tigerbeetle-rust (Cloud Native)

A cloud-native variant of the TigerBeetle Rust client that supports DNS-based service discovery.

This client requires the fork version of TigerBeetle: https://github.com/Krishnacore/tigerbeetle

For Kubernetes deployments, you can use the TigerBeetle Operator: https://github.com/Krishnacore/tigerbeetle-operator

Prerequisites

Linux >= 5.6 is the only production environment we support. But for ease of development we also support macOS and Windows.

Rust 1.68+

Setup

First, create a directory for your project and cd into the directory.

Then create Cargo.toml and copy this into it:

[package]
name = "tigerbeetle-test"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2024"

[dependencies]
cn-tigerbeetle = "0.1"
futures = "0.3"

Now, create src/main.rs and copy this into it:

use cn_tigerbeetle as tb;

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    futures::executor::block_on(main_async())
}

async fn main_async() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    println!("hello world");
}

Finally, build and run:

cargo run

Now that all prerequisites and dependencies are correctly set up, let's dig into using TigerBeetle.

Sample projects

This document is primarily a reference guide to the client. Below are various sample projects demonstrating features of TigerBeetle.

Basic: Create two accounts and transfer an amount between them.
Two-Phase Transfer: Create two accounts and start a pending transfer between them, then post the transfer.
Many Two-Phase Transfers: Create two accounts and start a number of pending transfers between them, posting and voiding alternating transfers.

Creating a Client

A client is created with a cluster ID and replica addresses for all replicas in the cluster. The cluster ID and replica addresses are both chosen by the system that starts the TigerBeetle cluster.

Clients are thread-safe and a single instance should be shared between multiple concurrent tasks. This allows events to be automatically batched.

Multiple clients are useful when connecting to more than one TigerBeetle cluster.

In this example the cluster ID is 0 and there is one replica. The address is read from the TB_ADDRESS environment variable and defaults to port 3000.

let cluster_id = 0;
let replica_address = std::env::var("TB_ADDRESS")
    .ok()
    .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from("3000"));
let client = tb::Client::new(cluster_id, &replica_address)?;

The following are valid addresses:

3000 (interpreted as 127.0.0.1:3000)
127.0.0.1:3000 (interpreted as 127.0.0.1:3000)
127.0.0.1 (interpreted as 127.0.0.1:3001, 3001 is the default port)
tigerbeetle.default.svc.cluster.local:3000 (DNS name for Kubernetes service discovery)
tigerbeetle-0.tigerbeetle.default.svc.cluster.local:3000 (DNS name for specific pod)

DNS-Based Service Discovery

This cloud-native variant supports DNS-based address resolution, making it ideal for Kubernetes and other container orchestration platforms. Instead of hardcoding IP addresses, you can use DNS names that resolve dynamically:

let client = tb::Client::new(0, "tigerbeetle.default.svc.cluster.local:3000")?;

This is particularly useful when deploying with the TigerBeetle Operator, which automatically creates the appropriate Kubernetes services.

Creating Accounts

See details for account fields in the Accounts reference.

let account_errors = client
    .create_accounts(&[tb::Account {
        id: tb::id(),
        ledger: 1,
        code: 718,
        ..Default::default()
    }])
    .await?;
// Error handling omitted.

See details for the recommended ID scheme in time-based identifiers.

Account Flags

The account flags value is a bitfield. See details for these flags in the Accounts reference.

To toggle behavior for an account, use the AccountFlags bitflags. You can combine multiple flags using the | operator. Here are a few examples:

AccountFlags::Linked
AccountFlags::DebitsMustNotExceedCredits
AccountFlags::CreditsMustNotExceedDebits
AccountFlags::History
AccountFlags::Linked | AccountFlags::History

For example, to link two accounts where the first account additionally has the debits_must_not_exceed_credits constraint:

let account0 = tb::Account {
    id: 100,
    ledger: 1,
    code: 718,
    flags: tb::AccountFlags::DebitsMustNotExceedCredits | tb::AccountFlags::Linked,
    ..Default::default()
};
let account1 = tb::Account {
    id: 101,
    ledger: 1,
    code: 718,
    flags: tb::AccountFlags::History,
    ..Default::default()
};

let account_errors = client.create_accounts(&[account0, account1]).await?;
// Error handling omitted.

Response and Errors

The response is an empty array if all accounts were created successfully. If the response is non-empty, each object in the response array contains error information for an account that failed. The error object contains an error code and the index of the account in the request batch.

See all error conditions in the create_accounts reference.

let account0 = tb::Account {
    id: 102,
    ledger: 1,
    code: 718,
    ..Default::default()
};
let account1 = tb::Account {
    id: 103,
    ledger: 1,
    code: 718,
    ..Default::default()
};
let account2 = tb::Account {
    id: 104,
    ledger: 1,
    code: 718,
    ..Default::default()
};

let account_errors = client
    .create_accounts(&[account0, account1, account2])
    .await?;

assert!(account_errors.len() <= 3);

for err in account_errors {
    match err.result {
        tb::CreateAccountResult::Exists => {
            println!("Batch account at {} already exists.", err.index);
        }
        _ => {
            eprintln!(
                "Batch account at {} failed to create: {:?}",
                err.index, err.result
            );
        }
    }
}

To handle errors, iterate over the Vec<CreateAccountsResult> returned from client.create_accounts(). Each result contains an index field to map back to the input account and a result field with the CreateAccountResult enum.

Account Lookup

Account lookup is batched, like account creation. Pass in all IDs to fetch. The account for each matched ID is returned.

If no account matches an ID, no object is returned for that account. So the order of accounts in the response is not necessarily the same as the order of IDs in the request. You can refer to the ID field in the response to distinguish accounts.

let accounts = client.lookup_accounts(&[100, 101]).await?;

Create Transfers

This creates a journal entry between two accounts.

See details for transfer fields in the Transfers reference.

let transfers = vec![tb::Transfer {
    id: tb::id(),
    debit_account_id: 101,
    credit_account_id: 102,
    amount: 10,
    ledger: 1,
    code: 1,
    ..Default::default()
}];

let transfer_errors = client.create_transfers(&transfers).await?;
// Error handling omitted.

See details for the recommended ID scheme in time-based identifiers.

Response and Errors

The response is an empty array if all transfers were created successfully. If the response is non-empty, each object in the response array contains error information for a transfer that failed. The error object contains an error code and the index of the transfer in the request batch.

See all error conditions in the create_transfers reference.

let transfers = vec![
    tb::Transfer {
        id: 1,
        debit_account_id: 101,
        credit_account_id: 102,
        amount: 10,
        ledger: 1,
        code: 1,
        ..Default::default()
    },
    tb::Transfer {
        id: 2,
        debit_account_id: 101,
        credit_account_id: 102,
        amount: 10,
        ledger: 1,
        code: 1,
        ..Default::default()
    },
    tb::Transfer {
        id: 3,
        debit_account_id: 101,
        credit_account_id: 102,
        amount: 10,
        ledger: 1,
        code: 1,
        ..Default::default()
    },
];

let transfer_errors = client.create_transfers(&transfers).await?;

for err in transfer_errors {
    match err.result {
        tb::CreateTransferResult::Exists => {
            println!("Batch transfer at {} already exists.", err.index);
        }
        _ => {
            eprintln!(
                "Batch transfer at {} failed to create: {:?}",
                err.index, err.result
            );
        }
    }
}

To handle transfer errors, iterate over the Vec<CreateTransfersResult> returned from client.create_transfers(). Each result contains an index field to map back to the input transfer and a result field with the CreateTransferResult enum.

Batching

TigerBeetle performance is maximized when you batch API requests. A client instance shared across multiple threads/tasks can automatically batch concurrent requests, but the application must still send as many events as possible in a single call. For example, if you insert 1 million transfers sequentially, one at a time, the insert rate will be a fraction of the potential, because the client will wait for a reply between each one.

let batch: Vec<tb::Transfer> = vec![];
for transfer in &batch {
    let transfer_errors = client.create_transfers(&[*transfer]).await?;
    // Error handling omitted.
}

Instead, always batch as much as you can. The maximum batch size is set in the TigerBeetle server. The default is 8189.

let transfers: Vec<tb::Transfer> = vec![];
const BATCH_SIZE: usize = 8189;
for batch in transfers.chunks(BATCH_SIZE) {
    let transfer_errors = client.create_transfers(batch).await?;
    // Error handling omitted.
}

Queues and Workers

If you are making requests to TigerBeetle from workers pulling jobs from a queue, you can batch requests to TigerBeetle by having the worker act on multiple jobs from the queue at once rather than one at a time. i.e. pulling multiple jobs from the queue rather than just one.

Transfer Flags

The transfer flags value is a bitfield. See details for these flags in the Transfers reference.

To toggle behavior for a transfer, use the TransferFlags bitflags. You can combine multiple flags using the | operator. Here are a few examples:

TransferFlags::Linked
TransferFlags::Pending
TransferFlags::PostPendingTransfer
TransferFlags::VoidPendingTransfer
TransferFlags::Linked | TransferFlags::Pending

For example, to link transfer0 and transfer1:

let transfer0 = tb::Transfer {
    id: 4,
    debit_account_id: 101,
    credit_account_id: 102,
    amount: 10,
    ledger: 1,
    code: 1,
    flags: tb::TransferFlags::Linked,
    ..Default::default()
};
let transfer1 = tb::Transfer {
    id: 5,
    debit_account_id: 101,
    credit_account_id: 102,
    amount: 10,
    ledger: 1,
    code: 1,
    ..Default::default()
};

let transfer_errors = client.create_transfers(&[transfer0, transfer1]).await?;
// Error handling omitted.

Two-Phase Transfers

Two-phase transfers are supported natively by toggling the appropriate flag. TigerBeetle will then adjust the credits_pending and debits_pending fields of the appropriate accounts. A corresponding post pending transfer then needs to be sent to post or void the transfer.

Post a Pending Transfer

With flags set to post_pending_transfer, TigerBeetle will post the transfer. TigerBeetle will atomically roll back the changes to debits_pending and credits_pending of the appropriate accounts and apply them to the debits_posted and credits_posted balances.

let transfer0 = tb::Transfer {
    id: 6,
    debit_account_id: 101,
    credit_account_id: 102,
    amount: 10,
    ledger: 1,
    code: 1,
    ..Default::default()
};

let transfer_errors = client.create_transfers(&[transfer0]).await?;
// Error handling omitted.

let transfer1 = tb::Transfer {
    id: 7,
    amount: u128::MAX,
    pending_id: 6,
    flags: tb::TransferFlags::PostPendingTransfer,
    ..Default::default()
};

let transfer_errors = client.create_transfers(&[transfer1]).await?;
// Error handling omitted.

Void a Pending Transfer

In contrast, with flags set to void_pending_transfer, TigerBeetle will void the transfer. TigerBeetle will roll back the changes to debits_pending and credits_pending of the appropriate accounts and not apply them to the debits_posted and credits_posted balances.

let transfer0 = tb::Transfer {
    id: 8,
    debit_account_id: 101,
    credit_account_id: 102,
    amount: 10,
    ledger: 1,
    code: 1,
    ..Default::default()
};

let transfer_errors = client.create_transfers(&[transfer0]).await?;
// Error handling omitted.

let transfer1 = tb::Transfer {
    id: 9,
    amount: 0,
    pending_id: 8,
    flags: tb::TransferFlags::VoidPendingTransfer,
    ..Default::default()
};

let transfer_errors = client.create_transfers(&[transfer1]).await?;
// Error handling omitted.

Transfer Lookup

NOTE: While transfer lookup exists, it is not a flexible query API. We are developing query APIs and there will be new methods for querying transfers in the future.

Transfer lookup is batched, like transfer creation. Pass in all ids to fetch, and matched transfers are returned.

If no transfer matches an id, no object is returned for that transfer. So the order of transfers in the response is not necessarily the same as the order of ids in the request. You can refer to the id field in the response to distinguish transfers.

let transfers = client.lookup_transfers(&[1, 2]).await?;

Get Account Transfers

NOTE: This is a preview API that is subject to breaking changes once we have a stable querying API.

Fetches the transfers involving a given account, allowing basic filter and pagination capabilities.

The transfers in the response are sorted by timestamp in chronological or reverse-chronological order.

let filter = tb::AccountFilter {
    account_id: 2,
    user_data_128: 0,
    user_data_64: 0,
    user_data_32: 0,
    code: 0,
    reserved: Default::default(),
    timestamp_min: 0,
    timestamp_max: 0,
    limit: 10,
    flags: tb::AccountFilterFlags::Debits
        | tb::AccountFilterFlags::Credits
        | tb::AccountFilterFlags::Reversed,
};

let transfers = client.get_account_transfers(filter).await?;

Get Account Balances

NOTE: This is a preview API that is subject to breaking changes once we have a stable querying API.

Fetches the point-in-time balances of a given account, allowing basic filter and pagination capabilities.

Only accounts created with the flag history set retain historical balances.

The balances in the response are sorted by timestamp in chronological or reverse-chronological order.

let filter = tb::AccountFilter {
    account_id: 2,
    user_data_128: 0,
    user_data_64: 0,
    user_data_32: 0,
    code: 0,
    reserved: Default::default(),
    timestamp_min: 0,
    timestamp_max: 0,
    limit: 10,
    flags: tb::AccountFilterFlags::Debits
        | tb::AccountFilterFlags::Credits
        | tb::AccountFilterFlags::Reversed,
};

let account_balances = client.get_account_balances(filter).await?;

Query Accounts

NOTE: This is a preview API that is subject to breaking changes once we have a stable querying API.

Query accounts by the intersection of some fields and by timestamp range.

The accounts in the response are sorted by timestamp in chronological or reverse-chronological order.

let filter = tb::QueryFilter {
    user_data_128: 1000,
    user_data_64: 100,
    user_data_32: 10,
    code: 1,
    ledger: 0,
    reserved: Default::default(),
    timestamp_min: 0,
    timestamp_max: 0,
    limit: 10,
    flags: tb::QueryFilterFlags::Reversed,
};

let accounts = client.query_accounts(filter).await?;

Query Transfers

NOTE: This is a preview API that is subject to breaking changes once we have a stable querying API.

Query transfers by the intersection of some fields and by timestamp range.

The transfers in the response are sorted by timestamp in chronological or reverse-chronological order.

let filter = tb::QueryFilter {
    user_data_128: 1000,
    user_data_64: 100,
    user_data_32: 10,
    code: 1,
    ledger: 0,
    reserved: Default::default(),
    timestamp_min: 0,
    timestamp_max: 0,
    limit: 10,
    flags: tb::QueryFilterFlags::Reversed,
};

let transfers = client.query_transfers(filter).await?;

Linked Events

When the linked flag is specified for an account when creating accounts or a transfer when creating transfers, it links that event with the next event in the batch, to create a chain of events, of arbitrary length, which all succeed or fail together. The tail of a chain is denoted by the first event without this flag. The last event in a batch may therefore never have the linked flag set as this would leave a chain open-ended. Multiple chains or individual events may coexist within a batch to succeed or fail independently.

Events within a chain are executed within order, or are rolled back on error, so that the effect of each event in the chain is visible to the next, and so that the chain is either visible or invisible as a unit to subsequent events after the chain. The event that was the first to break the chain will have a unique error result. Other events in the chain will have their error result set to linked_event_failed.

let mut batch = vec![];
let linked_flag = tb::TransferFlags::Linked;

// An individual transfer (successful):
batch.push(tb::Transfer {
    id: 1,
    ..Default::default()
});

// A chain of 4 transfers (the last transfer in the chain closes the chain with linked=false):
batch.push(tb::Transfer {
    id: 2,
    flags: linked_flag,
    ..Default::default()
});
batch.push(tb::Transfer {
    id: 3,
    flags: linked_flag,
    ..Default::default()
});
batch.push(tb::Transfer {
    id: 2,
    flags: linked_flag,
    ..Default::default()
});
batch.push(tb::Transfer {
    id: 4,
    ..Default::default()
});

// An individual transfer (successful):
// This should not see any effect from the failed chain above.
batch.push(tb::Transfer {
    id: 2,
    ..Default::default()
});

// A chain of 2 transfers (the first transfer fails the chain):
batch.push(tb::Transfer {
    id: 2,
    flags: linked_flag,
    ..Default::default()
});
batch.push(tb::Transfer {
    id: 3,
    ..Default::default()
});

// A chain of 2 transfers (successful):
batch.push(tb::Transfer {
    id: 3,
    flags: linked_flag,
    ..Default::default()
});
batch.push(tb::Transfer {
    id: 4,
    ..Default::default()
});

let transfer_errors = client.create_transfers(&batch).await?;
// Error handling omitted.

Imported Events

When the imported flag is specified for an account when creating accounts or a transfer when creating transfers, it allows importing historical events with a user-defined timestamp.

The entire batch of events must be set with the flag imported.

It's recommended to submit the whole batch as a linked chain of events, ensuring that if any event fails, none of them are committed, preserving the last timestamp unchanged. This approach gives the application a chance to correct failed imported events, re-submitting the batch again with the same user-defined timestamps.

// External source of time.
let mut historical_timestamp: u64 = 0;
let historical_accounts: Vec<tb::Account> = vec![]; // Loaded from an external source.
let historical_transfers: Vec<tb::Transfer> = vec![]; // Loaded from an external source.

// First, load and import all accounts with their timestamps from the historical source.
let mut accounts_batch = vec![];
for (index, mut account) in historical_accounts.into_iter().enumerate() {
    // Set a unique and strictly increasing timestamp.
    historical_timestamp += 1;
    account.timestamp = historical_timestamp;

    account.flags = if index < accounts_batch.len() - 1 {
        tb::AccountFlags::Imported | tb::AccountFlags::Linked
    } else {
        tb::AccountFlags::Imported
    };

    accounts_batch.push(account);
}

let account_errors = client.create_accounts(&accounts_batch).await?;
// Error handling omitted.

// Then, load and import all transfers with their timestamps from the historical source.
let mut transfers_batch = vec![];
for (index, mut transfer) in historical_transfers.into_iter().enumerate() {
    // Set a unique and strictly increasing timestamp.
    historical_timestamp += 1;
    transfer.timestamp = historical_timestamp;

    transfer.flags = if index < transfers_batch.len() - 1 {
        tb::TransferFlags::Imported | tb::TransferFlags::Linked
    } else {
        tb::TransferFlags::Imported
    };

    transfers_batch.push(transfer);
}

let transfer_errors = client.create_transfers(&transfers_batch).await?;
// Error handling omitted.
// Since it is a linked chain, in case of any error the entire batch is rolled back and can be retried
// with the same historical timestamps without regressing the cluster timestamp.

cn-tigerbeetle 0.1.2

tigerbeetle-rust (Cloud Native)

Prerequisites

Setup

Sample projects

Creating a Client

DNS-Based Service Discovery

Creating Accounts

Account Flags

Response and Errors

Account Lookup

Create Transfers

Response and Errors

Batching

Queues and Workers

Transfer Flags

Two-Phase Transfers

Post a Pending Transfer

Void a Pending Transfer

Transfer Lookup

Get Account Transfers

Get Account Balances

Query Accounts

Query Transfers

Linked Events

Imported Events