datacake-node 0.4.1

//! # Datacake Node
//!
//! The core membership system used within Datacake.
//!
//! This system allows you to build cluster extensions on top of this core functionality giving you access to
//! the live membership watchers, node selectors, cluster clock, etc...
//!
//! A good example of this is the `datacake-eventual-consistency` crate, it simply implements the `ClusterExtension` crate
//! which lets it be added at runtime without issue.
//!
//! ## Features
//! - Zero-copy RPC framework which allows for runtime adding and removing of services.
//! - Changeable node selector used for picking nodes out of a live membership to handle tasks.
//! - Pre-built data-center aware node selector for prioritisation of nodes in other availability zones.
//! - Distributed clock used for keeping an effective wall clock which respects causality.
//!
//! ## Getting Started
//!
//! To get started we'll begin by creating our cluster:
//!
//! ```rust
//! use std::net::SocketAddr;
//!
//! use datacake_node::{ConnectionConfig, DCAwareSelector, DatacakeNodeBuilder};
//!
//! #[tokio::main]
//! async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
//!     let bind_addr = "127.0.0.1:8000".parse::<SocketAddr>().unwrap();
//!
//!     // We setup our connection config for the node passing in the bind address, public address and seed nodes.
//!     // Here we're just using the bind address as our public address with no seed, but in the real world
//!     // this will be a different value when deployed across several servers with seeds to contact.
//!     let connection_cfg = ConnectionConfig::new(bind_addr, bind_addr, Vec::<String>::new());
//!
//!     // Our builder lets us configure the node.
//!     //
//!     // We can configure the node selector, data center of the node, cluster ID, etc...
//!     let _my_node = DatacakeNodeBuilder::<DCAwareSelector>::new(1, connection_cfg).connect().await?;
//!
//!     // Now we're connected we can add any extensions at runtime, our RPC server will already be
//!     // running and setup.
//!     //
//!     // Check out the `datacake-eventual-consistency` implementation for a demo.
//!
//!     Ok(())
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! #### Creating A Extension
//!
//! Creating a cluster extension is really simple, it's one trait and it can do just about anything:
//!
//! ```rust
//! use datacake_node::{ClusterExtension, DatacakeNode};
//! use async_trait::async_trait;
//!
//! pub struct MyExtension;
//!
//! #[async_trait]
//! impl ClusterExtension for MyExtension {
//!     type Output = ();
//!     type Error = MyError;
//!
//!     async fn init_extension(
//!         self,
//!         node: &DatacakeNode,
//!     ) -> Result<Self::Output, Self::Error> {
//!         // In here we can setup our system using the live node.
//!         // This gives us things like the cluster clock and RPC server:
//!
//!         println!("Creating my extension!");
//!
//!         let timestamp = node.clock().get_time().await;
//!         println!("My timestamp: {timestamp}");
//!
//!         Ok(())
//!     }
//! }
//!
//! pub struct MyError;
//! ```

pub(crate) mod clock;
mod error;
mod extension;
mod node;
mod nodes_selector;
mod rpc;
mod statistics;

use std::borrow::Cow;
use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
use std::fmt::Display;
use std::net::SocketAddr;
use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
use std::time::Duration;

use chitchat::transport::Transport;
use chitchat::FailureDetectorConfig;
pub use clock::Clock;
use datacake_rpc::{RpcService, Server};
pub use error::NodeError;
pub use extension::ClusterExtension;
use futures::StreamExt;
pub use node::{ChitchatNode, ClusterMember};
pub use nodes_selector::{
    Consistency,
    ConsistencyError,
    DCAwareSelector,
    NodeSelector,
    NodeSelectorHandle,
    Nodes,
};
pub use rpc::network::RpcNetwork;
pub use statistics::ClusterStatistics;
use tokio::sync::watch;
use tokio_stream::wrappers::WatchStream;
use tracing::info;

use crate::node::NodeMembership;
use crate::rpc::chitchat_transport::ChitchatTransport;
use crate::rpc::services::chitchat_impl::ChitchatService;

pub static DEFAULT_CLUSTER_ID: &str = "datacake-cluster-unknown";
pub static DEFAULT_DATA_CENTER: &str = "datacake-dc-unknown";
pub type NodeId = u8;

/// Build a Datacake node using provided settings.
pub struct DatacakeNodeBuilder<S = DCAwareSelector> {
    node_id: NodeId,
    connection_cfg: ConnectionConfig,
    cluster_id: String,
    data_center: Cow<'static, str>,
    node_selector: S,
}

impl<S> DatacakeNodeBuilder<S>
where
    S: NodeSelector + Send + 'static,
{
    /// Create a new node builder.
    pub fn new(
        node_id: NodeId,
        connection_cfg: ConnectionConfig,
    ) -> DatacakeNodeBuilder<DCAwareSelector> {
        DatacakeNodeBuilder {
            node_id,
            connection_cfg,
            cluster_id: DEFAULT_CLUSTER_ID.to_string(),
            data_center: Cow::Borrowed(DEFAULT_DATA_CENTER),
            node_selector: DCAwareSelector::default(),
        }
    }

    /// Set a node selector.
    ///
    /// This is used by systems to select a specific set of nodes from
    /// the live membership set with a given consistency level.
    pub fn with_node_selector<S2>(self, selector: S2) -> DatacakeNodeBuilder<S2> {
        DatacakeNodeBuilder {
            node_id: self.node_id,
            connection_cfg: self.connection_cfg,
            cluster_id: self.cluster_id,
            data_center: self.data_center,
            node_selector: selector,
        }
    }

    /// Set the cluster id for the given node.
    pub fn with_cluster_id(mut self, cluster_id: impl Display) -> Self {
        self.cluster_id = cluster_id.to_string();
        self
    }

    /// Set the data center the node belongs to.
    pub fn with_data_center(mut self, dc: impl Display) -> Self {
        self.data_center = Cow::Owned(dc.to_string());
        self
    }

    /// Starts the Datacake cluster, connecting to the targeted seed nodes.
    ///
    /// When connecting to the cluster, the `node_id` **must be unique** otherwise
    /// the cluster will incorrectly propagate state and not become consistent.
    ///
    /// Typically you will only have one cluster and therefore only have one `cluster_id`
    /// which should be the same for each node in the cluster.
    /// Currently the `cluster_id` is not handled by anything other than
    /// [chitchat](https://docs.rs/chitchat/0.4.1/chitchat/)
    ///
    /// No seed nodes need to be live at the time of connecting for the cluster to start correctly,
    /// but they are required in order for nodes to discover one-another and share
    /// their basic state.
    pub async fn connect(self) -> Result<DatacakeNode, NodeError> {
        let clock = Clock::new(self.node_id);

        let statistics = ClusterStatistics::default();
        let network = RpcNetwork::default();

        let rpc_server = Server::listen(self.connection_cfg.listen_addr).await?;
        let selector = nodes_selector::start_node_selector(
            self.connection_cfg.public_addr,
            self.data_center.clone(),
            self.node_selector,
        )
        .await;

        let cluster_info = ClusterInfo {
            listen_addr: self.connection_cfg.listen_addr,
            public_addr: self.connection_cfg.public_addr,
            seed_nodes: self.connection_cfg.seed_nodes,
            data_center: self.data_center.as_ref(),
        };
        let (node, transport) = connect_node(
            self.node_id,
            self.cluster_id.clone(),
            clock.clone(),
            network.clone(),
            cluster_info,
            &rpc_server,
            statistics.clone(),
        )
        .await?;

        let (tx, membership_changes) = watch::channel(MembershipChange::default());
        tokio::spawn(watch_membership_changes(
            self.node_id,
            network.clone(),
            selector.clone(),
            statistics.clone(),
            node.member_change_watcher(),
            tx,
        ));

        info!(
            node_id = %self.node_id,
            cluster_id = %self.cluster_id,
            listen_addr = %self.connection_cfg.listen_addr,
            "Datacake cluster connected."
        );

        Ok(DatacakeNode {
            rpc_server,
            node,
            network,
            clock,
            selector,
            membership_changes,
            // Needs to live to run the network.
            _transport: transport,
        })
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
/// Configuration for the cluster network.
pub struct ConnectionConfig {
    /// The binding address for the RPC server to bind and listen on.
    ///
    /// This is often `0.0.0.0` + your chosen port.
    pub listen_addr: SocketAddr,

    /// The public address to be broadcast to other cluster members.
    ///
    /// This is normally the machine's public IP address and the port the server is listening on.
    pub public_addr: SocketAddr,

    /// A set of initial seed nodes which the node will attempt to connect to and learn of any
    /// other members in the cluster.
    ///
    /// Normal `2` or `3` seeds is fine when running a multi-node cluster.
    /// Having only `1` seed can be dangerous if both nodes happen to go down but the seed
    /// does not restart before this node, as it will be unable to re-join the cluster.
    pub seed_nodes: Vec<String>,
}

impl ConnectionConfig {
    /// Creates a new connection config.
    pub fn new(
        listen_addr: SocketAddr,
        public_addr: SocketAddr,
        seeds: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl AsRef<str>>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            listen_addr,
            public_addr,
            seed_nodes: seeds
                .into_iter()
                .map(|seed| seed.as_ref().to_string())
                .collect(),
        }
    }
}

pub struct DatacakeNode {
    node: ChitchatNode,
    rpc_server: Server,
    clock: Clock,
    network: RpcNetwork,
    selector: NodeSelectorHandle,
    membership_changes: watch::Receiver<MembershipChange>,
    _transport: Box<dyn Transport>,
}

impl DatacakeNode {
    /// Shuts down the cluster and cleans up any connections.
    pub async fn shutdown(self) {
        self.node.shutdown().await;
    }

    /// Add a RPC service to the existing RPC system.
    pub fn add_rpc_service<Svc>(&self, service: Svc)
    where
        Svc: RpcService + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        self.rpc_server.add_service(service);
    }

    /// Adds a new cluster extension to the existing node.
    ///
    /// Cluster extensions can be used to extend the cluster to provide
    /// additional functionality like storage, messaging, etc...
    pub async fn add_extension<Ext>(&self, ext: Ext) -> Result<Ext::Output, Ext::Error>
    where
        Ext: ClusterExtension,
    {
        ext.init_extension(self).await
    }

    #[inline]
    /// Gets the live cluster statistics.
    pub fn statistics(&self) -> ClusterStatistics {
        self.node.statistics()
    }

    #[inline]
    /// Get access to the cluster clock.
    pub fn clock(&self) -> &Clock {
        &self.clock
    }

    #[inline]
    /// Get access to the current RPC network.
    pub fn network(&self) -> &RpcNetwork {
        &self.network
    }

    #[inline]
    /// Return the cluster member of the node itself.
    pub fn me(&self) -> &ClusterMember {
        self.node.me.as_ref()
    }

    #[inline]
    /// Get a stream of membership changes.
    pub fn membership_changes(&self) -> WatchStream<MembershipChange> {
        WatchStream::new(self.membership_changes.clone())
    }

    #[inline]
    /// Selects a set of nodes using a provided consistency level.
    pub async fn select_nodes(
        &self,
        consistency: Consistency,
    ) -> Result<Nodes, ConsistencyError> {
        self.selector.get_nodes(consistency).await
    }

    #[inline]
    /// Waits for the given node IDs to join the cluster or timeout to elapse.
    pub async fn wait_for_nodes(
        &self,
        node_ids: impl AsRef<[NodeId]>,
        timeout: Duration,
    ) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
        let nodes = node_ids.as_ref();
        self.node
            .wait_for_members(
                |members| {
                    for id in nodes {
                        if !members.contains_key(id) {
                            return false;
                        }
                    }
                    true
                },
                timeout,
            )
            .await
    }

    #[inline]
    /// Creates a handle to the cluster providing the core functionality of the node.
    pub fn handle(&self) -> DatacakeHandle {
        DatacakeHandle {
            me: self.node.me.clone(),
            clock: self.clock.clone(),
            network: self.network.clone(),
            selector: self.selector.clone(),
            statistics: self.statistics(),
            membership_changes: self.membership_changes.clone(),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct DatacakeHandle {
    me: Cow<'static, ClusterMember>,
    clock: Clock,
    network: RpcNetwork,
    selector: NodeSelectorHandle,
    statistics: ClusterStatistics,
    membership_changes: watch::Receiver<MembershipChange>,
}

impl DatacakeHandle {
    #[inline]
    /// Gets the live cluster statistics.
    pub fn statistics(&self) -> ClusterStatistics {
        self.statistics.clone()
    }

    #[inline]
    /// Get access to the cluster clock.
    pub fn clock(&self) -> &Clock {
        &self.clock
    }

    #[inline]
    /// Get access to the current RPC network.
    pub fn network(&self) -> &RpcNetwork {
        &self.network
    }

    #[inline]
    /// Get a stream of membership changes.
    pub fn membership_changes(&self) -> WatchStream<MembershipChange> {
        WatchStream::new(self.membership_changes.clone())
    }

    #[inline]
    /// Return the cluster member of the node itself.
    pub fn me(&self) -> &ClusterMember {
        self.me.as_ref()
    }

    #[inline]
    /// Selects a set of nodes using a provided consistency level.
    pub async fn select_nodes(
        &self,
        consistency: Consistency,
    ) -> Result<Nodes, ConsistencyError> {
        self.selector.get_nodes(consistency).await
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Default)]
pub struct MembershipChange {
    pub joined: Vec<ClusterMember>,
    pub left: Vec<ClusterMember>,
}

struct ClusterInfo<'a> {
    listen_addr: SocketAddr,
    public_addr: SocketAddr,
    seed_nodes: Vec<String>,
    data_center: &'a str,
}

/// Connects to the chitchat cluster.
///
/// The node will attempt to establish connections to the seed nodes and
/// will broadcast the node's public address to communicate.
async fn connect_node(
    node_id: NodeId,
    cluster_id: String,
    clock: Clock,
    network: RpcNetwork,
    cluster_info: ClusterInfo<'_>,
    server: &Server,
    statistics: ClusterStatistics,
) -> Result<(ChitchatNode, Box<dyn Transport>), NodeError> {
    let (chitchat_tx, chitchat_rx) = flume::bounded(1000);

    let service = ChitchatService::new(clock.clone(), chitchat_tx);
    server.add_service(service);

    let transport =
        ChitchatTransport::new(cluster_info.listen_addr, clock, network, chitchat_rx);

    let me = ClusterMember::new(
        node_id,
        cluster_info.public_addr,
        cluster_info.data_center.to_string(),
    );
    let node = ChitchatNode::connect(
        me,
        cluster_info.listen_addr,
        cluster_id,
        cluster_info.seed_nodes,
        FailureDetectorConfig::default(),
        &transport,
        statistics,
    )
    .await?;

    Ok((node, Box::new(transport)))
}

/// Watches for changes in the cluster membership.
///
/// When nodes leave and join, pollers are stopped and started as required.
async fn watch_membership_changes(
    self_node_id: NodeId,
    network: RpcNetwork,
    node_selector: NodeSelectorHandle,
    statistics: ClusterStatistics,
    mut changes: WatchStream<NodeMembership>,
    membership_changes_tx: watch::Sender<MembershipChange>,
) {
    let mut last_network_set = BTreeSet::new();
    while let Some(members) = changes.next().await {
        info!(
            self_node_id = %self_node_id,
            num_members = members.len(),
            "Cluster membership has changed."
        );

        let mut membership_changes = MembershipChange::default();
        let new_network_set = members
            .iter()
            .filter(|(node_id, _)| *node_id != &self_node_id)
            .map(|(_, member)| (member.node_id, member.public_addr))
            .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();

        {
            let mut data_centers = BTreeMap::<Cow<'static, str>, Nodes>::new();
            for member in members.values() {
                let dc = Cow::Owned(member.data_center.clone());
                data_centers.entry(dc).or_default().push(member.public_addr);
            }

            statistics
                .num_data_centers
                .store(data_centers.len() as u64, Ordering::Relaxed);
            node_selector.set_nodes(data_centers).await;
        }

        // Remove client no longer apart of the network.
        for (node_id, addr) in last_network_set.difference(&new_network_set) {
            info!(
                self_node_id = %self_node_id,
                target_node_id = %node_id,
                target_addr = %addr,
                "Node is no longer part of cluster."
            );

            network.disconnect(*addr);

            if let Some(member) = members.get(node_id) {
                membership_changes.left.push(member.clone());
            }
        }

        // Add new clients for each new node.
        for (node_id, addr) in new_network_set.difference(&last_network_set) {
            info!(
                self_node_id = %self_node_id,
                target_node_id = %node_id,
                target_addr = %addr,
                "Node has connected to the cluster."
            );

            if let Some(member) = members.get(node_id) {
                membership_changes.joined.push(member.clone());
            }
        }

        let _ = membership_changes_tx.send(membership_changes);
        last_network_set = new_network_set;
    }
}