commonware-storage 2026.9.0

//! Segmented journal for fixed-size items.
//!
//! # Format
//!
//! Data is stored in one blob per section. Items are stored sequentially:
//!
//! ```text
//! +--------+--------+--------+----------+
//! | item_0 | item_1 |   ...  | item_n-1 |
//! +--------+--------+--------+----------+
//! ```
//!
//! # Sync
//!
//! Data written to `Journal` may not be immediately persisted to `Storage`. Use the
//! `sync` method to force pending data to be written.
//!
//! # Pruning
//!
//! All data must be assigned to a `section`. This allows pruning entire sections
//! (and their corresponding blobs) independently.

use super::manager::{
    AppendFactory, Config as ManagerConfig, Manager, section_from_name, stored_names,
};
use crate::journal::Error;
use commonware_codec::{CodecFixed, CodecFixedShared, DecodeExt as _, ReadExt as _};
use commonware_runtime::{
    Blob, Error as RError, Handle, Metrics, ReadOptions, Storage,
    buffer::paged::{CacheRef, Replay as BlobReplay, Writer},
};
use commonware_utils::NZUsize;
use std::{
    collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, VecDeque},
    marker::PhantomData,
    num::{NonZeroU16, NonZeroUsize},
};
use tracing::{trace, warn};

/// State for replaying a single section's blob.
struct SectionReplay<B: Blob> {
    section: u64,
    reader: BlobReplay<B>,
    position: u64,
}

/// Configuration for the fixed segmented journal.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct Config {
    /// The partition to use for storing blobs.
    pub partition: String,

    /// The page cache to use for caching data.
    pub page_cache: CacheRef,

    /// The size of the write buffer to use for each blob.
    pub write_buffer: NonZeroUsize,
}

/// The journal's state, boxed so the public [Journal] handle stays pointer-sized.
struct Inner<E: Storage + Metrics, A: CodecFixed> {
    manager: Manager<E, AppendFactory>,

    /// Nonempty sections opened at initialization that have not been replayed from position zero.
    unrecovered: BTreeSet<u64>,

    /// Logical byte prefixes protected by durable validation markers.
    floors: BTreeMap<u64, u64>,

    _array: PhantomData<A>,
}

/// Recovery mutations authorized by a completed non-mutating preflight.
enum PreflightMode {
    /// Preserve each durable validation floor while replay repairs its suffix.
    Floors(BTreeMap<u64, u64>),
    /// Restore one checkpoint section and discard every later section.
    Restore {
        /// The checkpoint section remains explicit because an empty checkpoint has no floor.
        section: u64,
        floors: BTreeMap<u64, u64>,
    },
}

/// Non-mutating recovery evidence and authorized work bound to the storage that produced it.
pub(crate) struct RecoveryPreflight<E: Storage + Metrics, A: CodecFixed> {
    context: E,
    cfg: Config,

    /// Terminal entry at each validated logical boundary.
    boundaries: BTreeMap<u64, Option<A>>,

    /// Mutations permitted after sibling storage validates these boundaries.
    mode: PreflightMode,
}

impl<E: Storage + Metrics, A: CodecFixedShared> RecoveryPreflight<E, A> {
    /// Terminal entries captured at each validated boundary.
    pub(crate) const fn boundaries(&self) -> &BTreeMap<u64, Option<A>> {
        &self.boundaries
    }

    /// Apply the preflighted recovery work and open the journal writer.
    pub(crate) async fn finish(self) -> Result<Journal<E, A>, Error> {
        Ok(Journal(Box::new(
            Inner::init(self.context, self.cfg, Some(self.mode)).await?,
        )))
    }
}

impl<E: Storage + Metrics, A: CodecFixed> Inner<E, A> {
    /// The section's writer. A replayed section cannot be removed while the replay owns the journal.
    fn writer(&mut self, section: u64) -> &mut Writer<E::Blob> {
        self.manager
            .get_mut(section)
            .expect("replayed section is present")
    }
}

impl<E: Storage + Metrics, A: CodecFixedShared> Inner<E, A> {
    /// Size of each entry.
    const CHUNK_SIZE: usize = A::SIZE;
    const CHUNK_SIZE_U64: u64 = Self::CHUNK_SIZE as u64;

    /// Return canonical section names in numeric order without opening writers.
    async fn stored(context: &E, cfg: &Config) -> Result<BTreeMap<u64, Vec<u8>>, Error> {
        // Recovery relies on numeric section order for checkpoint coverage and reverse deletion.
        let mut stored = BTreeMap::new();
        for name in stored_names(context, &cfg.partition).await? {
            let section = section_from_name(&name)?;
            stored.insert(section, name);
        }
        Ok(stored)
    }

    /// Prove each validation floor and capture its terminal entry without mutating storage.
    async fn preflight_floors(
        context: E,
        cfg: Config,
        minimum_items: &BTreeMap<u64, u64>,
    ) -> Result<RecoveryPreflight<E, A>, Error> {
        let stored = Self::stored(&context, &cfg).await?;
        let page_size = cfg.page_cache.page_size();
        let mut floor_sizes = BTreeMap::new();
        let mut boundaries = BTreeMap::new();

        for (&section, &items) in minimum_items {
            // Every advertised floor must name a retained, representable byte prefix.
            let Some(name) = stored.get(&section) else {
                return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                    "section {section} has a validation floor but no blob"
                )));
            };
            let required = items.checked_mul(Self::CHUNK_SIZE_U64).ok_or_else(|| {
                Error::Corruption(format!(
                    "section {section} validation floor {items} overflows its byte size"
                ))
            })?;
            if required == 0 {
                boundaries.insert(section, None);
                continue;
            }

            // A published marker follows a completed index/value sync, so its earlier pages are
            // already durable. Validate the terminal index page that binds the two journals.
            let (blob, _) = context.open(&cfg.partition, name).await?;
            let entry = Self::boundary(&blob, page_size, section, required).await?;
            floor_sizes.insert(section, required);
            boundaries.insert(section, Some(entry));
        }

        Ok(RecoveryPreflight {
            context,
            cfg,
            boundaries,
            mode: PreflightMode::Floors(floor_sizes),
        })
    }

    /// Prove every checkpoint-covered index boundary without mutating damaged storage.
    async fn preflight_restore(
        context: E,
        cfg: Config,
        section: u64,
        size: u64,
    ) -> Result<RecoveryPreflight<E, A>, Error> {
        // The checkpoint can only identify a boundary between fixed-size items.
        if !size.is_multiple_of(Self::CHUNK_SIZE_U64) {
            return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                "section {section} checkpoint size {size} is not item-aligned"
            )));
        }

        // A non-empty current checkpoint requires its section blob to exist.
        let stored = Self::stored(&context, &cfg).await?;
        if size > 0 && !stored.contains_key(&section) {
            return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                "section {section} has a checkpoint but no blob"
            )));
        }

        let page_size = cfg.page_cache.page_size();
        let mut boundaries = BTreeMap::new();
        let mut floors = BTreeMap::new();

        for (&candidate, name) in stored.range(..=section) {
            // Earlier sections end at their retained terminal page. The checkpoint supplies the
            // current section's exact logical boundary, which may precede an uncommitted suffix.
            let (blob, physical_size) = context.open(&cfg.partition, name).await?;
            let entry = if candidate == section {
                if size == 0 {
                    None
                } else {
                    let entry = Self::boundary(&blob, page_size, section, size).await?;
                    floors.insert(section, size);
                    Some(entry)
                }
            } else if physical_size == 0 {
                None
            } else {
                let (logical_size, entry) = Writer::<E::Blob>::read_tail(
                    &blob,
                    physical_size,
                    page_size,
                    Self::CHUNK_SIZE,
                    ReadOptions::default(),
                )
                .await
                .map_err(|err| Self::boundary_error(candidate, physical_size, err))?;
                if !logical_size.is_multiple_of(Self::CHUNK_SIZE_U64) {
                    return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                        "section {candidate} is not a complete checkpoint-covered index"
                    )));
                }
                floors.insert(candidate, logical_size);
                Some(A::decode(entry.coalesce()).map_err(Error::Codec)?)
            };
            boundaries.insert(candidate, entry);
        }
        boundaries.entry(section).or_insert(None);
        Ok(RecoveryPreflight {
            context,
            cfg,
            boundaries,
            mode: PreflightMode::Restore { section, floors },
        })
    }

    /// Read and decode the terminal entry of a validated `size`-byte prefix.
    async fn boundary(
        blob: &E::Blob,
        page_size: NonZeroU16,
        section: u64,
        size: u64,
    ) -> Result<A, Error> {
        let entry = Writer::<E::Blob>::read_range(
            blob,
            page_size,
            size - Self::CHUNK_SIZE_U64,
            Self::CHUNK_SIZE,
            ReadOptions::default(),
        )
        .await
        .map_err(|err| Self::boundary_error(section, size, err))?;
        A::decode(entry.coalesce()).map_err(Error::Codec)
    }

    /// Classify an invalid or missing boundary as committed corruption without hiding I/O errors.
    ///
    /// `searched` is the extent the boundary read covered: the current section's logical
    /// boundary size, or an earlier section's physical blob size.
    fn boundary_error(section: u64, searched: u64, err: RError) -> Error {
        match err {
            RError::InvalidChecksum | RError::BlobInsufficientLength => Error::Corruption(format!(
                "section {section} does not retain a valid durable boundary within {searched} bytes"
            )),
            err => err.into(),
        }
    }

    /// See [Journal::init].
    async fn init(context: E, cfg: Config, mode: Option<PreflightMode>) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        let (floors, restore) = match mode {
            None => (BTreeMap::new(), None),
            Some(PreflightMode::Floors(floors)) => (floors, None),
            Some(PreflightMode::Restore { section, floors }) => {
                let size = floors.get(&section).copied().unwrap_or(0);
                (floors, Some((section, size)))
            }
        };

        let manager_cfg = ManagerConfig {
            partition: cfg.partition,
            factory: AppendFactory {
                write_buffer: cfg.write_buffer,
                page_cache_ref: cfg.page_cache,
            },
        };
        let mut manager = Manager::init(context, manager_cfg).await?;
        if let Some((section, size)) = restore {
            // The checkpoint preflight authorized this exact truncation. Make it durable before
            // the paired value journal can release any corresponding bytes.
            manager.rewind(section, size).await?;
            manager.sync(section).await?;
            return Ok(Self {
                manager,
                unrecovered: BTreeSet::new(),
                floors,
                _array: PhantomData,
            });
        }

        let mut unrecovered = BTreeSet::new();
        for section in manager.sections() {
            let size = manager.size(section)?;
            let floor = floors.get(&section).copied().unwrap_or(0);
            if size < floor {
                return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                    "section {section} retains {size} of its {floor}-byte validation floor"
                )));
            }
            if size > floor {
                unrecovered.insert(section);
            }
        }

        Ok(Self {
            manager,
            unrecovered,
            floors,
            _array: PhantomData,
        })
    }

    /// See [Journal::append].
    async fn append(&mut self, section: u64, item: &A) -> Result<u64, Error> {
        assert!(
            !self.unrecovered.contains(&section),
            "section {section} must be replayed before append"
        );
        let blob = self.manager.get_or_create(section).await?;

        // Encode the item
        let buf = item.encode_mut();
        let offset = blob.append(&buf).await?;
        if !offset.is_multiple_of(Self::CHUNK_SIZE_U64) {
            return Err(Error::InvalidBlobSize(section, offset));
        }
        let position = offset / Self::CHUNK_SIZE_U64;
        trace!(section, position, "appended item");

        Ok(position)
    }

    /// See [Journal::get].
    async fn get(&self, section: u64, position: u64) -> Result<A, Error> {
        let blob = self
            .manager
            .get(section)?
            .ok_or(Error::SectionOutOfRange(section))?;

        let offset = position
            .checked_mul(Self::CHUNK_SIZE_U64)
            .ok_or(Error::ItemOutOfRange(position))?;

        // The read validates bounds against the blob's logical size.
        let buf = blob
            .read_at(offset, Self::CHUNK_SIZE)
            .await
            .map_err(|err| match err {
                commonware_runtime::Error::BlobInsufficientLength
                | commonware_runtime::Error::OffsetOverflow => Error::ItemOutOfRange(position),
                err => Error::Runtime(err),
            })?;
        A::decode(buf.coalesce()).map_err(Error::Codec)
    }

    /// See [Journal::get_many].
    async fn get_many(
        &self,
        section: u64,
        positions: &[u64],
        buf: &mut [u8],
    ) -> Result<(Vec<A>, usize), Error> {
        assert!(
            positions.is_sorted_by(|a, b| a < b),
            "positions must be strictly increasing"
        );
        if positions.is_empty() {
            return Ok((Vec::new(), 0));
        }
        assert!(
            buf.len() >= positions.len() * Self::CHUNK_SIZE,
            "get_many requires buf.len() >= positions.len() * CHUNK_SIZE"
        );
        let buf = &mut buf[..positions.len() * Self::CHUNK_SIZE];
        let blob = self
            .manager
            .get(section)?
            .ok_or(Error::SectionOutOfRange(section))?;

        let offsets: Vec<u64> = positions
            .iter()
            .map(|&p| {
                p.checked_mul(Self::CHUNK_SIZE_U64)
                    .ok_or(Error::ItemOutOfRange(p))
            })
            .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?;

        let hits = blob
            .read_many_into(buf, &offsets, NZUsize!(Self::CHUNK_SIZE))
            .await?;

        let mut items = Vec::with_capacity(positions.len());
        for i in 0..positions.len() {
            let slice = &buf[i * Self::CHUNK_SIZE..(i + 1) * Self::CHUNK_SIZE];
            items.push(A::decode(slice).map_err(Error::Codec)?);
        }
        Ok((items, hits))
    }

    /// See [Journal::try_get_sync].
    fn try_get_sync(&self, section: u64, position: u64) -> Option<A> {
        let blob = self.manager.get(section).ok()??;
        let offset = position.checked_mul(Self::CHUNK_SIZE_U64)?;
        let remaining = blob.size().checked_sub(offset)?;
        if remaining < Self::CHUNK_SIZE_U64 {
            return None;
        }
        let mut buf = vec![0u8; Self::CHUNK_SIZE];
        if !blob.try_read_sync_into(&mut buf, offset) {
            return None;
        }
        A::decode(&buf[..]).ok()
    }

    /// See [Journal::last].
    async fn last(&self, section: u64) -> Result<Option<A>, Error> {
        let blob = self
            .manager
            .get(section)?
            .ok_or(Error::SectionOutOfRange(section))?;

        let size = blob.size();
        if size < Self::CHUNK_SIZE_U64 {
            return Ok(None);
        }

        let last_position = (size / Self::CHUNK_SIZE_U64) - 1;
        let offset = last_position * Self::CHUNK_SIZE_U64;
        let buf = blob.read_at(offset, Self::CHUNK_SIZE).await?;
        A::decode(buf.coalesce()).map_err(Error::Codec).map(Some)
    }

    /// See [Journal::sync].
    async fn sync(&mut self, sections: impl crate::Sections) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.manager.sync(sections).await
    }

    /// See [Journal::start_sync].
    async fn start_sync(&mut self, sections: impl crate::Sections) -> Result<Handle<()>, Error> {
        self.manager.start_sync(sections).await
    }

    /// See [Journal::sync_all].
    async fn sync_all(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.manager.sync_all().await
    }

    /// See [Journal::prune].
    async fn prune(&mut self, min: u64) -> Result<bool, Error> {
        let pruned = self.manager.prune(min).await?;
        if pruned {
            self.unrecovered.retain(|section| *section >= min);
            self.floors.retain(|section, _| *section >= min);
        }
        Ok(pruned)
    }

    /// See [Journal::pruned].
    const fn pruned(&self, section: u64) -> bool {
        self.manager.pruned(section)
    }

    /// See [Journal::oldest_section].
    fn oldest_section(&self) -> Option<u64> {
        self.manager.oldest_section()
    }

    /// See [Journal::newest_section].
    fn newest_section(&self) -> Option<u64> {
        self.manager.newest_section()
    }

    /// See [Journal::sections].
    fn sections(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = u64> + '_ {
        self.manager.sections()
    }

    /// See [Journal::section_len].
    fn section_len(&self, section: u64) -> Result<u64, Error> {
        let size = self.manager.size(section)?;
        Ok(size / Self::CHUNK_SIZE_U64)
    }

    /// See [Journal::size].
    fn size(&self, section: u64) -> Result<u64, Error> {
        self.manager.size(section)
    }

    /// See [Journal::rewind].
    async fn rewind(&mut self, section: u64, offset: u64) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.manager.rewind(section, offset).await?;
        self.unrecovered.retain(|candidate| *candidate <= section);
        self.floors.retain(|candidate, _| *candidate <= section);
        if offset == 0 {
            self.unrecovered.remove(&section);
        }
        if let Some(floor) = self.floors.get_mut(&section) {
            *floor = (*floor).min(offset);
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// See [Journal::rewind_section].
    async fn rewind_section(&mut self, section: u64, size: u64) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.manager.rewind_section(section, size).await?;
        if size == 0 {
            self.unrecovered.remove(&section);
        }
        if let Some(floor) = self.floors.get_mut(&section) {
            *floor = (*floor).min(size);
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// See [Journal::destroy].
    async fn destroy(self) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.manager.destroy().await
    }

    /// See [Journal::clear].
    async fn clear(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.manager.clear().await?;
        self.unrecovered.clear();
        self.floors.clear();
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// A segmented journal with fixed-size entries.
///
/// Each section is stored in a separate blob. Within each blob, items are fixed-size.
///
/// # Repair
///
/// Like
/// [sqlite](https://github.com/sqlite/sqlite/blob/8658a8df59f00ec8fcfea336a2a6a4b5ef79d2ee/src/wal.c#L1504-L1505)
/// and
/// [rocksdb](https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/blob/0c533e61bc6d89fdf1295e8e0bcee4edb3aef401/include/rocksdb/options.h#L441-L445),
/// the first invalid data read will be considered the new end of the journal (and the
/// underlying [Blob] will be truncated to the last valid item). Repair occurs during
/// replay so clean initialization reads only each blob's terminal page. A nonempty section opened
/// during initialization must be replayed from position zero before it accepts new appends.
///
/// Mutating functions consume the journal and return it only on success: an error (or a dropped
/// future) destroys the handle. [Journal::replay] consumes the journal into an owned [Replay]
/// reader, which returns it via [Replay::finish] once exhausted. Mutations on pruned sections
/// fail with [Error::AlreadyPrunedToSection] without mutating. Check [Journal::pruned] first to
/// keep the handle.
pub struct Journal<E: Storage + Metrics, A: CodecFixed>(Box<Inner<E, A>>);

impl<E: Storage + Metrics, A: CodecFixedShared> std::fmt::Debug for Journal<E, A> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("Journal")
            .field("oldest_section", &self.oldest_section())
            .field("newest_section", &self.newest_section())
            .finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
}

impl<E: Storage + Metrics, A: CodecFixedShared> Journal<E, A> {
    /// Size of each entry.
    pub const CHUNK_SIZE: usize = Inner::<E, A>::CHUNK_SIZE;

    /// Initialize a new `Journal` instance.
    ///
    /// Backing blobs are opened without scanning their full page prefixes. Use `replay` to validate
    /// and iterate over all items before appending to a retained section.
    pub async fn init(context: E, cfg: Config) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        Ok(Self(Box::new(Inner::init(context, cfg, None).await?)))
    }

    /// Prove validation floors without opening a writer or mutating their blobs.
    pub(crate) async fn preflight_floors(
        context: E,
        cfg: Config,
        minimum_items: &BTreeMap<u64, u64>,
    ) -> Result<RecoveryPreflight<E, A>, Error> {
        Inner::preflight_floors(context, cfg, minimum_items).await
    }

    /// Prove every checkpoint-covered index byte without mutating damage.
    pub(crate) async fn preflight_restore(
        context: E,
        cfg: Config,
        section: u64,
        size: u64,
    ) -> Result<RecoveryPreflight<E, A>, Error> {
        Inner::preflight_restore(context, cfg, section, size).await
    }

    /// Append a new item to the journal in the given section.
    ///
    /// Returns the position of the item within the section (0-indexed).
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Panics when `section` contained an unvalidated suffix at initialization and has not
    /// completed a replay from position zero.
    pub async fn append(mut self, section: u64, item: &A) -> Result<(Self, u64), Error> {
        let position = self.0.append(section, item).await?;
        Ok((self, position))
    }

    /// Read the item at the given section and position.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - [Error::AlreadyPrunedToSection] if the section has been pruned.
    /// - [Error::SectionOutOfRange] if the section doesn't exist.
    /// - [Error::ItemOutOfRange] if the position is beyond the blob size.
    pub async fn get(&self, section: u64, position: u64) -> Result<A, Error> {
        self.0.get(section, position).await
    }

    /// Read multiple items from the same section into a caller buffer.
    ///
    /// `buf` must be at least `positions.len() * CHUNK_SIZE` bytes. All positions must be
    /// strictly increasing and within the section's bounds.
    ///
    /// Returns the decoded items and the number served without a blob read (page cache or tip
    /// buffer hits).
    pub async fn get_many(
        &self,
        section: u64,
        positions: &[u64],
        buf: &mut [u8],
    ) -> Result<(Vec<A>, usize), Error> {
        self.0.get_many(section, positions, buf).await
    }

    /// Get an item if it can be done synchronously (e.g. without I/O), returning `None` otherwise.
    pub fn try_get_sync(&self, section: u64, position: u64) -> Option<A> {
        self.0.try_get_sync(section, position)
    }

    /// Read the last item in a section, if any.
    ///
    /// Returns `Ok(None)` if the section is empty.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - [Error::AlreadyPrunedToSection] if the section has been pruned.
    /// - [Error::SectionOutOfRange] if the section doesn't exist.
    pub async fn last(&self, section: u64) -> Result<Option<A>, Error> {
        self.0.last(section).await
    }

    /// Consumes the journal and returns an owned [Replay] reader over all items starting
    /// from `start_position` in `start_section`.
    ///
    /// Setup flushes buffered pages so the reader observes every accepted write. It
    /// validates replay setup but does not allocate `buffer` bytes per blob. Page buffers
    /// are allocated lazily as the reader advances. Every backing blob read performed by
    /// the returned replay uses `read_options`, including reads after advancing to
    /// another section.
    ///
    /// A nonzero start must be a boundary already validated by a prior replay or a durable
    /// marker: torn-page repair treats everything below it as proven.
    pub async fn replay(
        mut self,
        start_section: u64,
        start_position: u64,
        buffer: NonZeroUsize,
        read_options: ReadOptions,
    ) -> Result<Replay<E, A>, Error> {
        let mut sections = VecDeque::new();
        for (&section, blob) in self.0.manager.sections_from(start_section) {
            let blob_size = blob.size();
            let mut reader = blob.replay(buffer, read_options).await?;
            // For the first section, seek to the start position
            let position = if section == start_section {
                let start = start_position
                    .checked_mul(Inner::<E, A>::CHUNK_SIZE_U64)
                    .ok_or(Error::ItemOutOfRange(start_position))?;
                if start > blob_size {
                    return Err(Error::ItemOutOfRange(start_position));
                }
                reader.seek_to(start)?;
                start_position
            } else {
                0
            };
            sections.push_back(SectionReplay {
                section,
                reader,
                position,
            });
        }
        let finished = sections.is_empty();
        Ok(Replay {
            journal: self,
            sections,
            recovered_from: if start_position == 0 {
                Some(start_section)
            } else {
                start_section.checked_add(1)
            },
            buffer,
            read_options,
            finished,
            errored: false,
            repairing: false,
        })
    }

    /// Sync the given `sections` to storage.
    pub async fn sync(mut self, sections: impl crate::Sections) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        self.0.sync(sections).await?;
        Ok(self)
    }

    /// Start syncing the given `sections` to storage.
    ///
    /// An error reported by the returned [Handle] is fatal to the journal: the caller
    /// must stop using the returned journal.
    pub async fn start_sync(
        mut self,
        sections: impl crate::Sections,
    ) -> Result<(Self, Handle<()>), Error> {
        let handle = self.0.start_sync(sections).await?;
        Ok((self, handle))
    }

    /// Sync all sections to storage.
    pub async fn sync_all(mut self) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        self.0.sync_all().await?;
        Ok(self)
    }

    /// Prune all sections less than `min`. Returns true if any were pruned.
    pub async fn prune(mut self, min: u64) -> Result<(Self, bool), Error> {
        let pruned = self.0.prune(min).await?;
        Ok((self, pruned))
    }

    /// Returns true when `section` is below the prune floor.
    ///
    /// The floor only tracks prunes from the current execution and resets at init, so a
    /// section pruned in a previous execution reports false.
    pub fn pruned(&self, section: u64) -> bool {
        self.0.pruned(section)
    }

    /// Returns the oldest section number, if any blobs exist.
    pub fn oldest_section(&self) -> Option<u64> {
        self.0.oldest_section()
    }

    /// Returns the newest section number, if any blobs exist.
    pub fn newest_section(&self) -> Option<u64> {
        self.0.newest_section()
    }

    /// Returns an iterator over all section numbers.
    pub fn sections(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = u64> + '_ {
        self.0.sections()
    }

    /// Returns the number of items in the given section.
    pub fn section_len(&self, section: u64) -> Result<u64, Error> {
        self.0.section_len(section)
    }

    /// Returns the byte size of the given section.
    pub fn size(&self, section: u64) -> Result<u64, Error> {
        self.0.size(section)
    }

    /// Rewind the journal to a specific section and byte size.
    ///
    /// This truncates the section to the given size. All sections
    /// after `section` are removed.
    pub async fn rewind(mut self, section: u64, size: u64) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        self.0.rewind(section, size).await?;
        Ok(self)
    }

    /// Rewind only the given section to a specific byte offset.
    ///
    /// Unlike `rewind`, this does not affect other sections.
    pub async fn rewind_section(mut self, section: u64, size: u64) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        self.0.rewind_section(section, size).await?;
        Ok(self)
    }

    /// Remove all underlying blobs.
    pub async fn destroy(self) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.0.destroy().await
    }

    /// Clear all data, resetting the journal to an empty state.
    ///
    /// Unlike `destroy`, this keeps the journal alive so it can be reused.
    pub async fn clear(mut self) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        self.0.clear().await?;
        Ok(self)
    }
}

/// Owned replay reader over a [Journal]'s items.
///
/// Yields `(section, position, item)` in order. Dropping the reader before it is exhausted
/// destroys the journal: recovery is re-initialization. Call [Replay::finish] on an
/// exhausted reader to get the journal back.
pub struct Replay<E: Storage + Metrics, A: CodecFixed> {
    journal: Journal<E, A>,
    sections: VecDeque<SectionReplay<E::Blob>>,
    /// The first section this replay fully covers: [Replay::finish] marks it and every
    /// later section recovered.
    recovered_from: Option<u64>,
    buffer: NonZeroUsize,
    read_options: ReadOptions,
    finished: bool,
    errored: bool,
    repairing: bool,
}

impl<E: Storage + Metrics, A: CodecFixedShared> Replay<E, A> {
    /// Validate that the front section's checksum failure is a repairable torn page, returning
    /// the item-aligned truncation target and the validated replay prefix.
    async fn plan_repair(&mut self, source: RError) -> Result<(u64, u64), Error> {
        // Only a checksum failure is repairable: it marks a torn write, while any other error
        // is an I/O failure this repair must not mask.
        if !matches!(source, RError::InvalidChecksum) {
            return Err(source.into());
        }

        // The bytes already replayed are validated: they bound the truncation from below.
        let current = self.sections.front().expect("replayed section is present");
        let section = current.section;
        let position = current.position;
        let size = current.reader.blob_size();
        let valid_size = position
            .checked_mul(Inner::<E, A>::CHUNK_SIZE_U64)
            .ok_or(Error::OffsetOverflow)?;

        // Forward-validate from the replayed prefix to find where well-formed pages end.
        let recoverable = self
            .journal
            .0
            .writer(section)
            .recoverable_prefix_len(valid_size, self.buffer, self.read_options)
            .await?;

        // A whole-blob recoverable prefix means the checksum failure did not come from a torn
        // page: surface the original error instead of truncating valid data.
        if recoverable >= size {
            return Err(source.into());
        }

        // Truncate to whole items, never below the validated replay prefix or the durability
        // floor: a cut inside either lost acknowledged data.
        let target = recoverable - recoverable % Inner::<E, A>::CHUNK_SIZE_U64;
        if target < valid_size {
            return Err(Error::ItemOutOfRange(position));
        }
        self.ensure_above_floor(section, target)?;

        Ok((valid_size, target))
    }

    /// Repair a torn page discovered by ordered replay and resume at the last complete item.
    async fn repair(&mut self, source: RError) -> Result<(), Error> {
        // A rejected plan mutates nothing: drop the damaged section and surface its error.
        let (valid_size, target) = match self.plan_repair(source).await {
            Ok(plan) => plan,
            Err(err) => {
                self.sections.pop_front();
                return Err(err);
            }
        };

        let current = self.sections.front().expect("replayed section is present");
        let (section, position) = (current.section, current.position);
        warn!(
            section,
            invalid_size = current.reader.blob_size(),
            new_size = target,
            "torn page detected: truncating"
        );

        // Keep the interruption guard set until a new reader has replaced the stale view.
        self.repairing = true;
        let current = self
            .sections
            .pop_front()
            .expect("repaired section is present");
        drop(current.reader);
        repair_blob(&mut self.journal, section, target).await?;
        let mut reader = self
            .journal
            .0
            .writer(section)
            .replay(self.buffer, self.read_options)
            .await?;
        reader.seek_to(valid_size)?;
        self.sections.push_front(SectionReplay {
            section,
            reader,
            position,
        });
        self.repairing = false;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Reject a repair that would remove any marker-protected item.
    fn ensure_above_floor(&self, section: u64, target: u64) -> Result<(), Error> {
        let floor = self.journal.0.floors.get(&section).copied().unwrap_or(0);
        if target < floor {
            return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                "section {section} recovery target {target} is below its {floor}-byte validation floor"
            )));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Returns the next `(section, position, item)`, or `None` once every section is
    /// exhausted.
    ///
    /// An error ends the section that produced it, and iteration continues with the
    /// next section. Errors while mutating storage to repair a section, and
    /// [Error::ReplayInterrupted], end the replay.
    pub async fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Result<(u64, u64, A), Error>> {
        // A cancelled repair leaves the section's writer unusable.
        if self.repairing {
            self.repairing = false;
            self.sections.clear();
            if !self.errored {
                return self.fail(Error::ReplayInterrupted);
            }
        }
        while let Some(current) = self.sections.front_mut() {
            // Ensure we have enough data for one item
            match current.reader.ensure(Inner::<E, A>::CHUNK_SIZE).await {
                Ok(true) => {}
                Ok(false) => {
                    let valid_size =
                        match current.position.checked_mul(Inner::<E, A>::CHUNK_SIZE_U64) {
                            Some(size) => size,
                            None => return self.fail(Error::OffsetOverflow),
                        };
                    let blob_size = current.reader.blob_size();
                    if valid_size < blob_size {
                        let section = current.section;
                        if let Err(err) = self.ensure_above_floor(section, valid_size) {
                            self.sections.pop_front();
                            return self.fail(err);
                        }
                        warn!(
                            section,
                            invalid_size = blob_size,
                            new_size = valid_size,
                            "incomplete item detected: truncating"
                        );
                        self.repairing = true;
                        if let Err(err) = repair_blob(&mut self.journal, section, valid_size).await
                        {
                            self.sections.pop_front();
                            return self.fail(err);
                        }
                        self.repairing = false;
                    }
                    self.sections.pop_front();
                    continue;
                }
                Err(err) => {
                    if let Err(err) = self.repair(err).await {
                        return self.fail(err);
                    }
                    continue;
                }
            }

            // Decode the item at the current position
            match A::read(&mut current.reader) {
                Ok(item) => {
                    let yielded = (current.section, current.position, item);
                    current.position += 1;
                    return Some(Ok(yielded));
                }
                Err(err) => {
                    self.sections.pop_front();
                    return self.fail(Error::Codec(err));
                }
            }
        }
        self.finished = true;
        None
    }

    /// Records a yielded error, which is fatal to the journal.
    const fn fail(&mut self, err: Error) -> Option<Result<(u64, u64, A), Error>> {
        self.errored = true;
        Some(Err(err))
    }

    /// Returns the journal.
    ///
    /// Fails when the reader was not fully drained or yielded an error: the journal is
    /// destroyed and recovery is re-initialization.
    pub fn finish(mut self) -> Result<Journal<E, A>, Error> {
        if self.errored || !self.finished {
            return Err(Error::ReplayFailed);
        }
        if let Some(start) = self.recovered_from {
            self.journal
                .0
                .unrecovered
                .retain(|section| *section < start);
        }
        Ok(self.journal)
    }
}

/// Truncate a replayed section and make the repair durable before allowing new appends.
async fn repair_blob<E: Storage + Metrics, A: CodecFixed>(
    journal: &mut Journal<E, A>,
    section: u64,
    size: u64,
) -> Result<(), Error> {
    let blob = journal.0.writer(section);
    blob.resize(size).await?;
    blob.sync().await?;
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use commonware_codec::FixedSize;
    use commonware_cryptography::{Hasher as _, Sha256, sha256::Digest};
    use commonware_macros::test_traced;
    use commonware_runtime::{
        BufferPooler, Error as RError, Runner, Spawner as _, Supervisor as _,
        buffer::paged::{CacheRef, Writer, corrupt_page},
        deterministic,
        mocks::{
            DelayedSyncContext, PendingSyncs, RecordingContext, fail_pending_syncs,
            release_pending_syncs,
        },
    };
    use commonware_utils::{NZU16, NZUsize};
    use core::num::NonZeroU16;
    use std::{
        ops::RangeInclusive,
        sync::{
            Arc,
            atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering},
        },
    };

    const PAGE_SIZE: NonZeroU16 = NZU16!(44);
    const PAGE_CACHE_SIZE: NonZeroUsize = NZUsize!(3);

    fn test_digest(value: u64) -> Digest {
        Sha256::hash(&[&value.to_be_bytes()])
    }

    fn test_cfg(pooler: &impl BufferPooler) -> Config {
        Config {
            partition: "test-partition".into(),
            page_cache: CacheRef::from_pooler(pooler, PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_CACHE_SIZE),
            write_buffer: NZUsize!(2048),
        }
    }

    fn aligned_cfg(pooler: &impl BufferPooler) -> Config {
        Config {
            partition: "segmented-fixed-aligned".into(),
            page_cache: CacheRef::from_pooler(pooler, NZU16!(16), NZUsize!(4)),
            write_buffer: NZUsize!(128),
        }
    }

    fn lazy_recovery_cfg(pooler: &impl BufferPooler, partition: &str) -> Config {
        Config {
            partition: partition.into(),
            page_cache: CacheRef::from_pooler(pooler, NZU16!(16), NZUsize!(4)),
            write_buffer: NZUsize!(1),
        }
    }

    async fn replay_all<E, A>(journal: Journal<E, A>) -> Journal<E, A>
    where
        E: Storage + Metrics,
        A: CodecFixedShared,
    {
        let mut replay = journal
            .replay(0, 0, NZUsize!(1024), ReadOptions::default())
            .await
            .expect("failed to start recovery replay");
        while let Some(item) = replay.next().await {
            item.expect("failed to recover journal");
        }
        replay.finish().expect("failed to finish recovery replay")
    }

    /// Seed each section with sixteen durable u64 items.
    async fn seed<E: Storage + Metrics>(context: &E, cfg: &Config, sections: RangeInclusive<u64>) {
        let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("seed"), cfg.clone())
            .await
            .expect("failed to init");
        for section in sections {
            for value in 0..16u64 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(section, &value)
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to append");
            }
        }
        journal.sync_all().await.expect("failed to sync");
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_append_and_get() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("storage"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            let pos0;
            (journal, pos0) = journal
                .append(1, &test_digest(0))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append");
            assert_eq!(pos0, 0);

            let pos1;
            (journal, pos1) = journal
                .append(1, &test_digest(1))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append");
            assert_eq!(pos1, 1);

            let pos2;
            (journal, pos2) = journal
                .append(2, &test_digest(2))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append");
            assert_eq!(pos2, 0);

            let item0 = journal.get(1, 0).await.expect("failed to get");
            assert_eq!(item0, test_digest(0));

            let item1 = journal.get(1, 1).await.expect("failed to get");
            assert_eq!(item1, test_digest(1));

            let item2 = journal.get(2, 0).await.expect("failed to get");
            assert_eq!(item2, test_digest(2));

            let err = journal.get(1, 2).await;
            assert!(matches!(err, Err(Error::ItemOutOfRange(2))));

            let err = journal.get(3, 0).await;
            assert!(matches!(err, Err(Error::SectionOutOfRange(3))));

            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_replay_empty_finishes_immediately() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let journal = Journal::<_, Digest>::init(context.child("storage"), cfg)
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            // An empty journal's reader is exhausted from the start
            let replay = journal
                .replay(0, 0, NZUsize!(1024), ReadOptions::default())
                .await
                .expect("failed to replay");
            let journal = replay.finish().expect("failed to finish replay");
            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_replay_propagates_read_options() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let (context, recordings) = RecordingContext::new(context);
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("storage"), cfg)
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            for section in 1..=2 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(section, &test_digest(section))
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to append");
            }

            let mut replay = journal
                .replay(1, 0, NZUsize!(56), ReadOptions::DONT_CACHE)
                .await
                .expect("failed to replay");
            recordings.clear();

            // The first lazy refill must carry the caller's policy.
            let (section, position, item) = replay
                .next()
                .await
                .expect("missing first replay item")
                .expect("failed to read first replay item");
            assert_eq!((section, position, item), (1, 0, test_digest(1)));
            let reads = recordings.snapshot().reads;
            assert!(!reads.is_empty());
            assert!(
                reads
                    .iter()
                    .all(|options| *options == ReadOptions::DONT_CACHE)
            );

            // Crossing into the next section must preserve the same policy.
            recordings.clear();
            let (section, position, item) = replay
                .next()
                .await
                .expect("missing second replay item")
                .expect("failed to read second replay item");
            assert_eq!((section, position, item), (2, 0, test_digest(2)));
            let reads = recordings.snapshot().reads;
            assert!(!reads.is_empty());
            assert!(
                reads
                    .iter()
                    .all(|options| *options == ReadOptions::DONT_CACHE)
            );
            assert!(replay.next().await.is_none());

            let journal = replay.finish().expect("failed to finish replay");
            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_clean_recovery_uses_replay_buffer() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let (context, recordings) = RecordingContext::new(context);
            let cfg = lazy_recovery_cfg(&context, "segmented-fixed-lazy-recovery");

            // Sixteen u64s occupy eight physical pages. Persist a clean journal whose tiny write
            // buffer would force an eager recovery scan to issue one read per page.
            seed(&context, &cfg, 1..=1).await;

            // Initialization needs only the terminal page used to open Writer. Recovery belongs to
            // replay, whose 112-byte budget batches four 28-byte physical pages per read.
            recordings.clear();
            let journal = Journal::<_, u64>::init(context.child("reopen"), cfg)
                .await
                .expect("failed to reopen");
            assert_eq!(recordings.snapshot().reads.len(), 1);

            let mut replay = journal
                .replay(0, 0, NZUsize!(112), ReadOptions::default())
                .await
                .expect("failed to replay");
            while let Some(item) = replay.next().await {
                item.expect("failed to read replay item");
            }
            assert_eq!(recordings.snapshot().reads.len(), 3);
            replay
                .finish()
                .expect("failed to finish replay")
                .destroy()
                .await
                .expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must be replayed before append")]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_append_requires_replay_after_reopen() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("seed"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");
            (journal, _) = journal
                .append(1, &test_digest(0))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append");
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.expect("failed to sync");
            drop(journal);

            // A tail page can hide an earlier torn page. Reopened sections remain append-locked
            // until ordered replay has validated their full retained prefix.
            let journal = Journal::init(context.child("reopen"), cfg)
                .await
                .expect("failed to reopen");
            journal.append(1, &test_digest(1)).await.unwrap();
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    #[should_panic(expected = "must be replayed before append")]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_gates_older_section_after_reopen() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            seed(&context, &cfg, 1..=3).await;

            // Every nonempty retained section is append-locked, not only the oldest or the
            // newest.
            let journal = Journal::<_, u64>::init(context.child("reopen"), cfg)
                .await
                .expect("failed to reopen");
            journal.append(2, &2).await.unwrap();
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_floor_preflight_reads_boundary_only() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let (context, recordings) = RecordingContext::new(context);
            let cfg = lazy_recovery_cfg(&context, "segmented-fixed-floor-boundary");
            seed(&context, &cfg, 1..=1).await;

            // A durable floor proves its prefix. Preflight reads only the page containing the
            // terminal entry and leaves the ordinary replay pass to inspect the suffix.
            recordings.clear();
            let floors = BTreeMap::from([(1, 16)]);
            let preflight =
                Journal::<_, u64>::preflight_floors(context.child("preflight"), cfg, &floors)
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to preflight");
            assert_eq!(recordings.snapshot().reads.len(), 1);
            preflight
                .finish()
                .await
                .expect("failed to finish preflight")
                .destroy()
                .await
                .expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_restore_reads_boundaries_only() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let (context, recordings) = RecordingContext::new(context);
            let cfg = lazy_recovery_cfg(&context, "segmented-fixed-restore-boundaries");
            seed(&context, &cfg, 0..=1).await;

            // The checkpoint makes both retained sections durable. Restore needs one terminal
            // boundary read per section, independent of the eight pages stored in each.
            recordings.clear();
            let preflight = Journal::<_, u64>::preflight_restore(
                context.child("preflight"),
                cfg,
                1,
                16 * u64::SIZE as u64,
            )
            .await
            .expect("failed to preflight");
            assert_eq!(recordings.snapshot().reads.len(), 2);
            preflight
                .finish()
                .await
                .expect("failed to finish preflight")
                .destroy()
                .await
                .expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_restore_retains_empty_checkpoint_section() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = lazy_recovery_cfg(&context, "segmented-fixed-empty-restore");
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("seed"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");
            for section in 0..=2 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(section, &section)
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to append");
            }
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.expect("failed to sync");
            journal = journal
                .rewind_section(1, 0)
                .await
                .expect("failed to empty checkpoint section");
            journal = journal.sync(1).await.expect("failed to sync empty section");
            drop(journal);

            let journal = Journal::<_, u64>::preflight_restore(context.child("restore"), cfg, 1, 0)
                .await
                .expect("failed to preflight")
                .finish()
                .await
                .expect("failed to finish preflight");

            assert_eq!(journal.sections().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![0, 1]);
            assert_eq!(journal.size(1).expect("missing checkpoint section"), 0);
            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_restore_floors_block_below_checkpoint_repair() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = lazy_recovery_cfg(&context, "segmented-fixed-restore-floors");
            seed(&context, &cfg, 0..=1).await;

            // Tear an interior page below the checkpoint boundary. The preflight reads only the
            // terminal boundary page, so restore succeeds and must arm the proven floor.
            corrupt_page(&context, &cfg.partition, &1u64.to_be_bytes(), 2, 16).await;
            let size = 16 * u64::SIZE as u64;
            let journal = Journal::<_, u64>::preflight_restore(
                context.child("restore"),
                cfg.clone(),
                1,
                size,
            )
            .await
            .expect("failed to preflight")
            .finish()
            .await
            .expect("failed to finish preflight");

            // Replay repair may not truncate checkpoint-proven bytes: the torn page sits below
            // the restore floor, so recovery fails loud instead of mutating.
            let mut replay = journal
                .replay(0, 0, NZUsize!(1024), ReadOptions::default())
                .await
                .expect("failed to start replay");
            let mut outcome = None;
            while let Some(item) = replay.next().await {
                if let Err(err) = item {
                    outcome = Some(err);
                    break;
                }
            }
            assert!(matches!(
                outcome,
                Some(Error::Corruption(ref message))
                    if message.contains("below its 128-byte validation floor")
            ));
            drop(replay);

            // The checkpoint-proven bytes stay untouched: eight 28-byte physical pages.
            let (_, blob_size) = context
                .open(&cfg.partition, &1u64.to_be_bytes())
                .await
                .expect("failed to open");
            assert_eq!(blob_size, 8 * 28);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_floor_preflight_reads_terminal_entry_only() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let (context, recordings) = RecordingContext::new(context);
            let cfg = aligned_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("seed"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");
            for value in 0..2 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(1, &test_digest(value))
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to append");
            }
            journal = journal.sync(1).await.expect("failed to sync");
            drop(journal);

            recordings.clear();
            let floors = BTreeMap::from([(1, 2)]);
            let journal =
                Journal::<_, Digest>::preflight_floors(context.child("reopen"), cfg, &floors)
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to preflight")
                    .finish()
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to reopen");

            // Two 32-byte items occupy four 16-byte pages. The terminal entry spans two pages, and
            // Writer reads the tail once when opening. No earlier entry page is scanned.
            assert_eq!(recordings.snapshot().reads.len(), 3);
            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_replay_finish_before_drain_fails() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::<_, Digest>::init(context.child("storage"), cfg)
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");
            (journal, _) = journal
                .append(1, &test_digest(0))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append");
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.expect("failed to sync");

            let replay = journal
                .replay(0, 0, NZUsize!(1024), ReadOptions::default())
                .await
                .expect("failed to replay");
            assert!(matches!(replay.finish(), Err(Error::ReplayFailed)));
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_replay() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("first"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            for i in 0u64..10 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(1, &test_digest(i))
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to append");
            }
            for i in 10u64..20 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(2, &test_digest(i))
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to append");
            }

            journal = journal.sync_all().await.expect("failed to sync");
            drop(journal);

            let mut journal = Journal::<_, Digest>::init(context.child("second"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to re-init");

            let items = {
                let mut replay = journal
                    .replay(0, 0, NZUsize!(1024), ReadOptions::default())
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to replay");

                let mut items = Vec::new();
                while let Some(result) = replay.next().await {
                    match result {
                        Ok((section, pos, item)) => items.push((section, pos, item)),
                        Err(err) => panic!("replay error: {err}"),
                    }
                }
                journal = replay.finish().expect("failed to finish replay");
                items
            };

            assert_eq!(items.len(), 20);
            for (i, item) in items.iter().enumerate().take(10) {
                assert_eq!(item.0, 1);
                assert_eq!(item.1, i as u64);
                assert_eq!(item.2, test_digest(i as u64));
            }
            for (i, item) in items.iter().enumerate().skip(10).take(10) {
                assert_eq!(item.0, 2);
                assert_eq!(item.1, (i - 10) as u64);
                assert_eq!(item.2, test_digest(i as u64));
            }

            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_replay_with_start_offset() {
        // Test that replay with a non-zero start_position correctly skips items.
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("first"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            // Append 10 items to section 1
            for i in 0u64..10 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(1, &test_digest(i))
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to append");
            }
            // Append 5 items to section 2
            for i in 10u64..15 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(2, &test_digest(i))
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to append");
            }
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.expect("failed to sync");
            drop(journal);

            let mut journal = Journal::<_, Digest>::init(context.child("second"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to re-init");

            // Replay from section 1, position 5 - should get items 5-9 from section 1 and all of section 2
            {
                let mut replay = journal
                    .replay(1, 5, NZUsize!(1024), ReadOptions::default())
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to replay");

                let mut items = Vec::new();
                while let Some(result) = replay.next().await {
                    let (section, pos, item) = result.expect("replay error");
                    items.push((section, pos, item));
                }
                journal = replay.finish().expect("failed to finish replay");

                assert_eq!(
                    items.len(),
                    10,
                    "Should have 5 items from section 1 + 5 from section 2"
                );

                // Check section 1 items (positions 5-9)
                for (i, (section, pos, item)) in items.iter().enumerate().take(5) {
                    assert_eq!(*section, 1);
                    assert_eq!(*pos, (i + 5) as u64);
                    assert_eq!(*item, test_digest((i + 5) as u64));
                }

                // Check section 2 items (positions 0-4)
                for (i, (section, pos, item)) in items.iter().enumerate().skip(5) {
                    assert_eq!(*section, 2);
                    assert_eq!(*pos, (i - 5) as u64);
                    assert_eq!(*item, test_digest((i + 5) as u64));
                }
            }

            // Replay from section 1, position 9 - should get only item 9 from section 1 and all of section 2
            {
                let mut replay = journal
                    .replay(1, 9, NZUsize!(1024), ReadOptions::default())
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to replay");

                let mut items = Vec::new();
                while let Some(result) = replay.next().await {
                    let (section, pos, item) = result.expect("replay error");
                    items.push((section, pos, item));
                }
                journal = replay.finish().expect("failed to finish replay");

                assert_eq!(
                    items.len(),
                    6,
                    "Should have 1 item from section 1 + 5 from section 2"
                );
                assert_eq!(items[0], (1, 9, test_digest(9)));
                for (i, (section, pos, item)) in items.iter().enumerate().skip(1) {
                    assert_eq!(*section, 2);
                    assert_eq!(*pos, (i - 1) as u64);
                    assert_eq!(*item, test_digest((i + 9) as u64));
                }
            }

            // Replay from section 2, position 3 - should get only items 3-4 from section 2
            {
                let mut replay = journal
                    .replay(2, 3, NZUsize!(1024), ReadOptions::default())
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to replay");

                let mut items = Vec::new();
                while let Some(result) = replay.next().await {
                    let (section, pos, item) = result.expect("replay error");
                    items.push((section, pos, item));
                }
                journal = replay.finish().expect("failed to finish replay");

                assert_eq!(items.len(), 2, "Should have 2 items from section 2");
                assert_eq!(items[0], (2, 3, test_digest(13)));
                assert_eq!(items[1], (2, 4, test_digest(14)));
            }

            // Replay from position past the end should return ItemOutOfRange error.
            // A failed replay consumes the journal, so re-initialize between attempts.
            let result = journal
                .replay(1, 100, NZUsize!(1024), ReadOptions::default())
                .await;
            assert!(matches!(result, Err(Error::ItemOutOfRange(100))));

            let journal = Journal::<_, Digest>::init(context.child("third"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to re-init");
            let result = journal
                .replay(1, u64::MAX, NZUsize!(1024), ReadOptions::default())
                .await;
            assert!(matches!(result, Err(Error::ItemOutOfRange(u64::MAX))));

            let journal = Journal::<_, Digest>::init(context.child("fourth"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to re-init");
            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_prune() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("storage"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            for section in 1u64..=5 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(section, &test_digest(section))
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to append");
            }
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.expect("failed to sync");

            (journal, _) = journal.prune(3).await.expect("failed to prune");

            let err = journal.get(1, 0).await;
            assert!(matches!(err, Err(Error::AlreadyPrunedToSection(3))));

            let err = journal.get(2, 0).await;
            assert!(matches!(err, Err(Error::AlreadyPrunedToSection(3))));

            let item = journal.get(3, 0).await.expect("should exist");
            assert_eq!(item, test_digest(3));

            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_pruned_after_full_prune() {
        // `pruned` must keep reporting the floor after every blob is removed, when
        // `oldest_section` returns None (indistinguishable from a fresh journal).
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("storage"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            for section in 1u64..=3 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(section, &test_digest(section))
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to append");
            }
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.expect("failed to sync");

            (journal, _) = journal.prune(10).await.expect("failed to prune");
            assert_eq!(journal.oldest_section(), None);
            assert!(journal.pruned(3));
            assert!(journal.pruned(9));
            assert!(!journal.pruned(10));

            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_rewind() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("storage"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            // Create sections 1, 2, 3
            for section in 1u64..=3 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(section, &test_digest(section))
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to append");
            }
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.expect("failed to sync");

            // Verify all sections exist
            for section in 1u64..=3 {
                let size = journal.size(section).expect("failed to get size");
                assert!(size > 0, "section {section} should have data");
            }

            // Rewind to section 1 (should remove sections 2, 3)
            let size = journal.size(1).expect("failed to get size");
            journal = journal.rewind(1, size).await.expect("failed to rewind");

            // Verify section 1 still has data
            let size = journal.size(1).expect("failed to get size");
            assert!(size > 0, "section 1 should still have data");

            // Verify sections 2, 3 are removed
            for section in 2u64..=3 {
                let size = journal.size(section).expect("failed to get size");
                assert_eq!(size, 0, "section {section} should be removed");
            }

            // Verify data in section 1 is still readable
            let item = journal.get(1, 0).await.expect("failed to get");
            assert_eq!(item, test_digest(1));

            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_rewind_max_section() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("storage"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            // Append to the maximal section. `section + 1` has no representable successor.
            (journal, _) = journal
                .append(u64::MAX, &test_digest(0))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append");
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.expect("failed to sync");

            // Rewinding the maximal section removes no sections above it and must not panic.
            let size = journal.size(u64::MAX).expect("failed to get size");
            journal = journal
                .rewind(u64::MAX, size)
                .await
                .expect("failed to rewind");

            // The section is intact and readable.
            assert_eq!(journal.size(u64::MAX).expect("failed to get size"), size);
            assert_eq!(journal.get(u64::MAX, 0).await.unwrap(), test_digest(0));

            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_rewind_many_sections() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("storage"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            // Create sections 1-10
            for section in 1u64..=10 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(section, &test_digest(section))
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to append");
            }
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.expect("failed to sync");

            // Rewind to section 5 (should remove sections 6-10)
            let size = journal.size(5).expect("failed to get size");
            journal = journal.rewind(5, size).await.expect("failed to rewind");

            // Verify sections 1-5 still have data
            for section in 1u64..=5 {
                let size = journal.size(section).expect("failed to get size");
                assert!(size > 0, "section {section} should still have data");
            }

            // Verify sections 6-10 are removed
            for section in 6u64..=10 {
                let size = journal.size(section).expect("failed to get size");
                assert_eq!(size, 0, "section {section} should be removed");
            }

            // Verify data integrity via replay
            {
                let mut replay = journal
                    .replay(0, 0, NZUsize!(1024), ReadOptions::default())
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to replay");
                let mut items = Vec::new();
                while let Some(result) = replay.next().await {
                    let (section, _, item) = result.expect("failed to read");
                    items.push((section, item));
                }
                journal = replay.finish().expect("failed to finish replay");
                assert_eq!(items.len(), 5);
                for (i, (section, item)) in items.iter().enumerate() {
                    assert_eq!(*section, (i + 1) as u64);
                    assert_eq!(*item, test_digest((i + 1) as u64));
                }
            }

            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_rewind_persistence() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);

            // Create sections 1-5
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("first"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");
            for section in 1u64..=5 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(section, &test_digest(section))
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to append");
            }
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.expect("failed to sync");

            // Rewind to section 2
            let size = journal.size(2).expect("failed to get size");
            journal = journal.rewind(2, size).await.expect("failed to rewind");
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.expect("failed to sync");
            drop(journal);

            // Re-init and verify only sections 1-2 exist
            let journal = Journal::<_, Digest>::init(context.child("second"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to re-init");

            // Verify sections 1-2 have data
            for section in 1u64..=2 {
                let size = journal.size(section).expect("failed to get size");
                assert!(size > 0, "section {section} should have data after restart");
            }

            // Verify sections 3-5 are gone
            for section in 3u64..=5 {
                let size = journal.size(section).expect("failed to get size");
                assert_eq!(size, 0, "section {section} should be gone after restart");
            }

            // Verify data integrity
            let item1 = journal.get(1, 0).await.expect("failed to get");
            assert_eq!(item1, test_digest(1));
            let item2 = journal.get(2, 0).await.expect("failed to get");
            assert_eq!(item2, test_digest(2));

            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_corruption_recovery() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("first"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            for i in 0u64..5 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(1, &test_digest(i))
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to append");
            }
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.expect("failed to sync");
            drop(journal);

            let (blob, size) = context
                .open(&cfg.partition, &1u64.to_be_bytes())
                .await
                .expect("failed to open blob");
            blob.resize(size - 1).await.expect("failed to truncate");
            blob.sync().await.expect("failed to sync");

            let mut journal = Journal::<_, Digest>::init(context.child("second"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to re-init");

            let count = {
                let mut replay = journal
                    .replay(0, 0, NZUsize!(1024), ReadOptions::default())
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to replay");

                let mut count = 0;
                while let Some(result) = replay.next().await {
                    result.expect("should be ok");
                    count += 1;
                }
                journal = replay.finish().expect("failed to finish replay");
                count
            };
            assert_eq!(count, 4);

            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_persistence() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);

            // Create and populate journal
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("first"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            for i in 0u64..5 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(1, &test_digest(i))
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to append");
            }
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.expect("failed to sync");
            drop(journal);

            // Reopen and verify data persisted
            let journal = Journal::<_, Digest>::init(context.child("second"), cfg)
                .await
                .expect("failed to re-init");

            for i in 0u64..5 {
                let item = journal.get(1, i).await.expect("failed to get");
                assert_eq!(item, test_digest(i));
            }

            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_sync() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("first"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            // One sub-page item per section stays buffered until synced.
            for section in 1u64..=3 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(section, &test_digest(section))
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to append");
            }

            // Sync sections 1 and 3; a nonexistent section (99) is skipped, not an error.
            journal
                .sync(&[1, 3, 99])
                .await
                .expect("failed to sync sections");

            // Only the synced sections survive the unclean drop.
            let journal = Journal::<_, Digest>::init(context.child("second"), cfg)
                .await
                .expect("failed to re-init");
            assert_eq!(
                journal.get(1, 0).await.expect("section 1 durable"),
                test_digest(1)
            );
            assert_eq!(
                journal.get(3, 0).await.expect("section 3 durable"),
                test_digest(3)
            );
            assert!(matches!(
                journal.get(2, 0).await,
                Err(Error::ItemOutOfRange(0)) | Err(Error::SectionOutOfRange(2))
            ));

            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_section_len() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("storage"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            assert_eq!(journal.section_len(1).unwrap(), 0);

            for i in 0u64..5 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(1, &test_digest(i))
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to append");
            }

            assert_eq!(journal.section_len(1).unwrap(), 5);
            assert_eq!(journal.section_len(2).unwrap(), 0);

            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_non_contiguous_sections() {
        // Test that sections with gaps in numbering work correctly.
        // Sections 1, 5, 10 should all be independent and accessible.
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("first"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            // Create sections with gaps: 1, 5, 10
            (journal, _) = journal
                .append(1, &test_digest(100))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append");
            (journal, _) = journal
                .append(5, &test_digest(500))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append");
            (journal, _) = journal
                .append(10, &test_digest(1000))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append");
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.expect("failed to sync");

            // Verify random access to each section
            assert_eq!(journal.get(1, 0).await.unwrap(), test_digest(100));
            assert_eq!(journal.get(5, 0).await.unwrap(), test_digest(500));
            assert_eq!(journal.get(10, 0).await.unwrap(), test_digest(1000));

            // Verify non-existent sections return appropriate errors
            for missing_section in [0u64, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11] {
                let result = journal.get(missing_section, 0).await;
                assert!(
                    matches!(result, Err(Error::SectionOutOfRange(_))),
                    "Expected SectionOutOfRange for section {}, got {:?}",
                    missing_section,
                    result
                );
            }

            // Drop and reopen to test replay
            drop(journal);
            let mut journal = Journal::<_, Digest>::init(context.child("second"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to re-init");

            // Replay and verify all items in order
            {
                let mut replay = journal
                    .replay(0, 0, NZUsize!(1024), ReadOptions::default())
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to replay");

                let mut items = Vec::new();
                while let Some(result) = replay.next().await {
                    let (section, _, item) = result.expect("replay error");
                    items.push((section, item));
                }
                journal = replay.finish().expect("failed to finish replay");

                assert_eq!(items.len(), 3, "Should have 3 items");
                assert_eq!(items[0], (1, test_digest(100)));
                assert_eq!(items[1], (5, test_digest(500)));
                assert_eq!(items[2], (10, test_digest(1000)));
            }

            // Test replay starting from middle section (5)
            {
                let mut replay = journal
                    .replay(5, 0, NZUsize!(1024), ReadOptions::default())
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to replay from section 5");

                let mut items = Vec::new();
                while let Some(result) = replay.next().await {
                    let (section, _, item) = result.expect("replay error");
                    items.push((section, item));
                }
                journal = replay.finish().expect("failed to finish replay");

                assert_eq!(items.len(), 2, "Should have 2 items from section 5 onwards");
                assert_eq!(items[0], (5, test_digest(500)));
                assert_eq!(items[1], (10, test_digest(1000)));
            }

            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_empty_section_in_middle() {
        // Test that replay correctly handles an empty section between sections with data.
        // Section 1 has data, section 2 is empty, section 3 has data.
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("first"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            // Append to section 1
            (journal, _) = journal
                .append(1, &test_digest(100))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append");

            // Create section 2 but make it empty via rewind
            (journal, _) = journal
                .append(2, &test_digest(200))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append");
            journal = journal.sync(2).await.expect("failed to sync");
            journal = journal
                .rewind_section(2, 0)
                .await
                .expect("failed to rewind");

            // Append to section 3
            (journal, _) = journal
                .append(3, &test_digest(300))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append");

            journal = journal.sync_all().await.expect("failed to sync");

            // Verify section lengths
            assert_eq!(journal.section_len(1).unwrap(), 1);
            assert_eq!(journal.section_len(2).unwrap(), 0);
            assert_eq!(journal.section_len(3).unwrap(), 1);

            // Drop and reopen to test replay
            drop(journal);
            let mut journal = Journal::<_, Digest>::init(context.child("second"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to re-init");

            // Replay all - should get items from sections 1 and 3, skipping empty section 2
            {
                let mut replay = journal
                    .replay(0, 0, NZUsize!(1024), ReadOptions::default())
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to replay");

                let mut items = Vec::new();
                while let Some(result) = replay.next().await {
                    let (section, _, item) = result.expect("replay error");
                    items.push((section, item));
                }
                journal = replay.finish().expect("failed to finish replay");

                assert_eq!(
                    items.len(),
                    2,
                    "Should have 2 items (skipping empty section)"
                );
                assert_eq!(items[0], (1, test_digest(100)));
                assert_eq!(items[1], (3, test_digest(300)));
            }

            // Replay starting from empty section 2 - should get only section 3
            {
                let mut replay = journal
                    .replay(2, 0, NZUsize!(1024), ReadOptions::default())
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to replay from section 2");

                let mut items = Vec::new();
                while let Some(result) = replay.next().await {
                    let (section, _, item) = result.expect("replay error");
                    items.push((section, item));
                }
                journal = replay.finish().expect("failed to finish replay");

                assert_eq!(items.len(), 1, "Should have 1 item from section 3");
                assert_eq!(items[0], (3, test_digest(300)));
            }

            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_validates_pages_before_trailing_bytes() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            const LOGICAL_PAGE_SIZE: u64 = 5;
            const SECTION: u64 = 0;

            let cfg = Config {
                partition: "segmented-fixed-validate-before-tail-trim".into(),
                page_cache: CacheRef::from_pooler(
                    &context,
                    NZU16!(LOGICAL_PAGE_SIZE as u16),
                    NZUsize!(4),
                ),
                write_buffer: NZUsize!(128),
            };
            let mut journal = Journal::<_, u64>::init(context.child("first"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .unwrap();
            for value in [11u64, 22, 33, 44] {
                (journal, _) = journal.append(SECTION, &value).await.unwrap();
            }
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.unwrap();
            drop(journal);

            let (blob, size) = context
                .open(&cfg.partition, &SECTION.to_be_bytes())
                .await
                .unwrap();
            let mut writer = Writer::new(blob, size, 128, cfg.page_cache.clone())
                .await
                .unwrap();
            writer.resize(30).await.unwrap();
            writer.sync().await.unwrap();
            drop(writer);

            // Five-byte integrity pages crossed by eight-byte journal items:
            //
            // pages: [0..5) [5..10) [10..15) [15..20) [20..25) [25..30)
            // state:    ok      ok       ok       ok       torn      ok
            // items: [0......8) [8.......16) [16......24) [24..30 tail)
            //
            // Backward sizing stops at valid page 5 and reports 30 logical bytes. Item alignment
            // alone selects 24, inside torn page 4, which `Writer::resize` cannot preserve.
            // Forward page validation finds 20 contiguous bytes and selects safe item boundary 16.
            corrupt_page(
                &context,
                &cfg.partition,
                &SECTION.to_be_bytes(),
                4,
                LOGICAL_PAGE_SIZE,
            )
            .await;

            let journal = Journal::<_, u64>::init(context.child("recover"), cfg)
                .await
                .unwrap();
            let journal = replay_all(journal).await;
            assert_eq!(journal.section_len(SECTION).unwrap(), 2);
            assert_eq!(journal.get(SECTION, 0).await.unwrap(), 11);
            assert_eq!(journal.get(SECTION, 1).await.unwrap(), 22);
            journal.destroy().await.unwrap();
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_repairs_torn_interior_page() {
        const SECTION: u64 = 0;

        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = aligned_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::<_, u64>::init(context.child("first"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .unwrap();
            for value in 0..6 {
                (journal, _) = journal.append(SECTION, &value).await.unwrap();
            }
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.unwrap();
            drop(journal);

            // The three 16-byte logical pages each contain two complete u64 items. Tear the
            // interior page while its neighbors stay valid:
            //
            // pages: [0........16) [16.......32) [32.......48)
            // state:     valid          torn          valid
            // items: [0.......1]    [2.......3]    [4.......5]
            //
            // Backward sizing sees valid page 2 and reports the item-aligned length 48. Recovery
            // must still scan forward, truncate to page 0's 16-byte prefix, and discard items 2-5.
            corrupt_page(&context, &cfg.partition, &SECTION.to_be_bytes(), 1, 16).await;

            let mut journal = Journal::<_, u64>::init(context.child("recover"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .unwrap();
            journal = replay_all(journal).await;
            assert_eq!(journal.section_len(SECTION).unwrap(), 2);
            assert_eq!(journal.get(SECTION, 0).await.unwrap(), 0);
            assert_eq!(journal.get(SECTION, 1).await.unwrap(), 1);
            assert!(matches!(
                journal.get(SECTION, 2).await,
                Err(Error::ItemOutOfRange(2))
            ));

            // The repair truncation is durable: appends resume at the repaired boundary and
            // survive reopen.
            let position;
            (journal, position) = journal.append(SECTION, &99).await.unwrap();
            assert_eq!(position, 2);
            journal.sync_all().await.unwrap();

            let journal = Journal::<_, u64>::init(context.child("reopen"), cfg)
                .await
                .unwrap();
            assert_eq!(journal.section_len(SECTION).unwrap(), 3);
            assert_eq!(journal.get(SECTION, 0).await.unwrap(), 0);
            assert_eq!(journal.get(SECTION, 1).await.unwrap(), 1);
            assert_eq!(journal.get(SECTION, 2).await.unwrap(), 99);
            journal.destroy().await.unwrap();
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_truncation_recovery_across_page_boundary() {
        // Test that truncating a single byte from a blob that has items straddling a page boundary
        // correctly recovers by removing the incomplete item.
        //
        // With PAGE_SIZE=44 and ITEM_SIZE=32:
        // - Item 0: bytes 0-31
        // - Item 1: bytes 32-63 (straddles page boundary at 44)
        // - Item 2: bytes 64-95 (straddles page boundary at 88)
        //
        // After 3 items we have 96 bytes = 2 full pages + 8 bytes. Truncating 1 byte leaves 95
        // bytes, which is not a multiple of 32. Recovery should truncate to 64 bytes (2 complete
        // items).
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("first"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            // Append 3 items (just over 2 pages worth)
            for i in 0u64..3 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(1, &test_digest(i))
                    .await
                    .expect("failed to append");
            }
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.expect("failed to sync");

            // Verify all 3 items are readable
            for i in 0u64..3 {
                let item = journal.get(1, i).await.expect("failed to get");
                assert_eq!(item, test_digest(i));
            }
            drop(journal);

            // Truncate the blob by exactly 1 byte to simulate partial write
            let (blob, size) = context
                .open(&cfg.partition, &1u64.to_be_bytes())
                .await
                .expect("failed to open blob");
            blob.resize(size - 1).await.expect("failed to truncate");
            blob.sync().await.expect("failed to sync");
            drop(blob);

            // Reopen and drain recovery. Writer removes the torn physical tail while replay rounds
            // the remaining logical prefix down to complete items.
            let journal = Journal::<_, Digest>::init(context.child("second"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to re-init");
            let journal = replay_all(journal).await;

            // Verify section now has only 2 items
            assert_eq!(journal.section_len(1).unwrap(), 2);

            // Verify size is the expected multiple of ITEM_SIZE (this would fail if we didn't trim
            // items and just relied on page-level checksum recovery).
            assert_eq!(journal.size(1).unwrap(), 64);

            // Items 0 and 1 should still be readable
            let item0 = journal.get(1, 0).await.expect("failed to get item 0");
            assert_eq!(item0, test_digest(0));
            let item1 = journal.get(1, 1).await.expect("failed to get item 1");
            assert_eq!(item1, test_digest(1));

            // Item 2 should return ItemOutOfRange
            let err = journal.get(1, 2).await;
            assert!(
                matches!(err, Err(Error::ItemOutOfRange(2))),
                "expected ItemOutOfRange(2), got {:?}",
                err
            );

            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_journal_clear() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = Config {
                partition: "clear-test".into(),
                page_cache: CacheRef::from_pooler(&context, PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_CACHE_SIZE),
                write_buffer: NZUsize!(1024),
            };

            let mut journal: Journal<_, Digest> =
                Journal::init(context.child("journal"), cfg.clone())
                    .await
                    .expect("Failed to initialize journal");

            // Append items across multiple sections
            for section in 0..5u64 {
                for i in 0..10u64 {
                    (journal, _) = journal
                        .append(section, &test_digest(section * 1000 + i))
                        .await
                        .expect("Failed to append");
                }
                journal = journal.sync(section).await.expect("Failed to sync");
            }

            // Verify we have data
            assert_eq!(journal.get(0, 0).await.unwrap(), test_digest(0));
            assert_eq!(journal.get(4, 0).await.unwrap(), test_digest(4000));

            // Clear the journal
            journal = journal.clear().await.expect("Failed to clear");

            // After clear, all reads should fail
            for section in 0..5u64 {
                assert!(matches!(
                    journal.get(section, 0).await,
                    Err(Error::SectionOutOfRange(s)) if s == section
                ));
            }

            // Append new data after clear
            for i in 0..5u64 {
                (journal, _) = journal
                    .append(10, &test_digest(i * 100))
                    .await
                    .expect("Failed to append after clear");
            }
            journal = journal.sync(10).await.expect("Failed to sync after clear");

            // New data should be readable
            assert_eq!(journal.get(10, 0).await.unwrap(), test_digest(0));

            // Old sections should still be missing
            assert!(matches!(
                journal.get(0, 0).await,
                Err(Error::SectionOutOfRange(0))
            ));

            journal.destroy().await.unwrap();
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_last_missing_section_returns_error() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let journal = Journal::<_, Digest>::init(context.child("storage"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            assert!(matches!(
                journal.last(0).await,
                Err(Error::SectionOutOfRange(0))
            ));
            assert!(matches!(
                journal.last(99).await,
                Err(Error::SectionOutOfRange(99))
            ));

            journal.destroy().await.unwrap();
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_last_after_rewind_to_zero() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("storage"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            (journal, _) = journal.append(0, &test_digest(0)).await.unwrap();
            (journal, _) = journal.append(0, &test_digest(1)).await.unwrap();
            journal = journal.sync(0).await.unwrap();

            assert!(journal.last(0).await.unwrap().is_some());

            journal = journal.rewind(0, 0).await.unwrap();
            assert_eq!(journal.last(0).await.unwrap(), None);

            journal.destroy().await.unwrap();
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_last_pruned_section_returns_error() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::<_, Digest>::init(context.child("storage"), cfg.clone())
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            (journal, _) = journal.append(0, &test_digest(0)).await.unwrap();
            (journal, _) = journal.append(1, &test_digest(1)).await.unwrap();
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.unwrap();

            (journal, _) = journal.prune(1).await.unwrap();

            assert!(matches!(
                journal.last(0).await,
                Err(Error::AlreadyPrunedToSection(1))
            ));
            assert!(journal.last(1).await.unwrap().is_some());

            journal.destroy().await.unwrap();
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_get_many_empty() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("storage"), cfg).await.unwrap();
            (journal, _) = journal.append(0, &test_digest(0)).await.unwrap();
            assert_eq!(journal.section_len(0).unwrap(), 1);

            let mut buf = [];
            let (items, hits) = journal.get_many(0, &[], &mut buf).await.unwrap();
            assert!(items.is_empty());
            assert_eq!(hits, 0);

            journal.destroy().await.unwrap();
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_get_many_single_section() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("storage"), cfg).await.unwrap();

            for i in 0..5 {
                (journal, _) = journal.append(0, &test_digest(i)).await.unwrap();
            }
            assert_eq!(journal.section_len(0).unwrap(), 5);

            // Read all 5 items in one call. The reusable buffer is intentionally oversized:
            // get_many slices it to the exact length the batch needs.
            let chunk = Journal::<deterministic::Context, Digest>::CHUNK_SIZE;
            let mut buf = vec![0u8; 6 * chunk];
            let (items, _) = journal
                .get_many(0, &[0, 1, 2, 3, 4], &mut buf)
                .await
                .unwrap();

            for (i, item) in items.iter().enumerate() {
                assert_eq!(*item, test_digest(i as u64));
            }

            journal.destroy().await.unwrap();
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_get_many_subset() {
        // Read a sparse subset of positions.
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("storage"), cfg).await.unwrap();

            for i in 0..10 {
                (journal, _) = journal.append(0, &test_digest(i)).await.unwrap();
            }
            assert_eq!(journal.section_len(0).unwrap(), 10);

            let chunk = Journal::<deterministic::Context, Digest>::CHUNK_SIZE;
            let positions = [1, 4, 7, 9];
            let mut buf = vec![0u8; positions.len() * chunk];
            let (items, _) = journal.get_many(0, &positions, &mut buf).await.unwrap();

            for (i, &pos) in positions.iter().enumerate() {
                assert_eq!(items[i], test_digest(pos));
            }

            journal.destroy().await.unwrap();
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_get_many_bad_section() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let journal = Journal::<_, Digest>::init(context.child("storage"), cfg)
                .await
                .unwrap();

            let mut buf = vec![0u8; 64];
            let err = journal.get_many(99, &[0], &mut buf).await.unwrap_err();
            assert!(matches!(err, Error::SectionOutOfRange(99)));

            journal.destroy().await.unwrap();
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_get_many_matches_get() {
        // Verify batch read matches individual reads.
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("storage"), cfg).await.unwrap();

            for i in 0..8 {
                (journal, _) = journal.append(0, &test_digest(i)).await.unwrap();
            }
            assert_eq!(journal.section_len(0).unwrap(), 8);
            journal = journal.sync_all().await.unwrap();

            let chunk = Journal::<deterministic::Context, Digest>::CHUNK_SIZE;
            let positions: Vec<u64> = (0..8).collect();
            let mut buf = vec![0u8; positions.len() * chunk];
            let (batch, _) = journal.get_many(0, &positions, &mut buf).await.unwrap();

            for pos in &positions {
                let single = journal.get(0, *pos).await.unwrap();
                assert_eq!(batch[*pos as usize], single);
            }

            journal.destroy().await.unwrap();
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_prune_waits_for_in_flight_start_sync() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let pending = PendingSyncs::default();
            let context = DelayedSyncContext {
                inner: context,
                pending: pending.clone(),
            };
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("storage"), cfg)
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            (journal, _) = journal
                .append(1, &test_digest(0))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append");
            let handle;
            (journal, handle) = journal.start_sync(1).await.expect("failed to start sync");
            assert!(!pending.lock().is_empty());

            let started = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
            let completed = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
            let started_clone = started.clone();
            let completed_clone = completed.clone();
            let waiter = context.inner.child("prune").spawn(|_| async move {
                started_clone.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                let (journal, pruned) = journal.prune(2).await.expect("failed to prune");
                assert!(pruned);
                completed_clone.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                journal
            });

            while started.load(Ordering::Relaxed) == 0 {
                commonware_runtime::reschedule().await;
            }
            commonware_runtime::reschedule().await;
            assert_eq!(
                completed.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
                0,
                "prune must wait for in-flight syncs on pruned sections"
            );

            release_pending_syncs(&pending);
            handle
                .await
                .expect("sync handle should complete despite pruning");
            while completed.load(Ordering::Relaxed) == 0 {
                commonware_runtime::reschedule().await;
            }
            let journal = waiter.await.expect("prune task failed");
            assert_eq!(journal.oldest_section(), None);
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_destroy_waits_for_in_flight_start_sync() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let pending = PendingSyncs::default();
            let context = DelayedSyncContext {
                inner: context,
                pending: pending.clone(),
            };
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("storage"), cfg)
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            (journal, _) = journal
                .append(1, &test_digest(0))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append");
            let handle;
            (journal, handle) = journal.start_sync(1).await.expect("failed to start sync");
            assert!(!pending.lock().is_empty());

            let started = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
            let completed = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
            let started_clone = started.clone();
            let completed_clone = completed.clone();
            let waiter = context.inner.child("destroy").spawn(|_| async move {
                started_clone.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
                completed_clone.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
            });

            while started.load(Ordering::Relaxed) == 0 {
                commonware_runtime::reschedule().await;
            }
            commonware_runtime::reschedule().await;
            assert_eq!(
                completed.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
                0,
                "destroy must wait for in-flight syncs"
            );

            release_pending_syncs(&pending);
            handle
                .await
                .expect("sync handle should complete despite destruction");
            while completed.load(Ordering::Relaxed) == 0 {
                commonware_runtime::reschedule().await;
            }
            waiter.await.expect("destroy task failed");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_clear_waits_for_in_flight_start_sync() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let pending = PendingSyncs::default();
            let context = DelayedSyncContext {
                inner: context,
                pending: pending.clone(),
            };
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("storage"), cfg)
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            (journal, _) = journal
                .append(1, &test_digest(0))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append");
            let handle;
            (journal, handle) = journal.start_sync(1).await.expect("failed to start sync");
            assert!(!pending.lock().is_empty());

            let started = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
            let completed = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
            let started_clone = started.clone();
            let completed_clone = completed.clone();
            let waiter = context.inner.child("clear").spawn(|_| async move {
                started_clone.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                journal = journal.clear().await.expect("failed to clear");
                completed_clone.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                journal
            });

            while started.load(Ordering::Relaxed) == 0 {
                commonware_runtime::reschedule().await;
            }
            commonware_runtime::reschedule().await;
            assert_eq!(
                completed.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
                0,
                "clear must wait for in-flight syncs"
            );

            release_pending_syncs(&pending);
            handle
                .await
                .expect("sync handle should complete despite clearing");
            while completed.load(Ordering::Relaxed) == 0 {
                commonware_runtime::reschedule().await;
            }
            let mut journal = waiter.await.expect("clear task failed");

            // The journal must remain usable after clear.
            assert_eq!(journal.oldest_section(), None);
            let position;
            (journal, position) = journal
                .append(1, &test_digest(1))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append after clear");
            assert_eq!(position, 0);
            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_rewind_waits_for_in_flight_start_sync() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let pending = PendingSyncs::default();
            let context = DelayedSyncContext {
                inner: context,
                pending: pending.clone(),
            };
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("storage"), cfg)
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            (journal, _) = journal
                .append(1, &test_digest(0))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append");
            (journal, _) = journal
                .append(2, &test_digest(1))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append");
            let handle;
            (journal, handle) = journal.start_sync(2).await.expect("failed to start sync");
            assert!(!pending.lock().is_empty());

            let size = journal.size(1).expect("failed to get size");
            let started = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
            let completed = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
            let started_clone = started.clone();
            let completed_clone = completed.clone();
            let waiter = context.inner.child("rewind").spawn(move |_| async move {
                started_clone.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                journal = journal.rewind(1, size).await.expect("failed to rewind");
                completed_clone.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                journal
            });

            while started.load(Ordering::Relaxed) == 0 {
                commonware_runtime::reschedule().await;
            }
            commonware_runtime::reschedule().await;
            assert_eq!(
                completed.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
                0,
                "rewind must wait for in-flight syncs on removed sections"
            );

            release_pending_syncs(&pending);
            handle
                .await
                .expect("sync handle should complete despite rewind");
            while completed.load(Ordering::Relaxed) == 0 {
                commonware_runtime::reschedule().await;
            }
            let journal = waiter.await.expect("rewind task failed");
            assert_eq!(journal.size(2).expect("failed to get size"), 0);
            journal.destroy().await.expect("failed to destroy");
        });
    }

    #[test_traced]
    fn test_segmented_fixed_prune_surfaces_failed_in_flight_start_sync() {
        let executor = deterministic::Runner::default();
        executor.start(|context| async move {
            let pending = PendingSyncs::default();
            let context = DelayedSyncContext {
                inner: context,
                pending: pending.clone(),
            };
            let cfg = test_cfg(&context);
            let mut journal = Journal::init(context.child("storage"), cfg)
                .await
                .expect("failed to init");

            (journal, _) = journal
                .append(1, &test_digest(0))
                .await
                .expect("failed to append");
            let handle;
            (journal, handle) = journal.start_sync(1).await.expect("failed to start sync");
            fail_pending_syncs(&pending);

            let err = journal
                .prune(2)
                .await
                .expect_err("prune must surface a failed in-flight sync");
            assert!(matches!(err, Error::Runtime(RError::Io(_))));

            let err = handle.await.expect_err("sync handle should fail");
            assert!(matches!(err, RError::Io(_)));
        });
    }
}