>,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
) -> StreamResult<StreamRefQuicHandle>
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
    Mat: Send + 'static,
{
    let producer = StreamRefProtoProducer::from_source(source, stream_ref_id, settings)?;
    Ok(drive_stream_ref_endpoint_over_quic(stream, producer, None))
}

/// Creates a local source fed by a remote QUIC StreamRef producer.
pub fn source_ref_over_quic<T>(
    stream: QuicBidirectionalStream,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
) -> (Source<T, NotUsed>, StreamRefQuicHandle)
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
{
    let consumer = StreamRefProtoConsumer::new(stream_ref_id, settings);
    let source = consumer.source();
    let handle = drive_stream_ref_endpoint_over_quic(stream, consumer, None);
    (source, handle)
}

/// Serves a local `SinkRef` receiver over an accepted or opened QUIC bidi
/// stream, returning a [`Source`] of inbound elements.
///
/// This is the local/receiver side of the SinkRef-over-QUIC pair: the remote
/// sender pushes elements into a [`sink_ref_over_quic`](fn.sink_ref_over_quic)
/// `Sink`, and this side surfaces them as a `Source`. The caller runs the
/// returned source into a local `Sink` (for example `Sink::collect` or a fold).
pub fn serve_sink_ref_over_quic<T>(
    stream: QuicBidirectionalStream,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
) -> (Source<T, NotUsed>, StreamRefQuicHandle)
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
{
    let consumer = StreamRefProtoConsumer::new(stream_ref_id, settings);
    let source = consumer.source();
    let handle = drive_stream_ref_endpoint_over_quic(stream, consumer, None);
    (source, handle)
}

/// Creates a local `Sink` that sends its incoming elements over QUIC to a
/// remote `SinkRef` receiver.
pub fn sink_ref_over_quic<T>(
    stream: QuicBidirectionalStream,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
) -> (Sink<T, StreamCompletion<NotUsed>>, StreamRefQuicHandle)
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
{
    let producer = StreamRefProtoProducer::new_lazy(stream_ref_id, settings);
    let sink = producer.sink();
    let handle = drive_stream_ref_endpoint_over_quic(stream, producer, None);
    (sink, handle)
}

/// Serves a local `SourceRef` over a one-shot plaintext TCP listener.
///
/// The listener binds immediately, accepts one connection, then runs the same
/// StreamRefs protocol used by the QUIC carrier. The remote receiver should use
/// [`source_ref_over_tcp`] to open the TCP connection and send the initial
/// subscribe+demand frames.
pub fn serve_source_ref_over_tcp<T, A>(
    addr: A,
    source_ref: SourceRef<T>,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
) -> StreamResult<(StreamRefTcpBinding, StreamRefTcpHandle)>
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
    A: ToSocketAddrs + Send + 'static,
{
    serve_source_ref_over_tcp_with_diagnostics(addr, source_ref, stream_ref_id, settings, None)
}

pub fn serve_source_ref_over_tcp_with_diagnostics<T, A>(
    addr: A,
    source_ref: SourceRef<T>,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
    diagnostics: Option<StreamRefProtocolDiagnostics>,
) -> StreamResult<(StreamRefTcpBinding, StreamRefTcpHandle)>
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
    A: ToSocketAddrs + Send + 'static,
{
    let producer = StreamRefProtoProducer::from_source_ref(source_ref, stream_ref_id, settings)?;
    let (listener, binding, handle) = bind_tcp_listener(addr)?;
    Ok((
        binding,
        drive_stream_ref_endpoint_over_tcp_listener(listener, handle, producer, diagnostics),
    ))
}

/// Serves a local `SourceRef` over an already-connected Tokio TCP stream.
///
/// This is the stream-shaped counterpart to [`serve_source_ref_over_tcp`],
/// intended for callers that own listener lifecycle separately, such as a
/// benchmark server that reuses one bound listener across operations.
pub fn serve_source_ref_over_tcp_stream<T>(
    stream: TcpStream,
    source_ref: SourceRef<T>,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
) -> StreamResult<StreamRefTcpHandle>
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
{
    serve_source_ref_over_tcp_stream_with_diagnostics(
        stream,
        source_ref,
        stream_ref_id,
        settings,
        None,
    )
}

pub fn serve_source_ref_over_tcp_stream_with_diagnostics<T>(
    stream: TcpStream,
    source_ref: SourceRef<T>,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
    diagnostics: Option<StreamRefProtocolDiagnostics>,
) -> StreamResult<StreamRefTcpHandle>
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
{
    let producer = StreamRefProtoProducer::from_source_ref(source_ref, stream_ref_id, settings)?;
    let handle = current_tokio_handle()?;
    Ok(drive_stream_ref_endpoint_over_tcp_stream(
        stream,
        handle,
        producer,
        diagnostics,
    ))
}

/// Creates a local source fed by a remote plaintext TCP StreamRef producer.
///
/// This receiver side opens the TCP connection and, once the returned source is
/// materialized, sends the initial handshake and cumulative demand.
pub fn source_ref_over_tcp<T, A>(
    addr: A,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
) -> StreamResult<(Source<T, NotUsed>, StreamRefTcpHandle)>
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
    A: ToSocketAddrs + Send + 'static,
{
    source_ref_over_tcp_with_diagnostics(addr, stream_ref_id, settings, None)
}

pub fn source_ref_over_tcp_with_diagnostics<T, A>(
    addr: A,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
    diagnostics: Option<StreamRefProtocolDiagnostics>,
) -> StreamResult<(Source<T, NotUsed>, StreamRefTcpHandle)>
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
    A: ToSocketAddrs + Send + 'static,
{
    let consumer = StreamRefProtoConsumer::new(stream_ref_id, settings);
    let source = consumer.source();
    let (stream, handle) = connect_tcp_stream(addr)?;
    let handle = drive_stream_ref_endpoint_over_tcp_stream(stream, handle, consumer, diagnostics);
    Ok((source, handle))
}

/// Creates a local source fed by a remote producer over an already-connected
/// Tokio TCP stream.
pub fn source_ref_over_tcp_stream<T>(
    stream: TcpStream,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
) -> StreamResult<(Source<T, NotUsed>, StreamRefTcpHandle)>
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
{
    source_ref_over_tcp_stream_with_diagnostics(stream, stream_ref_id, settings, None)
}

pub fn source_ref_over_tcp_stream_with_diagnostics<T>(
    stream: TcpStream,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
    diagnostics: Option<StreamRefProtocolDiagnostics>,
) -> StreamResult<(Source<T, NotUsed>, StreamRefTcpHandle)>
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
{
    let consumer = StreamRefProtoConsumer::new(stream_ref_id, settings);
    let source = consumer.source();
    let handle = current_tokio_handle()?;
    let handle = drive_stream_ref_endpoint_over_tcp_stream(stream, handle, consumer, diagnostics);
    Ok((source, handle))
}

/// Serves a remote `SinkRef` receiver over plaintext TCP.
///
/// This receiver side opens the TCP connection to a sender created with
/// [`sink_ref_over_tcp`] and, once the returned source is materialized, sends
/// the initial handshake and cumulative demand.
pub fn serve_sink_ref_over_tcp<T, A>(
    addr: A,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
) -> StreamResult<(Source<T, NotUsed>, StreamRefTcpHandle)>
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
    A: ToSocketAddrs + Send + 'static,
{
    serve_sink_ref_over_tcp_with_diagnostics(addr, stream_ref_id, settings, None)
}

pub fn serve_sink_ref_over_tcp_with_diagnostics<T, A>(
    addr: A,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
    diagnostics: Option<StreamRefProtocolDiagnostics>,
) -> StreamResult<(Source<T, NotUsed>, StreamRefTcpHandle)>
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
    A: ToSocketAddrs + Send + 'static,
{
    let consumer = StreamRefProtoConsumer::new(stream_ref_id, settings);
    let source = consumer.source();
    let (stream, handle) = connect_tcp_stream(addr)?;
    let handle = drive_stream_ref_endpoint_over_tcp_stream(stream, handle, consumer, diagnostics);
    Ok((source, handle))
}

/// Serves a remote `SinkRef` receiver over an already-connected Tokio TCP
/// stream.
pub fn serve_sink_ref_over_tcp_stream<T>(
    stream: TcpStream,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
) -> StreamResult<(Source<T, NotUsed>, StreamRefTcpHandle)>
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
{
    serve_sink_ref_over_tcp_stream_with_diagnostics(stream, stream_ref_id, settings, None)
}

pub fn serve_sink_ref_over_tcp_stream_with_diagnostics<T>(
    stream: TcpStream,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
    diagnostics: Option<StreamRefProtocolDiagnostics>,
) -> StreamResult<(Source<T, NotUsed>, StreamRefTcpHandle)>
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
{
    let consumer = StreamRefProtoConsumer::new(stream_ref_id, settings);
    let source = consumer.source();
    let handle = current_tokio_handle()?;
    let handle = drive_stream_ref_endpoint_over_tcp_stream(stream, handle, consumer, diagnostics);
    Ok((source, handle))
}

/// Creates a local `Sink` whose incoming elements are sent over a one-shot
/// plaintext TCP listener to a remote `SinkRef` receiver.
///
/// The producer/listener side waits for the receiver to open the TCP
/// connection. This mirrors the QUIC SinkRef direction where the receiver
/// opens the bidi stream so its handshake+demand establish the stream before
/// the producer has elements to send.
pub fn sink_ref_over_tcp<T, A>(
    addr: A,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
) -> StreamResult<(
    Sink<T, StreamCompletion<NotUsed>>,
    StreamRefTcpBinding,
    StreamRefTcpHandle,
)>
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
    A: ToSocketAddrs + Send + 'static,
{
    sink_ref_over_tcp_with_diagnostics(addr, stream_ref_id, settings, None)
}

pub fn sink_ref_over_tcp_with_diagnostics<T, A>(
    addr: A,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
    diagnostics: Option<StreamRefProtocolDiagnostics>,
) -> StreamResult<(
    Sink<T, StreamCompletion<NotUsed>>,
    StreamRefTcpBinding,
    StreamRefTcpHandle,
)>
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
    A: ToSocketAddrs + Send + 'static,
{
    let producer = StreamRefProtoProducer::new_lazy(stream_ref_id, settings);
    let sink = producer.sink();
    let (listener, binding, handle) = bind_tcp_listener(addr)?;
    let handle =
        drive_stream_ref_endpoint_over_tcp_listener(listener, handle, producer, diagnostics);
    Ok((sink, binding, handle))
}

/// Creates a local `Sink` whose incoming elements are sent over an
/// already-connected Tokio TCP stream to a remote `SinkRef` receiver.
pub fn sink_ref_over_tcp_stream<T>(
    stream: TcpStream,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
) -> StreamResult<(Sink<T, StreamCompletion<NotUsed>>, StreamRefTcpHandle)>
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
{
    sink_ref_over_tcp_stream_with_diagnostics(stream, stream_ref_id, settings, None)
}

pub fn sink_ref_over_tcp_stream_with_diagnostics<T>(
    stream: TcpStream,
    stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
    settings: StreamRefSettings,
    diagnostics: Option<StreamRefProtocolDiagnostics>,
) -> StreamResult<(Sink<T, StreamCompletion<NotUsed>>, StreamRefTcpHandle)>
where
    T: StreamRefPayload,
{
    let producer = StreamRefProtoProducer::new_lazy(stream_ref_id, settings);
    let sink = producer.sink();
    let handle = current_tokio_handle()?;
    let handle = drive_stream_ref_endpoint_over_tcp_stream(stream, handle, producer, diagnostics);
    Ok((sink, handle))
}

fn drive_stream_ref_endpoint_over_quic<E>(
    stream: QuicBidirectionalStream,
    endpoint: E,
    diagnostics: Option<StreamRefProtocolDiagnostics>,
) -> StreamRefQuicHandle
where
    E: StreamRefProtoEndpoint,
{
    let (reader, writer, handle, chunk_size, emit_available) = stream.into_stream_ref_parts();
    let read_mode = CarrierReadMode::new(chunk_size, emit_available, false);
    StreamRefQuicHandle {
        receiver: spawn_carrier_thread(move || {
            run_stream_ref_endpoint_io(reader, writer, endpoint, handle, read_mode, diagnostics)
        }),
    }
}

fn drive_stream_ref_endpoint_over_tcp_listener<E>(
    listener: TcpListener,
    handle: Handle,
    endpoint: E,
    diagnostics: Option<StreamRefProtocolDiagnostics>,
) -> StreamRefTcpHandle
where
    E: StreamRefProtoEndpointWake,
{
    StreamRefTcpHandle {
        receiver: spawn_tcp_endpoint_task(&handle, async move {
            let (stream, _) = listener.accept().await.map_err(io_error)?;
            run_stream_ref_endpoint_tcp_task(stream, endpoint, diagnostics).await
        }),
    }
}

fn drive_stream_ref_endpoint_over_tcp_stream<E>(
    stream: TcpStream,
    handle: Handle,
    endpoint: E,
    diagnostics: Option<StreamRefProtocolDiagnostics>,
) -> StreamRefTcpHandle
where
    E: StreamRefProtoEndpointWake,
{
    StreamRefTcpHandle {
        receiver: spawn_tcp_endpoint_task(&handle, async move {
            run_stream_ref_endpoint_tcp_task(stream, endpoint, diagnostics).await
        }),
    }
}

fn run_stream_ref_endpoint_io<R, W, E>(
    reader: R,
    writer: W,
    endpoint: E,
    handle: Handle,
    read_mode: CarrierReadMode,
    diagnostics: Option<StreamRefProtocolDiagnostics>,
) -> StreamResult<NotUsed>
where
    R: AsyncRead + Unpin + Send + 'static,
    W: AsyncWrite + Unpin + Send + 'static,
    E: StreamRefProtoEndpoint,
{
    // Quinn may report a read-side connection loss while a peer tears down the
    // connection after the StreamRefs protocol has already completed.
    let outbound_completed = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
    let outbound_endpoint = endpoint.clone();
    let outbound_handle = handle.clone();
    let outbound_completed_for_writer = Arc::clone(&outbound_completed);
    let outbound_thread = thread::spawn(move || {
        let result = run_outbound_frames(
            writer,
            outbound_endpoint.clone(),
            outbound_handle,
            diagnostics,
        );
        match &result {
            Ok(_) => outbound_completed_for_writer.store(true, Ordering::Release),
            Err(error) => outbound_endpoint.fail_connection(error.clone()),
        }
        result
    });

    let inbound_endpoint = endpoint.clone();
    let outbound_completed_for_reader = Arc::clone(&outbound_completed);
    let inbound_thread = thread::spawn(move || {
        let result = run_inbound_frames(reader, inbound_endpoint.clone(), handle, read_mode);
        if let Err(error) = &result {
            if outbound_completed_for_reader.load(Ordering::Acquire) && is_quic_teardown_loss(error)
            {
                return Ok(NotUsed);
            }
            inbound_endpoint.fail_connection(error.clone());
        }
        result
    });

    let outbound = join_carrier_thread(outbound_thread);
    let inbound = join_carrier_thread(inbound_thread);
    match (outbound, inbound) {
        (Err(error), _) => Err(error),
        (_, Err(error)) => Err(error),
        (Ok(()), Ok(())) => Ok(NotUsed),
    }
}

async fn run_stream_ref_endpoint_tcp_task<E>(
    stream: TcpStream,
    endpoint: E,
    diagnostics: Option<StreamRefProtocolDiagnostics>,
) -> StreamResult<NotUsed>
where
    E: StreamRefProtoEndpointWake,
{
    let (wake_sender, wake_receiver) = tokio_mpsc::channel(1);
    endpoint.install_outbound_wake(wake_sender.clone());
    let _ = wake_sender.try_send(());

    let result = TcpEndpointTask {
        stream,
        endpoint: endpoint.clone(),
        diagnostics,
        read_mode: CarrierReadMode::new(STREAM_REF_TCP_CHUNK_SIZE, true, true),
        decoder: FrameDecoder::default(),
        read_buffer: BytesMut::with_capacity(STREAM_REF_TCP_CHUNK_SIZE),
        pending_tail: Vec::with_capacity(STREAM_REF_TCP_CHUNK_SIZE),
        write_buffer: BytesMut::with_capacity(STREAM_REF_TCP_CHUNK_SIZE),
        encode_buffer: Vec::with_capacity(STREAM_REF_TCP_CHUNK_SIZE),
        pending_diagnostics: VecDeque::new(),
        outbound_closed: false,
        write_shutdown: false,
        wake_receiver,
    }
    .run()
    .await;

    endpoint.clear_outbound_wake();
    if let Err(error) = &result {
        endpoint.fail_connection(error.clone());
    }
    result
}

struct TcpEndpointTask<E>
where
    E: StreamRefProtoEndpointWake,
{
    stream: TcpStream,
    endpoint: E,
    diagnostics: Option<StreamRefProtocolDiagnostics>,
    read_mode: CarrierReadMode,
    decoder: FrameDecoder,
    read_buffer: BytesMut,
    pending_tail: Vec<u8>,
    write_buffer: BytesMut,
    encode_buffer: Vec<u8>,
    pending_diagnostics: VecDeque<PendingDiagnostic>,
    outbound_closed: bool,
    write_shutdown: bool,
    wake_receiver: tokio_mpsc::Receiver<()>,
}

impl<E> TcpEndpointTask<E>
where
    E: StreamRefProtoEndpointWake,
{
    async fn run(mut self) -> StreamResult<NotUsed> {
        self.stream.set_nodelay(true).map_err(io_error)?;
        loop {
            self.drain_outbound()?;
            if !self.write_buffer.is_empty() || (self.outbound_closed && !self.write_shutdown) {
                self.flush_write_buffer().await?;
            }

            tokio::select! {
                biased;
                wake = self.wake_receiver.recv() => {
                    if wake.is_none() && !self.outbound_closed {
                        self.drain_outbound()?;
                    }
                }
                ready = self.stream.readable() => {
                    ready.map_err(io_error)?;
                    if self.read_available()? {
                        return Ok(NotUsed);
                    }
                }
                ready = self.stream.writable(), if !self.write_buffer.is_empty() || (self.outbound_closed && !self.write_shutdown) => {
                    ready.map_err(io_error)?;
                    self.flush_ready_write_buffer()?;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn drain_outbound(&mut self) -> StreamResult<()> {
        while !self.outbound_closed && self.write_buffer.len() < MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES {
            match self
                .endpoint
                .try_next_outbound(STREAM_REF_OUTBOUND_BATCH_FRAMES, MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES)
            {
                StreamRefOutboundPoll::Ready(Ok(outbound)) => {
                    encode_carrier_outbound_into(&outbound, &mut self.encode_buffer)?;
                    let encoded_len = self.encode_buffer.len();
                    if encoded_len == 0 {
                        continue;
                    }
                    if self.diagnostics.is_some() {
                        self.pending_diagnostics.push_back(PendingDiagnostic {
                            remaining: encoded_len,
                            counts: outbound_counts(&outbound),
                        });
                    }
                    self.write_buffer.extend_from_slice(&self.encode_buffer);
                }
                StreamRefOutboundPoll::Ready(Err(error)) => return Err(error),
                StreamRefOutboundPoll::Pending => break,
                StreamRefOutboundPoll::Closed => {
                    self.outbound_closed = true;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn flush_write_buffer(&mut self) -> StreamResult<()> {
        if !self.write_buffer.is_empty() {
            self.stream.writable().await.map_err(io_error)?;
            self.flush_ready_write_buffer()?;
        }
        if self.outbound_closed && self.write_buffer.is_empty() && !self.write_shutdown {
            self.stream.shutdown().await.map_err(io_error)?;
            self.write_shutdown = true;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn flush_ready_write_buffer(&mut self) -> StreamResult<()> {
        while !self.write_buffer.is_empty() {
            match self.stream.try_write(&self.write_buffer) {
                Ok(0) => {
                    return Err(StreamError::Failed(
                        "StreamRefs TCP socket accepted zero write bytes".to_owned(),
                    ));
                }
                Ok(written) => {
                    self.write_buffer.advance(written);
                    self.record_written_bytes(written);
                }
                Err(error) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => return Ok(()),
                Err(error) => return Err(io_error(error)),
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn record_written_bytes(&mut self, mut written: usize) {
        let Some(diagnostics) = &self.diagnostics else {
            return;
        };
        while written > 0 {
            let Some(front) = self.pending_diagnostics.front_mut() else {
                return;
            };
            if written < front.remaining {
                front.remaining -= written;
                return;
            }
            written -= front.remaining;
            let counts = front.counts;
            self.pending_diagnostics.pop_front();
            diagnostics.record_counts(counts);
        }
    }

    fn read_available(&mut self) -> StreamResult<bool> {
        loop {
            self.read_buffer.reserve(self.read_mode.chunk_size);
            match self.stream.try_read_buf(&mut self.read_buffer) {
                Ok(0) => return self.handle_eof(),
                Ok(_) => {
                    feed_read_bytes(
                        &mut self.decoder,
                        &self.endpoint,
                        self.read_mode,
                        &mut self.pending_tail,
                        &self.read_buffer,
                    )?;
                    self.read_buffer.clear();
                    self.drain_outbound()?;
                }
                Err(error) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => return Ok(false),
                Err(error) => return Err(io_error(error)),
            }
        }
    }

    fn handle_eof(&mut self) -> StreamResult<bool> {
        if !self.pending_tail.is_empty() {
            feed_inbound_chunk(&mut self.decoder, &self.endpoint, &self.pending_tail)?;
            self.pending_tail.clear();
        }
        if self.read_mode.fail_on_eof {
            self.endpoint
                .fail_connection(StreamError::AbruptTermination);
        }
        Ok(true)
    }
}

fn run_outbound_frames<W, E>(
    mut writer: W,
    endpoint: E,
    handle: Handle,
    diagnostics: Option<StreamRefProtocolDiagnostics>,
) -> StreamResult<NotUsed>
where
    W: AsyncWrite + Unpin + Send + 'static,
    E: StreamRefProtoEndpoint,
{
    let mut bytes = Vec::with_capacity(STREAM_REF_TCP_CHUNK_SIZE);
    loop {
        let Some(outbound) =
            endpoint.next_outbound(STREAM_REF_OUTBOUND_BATCH_FRAMES, MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES)
        else {
            handle.block_on(async {
                writer.flush().await.map_err(io_error)?;
                writer.shutdown().await.map_err(io_error)
            })?;
            return Ok(NotUsed);
        };
        let outbound = outbound?;
        encode_carrier_outbound_into(&outbound, &mut bytes)?;
        handle.block_on(async {
            writer.write_all(&bytes).await.map_err(io_error)?;
            writer.flush().await.map_err(io_error)
        })?;
        if let Some(diagnostics) = &diagnostics {
            diagnostics.record_written_outbound(&outbound);
        }
    }
}

fn run_inbound_frames<R, E>(
    mut reader: R,
    endpoint: E,
    handle: Handle,
    read_mode: CarrierReadMode,
) -> StreamResult<NotUsed>
where
    R: AsyncRead + Unpin + Send + 'static,
    E: StreamRefProtoEndpoint,
{
    handle.block_on(async move {
        let mut buffer = vec![0_u8; read_mode.chunk_size];
        let mut pending_tail = Vec::with_capacity(read_mode.chunk_size);
        let mut decoder = FrameDecoder::default();

        loop {
            let read = reader.read(&mut buffer).await.map_err(io_error)?;
            if read == 0 {
                if !pending_tail.is_empty() {
                    feed_inbound_chunk(&mut decoder, &endpoint, &pending_tail)?;
                    pending_tail.clear();
                }
                if read_mode.fail_on_eof {
                    endpoint.fail_connection(StreamError::AbruptTermination);
                }
                return Ok(NotUsed);
            }
            feed_read_bytes(
                &mut decoder,
                &endpoint,
                read_mode,
                &mut pending_tail,
                &buffer[..read],
            )?;
        }
    })
}

fn feed_read_bytes<E>(
    decoder: &mut FrameDecoder,
    endpoint: &E,
    read_mode: CarrierReadMode,
    pending_tail: &mut Vec<u8>,
    read_buffer: &[u8],
) -> StreamResult<()>
where
    E: StreamRefProtoEndpoint,
{
    if read_mode.emit_available {
        if !pending_tail.is_empty() {
            pending_tail.extend_from_slice(read_buffer);
            feed_inbound_chunk(decoder, endpoint, pending_tail)?;
            pending_tail.clear();
            return Ok(());
        }
        return feed_inbound_chunk(decoder, endpoint, read_buffer);
    }

    let mut offset = 0;
    if !pending_tail.is_empty() {
        let needed = read_mode.chunk_size - pending_tail.len();
        let take = needed.min(read_buffer.len());
        pending_tail.extend_from_slice(&read_buffer[..take]);
        offset += take;
        if pending_tail.len() == read_mode.chunk_size {
            feed_inbound_chunk(decoder, endpoint, pending_tail)?;
            pending_tail.clear();
        }
    }

    while offset + read_mode.chunk_size <= read_buffer.len() {
        let next = offset + read_mode.chunk_size;
        feed_inbound_chunk(decoder, endpoint, &read_buffer[offset..next])?;
        offset = next;
    }

    if offset < read_buffer.len() {
        pending_tail.extend_from_slice(&read_buffer[offset..]);
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn feed_inbound_chunk<E>(decoder: &mut FrameDecoder, endpoint: &E, chunk: &[u8]) -> StreamResult<()>
where
    E: StreamRefProtoEndpoint,
{
    decoder.push_chunk(chunk, endpoint)
}

fn bind_tcp_listener<A>(addr: A) -> StreamResult<(TcpListener, StreamRefTcpBinding, Handle)>
where
    A: ToSocketAddrs + Send + 'static,
{
    let runtime = stream_ref_tcp_runtime()?;
    let listener = runtime
        .block_on(async { TcpListener::bind(addr).await })
        .map_err(io_error)?;
    let local_addr = listener.local_addr().map_err(io_error)?;
    Ok((
        listener,
        StreamRefTcpBinding { local_addr },
        runtime.handle().clone(),
    ))
}

fn connect_tcp_stream<A>(addr: A) -> StreamResult<(TcpStream, Handle)>
where
    A: ToSocketAddrs + Send + 'static,
{
    let runtime = stream_ref_tcp_runtime()?;
    let stream = runtime
        .block_on(async { TcpStream::connect(addr).await })
        .map_err(io_error)?;
    stream.set_nodelay(true).map_err(io_error)?;
    Ok((stream, runtime.handle().clone()))
}

fn stream_ref_tcp_runtime() -> StreamResult<&'static Runtime> {
    static RUNTIME: OnceLock<Result<Runtime, String>> = OnceLock::new();
    match RUNTIME.get_or_init(|| {
        tokio::runtime::Builder::new_multi_thread()
            .thread_name("datum-streamref-tcp")
            .enable_all()
            .build()
            .map_err(|error| error.to_string())
    }) {
        Ok(runtime) => Ok(runtime),
        Err(error) => Err(StreamError::Failed(format!(
            "failed to start StreamRefs TCP runtime: {error}"
        ))),
    }
}

fn current_tokio_handle() -> StreamResult<Handle> {
    Handle::try_current().map_err(|error| {
        StreamError::Failed(format!(
            "StreamRefs TCP stream helper requires a current Tokio runtime: {error}"
        ))
    })
}

fn io_error(error: std::io::Error) -> StreamError {
    StreamError::Failed(error.to_string())
}

fn is_quic_teardown_loss(error: &StreamError) -> bool {
    matches!(error, StreamError::Failed(message) if message == "connection lost")
}

fn spawn_carrier_thread<F>(run: F) -> mpsc::Receiver<StreamResult<NotUsed>>
where
    F: FnOnce() -> StreamResult<NotUsed> + Send + 'static,
{
    let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
    thread::spawn(move || {
        let result = run();
        let _ = sender.send(result);
    });
    receiver
}

fn spawn_tcp_endpoint_task<F>(handle: &Handle, run: F) -> mpsc::Receiver<StreamResult<NotUsed>>
where
    F: Future<Output = StreamResult<NotUsed>> + Send + 'static,
{
    let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
    handle.spawn(async move {
        let result = run.await;
        let _ = sender.send(result);
    });
    receiver
}

fn encode_carrier_outbound_into(
    outbound: &StreamRefOutbound,
    bytes: &mut Vec<u8>,
) -> StreamResult<()> {
    bytes.clear();
    match outbound {
        StreamRefOutbound::Frame(frame) => append_protobuf_carrier_frame(frame, bytes)?,
        StreamRefOutbound::SequencedBatch(batch) => {
            append_compact_payload_batch(batch, bytes)?;
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(test)]
fn encode_carrier_frames(frames: &[StreamRefFrame]) -> StreamResult<Vec<u8>> {
    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
    let mut index = 0;
    while index < frames.len() {
        if sequenced_on_next(&frames[index]).is_some() {
            let end = sequenced_run_end(frames, index);
            append_compact_sequenced_batches(&frames[index..end], &mut bytes)?;
            index = end;
        } else {
            append_protobuf_carrier_frame(&frames[index], &mut bytes)?;
            index += 1;
        }
    }
    Ok(bytes)
}

fn append_compact_payload_batch(
    batch: &StreamRefPayloadBatch,
    bytes: &mut Vec<u8>,
) -> StreamResult<()> {
    let mut start = 0;
    while start < batch.count() {
        let mut end = start;
        let mut payload_len = COMPACT_BATCH_HEADER_BYTES;
        while end < batch.count() {
            let element_len = COMPACT_BATCH_ELEMENT_LEN_BYTES
                .checked_add(batch.payload_len(end))
                .ok_or(StreamError::LimitExceeded {
                    max: MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES as u64,
                })?;
            let next_payload_len =
                payload_len
                    .checked_add(element_len)
                    .ok_or(StreamError::LimitExceeded {
                        max: MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES as u64,
                    })?;
            if end > start
                && (next_payload_len > MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES
                    || end - start >= u16::MAX as usize)
            {
                break;
            }
            if next_payload_len > MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES {
                return Err(StreamError::LimitExceeded {
                    max: MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES as u64,
                });
            }
            payload_len = next_payload_len;
            end += 1;
        }
        append_compact_payload_batch_slice(batch, start, end, payload_len, bytes)?;
        start = end;
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn append_compact_payload_batch_slice(
    batch: &StreamRefPayloadBatch,
    start: usize,
    end: usize,
    payload_len: usize,
    bytes: &mut Vec<u8>,
) -> StreamResult<()> {
    let payload_len = u32::try_from(payload_len).map_err(|_| StreamError::LimitExceeded {
        max: MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES as u64,
    })?;
    let count = u16::try_from(end - start).map_err(|_| StreamError::LimitExceeded {
        max: u16::MAX as u64,
    })?;
    let first_seq = batch
        .first_seq_nr()
        .checked_add(start as u64)
        .ok_or_else(|| StreamError::Failed("compact StreamRefs seq_nr overflow".to_owned()))?;
    bytes.extend((COMPACT_FRAME_FLAG | payload_len).to_be_bytes());
    bytes.push(COMPACT_FRAME_VERSION);
    bytes.push(COMPACT_SEQUENCED_ON_NEXT_BATCH);
    bytes.extend(batch.stream_ref_id().to_bytes());
    bytes.extend(first_seq.to_be_bytes());
    bytes.extend(count.to_be_bytes());
    for index in start..end {
        let payload = batch.payload(index);
        let payload_len = u32::try_from(payload.len()).map_err(|_| StreamError::LimitExceeded {
            max: u32::MAX as u64,
        })?;
        bytes.extend(payload_len.to_be_bytes());
        bytes.extend(payload);
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn append_protobuf_carrier_frame(frame: &StreamRefFrame, bytes: &mut Vec<u8>) -> StreamResult<()> {
    let payload = frame.encode_to_vec();
    let len = u32::try_from(payload.len()).map_err(|_| StreamError::LimitExceeded {
        max: COMPACT_FRAME_LEN_MASK as u64,
    })?;
    if payload.len() > MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES || len > COMPACT_FRAME_LEN_MASK {
        return Err(StreamError::LimitExceeded {
            max: MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES as u64,
        });
    }
    bytes.extend(len.to_be_bytes());
    bytes.extend(payload);
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(test)]
fn append_compact_sequenced_batches(
    frames: &[StreamRefFrame],
    bytes: &mut Vec<u8>,
) -> StreamResult<()> {
    let mut start = 0;
    while start < frames.len() {
        let mut end = start;
        let mut payload_len = COMPACT_BATCH_HEADER_BYTES;
        while end < frames.len() {
            let (_, payload) = sequenced_on_next(&frames[end]).expect("sequenced frame");
            let element_len = COMPACT_BATCH_ELEMENT_LEN_BYTES
                .checked_add(payload.len())
                .ok_or(StreamError::LimitExceeded {
                    max: MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES as u64,
                })?;
            let next_payload_len =
                payload_len
                    .checked_add(element_len)
                    .ok_or(StreamError::LimitExceeded {
                        max: MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES as u64,
                    })?;
            if end > start
                && (next_payload_len > MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES
                    || end - start >= u16::MAX as usize)
            {
                break;
            }
            if next_payload_len > MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES {
                return Err(StreamError::LimitExceeded {
                    max: MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES as u64,
                });
            }
            payload_len = next_payload_len;
            end += 1;
        }
        append_compact_sequenced_batch(&frames[start..end], payload_len, bytes)?;
        start = end;
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(test)]
fn append_compact_sequenced_batch(
    frames: &[StreamRefFrame],
    payload_len: usize,
    bytes: &mut Vec<u8>,
) -> StreamResult<()> {
    let (first_seq, _) = sequenced_on_next(&frames[0]).expect("sequenced frame");
    let payload_len = u32::try_from(payload_len).map_err(|_| StreamError::LimitExceeded {
        max: MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES as u64,
    })?;
    let count = u16::try_from(frames.len()).map_err(|_| StreamError::LimitExceeded {
        max: u16::MAX as u64,
    })?;
    bytes.extend((COMPACT_FRAME_FLAG | payload_len).to_be_bytes());
    bytes.push(COMPACT_FRAME_VERSION);
    bytes.push(COMPACT_SEQUENCED_ON_NEXT_BATCH);
    bytes.extend(frames[0].stream_ref_id.to_bytes());
    bytes.extend(first_seq.to_be_bytes());
    bytes.extend(count.to_be_bytes());
    for frame in frames {
        let (_, payload) = sequenced_on_next(frame).expect("sequenced frame");
        let payload_len = u32::try_from(payload.len()).map_err(|_| StreamError::LimitExceeded {
            max: u32::MAX as u64,
        })?;
        bytes.extend(payload_len.to_be_bytes());
        bytes.extend(payload);
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(test)]
fn sequenced_run_end(frames: &[StreamRefFrame], start: usize) -> usize {
    let mut end = start + 1;
    while end < frames.len() {
        let Some((previous_seq, _)) = sequenced_on_next(&frames[end - 1]) else {
            break;
        };
        let Some((next_seq, _)) = sequenced_on_next(&frames[end]) else {
            break;
        };
        if frames[end].stream_ref_id != frames[start].stream_ref_id
            || next_seq != previous_seq.saturating_add(1)
        {
            break;
        }
        end += 1;
    }
    end
}

#[cfg(test)]
fn sequenced_on_next(frame: &StreamRefFrame) -> Option<(u64, &[u8])> {
    match &frame.message {
        StreamRefMessage::SequencedOnNext { seq_nr, payload } => {
            Some((*seq_nr, payload.bytes.as_slice()))
        }
        _ => None,
    }
}

#[derive(Default)]
struct FrameDecoder {
    buffer: BytesMut,
    offset: usize,
}

impl FrameDecoder {
    fn push_chunk<E>(&mut self, chunk: &[u8], endpoint: &E) -> StreamResult<()>
    where
        E: StreamRefProtoEndpoint,
    {
        self.buffer.extend_from_slice(chunk);
        while let Some(header) = self.peek_header()? {
            if self.buffer.len().saturating_sub(self.offset) < FRAME_LEN_BYTES + header.len {
                break;
            }
            let payload_start = self.offset + FRAME_LEN_BYTES;
            let payload_end = payload_start + header.len;
            let payload = &self.buffer[payload_start..payload_end];
            match header.kind {
                CarrierFrameKind::Protobuf => {
                    endpoint.handle_frame(StreamRefFrame::decode(payload)?)?;
                }
                CarrierFrameKind::Compact => {
                    decode_compact_carrier_frame(payload, endpoint)?;
                }
            }
            self.offset = payload_end;
        }
        if self.offset > 0 && (self.offset == self.buffer.len() || self.offset >= 64 * 1024) {
            self.buffer.advance(self.offset);
            self.offset = 0;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn peek_header(&self) -> StreamResult<Option<CarrierFrameHeader>> {
        if self.buffer.len().saturating_sub(self.offset) < FRAME_LEN_BYTES {
            return Ok(None);
        }
        let len = self.buffer[self.offset..self.offset + FRAME_LEN_BYTES]
            .try_into()
            .expect("frame header length");
        let raw_len = u32::from_be_bytes(len);
        let kind = if raw_len & COMPACT_FRAME_FLAG == 0 {
            CarrierFrameKind::Protobuf
        } else {
            CarrierFrameKind::Compact
        };
        let len = (raw_len & COMPACT_FRAME_LEN_MASK) as usize;
        if len > MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES {
            return Err(StreamError::LimitExceeded {
                max: MAX_STREAM_REF_FRAME_BYTES as u64,
            });
        }
        Ok(Some(CarrierFrameHeader { kind, len }))
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct CarrierFrameHeader {
    kind: CarrierFrameKind,
    len: usize,
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
enum CarrierFrameKind {
    Protobuf,
    Compact,
}

fn decode_compact_carrier_frame<E>(payload: &[u8], endpoint: &E) -> StreamResult<()>
where
    E: StreamRefProtoEndpoint,
{
    if payload.len() < COMPACT_BATCH_HEADER_BYTES {
        return Err(StreamError::Failed(
            "compact StreamRefs carrier frame too short".to_owned(),
        ));
    }
    let version = payload[0];
    if version != COMPACT_FRAME_VERSION {
        return Err(StreamError::Failed(format!(
            "unsupported compact StreamRefs carrier frame version: {version}"
        )));
    }
    let kind = payload[1];
    if kind != COMPACT_SEQUENCED_ON_NEXT_BATCH {
        return Err(StreamError::Failed(format!(
            "unsupported compact StreamRefs carrier frame kind: {kind}"
        )));
    }
    let stream_ref_id = StreamRefId::from_bytes(&payload[2..18])?;
    let first_seq = u64::from_be_bytes(payload[18..26].try_into().expect("seq len"));
    let count = u16::from_be_bytes(payload[26..28].try_into().expect("count len")) as usize;
    if count == 0 {
        return Err(StreamError::Failed(
            "compact StreamRefs carrier batch is empty".to_owned(),
        ));
    }

    let mut offset = COMPACT_BATCH_HEADER_BYTES;
    let mut payloads = Vec::with_capacity(count);
    for index in 0..count {
        if payload.len().saturating_sub(offset) < COMPACT_BATCH_ELEMENT_LEN_BYTES {
            return Err(StreamError::Failed(
                "compact StreamRefs carrier batch has truncated payload length".to_owned(),
            ));
        }
        let payload_len = u32::from_be_bytes(
            payload[offset..offset + COMPACT_BATCH_ELEMENT_LEN_BYTES]
                .try_into()
                .expect("payload len"),
        ) as usize;
        offset += COMPACT_BATCH_ELEMENT_LEN_BYTES;
        if payload.len().saturating_sub(offset) < payload_len {
            return Err(StreamError::Failed(
                "compact StreamRefs carrier batch has truncated payload".to_owned(),
            ));
        }
        first_seq
            .checked_add(index as u64)
            .ok_or_else(|| StreamError::Failed("compact StreamRefs seq_nr overflow".to_owned()))?;
        payloads.push(&payload[offset..offset + payload_len]);
        offset += payload_len;
    }
    if offset != payload.len() {
        return Err(StreamError::Failed(
            "compact StreamRefs carrier batch has trailing bytes".to_owned(),
        ));
    }
    endpoint.handle_sequenced_on_next_batch(stream_ref_id, first_seq, &payloads)
}

fn join_carrier_thread(handle: thread::JoinHandle<StreamResult<NotUsed>>) -> StreamResult<()> {
    match handle.join() {
        Ok(Ok(NotUsed)) => Ok(()),
        Ok(Err(error)) => Err(error),
        Err(_) => Err(StreamError::Failed(
            "StreamRefs carrier thread panicked".to_owned(),
        )),
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};

    #[derive(Clone)]
    struct RecordingEndpoint {
        stream_ref_id: StreamRefId,
        frames: Arc<Mutex<Vec<StreamRefFrame>>>,
    }

    impl RecordingEndpoint {
        fn new(stream_ref_id: StreamRefId) -> Self {
            Self {
                stream_ref_id,
                frames: Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new())),
            }
        }

        fn frames(&self) -> Vec<StreamRefFrame> {
            self.frames.lock().expect("recording endpoint").clone()
        }
    }

    impl StreamRefProtoEndpoint for RecordingEndpoint {
        fn stream_ref_id(&self) -> StreamRefId {
            self.stream_ref_id
        }

        fn next_frame(&self) -> Option<StreamResult<StreamRefFrame>> {
            None
        }

        fn handle_frame(&self, frame: StreamRefFrame) -> StreamResult<()> {
            self.frames.lock().expect("recording endpoint").push(frame);
            Ok(())
        }

        fn fail_connection(&self, _error: StreamError) {}
    }

    #[test]
    fn carrier_frame_decoder_reassembles_split_frames() {
        let frame = StreamRefFrame::new(
            StreamRefId::from_u128(1),
            datum::StreamRefMessage::CumulativeDemand { seq_nr: 32 },
        );
        let bytes = encode_carrier_frames(std::slice::from_ref(&frame)).unwrap();
        let split = bytes.len() / 2;
        let mut decoder = FrameDecoder::default();
        let endpoint = RecordingEndpoint::new(StreamRefId::from_u128(1));

        decoder.push_chunk(&bytes[..split], &endpoint).unwrap();
        assert!(endpoint.frames().is_empty());
        decoder.push_chunk(&bytes[split..], &endpoint).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(endpoint.frames(), vec![frame]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn compact_carrier_batch_round_trips_sequenced_frames() {
        let frames = (0_u64..3)
            .map(|seq_nr| {
                StreamRefFrame::new(
                    StreamRefId::from_u128(7),
                    datum::StreamRefMessage::SequencedOnNext {
                        seq_nr,
                        payload: datum::StreamRefPayloadBytes {
                            bytes: seq_nr.to_be_bytes().to_vec(),
                        },
                    },
                )
            })
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        let bytes = encode_carrier_frames(&frames).unwrap();
        let header = u32::from_be_bytes(bytes[..FRAME_LEN_BYTES].try_into().unwrap());
        assert_ne!(header & COMPACT_FRAME_FLAG, 0);

        let mut decoder = FrameDecoder::default();
        let endpoint = RecordingEndpoint::new(StreamRefId::from_u128(7));
        decoder.push_chunk(&bytes, &endpoint).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(endpoint.frames(), frames);
    }

    #[test]
    fn compact_carrier_batch_reassembles_split_frames() {
        let frames = (4_u64..8)
            .map(|seq_nr| {
                StreamRefFrame::new(
                    StreamRefId::from_u128(8),
                    datum::StreamRefMessage::SequencedOnNext {
                        seq_nr,
                        payload: datum::StreamRefPayloadBytes {
                            bytes: vec![seq_nr as u8],
                        },
                    },
                )
            })
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        let bytes = encode_carrier_frames(&frames).unwrap();
        let split = FRAME_LEN_BYTES + 5;
        let mut decoder = FrameDecoder::default();
        let endpoint = RecordingEndpoint::new(StreamRefId::from_u128(8));

        decoder.push_chunk(&bytes[..split], &endpoint).unwrap();
        assert!(endpoint.frames().is_empty());
        decoder.push_chunk(&bytes[split..], &endpoint).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(endpoint.frames(), frames);
    }
}