contract_transcode/

lib.rs

// Copyright (C) Use Ink (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of cargo-contract.
//
// cargo-contract is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// cargo-contract is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with cargo-contract.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

//! For interacting with contracts from the command line, arguments need to be
//! "transcoded" from the string representation to the SCALE encoded representation.
//!
//! e.g. `"false" -> 0x00`
//!
//! And for displaying SCALE encoded data from events and RPC responses, it must be
//! "transcoded" in the other direction from the SCALE encoded representation to a
//! human-readable string.
//!
//! e.g. `0x00 -> "false"`
//!
//! Transcoding depends on [`scale-info`](https://github.com/paritytech/scale-info/) metadata in
//! order to dynamically determine the expected types.
//!
//! # Encoding
//!
//! First the string is parsed into an intermediate [`Value`]:
//!
//! `"false" -> Value::Bool(false)`
//!
//! This value is then matched with the metadata for the expected type in that context.
//! e.g. the [flipper](https://github.com/use-ink/ink/blob/master/examples/flipper/lib.rs) contract
//! accepts a `bool` argument to its `new` constructor, which will be reflected in the
//! contract metadata as [`scale_info::TypeDefPrimitive::Bool`].
//!
//! ```no_compile
//! #[ink(constructor)]
//! pub fn new(init_value: bool) -> Self {
//!     Self { value: init_value }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! The parsed `Value::Bool(false)` argument value is then matched with the
//! [`scale_info::TypeDefPrimitive::Bool`] type metadata, and then the value can be safely
//! encoded as a `bool`, resulting in `0x00`, which can then be appended as data to the
//! message to invoke the constructor.
//!
//! # Decoding
//!
//! First the type of the SCALE encoded data is determined from the metadata. e.g. the
//! return type of a message when it is invoked as a "dry run" over RPC:
//!
//! ```no_compile
//! #[ink(message)]
//! pub fn get(&self) -> bool {
//!     self.value
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! The metadata will define the return type as [`scale_info::TypeDefPrimitive::Bool`], so
//! that when the raw data is received it can be decoded into the correct [`Value`], which
//! is then converted to a string for displaying to the user:
//!
//! `0x00 -> Value::Bool(false) -> "false"`
//!
//! # SCALE Object Notation (SCON)
//!
//! Complex types can be represented as strings using `SCON` for human-computer
//! interaction. It is intended to be similar to Rust syntax for instantiating types. e.g.
//!
//! `Foo { a: false, b: [0, 1, 2], c: "bar", d: (0, 1) }`
//!
//! This string could be parsed into a [`Value::Map`] and together with
//! [`scale_info::TypeDefComposite`] metadata could be transcoded into SCALE encoded
//! bytes.
//!
//! As with the example for the primitive `bool` above, this works in the other direction
//! for decoding SCALE encoded bytes and converting them into a human readable string.
//!
//! # Example
//! ```no_run
//! # use contract_metadata::ContractMetadata;
//! # use contract_transcode::ContractMessageTranscoder;
//! # use std::{path::Path, fs::File};
//! let metadata_path = Path::new("/path/to/contract.json");
//! let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::load(metadata_path).unwrap();
//!
//! let constructor = "new";
//! let args = ["foo", "bar"];
//! let data = transcoder.encode(&constructor, &args).unwrap();
//!
//! println!("Encoded constructor data {:?}", data);
//! ```

mod account_id;
mod decode;
mod encode;
pub mod env_types;
mod scon;
mod transcoder;
mod util;

pub use self::{
    account_id::AccountId32,
    scon::{
        Hex,
        Map,
        Tuple,
        Value,
    },
    transcoder::{
        Transcoder,
        TranscoderBuilder,
    },
};

use anyhow::{
    Context,
    Result,
};
pub use ink_metadata;
use ink_metadata::{
    ConstructorSpec,
    InkProject,
    MessageSpec,
};
use itertools::Itertools;
use regex::Regex;
use scale::{
    Compact,
    Decode,
    Input,
};
use scale_info::{
    Field,
    PortableRegistry,
    TypeDef,
    TypeDefPrimitive,
    form::{
        Form,
        PortableForm,
    },
};
use std::{
    cmp::Ordering,
    fmt::Debug,
    path::Path,
};

/// Encode strings to SCALE encoded smart contract calls.
/// Decode SCALE encoded smart contract events and return values into `Value` objects.
pub struct ContractMessageTranscoder {
    metadata: InkProject,
    transcoder: Transcoder,
}

/// Find strings from an iterable of `possible_values` similar to a given value `v`
/// Returns a Vec of all possible values that exceed a similarity threshold
/// sorted by ascending similarity, most similar comes last
/// Extracted from https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/blob/v4.3.4/clap_builder/src/parser/features/suggestions.rs#L11-L26
fn did_you_mean<T, I>(v: &str, possible_values: I) -> Vec<String>
where
    T: AsRef<str>,
    I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
{
    let mut candidates: Vec<(f64, String)> = possible_values
        .into_iter()
        .map(|pv| (strsim::jaro(v, pv.as_ref()), pv.as_ref().to_owned()))
        .filter(|(confidence, _)| *confidence > 0.7)
        .collect();
    candidates.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.partial_cmp(&b.0).unwrap_or(Ordering::Equal));
    candidates.into_iter().map(|(_, pv)| pv).collect()
}

/// Parse an argument with type hints from the contract metadata.
///
/// This function enables intuitive argument parsing by using type information
/// from the contract metadata. For String types, it accepts unquoted strings
/// directly, while maintaining backward compatibility with SCON quoted strings.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// For a String parameter:
/// - `Alice` → parsed as string "Alice" (new behavior)
/// - `"Alice"` → parsed as string "Alice" (backward compatible)
/// - `my string` → parsed as string "my string" (with spaces)
///
/// For other types, standard SCON parsing applies:
/// - `true` → boolean
/// - `42` → integer
/// - `[1, 2, 3]` → array
fn parse_with_type_hint(
    arg: &str,
    type_id: u32,
    registry: &PortableRegistry,
) -> Result<Value> {
    // Get the expected type from metadata
    let ty = registry
        .resolve(type_id)
        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("Type {type_id} not found in registry"))?;
    // For String types, provide special handling
    if matches!(&ty.type_def, TypeDef::Primitive(TypeDefPrimitive::Str)) {
        // If the argument is already properly quoted for SCON, parse it normally
        if arg.starts_with('"') && arg.ends_with('"') {
            return scon::parse_value(arg);
        }
        // Otherwise, treat the entire argument as a plain string.
        // This allows users to pass strings without explicit quotes.
        return Ok(Value::String(arg.to_string()));
    }
    // For all other types, use standard SCON parsing
    scon::parse_value(arg)
}

impl ContractMessageTranscoder {
    pub fn new(metadata: InkProject) -> Self {
        let transcoder = TranscoderBuilder::new(metadata.registry())
            .with_default_custom_type_transcoders()
            .done();
        Self {
            metadata,
            transcoder,
        }
    }

    /// Attempt to create a [`ContractMessageTranscoder`] from the metadata file at the
    /// given path.
    pub fn load<P>(metadata_path: P) -> Result<Self>
    where
        P: AsRef<Path>,
    {
        let path = metadata_path.as_ref();
        let metadata: contract_metadata::ContractMetadata =
            contract_metadata::ContractMetadata::load(&metadata_path)?;
        let ink_metadata = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::Value::Object(
            metadata.abi,
        ))
        .context(format!(
            "Failed to deserialize ink project metadata from file {}",
            path.display()
        ))?;

        Ok(Self::new(ink_metadata))
    }

    pub fn encode<I, S>(&self, name: &str, args: I) -> Result<Vec<u8>>
    where
        I: IntoIterator<Item = S>,
        S: AsRef<str> + Debug,
    {
        let (selector, spec_args) = match (
            self.find_constructor_spec(name),
            self.find_message_spec(name),
        ) {
            (Some(c), None) => (c.selector(), c.args()),
            (None, Some(m)) => (m.selector(), m.args()),
            (Some(_), Some(_)) => {
                return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                    "Invalid metadata: both a constructor and message found with name '{name}'"
                ));
            }
            (None, None) => {
                let constructors = self.constructors().map(|c| c.label());
                let messages = self.messages().map(|c| c.label());
                let possible_values: Vec<_> = constructors.chain(messages).collect();
                let help_txt = did_you_mean(name, possible_values.clone())
                    .first()
                    .map(|suggestion| format!("Did you mean '{suggestion}'?"))
                    .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                        format!("Should be one of: {}", possible_values.iter().join(", "))
                    });

                return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                    "No constructor or message with the name '{name}' found.\n{help_txt}",
                ));
            }
        };

        let args: Vec<_> = args.into_iter().collect();
        if spec_args.len() != args.len() {
            anyhow::bail!(
                "Invalid number of input arguments: expected {}, {} provided",
                spec_args.len(),
                args.len()
            )
        }

        let mut encoded = selector.to_bytes().to_vec();
        for (spec, arg) in spec_args.iter().zip(args) {
            assert_not_shortened_hex(arg.as_ref());

            // Use context-aware parsing with type hints from metadata.
            // This allows intuitive string arguments without explicit quotes.
            let value = parse_with_type_hint(
                arg.as_ref(),
                spec.ty().ty().id,
                self.metadata.registry(),
            )?;

            self.transcoder.encode(
                self.metadata.registry(),
                spec.ty().ty().id,
                &value,
                &mut encoded,
            )?;
        }
        Ok(encoded)
    }

    pub fn decode(&self, type_id: u32, input: &mut &[u8]) -> Result<Value> {
        self.transcoder
            .decode(self.metadata.registry(), type_id, input)
    }

    pub fn metadata(&self) -> &InkProject {
        &self.metadata
    }

    fn constructors(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &ConstructorSpec<PortableForm>> {
        self.metadata.spec().constructors().iter()
    }

    fn messages(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &MessageSpec<PortableForm>> {
        self.metadata.spec().messages().iter()
    }

    fn find_message_spec(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&MessageSpec<PortableForm>> {
        self.messages().find(|msg| msg.label() == &name.to_string())
    }

    fn find_constructor_spec(
        &self,
        name: &str,
    ) -> Option<&ConstructorSpec<PortableForm>> {
        self.constructors()
            .find(|msg| msg.label() == &name.to_string())
    }

    pub fn decode_contract_event<Hash>(
        &self,
        event_sig_topic: &Hash,
        data: &mut &[u8],
    ) -> Result<Value>
    where
        Hash: AsRef<[u8]>,
    {
        // data is an encoded `Vec<u8>` so is prepended with its length `Compact<u32>`,
        // which we ignore because the structure of the event data is known for
        // decoding.
        let _len = <Compact<u32>>::decode(data)?;
        let event_spec = self
            .metadata
            .spec()
            .events()
            .iter()
            .find(|event| {
                if let Some(sig_topic) = event.signature_topic() {
                    sig_topic.as_bytes() == event_sig_topic.as_ref()
                } else {
                    false
                }
            })
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                anyhow::anyhow!(
                    "Event with signature topic {} not found in contract metadata",
                    hex::encode(event_sig_topic)
                )
            })?;
        tracing::debug!("Decoding contract event '{}'", event_spec.label());

        let mut args = Vec::new();
        for arg in event_spec.args() {
            let name = arg.label().to_string();
            let value = self.decode(arg.ty().ty().id, data)?;
            args.push((Value::String(name), value));
        }

        Self::validate_length(data, event_spec.label(), &args)?;

        let name = event_spec.label().to_string();
        let map = Map::new(Some(&name), args.into_iter().collect());

        Ok(Value::Map(map))
    }

    pub fn decode_contract_message(&self, data: &mut &[u8]) -> Result<Value> {
        let mut msg_selector = [0u8; 4];
        data.read(&mut msg_selector)?;
        let msg_spec = self
            .messages()
            .find(|x| msg_selector == x.selector().to_bytes())
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                anyhow::anyhow!(
                    "Message with selector {} not found in contract metadata",
                    hex::encode_upper(msg_selector)
                )
            })?;
        tracing::debug!("Decoding contract message '{}'", msg_spec.label());

        let mut args = Vec::new();
        for arg in msg_spec.args() {
            let name = arg.label().to_string();
            let value = self.decode(arg.ty().ty().id, data)?;
            args.push((Value::String(name), value));
        }

        Self::validate_length(data, msg_spec.label(), &args)?;

        let name = msg_spec.label().to_string();
        let map = Map::new(Some(&name), args.into_iter().collect());

        Ok(Value::Map(map))
    }

    pub fn decode_contract_constructor(&self, data: &mut &[u8]) -> Result<Value> {
        let mut msg_selector = [0u8; 4];
        data.read(&mut msg_selector)?;
        let msg_spec = self
            .constructors()
            .find(|x| msg_selector == x.selector().to_bytes())
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                anyhow::anyhow!(
                    "Constructor with selector {} not found in contract metadata",
                    hex::encode_upper(msg_selector)
                )
            })?;
        tracing::debug!("Decoding contract constructor '{}'", msg_spec.label());

        let mut args = Vec::new();
        for arg in msg_spec.args() {
            let name = arg.label().to_string();
            let value = self.decode(arg.ty().ty().id, data)?;
            args.push((Value::String(name), value));
        }

        Self::validate_length(data, msg_spec.label(), &args)?;

        let name = msg_spec.label().to_string();
        let map = Map::new(Some(&name), args.into_iter().collect());

        Ok(Value::Map(map))
    }

    pub fn decode_constructor_return(
        &self,
        name: &str,
        data: &mut &[u8],
    ) -> Result<Value> {
        let ctor_spec = self.find_constructor_spec(name).ok_or_else(|| {
            anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to find constructor spec with name '{name}'")
        })?;
        let return_ty = ctor_spec.return_type().ret_type();
        self.decode(return_ty.ty().id, data)
    }

    pub fn decode_message_return(&self, name: &str, data: &mut &[u8]) -> Result<Value> {
        let msg_spec = self.find_message_spec(name).ok_or_else(|| {
            anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to find message spec with name '{name}'")
        })?;
        let return_ty = msg_spec.return_type().ret_type();
        self.decode(return_ty.ty().id, data)
    }

    /// Checks if buffer empty, otherwise returns am error
    fn validate_length(data: &[u8], label: &str, args: &[(Value, Value)]) -> Result<()> {
        if !data.is_empty() {
            let arg_list_string: String =
                args.iter().fold(format!("`{label}`"), |init, arg| {
                    format!("{}, `{}`", init, arg.0)
                });
            let encoded_bytes = hex::encode_upper(data);
            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "input length was longer than expected by {} byte(s).\nManaged to decode {} but `{}` bytes were left unread",
                data.len(),
                arg_list_string,
                encoded_bytes
            ));
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

// Assert that `arg` is not in a shortened format a la `0xbc3f…f58a`.
fn assert_not_shortened_hex(arg: &str) {
    let re = Regex::new(r"^0x[a-fA-F0-9]+…[a-fA-F0-9]+$").unwrap();
    if re.is_match(arg) {
        panic!(
            "Error: You are attempting to transcode a shortened hex value: `{arg:?}`.\n\
                This would result in a different return value than the un-shortened hex value.\n\
                You likely called `to_string()` on e.g. `H160` and got a shortened output."
        );
    }
}

impl TryFrom<contract_metadata::ContractMetadata> for ContractMessageTranscoder {
    type Error = anyhow::Error;

    fn try_from(
        metadata: contract_metadata::ContractMetadata,
    ) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        Ok(Self::new(serde_json::from_value(
            serde_json::Value::Object(metadata.abi),
        )?))
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum CompositeTypeFields {
    Named(Vec<CompositeTypeNamedField>),
    Unnamed(Vec<Field<PortableForm>>),
    NoFields,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct CompositeTypeNamedField {
    name: <PortableForm as Form>::String,
    field: Field<PortableForm>,
}

impl CompositeTypeNamedField {
    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
        &self.name
    }

    pub fn field(&self) -> &Field<PortableForm> {
        &self.field
    }
}

impl CompositeTypeFields {
    pub fn from_fields(fields: &[Field<PortableForm>]) -> Result<Self> {
        if fields.iter().next().is_none() {
            Ok(Self::NoFields)
        } else if fields.iter().all(|f| f.name.is_some()) {
            let fields = fields
                .iter()
                .map(|field| {
                    CompositeTypeNamedField {
                        name: field
                            .name
                            .as_ref()
                            .expect("All fields have a name; qed")
                            .to_owned(),
                        field: field.clone(),
                    }
                })
                .collect();
            Ok(Self::Named(fields))
        } else if fields.iter().all(|f| f.name.is_none()) {
            Ok(Self::Unnamed(fields.to_vec()))
        } else {
            Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Struct fields should either be all named or all unnamed"
            ))
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::scon::Hex;
    use ink_env::{
        DefaultEnvironment,
        Environment,
    };
    use primitive_types::H256;
    use scale::Encode;
    use scon::Value;
    use std::str::FromStr;

    #[allow(clippy::extra_unused_lifetimes, unexpected_cfgs, non_local_definitions)]
    #[ink::contract]
    pub mod transcode {
        #[ink(storage)]
        pub struct Transcode {
            value: bool,
        }

        #[ink(event)]
        pub struct Event1 {
            #[ink(topic)]
            name: Hash,
            #[ink(topic)]
            from: AccountId,
        }

        impl Transcode {
            #[ink(constructor)]
            pub fn new(init_value: bool) -> Self {
                Self { value: init_value }
            }

            #[ink(constructor)]
            pub fn default() -> Self {
                Self::new(Default::default())
            }

            #[ink(message)]
            pub fn flip(&mut self) {
                self.value = !self.value;
            }

            #[ink(message)]
            pub fn get(&self) -> bool {
                self.value
            }

            #[ink(message)]
            pub fn get_complex(
                &self,
            ) -> (u32, ink::H160, ink::H256, ink::U256, AccountId) {
                (
                    32u32,
                    self.env().address(),
                    self.env().own_code_hash(),
                    //self.env().transferred_value()
                    ink::U256::one(),
                    AccountId::from([0x17; 32]),
                )
            }
            //pub fn get_complex(&mut self) -> (ink::H160, Hash, ink::H256, ink::U256) {
            //(self.env().address(), [0xABu8; 32].into(),
            /*
            pub fn get_complex(&self) -> (ink::H160, ink::H256, ink::U256) {
                (self.env().address(),
                self.env().own_code_hash(), self.env().transferred_value())
            }
             */

            #[ink(message)]
            pub fn set_account_id(&self, account_id: AccountId) {
                let _ = account_id;
            }

            #[ink(message)]
            pub fn set_account_ids_vec(&self, account_ids: Vec<AccountId>) {
                let _ = account_ids;
            }

            #[ink(message)]
            pub fn primitive_vec_args(&self, args: Vec<u32>) {
                let _ = args;
            }

            #[ink(message)]
            pub fn uint_args(
                &self,
                _u8: u8,
                _u16: u16,
                _u32: u32,
                _u64: u64,
                _u128: u128,
            ) {
            }

            #[ink(message)]
            pub fn uint_array_args(&self, arr: [u8; 4]) {
                let _ = arr;
            }

            #[ink(message)]
            pub fn h160(&self, addr: ink::H160) {
                let _ = addr;
            }

            #[ink(message)]
            pub fn set_name(&self, _name: String) {}
        }
    }

    fn generate_metadata() -> InkProject {
        unsafe extern "Rust" {
            fn __ink_generate_metadata() -> InkProject;
        }

        unsafe { __ink_generate_metadata() }
    }

    #[test]
    fn encode_single_primitive_arg() -> Result<()> {
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let encoded = transcoder.encode("new", ["true"])?;
        // encoded args follow the 4 byte selector
        let encoded_args = &encoded[4..];

        assert_eq!(true.encode(), encoded_args);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn encode_misspelled_arg() {
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);
        assert_eq!(
            transcoder.encode("fip", ["true"]).unwrap_err().to_string(),
            "No constructor or message with the name 'fip' found.\nDid you mean 'flip'?"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn encode_mismatching_args_length() {
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let result: Result<Vec<u8>> = transcoder.encode("new", Vec::<&str>::new());
        assert!(result.is_err(), "Should return an error");
        assert_eq!(
            result.unwrap_err().to_string(),
            "Invalid number of input arguments: expected 1, 0 provided"
        );

        let result: Result<Vec<u8>> = transcoder.encode("new", ["true", "false"]);
        assert!(result.is_err(), "Should return an error");
        assert_eq!(
            result.unwrap_err().to_string(),
            "Invalid number of input arguments: expected 1, 2 provided"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn encode_account_id_custom_ss58_encoding() -> Result<()> {
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let encoded = transcoder.encode(
            "set_account_id",
            ["5GrwvaEF5zXb26Fz9rcQpDWS57CtERHpNehXCPcNoHGKutQY"],
        )?;

        // encoded args follow the 4 byte selector
        let encoded_args = &encoded[4..];

        let expected =
            AccountId32::from_str("5GrwvaEF5zXb26Fz9rcQpDWS57CtERHpNehXCPcNoHGKutQY")
                .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(expected.encode(), encoded_args);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn encode_account_ids_vec_args() -> Result<()> {
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let encoded = transcoder.encode(
            "set_account_ids_vec",
            ["[5GrwvaEF5zXb26Fz9rcQpDWS57CtERHpNehXCPcNoHGKutQY, 5FHneW46xGXgs5mUiveU4sbTyGBzmstUspZC92UhjJM694ty]"],
        )?;

        // encoded args follow the 4 byte selector
        let encoded_args = &encoded[4..];

        let expected = vec![
            AccountId32::from_str("5GrwvaEF5zXb26Fz9rcQpDWS57CtERHpNehXCPcNoHGKutQY")
                .unwrap(),
            AccountId32::from_str("5FHneW46xGXgs5mUiveU4sbTyGBzmstUspZC92UhjJM694ty")
                .unwrap(),
        ];
        assert_eq!(expected.encode(), encoded_args);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn encode_primitive_vec_args() -> Result<()> {
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let encoded = transcoder.encode("primitive_vec_args", ["[1, 2]"])?;

        // encoded args follow the 4 byte selector
        let encoded_args = &encoded[4..];

        let expected = vec![1, 2];
        assert_eq!(expected.encode(), encoded_args);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn encode_uint_hex_literals() -> Result<()> {
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let encoded = transcoder.encode(
            "uint_args",
            [
                "0x00",
                "0xDEAD",
                "0xDEADBEEF",
                "0xDEADBEEF12345678",
                "0xDEADBEEF0123456789ABCDEF01234567",
            ],
        )?;

        // encoded args follow the 4 byte selector
        let encoded_args = &encoded[4..];

        let expected = (
            0x00u8,
            0xDEADu16,
            0xDEADBEEFu32,
            0xDEADBEEF12345678u64,
            0xDEADBEEF0123456789ABCDEF01234567u128,
        );
        assert_eq!(expected.encode(), encoded_args);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn encode_uint_arr_hex_literals() -> Result<()> {
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let encoded =
            transcoder.encode("uint_array_args", ["[0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF]"])?;

        // encoded args follow the 4 byte selector
        let encoded_args = &encoded[4..];

        let expected: [u8; 4] = [0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF];
        assert_eq!(expected.encode(), encoded_args);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(
        expected = "Error: You are attempting to transcode a shortened hex value: `\"0xbc3f…f58a\"`"
    )]
    fn encode_must_panic_on_shortened_hex() {
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let _encoded = transcoder.encode("h160", ["0xbc3f…f58a"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn decode_complex_return() {
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let addr: ink::H160 = ink::H160::from([0x42; 20]);
        let account_id: AccountId32 = AccountId32::from([0x13; 32]);
        let _hash: [u8; 32] = [0xAB; 32];
        let h256: ink::H256 = ink::H256::from([0x17; 32]);
        // todo let value: ink::U256 = ink::U256::MAX;
        let value: ink::U256 = ink::U256::one();

        let encoded = Result::<
            (u32, ink::H160, ink::H256, ink::U256, AccountId32),
            ink::primitives::LangError,
        >::Ok((32, addr, h256, value, account_id))
        .encode();

        let decoded = transcoder
            .decode_message_return("get_complex", &mut &encoded[..])
            .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("Error decoding return value {e}"));

        let expected = Value::Tuple(Tuple::new(
            "Ok".into(),
            [
                Value::Tuple(Tuple::new(
                    None,
                    [
                        Value::UInt(32),
                        Value::Hex(Hex::from_str("0x4242424242424242424242424242424242424242").unwrap()),
                        Value::Hex(Hex::from_str("0x1717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717").unwrap()),
                        Value::Literal("1".to_string()),
                        Value::Literal("5CViS5pKamF1VbJ9tmQKPNDpLpJaBCfpPw2m49UzQ8zgiDGT".to_string()),
                    ]
                    .into_iter().collect()
                ))
            ]
            .into_iter().collect(),
        ));
        assert_eq!(expected, decoded);
    }

    #[test]
    fn decode_primitive_return() {
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let encoded = Result::<bool, ink::primitives::LangError>::Ok(true).encode();
        let decoded = transcoder
            .decode_message_return("get", &mut &encoded[..])
            .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("Error decoding return value {e}"));

        let expected = Value::Tuple(Tuple::new(
            "Ok".into(),
            [Value::Bool(true)].into_iter().collect(),
        ));
        assert_eq!(expected, decoded);
    }

    #[test]
    fn decode_lang_error() {
        use ink::primitives::LangError;

        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let encoded =
            Result::<bool, LangError>::Err(LangError::CouldNotReadInput).encode();
        let decoded = transcoder
            .decode_message_return("get", &mut &encoded[..])
            .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("Error decoding return value {e}"));

        let expected = Value::Tuple(Tuple::new(
            "Err".into(),
            [Value::Tuple(Tuple::new(
                Some("CouldNotReadInput"),
                Vec::new(),
            ))]
            .to_vec(),
        ));
        assert_eq!(expected, decoded);
    }

    #[test]
    fn decode_contract_event() -> Result<()> {
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let signature_topic: <DefaultEnvironment as Environment>::Hash =
            <transcode::Event1 as ink::env::Event>::SIGNATURE_TOPIC
                .unwrap()
                .into();
        // raw encoded event
        let encoded = ([0u32; 8], [1u32; 8]).encode();
        // encode again as a Vec<u8> which has a len prefix.
        let encoded_bytes = encoded.encode();
        let _ = transcoder
            .decode_contract_event(&signature_topic, &mut &encoded_bytes[..])?;

        // todo assert is missing

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn decode_hash_as_hex_encoded_string() -> Result<()> {
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let hash = [
            52u8, 40, 235, 225, 70, 245, 184, 36, 21, 218, 130, 114, 75, 207, 117, 240,
            83, 118, 135, 56, 220, 172, 95, 131, 171, 125, 130, 167, 10, 15, 242, 222,
        ];
        let signature_topic: <DefaultEnvironment as Environment>::Hash =
            <transcode::Event1 as ink::env::Event>::SIGNATURE_TOPIC
                .unwrap()
                .into();
        // raw encoded event with event index prefix
        let encoded = (hash, [0u32; 8]).encode();
        // encode again as a Vec<u8> which has a len prefix.
        let encoded_bytes = encoded.encode();
        let decoded = transcoder
            .decode_contract_event(&signature_topic, &mut &encoded_bytes[..])?;

        if let Value::Map(ref map) = decoded {
            let name_field = &map[&Value::String("name".into())];
            if let Value::Hex(hex) = name_field {
                assert_eq!(
                    &Hex::from_str(
                        "0x3428ebe146f5b82415da82724bcf75f053768738dcac5f83ab7d82a70a0ff2de"
                    )?,
                    hex
                );
                Ok(())
            } else {
                Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                    "Expected a name field hash encoded as Hex value, was {name_field:?}"
                ))
            }
        } else {
            Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                "Expected a Value::Map for the decoded event"
            ))
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn decode_contract_message() -> Result<()> {
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let encoded_bytes = hex::decode("633aa551").unwrap();
        let _ = transcoder.decode_contract_message(&mut &encoded_bytes[..])?;

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(
        expected = "input length was longer than expected by 1 byte(s).\nManaged to decode `flip` but `00` bytes were left unread"
    )]
    fn fail_decode_input_with_extra_bytes() {
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let encoded_bytes = hex::decode("633aa55100").unwrap();
        let _ = transcoder
            .decode_contract_message(&mut &encoded_bytes[..])
            .unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(
        expected = "input length was longer than expected by 2 byte(s).\nManaged to decode `Event1`, `name`, `from` but `0C10` bytes were left unread"
    )]
    fn fail_decode_contract_event_with_extra_bytes() {
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let signature_topic: H256 =
            <transcode::Event1 as ink::env::Event>::SIGNATURE_TOPIC
                .unwrap()
                .into();
        // raw encoded event with event index prefix
        let encoded = ([0u32; 8], [1u32; 8], [12u8, 16u8]).encode();
        // encode again as a Vec<u8> which has a len prefix.
        let encoded_bytes = encoded.encode();
        let _ = transcoder
            .decode_contract_event(&signature_topic, &mut &encoded_bytes[..])
            .unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn encode_string_quoted_traditional() -> Result<()> {
        // Traditional SCON format with explicit quotes
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let encoded = transcoder.encode("set_name", [r#""Alice""#])?;
        let encoded_args = &encoded[4..];

        let expected = "Alice".to_string().encode();
        assert_eq!(expected, encoded_args);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn encode_string_unquoted_simple() -> Result<()> {
        // Simple unquoted string - should work after fix
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let encoded = transcoder.encode("set_name", ["Alice"])?;
        let encoded_args = &encoded[4..];

        let expected = "Alice".to_string().encode();
        assert_eq!(expected, encoded_args);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn encode_string_with_spaces() -> Result<()> {
        // String with spaces - simulating bash: --args "my string"
        // Bash passes "my string" (with the quotes stripped) to the program
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let encoded = transcoder.encode("set_name", ["my string"])?;
        let encoded_args = &encoded[4..];

        let expected = "my string".to_string().encode();
        assert_eq!(expected, encoded_args);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn encode_string_with_special_chars() -> Result<()> {
        // String with special characters
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let test_string = "Hello, World! 123 @#$%";
        let encoded = transcoder.encode("set_name", [test_string])?;
        let encoded_args = &encoded[4..];

        let expected = test_string.to_string().encode();
        assert_eq!(expected, encoded_args);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn encode_empty_string() -> Result<()> {
        // Empty string
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let encoded = transcoder.encode("set_name", [""])?;
        let encoded_args = &encoded[4..];

        let expected = "".to_string().encode();
        assert_eq!(expected, encoded_args);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn encode_string_numbers_as_string() -> Result<()> {
        // Numbers that should be treated as strings
        let metadata = generate_metadata();
        let transcoder = ContractMessageTranscoder::new(metadata);

        let encoded = transcoder.encode("set_name", ["12345"])?;
        let encoded_args = &encoded[4..];

        // Should encode as string "12345", not integer 12345
        let expected = "12345".to_string().encode();
        assert_eq!(expected, encoded_args);
        Ok(())
    }
}